DUKE 

UNIVERSITY 

LIBRARY 


treasure  %>om 


s*v 


BOTANY 


OP   THE 


NORTHERN  AND  MIDDLE  STATES  ; 


OR 


A  DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  PLANTS  FOUND  IN  THE  UNITED 
STATES,  NORTH  OF  VIRGINIA, 

1RRAMCED     ACCORDING     TO    THE     NATURAL     SYSTFM. 

WITH 

A    SYNOPSIS    OF    THE    GENERA    ACCORDING   TO    THE    LIBHAAlf   SYSTEM — 

A    SKETCH    OF    THE    RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY,    AND 

A    GLOSSSARY    OF    TERMS. 


BY 

LEWIS  C.  BECK,  M.  D, 

PROFESSOR  OF    CHEMISTRY   AND   NATURAL  HISTORY    IN  RUTGERS    COLLEGE, 

N.  J.  ;    MEMBER   OF   THE   ROYAL   PHYSICAL   SOCIETY    OF   EDINBURGH  ; 

OF  THE  LINNAAN  SOCIETY  OF  PARIS  ;   OF  THE  NATURAL  HISTORY 

SOCIETY    OF   MONTREAL  ;   OF   THE    NEW-YORK   LYCEUM  ; 

AND    OF   THE   ALBANY   INSTITUTE,    &C. 


ALBANY : 


TRINTED     BY     WEBSTER     AND     SKINKERS, 

Corner  of  State  and  North  Pearl  Street?. 
1833. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  District  Court  of  the 
United  States  for  the  Northern  District  of  the  State  of  New- York, 
by  Lewis  C.  Beck,   of  said  District,  in  the  year  1833. 


TO    THE 


Rev.  LEWIS  D.  DE  SCHWEINITZ,  PH.  D, 

THIS     W  ORR 


INSCRIBED, 


AS    A    TRIBUTE    OF    RESPECT    AND    ESTEEX. 


BY    HIS    OBLIGED    FRIEND, 

LEWIS  C.  BECK. 


PREFACE. 

The  object  of  this  work  is  to  famish  a  Ascription  ot 
the  plants   of  which   it   treats,   adapted  to  the  pr<* 
state  of  botanical  science.     In  accordance  with  this  de- 
sign,  I  have   followed  the  natural  method  of  arrai 
ment,  which   has  already  received  the   sanction  of  the 
best  botanists  of  Europe,  and  cannot  fail  of  opt- 

ed by  those  of  our  own  country.    For  the  purpose  of  con- 
tributing in  some  degree  to  the  accomplishment  of  tin- 
desirable  result,  I  have  given,  as  shortly  aa  possible,  the 
characters  of  the   Natural  Orders,    which  arc  arrp 
according  to  the  method  of  J  s  modife 

Candolle.  In  this  part  of  the  work,  I  have  con- 
sulted with  great  advantage  the  article  Botany  in 
the  new  edition  of  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica  : 
and  indeed,  I  have,  with  1  the 

arrangement   and  characters  of  tl  iven. 

Of  the  article  in  question,   I  regret  that  I  li  <■ 
been  unable  to  ascertain  tlio  name  of  the  author,   I 
bears  throughout  the  imp  one  who  i>  the- 

versed  in   the  subject  of  which  it  treats.     I  should 
mention,  that  1  have  derived  much  assistant 
Lindley's  Introduction  to  the  Natural  5 

With  regard  tothet.  alterations,  and  n*  it 

is  conceived,  improvement*,  willw  observed  by  tie 
anist.     These  con-i-t.  generally,  in  the  adoption  of  the 

views  of  De  Candolle  and  others,  who  have  made  tli< 
natural  system  a  particular  study.     A-  1/m- 

naean  genera  are  thus  divided,  and  others  remodelled,  it 
may  form  a  ground  of  objection  on  the  part  of  those 
who  have  not  duly  considered  the  subject.  But  it 
should  be  remembered,  that  Botany  is  a  progrr 
science  ;  and  it  would  be  strange  indeed  if  the  labors 
of  botanists,  since  the  time  of  Linnaeus,  should  not  have 
resulted  in  a  more  correct  knowledge  of  plants,    and 


5T43S^l 


VI  PREFACE. 

hence  of  the  proper  mode  in  which  they  should  be 
grouped  together.  It  is  difficult  to  determine  the  true 
import  of  the  Linna?an  maxim,  "  let  the  genus  give  the 
character"  ;  but  if  it  is  intended  by  it  that  the  charac- 
ters thus  established  should  be  so  modified  as  to  embrace 
all  new  plants,  or  that  the  genera  should  not  be  divid- 
ed as  nature  seems  to  warrant,  it  is,  in  my  opinion,  quite 
as  much  honored  "  in  the  breach  as  in  the  observ- 
ance." 

In  the  description  of  the  Species,  in  addition  to  my 
own  observations,  I  have  freely  availed  myself  of  all 
the  sources  of  information  within  my  reach.  The  works 
on  American  Botany  have  been  constantly  consulted  ; 
especially  Pursh's  Flora,  Torrey's  Flora  and  Compen- 
dium, Elliott's  Sketch,  Nuttall's  Genera,  Bigelow's  Flo- 
rida, Muhlenberg's  Grasses,  and  his  Catalogue,  &tc. 
In  this  part  of  the  ivork,  it  has  been  my  object  to  give 
an  accurate  and  sufficiently  detailed  description,  togeth- 
er with  the  habitat  and  geographical  range  of  each  spe- 
cies, and  such  popular  characters  and  illustrations  as  it 
was  thought  would  be  an  additional  guide  to  the  begin- 
ner. It  may  be  observed,  that  I  have  generally  adopt- 
ed the  specific  characters  of  De  Candolle,  as  far  as  the 
Natural  Order  Composite.  With  regard  to  the  Gluma- 
cea?,  I  have,  with  few  exceptions,  adopted  the  views  of 
Dr.  Torrey.  Dr.  Hooker's  valuable  Flora  Bor.  Amer. 
and  Richardson's  Appendix  to  Franklin's  Narrative, 
have  afforded  me  the  means  of  determining  the  Northern 
limits  of  many  of  our  plants.  For  the  Southern  limits 
I  have  generally  depended  upon  Elliott,  and  upon  the 
information  which  I  have  received  from  my  friends, 
Prof.  T.  R.  Ingalls  of  Louisiana,  and  Dr.  Isaac  Branch 
of  South  Carolina;  and  for  the  Western,  upon  my  own 
observations,  and  upon  those  of  Mr.  Nuttall,  and  other 
botanists  who  have  explored  the  region  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi.    I  should  also  state,  that  while  this  work  was 


PREFACE.  Yll 

passing  through  the  press,  I  received  through  the  kind- 
ness of  Mr.  Albert  R.  Fox  of  Sand  Lake,  a  catalogue 
of  the  plants  found  by  Dr.  Houghton,  now  of  Detroit, 
in  his  interesting  tour  to  the  sources  of  the  Mississippi. 

This  work  being  intended  as  a  text-book  for  the  be- 
ginner, as  well  as  a  convenient  manual  for  the  more  ad- 
vanced botanist,  I  have  added  a  Sketch  of  the  Rudi- 
ments of  Botany,  drawn  chiefly  from  Prof.  Lindley's 
Outlines,  and  the  article  in  the  Encyclopaedia,  to  which 
I  have  before  referred  ; — a  Glossary  of  Terms,  and  a 
Table  of  the  Linnacan  Classes  and  Orders.  And  to  ac- 
commodate 'hose  who  wish  to  investigate  plants  accord- 
ing to  the  Artificial  System,  a  Syn6psis  of  the  Genera  b 
also  introduced,  Containing  under  i  ius  a  reference 

to  the  Natural  Order,   and    t!i«'   p  ocies 

are  described.      I   have  not   introduced   any  cnlth 
exotics,  for  the  reasons,    1st,  thai  it  would  have  materi- 
ally increased  the  site  and   i  4  th<    work  ; 
2dly,  that  observation  has  satisfied  me  of  t lie  iajniiow 
effects,  of  commencing  the  study  of  botany  with  tjic  ex- 
amination of  plants,   which  are  often  so  much  chan 
in  their  characters  by  n  difference  of  climate,  toil,  culti- 
vation, kc. 

It  only  remains  forme  to  present  my  acknowl< 
ments  to  those  i  idividuals  who  have  afforded  me  a 
ance  and  encouragement,  i.i  the  pros<  i  ution  of  my  dV  - 
sign.  To  the  Rev.  L.  D.  de>  Schwtinitz,  I  am  under 
particular  obligations,  fbr  the  important  aid  which  he 
has  rendered.  Nor  should  I  omit  to  mention,  that  I 
am  indebted  to  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  of  Utica,  for  much  in- 
teresting information  concerning  the  Botany  of  Western 
New-York.  In  all  cases  it  has  been  my  object  to  give 
due  credit  for  every  new  or  interesting  fact  which  has 
been  communicated  to  me. 

Albany,  May,  1333. 


ABBREVIATIONS  AND  CHARACTERS. 


All. 

Allioni. 

Mich. 

Michaux. 

Bart. 

Barton. 

Mich.  f. 

Michaux  the  younger. 

Big. 

Bigelow.  • 

Muhl. 

Muhlenberg. 

De  Cand 

De  Candolle. 

Nutt. 

Nuttall. 

Desf. 

Desfontaines. 

P.  de  B. 

Palisot  de  Beauvois. 

Vesv. 

Desvaux. 

Pers. 

Persoon. 

Eat. 

Eaton. 

Raf. 

Rafinesque. 

Ell. 

Elliott. 

R.Sr  8. 

Roemer  and  Schultea. 

Gmel. 

Gmelin. 

Rich. 

Richard. 

Good. 

Goodenow, 

Salisb. 

Salisbury. 

Gron. 

Gronovius.         • '  ' 

Schk. 

Sehkuhr. 

Hook. 

Hooker. 

'  Schreb. 

Schreber. 

Jacq. 

Jacquin. 

Schw. 

Schweiniti. 

Juss. 

Jussieu. 

Spreng. 

Sprengel.    • 

Lam. 

Lamarck. 

Torr. 

Torrey.  . 

Lamb. 

Lambert. 

Tourn. 

Tournefort. 

Lehm. 

Lehmann. 

Trin. 

Trinius. 

VHerit. 

L'Heritier. 

Walt. 

Walter. 

Light. 

Lightfoot. 

Wangh. 

Wangenheim. 

Lind.     . 

'  Liudley. 

Willd. 

Willdenow. 

Linn. 

Linnaeus. 

Vent. 

Ventenat. 

%j%        Annual. 

cf       Biennial. 

21        Perennial. 

fp          Shrubby  or 

arboreous. 

Can.     Canada, 

Car.     South  Carol 

na",  unless  preceded  by  an  N. 

when  it 

is  intended  for' North  Carolina  . 

W,  to  Miss.     As  far  West  as  Missouri. 

W.  to  Mich.    As  far  West  as  Michigan. 

SKETCH  OF  THE  RUDIMENTS  OF  BOTANY. 


ELEMENTARY    ORGANS. 

1.  The  tissue  of  which  plants  consist,  appears  under  four  forms, 
viz  :  cellular  tissue,  woody  fibre,  spiral  vessels,  and. ducts.  These  are 
called  elementary  organs. 

2.  Cellular  Tissue  or  parenchyma  is  composed  of  transparent  vescicles, 
variously  cohering  with  each  other.     It  is  the  only  form  universally 
found  in  plants  ;  the  other  forms  being  often  partially  or  entirely  want- ' 
ing. 

3.  Woody  Fibre  is  a  tissue  consisting  of  elongated  tubes,  similar  to 
the  vescicles  of  cellular  tissue,  and  is  therefore  often  called  elongated 
cellular  tissue. 

4.  Spired  Vessels  are  formed  of  elastic  tissue,  twisted  spirally  into 
the  form  of  a  cylinder,  and  capable  of  being  unrolled.  They  only 
exist  in  plants  propogated  by  stamens  and  pistils,  and  hence  the 
two  primary  divisions  of  the  vegetable  kingdom  into  Vasculares  and 
Cellulares. 

5.  Ducts  are  elongated,  transparent  tubes,  composed  of  tissue  that 
is  not  capable  of  unrolling. 

6.  All  these'  forms  are  covered  by  a  membrane  called  the  cuticle. 

7.  Trom  peculiar  combinations  of  the  elementary  organs  are  formed 
the  compound  organs. 


8.  The  rooL  is  formed  by  the  descending  and  dividing  fibres  of  the 
stem  ;  and  by  it  plants  are  with  few  exceptions  fixed  to  the  earth,  and 
nutriment  absorbed. 

9.  It  is  distinguished  from  the  stem  by  the  absence  of  leaves,  of  pith 
even  in  those  plants  in  which  it  is  abundant  in  the  stem,  and  of  spiral 
vessels. 

10.  It  usually  consists  of  three  parts  ;  the  neck,  fcollumj  or  line  of 
separation  from  the  stem  ;  the  body  or  middle  portion  ;  and  the  fibres 
or  little  roots,  through  which  the  nourishment  is  principally  derived. 

11.  The  following  are  the  principal  kinds  of  roots  : 

a.  Conical,  or  principal  tap  root  as  it  is  sometimes  called  ;  tapering 
downwards  and  emitting  fibres  from  various  parts  of  its  surface  ;  as  in 
the  carrot, 

b.  Fusiform,  when  the  conical  root  is  attenuated  towards  the  neck, 
as  well  as  below  ;  as  in  the  radish. 

c.  Napiform,  whpn  it  is  swollen  out  extremely  in  the  upper  part  and 
suddenly  attenuated  below  ;  as  in  the  turnip. 

d.  Abrupt,  when  the  fusiform  root  is  as  it  were  cut  off  suddenly. 

la 


X  RUDIMENTS    OP    BOTANY. 

6.  Fibrous,  a  collection  or  bundle  of  fibres  connected  by  a  common 
head  and  often  merely  by  the  base  of  the  stem ;  as  in  the  grasses. 

/.  Fasciculated,  when  the  fibres  swell  out  slightly  in  the  middle. 

g.  Tuberous,  a  fibrous  root  bearing  either  at  its  neck  or  here  and  there 
attached  to  its  fibres  one  or  more  tubers,  fleshy,  and  containing  much 
starchy /eculent  matter.  These  tubers  are  properly  short  subterranean 
stems,  containing  usually  eyes  or  buds  from  which  new  plants  arise. 
— The  root  should  be  called  tuberifcrous. 

h.  Granulated,  a  collection  of  small  tubercles  with  eyes  fit  for  the 
reproduction  of  a  plant,  but  not  enveloped  by  cellular  tissue,  filled 
with  starchy  matter. 

i.  Bulbous,  consisting  of  a  number  of  scales  or  coats  closely  applied 
to  each  other,  with  a  crown  at  the  top  and  fibres  below. — It  performs 
the  office  of  a  bud,  and  such  roots  may  rather  be  termed  bulbiferous. 

•  12.  The  direction  of  the  root  is  usually  towards  the  centre  of  the 
earth  ;  but  it  is  sometimes  contorted  or  bent  upwards  and  downwards  in 
a  zigzag  manner  ;  or  creeping  when  it  proceeds  laterally  at  right  angles 
from  this.  These  have  often  been  confounded  with  subterranean 
branches  ;  the  last  of  which  only  are  troublesome  to  the  agricultur- 
alist. • 


13.  This  is  the  part  which  springs  upwards  during  the  germination 
of  a  seed  ;  it  is  the  intermediate  body  between  the  root  and  the  leaves. 

14.  When  the  stem  of  a  plant  arising  from  a  seed  is  evident,  the 
plant  is  termed  caulescent  ;  and  when  not  apparent  or  scarcely  so,  the 
plants  have  received  the  name  ofacaules,  or  stemlcss. 

15.  When  the  stem  instead  of  ascending,  stretches  either  wholly  or 
in  part,  under  ground,  emitting  here  and  there  roots  from  below  and 
branches  or  leaves  which  rise  upwards,  it  is  called  a  rhizoma  ;  or  if  it 
do  not  emit  fibres,  a  cormus.  '  Most  of  what  Linnaeus  incorrectly  de- 
scribed as  creeping  roots  are  of  the  former  description. 

16.  Stolons  or  runners  are  long  stems  of  a  peculiar  nature  issuing 
horizontally  from  a  plant,  and  emitting  only  from  the  extremity  roots 
and  leafy  buds,  as  in  the  strawberry.   • 

17.  The  stem  varies  in  structure,  in  three  principal  modes. 

18.  In  vascular  plants  it  is  either  formed  by  successive  additions  to 
the  outside  of  the  wood,  when  it  is  called  Exogenous  ;  or  by  successive 
additions  to  its  centre,  when  it  is  called  Endogenous.  In  cellular 
plants  it  is  formed  by  the  union  of  the  base  of  the  leaves,  or  by  a  sim- 
ple elongation  or  dilatation  where  no  leaves  or  buds  exist. 

19.  The  stem  of  Exogenous  plants  may  be  distinguished  into  the 
pith,  the  medullary  sheath,  the  wood,  the  bark,  the  medullary  rays, 
and  the  cambium. 

20.  The  pith  is  a.  mass  of  spongy  cellular  tissue  occupying  the  centre 
of  the  stem. 

21.  The  medullary  sheath  surrounds  the  pith,  and  consists  of  spiral 
vessels  and  ducts.  It  communicates  on  one  side  with  the  pith  and  on 
the  other  with  the  medullary  rays,  leaf  buds  and  veins  of  the  leaves. 

22.  The  wood  lies  upon  the  medullary  sheath  and  consists  of  con- 
Centric  layers,  one  of  which  is  formed  every  year.     These  layers  are 


RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  XI 

composed  of  cellular  tissue,  woody  fibre  and  ducts,  and  are  traversed 
by  the  medullary  rays  composed  of  cellular  tissue,  and  connecting  the 
centre  with  the  circumference. — The  fully  formed  or  central  layers  are 
called  the  hcart-ieood,  and  the  exterior  the  alburnum. 

23.  The  bark  surrounds  the  wood,  and  like  it  consists  of  concentric 
layers,  but  of  these  the  hardest  or  most  fully  formed  is  exterior  and 
the  youngest  interior.  Each  concentric  layer  is  composed  of  woody 
fibre. and  ducts  covered  externally  by  a  layer  of  cellular  tissue  ; — the 
woody  fibre  and  ducts  constituting  the  liber  ;  and  the  outer  cellular 
tissue,  the  epidermis. 

24.  The  cambium  is  a  viscid  secretion  which  is  formed  in  the  spring, 
between  the  liber  and  alburnum. 

25.  The  stem  of  Endogenous  plants  presents  no  distinction  of  pith, 
medullary  rays,  wood  and  bark,  but  is  formed  of  bundles  of  ducts  and 
spiral  vessels  interspersed  through  a  cellular  tissue  ;  and  this  is  sur- 
rounded by  a  stratum  of  cellular  tissue  and  woody  fibre  different  from 
bark,  inasmuch  as  it  cannot  be  separated  from  the  6tem  itself.  Such 
plants  have  their  diameter  increased  by  the  addition  of  central  vascular 
tissue  and  ducts. 

Projections  from  the  medullary  sheaths  sometimes  reach  tjie 
circumference  of  the'  stem  and  branches,  forming  what  are  called  nodi, 
to  which  are  attached  leaves  and  leaf  buds,  and  the  spaces  between 
these  are  ealled  intcrnodia. 

27.  Whatever  is  produced  by  the  evolution  of  a  leaf  bud  is  a  branch  : 
A  spine  therefore  Is  a  kind  of  branch  ;  it  differs  from  the  prickle  which 
is  a  mere  dilatation  of  the  cellular  portion  of  the  bark. 

28.  The  stem  peculiar  to  the  grasses  and  other  allied  tribes  is  term- 
ed a  cidm.  This  is  simple,  or  rarely  branched,  generally  hollow  within 
or  fistulose,  and  separated  at  intervals  by  knots  or  partitions  from 
which  issue  the  leaves. 

20.  Tne  stem  may  be  simple  or  branched,  and  with  the  branches 
majr  be  cylindrical,  ox  conical;  round,  (terete,)  or  angled ;  smootfi.fur- 
roiccJ,  or  rough-,  or  hairy,  &c. 

30.  With  regard  to  duration  the  stem  is  . 

a.  Annual,  (0)  when  it  is  completely  developed  and  decays  during 
the  same  season. 

b.  Biennial,  (  $  )  when  it  produces  fruit  the  second  season  and  then 
decays. 

c.  Perennial,  {![)  when  it  produces  flowers  and  fruit  during*  many 
successive  seasons. 

31.  The  term  herb  or  herbaceous  employed  in  opposition  to  perennial, 
denotes  that  tl^e  stem  generally  dies  down  to  the  ground  every  year. 

LEAF-BUDS. 

32.  Buds  are  of  two  kinds,  leaf-buds  and  flower-buds. 

33.  Leaf -buds  consist  of  rudimentary  leaves  surrounding  a  vital  point, 
the  tissue  of  wlrich  is  capable  of  elongation  ;  upwards  in  the  form  of 
stem,  and  downwards  in  the  form  of  wood  or  root: 

34.  Flower-buds  consist  of  rudimentary  leaves  surrounding  a  point, 
which  does  not  elongate  after  it  is  once  developed,  and  assumes  when 
fully  developed,  the  form  of  reproductive,  apparatus. 


Xll  RUDIMEN'TS    OP    BOTANY. 

35.  Leaf-buds  are  of  two  kinds  ;  the  regular  only  found  in  the  axil* 
of  the  leaves  ;  and  the  adventitious,  which  may  be  produced  wherever 
there  is  an  anastomosis  of  woody  fibre. 

36.  Leaf-buds  have  sometimes  been  confounded  with  roots  by  old 
botanists.     A  bulb  is  a  leaf-bud. 


37.  Leaves  are  those  expansions  which  issue  laterallv  from  the  stem 
and  branches  of  plants.  They  take  their  origin  from  tfie  bark,  and  are 
always  to  be  observed,  whether  perfect  or  rudimentary,  immediately 
below  the  leaf-buds. 

3~.  Those  leaves  situated  near  the  root  are  often  larger,  and  of  a  dif- 
ferent shape  from  those  higher  up  the  stem  ;  the  former  are  termed 
radical,  the  latter  caulinc. 

39.  A  leaf  consists  of  a  pe'tiole,  a  lamina  or  limb,  and  a  pair  of  sti- 
pules )  but  sometimes  only  one  of  these  three  parts  can  be  observed. 

40.  The  petiole  is  the  channel  through  which  the  vessels  of  the  leaf 
are  connected  with  those  of  the  stem ;  it  is  formed  of  one  or  more 
bundles  of  spiral  vessels  and  woody  fibre,  enclosed  in  a  cellular  integu- 
ment. 

41.  The  lamina  of  a  leaf  is  an  expansion  of  the  parenchyma  of  the 
-petiole,  and  is  transversed  by  veins  which  are  ramifications  or  exten- 
sions of  the  bundles  of  vascular  tissue  of  the  petiole,  or  when  there  is 
no  petiole,  of  the  stem. 

42.  The'se  veins  either  branch  in  various  directions  among  the  paren- 
chyma, anastamosing  and  forming  a  kind  of  net-work,  or  they  run 
parallel  to  each  other,  'being  connected  by  single  transverse  unbranched 
veins  ;  the  former  structure  being  characteristic  of  Exogenous,  and  the 
latter,  of  Endogenous  plants.  To  this  the  Coni/em  and  Cijcadcce  form 
perhaps  the  only  exceptions  ;  these  having  the  stems  of  the  •Exogen- 
ous, but  the  same  arrangement 'of  the  veins  as  in  the  Endogenae. 

43.  The  principal  vein  of  a  leaf  is  a  continuation  of  the  petiole,  run- 
ning in  a  direct  line  from  the  base  to  the  apex  of  the  lamina,  and  is 
called  the  midrib. 

44.  The  lamina  is  variously  divided  and  formed ;  it  is  usually  thin 
and  membranous,  with  a  distinct  upper  and  under  surface,  but  some- 
times becomes  succulent,  when  the  surfaces  cannot  be  distinguished. 

.  45.  A  leaf  is  either  simple  or  compound ;  simple  when  its  lamina  is 
undivided,  or  when,  if  separated  into  several  divisions,  these  segments 
are  not  articulated  with  the  petiole  ;  compound  when  the  lamina  is  ar- 
ticulated with  the  petiole. 

46.  The  modes  in  which  leaves  are  divided  are  distinguished  by  par- 
ticular names,  as  pinnate,  pinnatifid,   bipinnate,   bipinnatifid,  &c.  Arc. 
These  terms  apply  to  the  mode  of  division,  and  are  equally  applicable, 
to  simple  and  compound  leaves. 

47.  Stipules  are  those  small  foliaceous  organs  sometimes  situated  on 
each  side  at  the  base  of  the  petiole.  They  never  occur  in  the  Endo- 
genae, nor  in  any  Exogenous  plants  that  have  sheathing  petioles,  and 
are  rarely  found  in  genera  with  opposite  leaves.  They  are  sometimes 
transformed  into  leaves  ;  they  sometimes  have  leaf-buds  in  their  axils  ; 
and  sometimes  also  they  are  changed  into  spines. 


RUDIMENTS    OP    BOTANY.  Xlll 

•48.  Leaves  are  originally  continuous  with  the  stem,  but  afterwards, 
from  a  cause  which  is  still  unknown,  an  articulation  more  or  less  com- 
plete takes  place  and  the  fall  of  the  leaf  ensues. 

49.  The  mode  in  which  leaves  are  arranged  within  their  bud  is  call- 
ed vernation  or  gemmation.  This  varies  much  in  different  groups  of 
plants. 

FLOWER-BUDS. 

50.  The  flower-bud  consists  of  imbricated  rudimentary  or  metamor- 
phosed leaves,  the  external  or  inferior  of  which  are  usually  alternate, 
and  the  internal  or  superior  always  verticillate  or  opposite  ;  the  latter 
are  called  floral  envelopes  and  reproductive  organs. 

51.  The  leaves  from  the  axils  of  which  the  flower-buds  arise  are  call- 
ed bracts,  (bractca:,)  or  floral  leaves ;  and  those  leaves  which  appear  on 
the  pedicel  between  the  bracts  and  calyx,  are  called  bracteokc.  These, 
although  essentially  distinct,  are  often  confounded  with  the  former. 

52.  When  a  single  bract  is  rolled  together,  highly  developed,  and 
coloured,  and  is  placed  a't  the  base  of  the  form  of  inflorescence  called  a 
spadix,  it  is  named  a  spathe,  (spatha. ) 

53.  When  several  bracts  are  verticillate  or  densely  imbricated  around 
the  base  of  the  forms  of  inflorescence  called  the  umbel,  or  capitulum, 
they  are  termed  an  involucre  ;  and  those  at  the  base  of  each  partial 
umbel  are  called  involucels. 

54.  Small  imbricated  bracts  are  often  called  sailes  ;  as  in  the  Com- 
posite. 

55.  Bracts,  when  placed  immediately  below  the  stamen?  and  pistils, 
as  in  apetalous  flowers,  are  only  distinguished  from  the  calyx  by  being 
alternate  with  each  other,  and  not  verticillate  ;  hence  the  glumes  and 
palem  of  grasses  are  bracts  and  not  calyx. 

56.  The  elongation  of  the  axis  of  the  flower  bud  from  the  point  of 
its  connexion  with  the  stem,  as  far  as  the  floral  envelopes,  is  called  the 
peduncle, 

57.  When  several  peduncles  spring  from  the  axis  near  to  each  other, 
the  axis  is  termed  a  rachis,  and  the  peduncles  themselves  are  called 
pedicels. 

58.  Those«axes  that  spring  from  the  earth  and  bear  no  true  leaves 
are  denominated  scapes. 

59.  The  modes  in  which  the  flower-buds  are  arranged  are  called 
forms  of  inflorescence  ;  and  the  order  in  which  they  unfold,  is  called  the 
order  of  expansion. 

LWLORESCESCE, 

60.  When  a  flower-bud  gives  rise  to  only  one  flower,  terminal  on  its 
peduncle,  and  the  axis  of  the  plant  does  not  elongate  beyond  the  bud, 
the  flower  is  commonly  called  terminal  and  solitary. 

61.  When  the  axis,  however,  continues  to  elongate  and  the  bract  re- 
tains the  form  and  size  of  a  leaf,  the  flower  is  called  axillary  and  soli- 
tary. 

62.  If  the  buds  instead  of  giving  rise  to  one  terminal  flower  have  the 
axis  elongated,  bearing  several  flowers,  and  each  flower  on  a  peduncle, 
a  raceme  is  formed, 

•  la* 


XIV  RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY. 

G3.  When  each  flower  is  sessile  or  placed  in  the  axil  of  the  bracts, 
without  a  peduncle,  a  spike  is  produced :  Hence  the  only  difference 
between  a  spike  and  raceme  is,  that  in  the  former  the  flowers  are  ses- 
sile and  the  latter  stalked.  The  term  spike,  however,  is  applied  in 
those  cases  where  the  peduncle  is  scarcely  perceptible. 

C4.  A  sjmdix  is  a  sort  of  spike,  in  which  the  flowers  are  closely 
packed  together  upon  a  succulent  axis,  which  is  enveloped  in  a  sjjuthc. 

65.  An  ament  or  catkin,  is  a  spike,  the  bracts  or  scales  of  which  are 
nearly  of  equal  size  and  closely  imbricated,  and  which  is  articulated 
with  the  stem. 

66.  When  a  bud  produces  flower-buds,  with  a  little  elongation  of  its 
own  axis,  either  a  head,  (capitulum,)  or  an  umbel  is  produced.  The 
former  bears  the  same  relation  to  the  latter  as  the  spike  to  the  raceme  ; 
that  is,  they  differ  in  the  flower-buds  of  the  head  being  sessile,  and  of 
the  umbel  having  pedicels. 

67.  A  raceme,  the  lowest  flowers  of  which  have  long  pedicels  and 
the  uppermost  short  ones,  forming  a  sort  of  level  top,  is  a  corymb. 

63.  A  panicle  is  a  raceme,  the  flower-buds'  of  which  have,  in  elon- 
gating, developed  other  flower-buds. 

69.  A  panicle,  the  middle  branches  of  which  are  longer  than  those 
of  the  base  or  apex,  is -termed  a  thyrse. 

70.  A  panicle,  the  elongation  of  all  the  ramifications  of  which  is  ar- 
rested, so  that  it  assumes  the  appearance  of  an  umbel,  is  called  a  cyme. 
The  cyme  may  have  the  lateral  branches  very  short  and  the  flowers 
clustered  together,  forming  a,  fascicle  ;  or  it  may  be  so  contracted  and  the 
ramification  of  it  so  little  apparent,  as  to  be  confounded  with  the  true 
head,  when -it  is  called  a  glomerule. 

71.  In  all  the  modes  of  simple  inflorescence,  that  is  those  which  pro- 
ceed from  the  buds  of  a  single  branch,  the  flowers  expand  first  at  the 
base  and  last  at  the  summit.     This  kind  of  expansion  is  called  ceniri- 


72.  Wrfen  the  inflorescence  is  compound,  or  the  result  of  the  expan- 
sion of  several  buds  or  branches,  the  uppermost  or  central  flowers  are 
first  developed,  and  lastly  the  outer  or  lower  ones.  This  kind  of  ex- 
pansion is  called  the  centrifugal. 

FLORAL   ENVELOPES. 

73.  These  immediately  surround  the  stamens  and  pistils  and  are 
formed  of  one  or  more  whorls  of  variously  modified  leaves.  When 
they  consist  of  but  one  whorl,  they  are  called  calyx  ;  when  of  two 
whorls,  the  outer  is  called  calyx,  the  inner  carol,  (corolla.  J 

74.  If  the  floral  envelopes  are  of  such  a  nature  that  it  is  not  obvious 
whether  they  consist  of  both  calyx  and  corol,  or  calyx  only,  they  re- 
ceive the  name  of  perianth,  or  perigonium. 

75.  Some  plants  have  no  floral  envelopes  ;  the  flowers  are  then  said 
to  be  naked  or  achlamydcous. 

76.  The  calyx  consists  of  two  or  more  divisions,  usually  green,  call- 
ed sejmls,  which  are  either  distinct,  when  a  calyx  is  sjaid  to  be  polyse- 
pa,lous,  or  which  unite  by  their  margins  in  a  greater  or  less  degree, 
when  it  is  called  monoscpalous  or  monophyllous,  fmorepropeily  gamo- 
sqyaloui.  J 


RUDIMENTS    OP    EOTANY.  XV 

77.  The  corol  or  corolla  consists  of  two  or  moTe  divisions,  more  or 
less  coloured,  called  petals  ;  when  the  petals  are  distinct,  a  corol  is 
said  to  be  polypctalous  ;  when  they  are  united  by  the  margins,  it  is 
called  monopetalous ,  (more  properly  gamopetalous.J. 

76.  When  all  the  petals  are  equal,  the  corol  is  said  to  be  regular,  but 
when  they  are  unequal  in  size  or  cohere  unequally,  it  is  then  called 
irregular. 

79.  The  regular  monopetalous  corol  varies  greatly  in  its  form,  being 
campanvlatc  or  bell-shaped,  wfundibuUform  or  funnel-shaped,  rotate  or 
xclicel-sliaped ,  &c. 

80.  The  calyx  or  corol  are  said  to  be  labiate  or  bilabiate,  when  the 
sepals  or  petals  are  united  in  one  or  two  parcels. 

81.  The  papilionaceous  corol  consists  of  five  petals  ;  the  upper 
one,  usually  larger  than  the  others,  is  called  the  rexillum  or  standard  ; 
the  two  lateral  ones,  the  ala.  or  icings  ;  and  the  two  lower  ofies. 
Usually  more  or  less  united  together  by  their  lower  margins,  the  carina 
or  hed. 

82.  When  the  petal  tapers  conspicuously  towards  the  base,  it  is  said 
to  be  unguiculatc  or  clawed  ;  its  lower  part  is  called  the  unguis  or 
claw,  its  upper,  the  limb. 

83.  The  dilated  apex  of  the  pedicel,  from  which  the  floral  envelopes 
and  stamens  arise,  is  called  the  torus  or  receptacle. 

84.  Whatever  intervenes  between  the  bracts  and  the  stamens  be- 
long to  the  floral  envelopes,  and  is  either  calyx  or  corol  ;  of  which  na- 
ture are  many  of  the  organs  commonly  called  nectaries. 

85.  The  manner  in  which  the  floral  envelopes  are  arranged  before 
they  expand  is  called  their  estivation,  or  prafioraiion. 


86.  Whatever  intervenes  between  the  stamens  and  pistils  receives 
the  general  'name  of  disk. 

87.  The  disk  usually  consists  of  an  annular  elevation  encompassing 
the  base  of  the  ovary  ;  but  it  sometimes  appears  in  the  form  of  a  glan- 
dular lining  of  the  tube  of  the  calyx,  as  in  the  Rose  ;  or  of  tooth  like 
hypogynous  processes,  as  in  the  Crucifer©  ;  or  of  a  fleshy  mass,  as  in 
Lamium. 

88.  The  disk  sometimes  appears  to  be  a  mere  cellular  expansion  oi' 
the  torus,  (83)  .as  in  Nelumbium. 

89.  It  is  one  of  the  parts  commonly  called  nectary. 


90.  The  whorl  of  organs  immediately  within  the  petals  is  composea 
of  bodies  called  stamens,  and  they  are  essential  to  the  production  of 


91.  When  stamens  and  pistils  occur  in  the  same  flower  it  is  termed 
perfect  or  hem  aphrodite  ;  but  when  the  stamens  are  in  one  flower  and 
the  pistils  in  another,  the  flowers  are  imperfect  or  diclinous* 

92.  The  number  of  stamens  is  variable;  five  or  ten  being  the  usual 
number  among  the  Exogenous,  and  three  to  six  among  the  Endogen- 
ous plants. 


XVI  RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY. 

93.  When  the  stamens  do  not  contract  any  union  with  the  sides  of 
the  calyx,  they  are  hypogynous  ;  as  in  Ranunculus. 

94.  When  they  contract  adhesion  with  the  side  of  the  calyx,  they 
become  perigynous  ;  as  in  Rosa. 

05.  If  they  are  united  both  with  the  surface  of  the  calyx  and  of  the 
ovary,  they  are  epigynous  ;  as  in  Umbellifera?. 

96.  The  stamen  consists  of  a  filament  and  an  anther. 

97.  The  filament  is  the  body  which  arises  from  the  torus,  and  is 
sometimes  cylindrical,  or  awl-shaped,  or  prismatical,  and  is  even  at 
times  expanded,  as  if  into  a  scale  or  petal  ;  but  it  is  not  essential  to 
the  stamen. 

98.  The  filaments  are  usually  free  or  isolated  from  each  other  ;  but 
they  are  sometimes  united  into  one  tube,  when  they  are  called  monadcl- 
phous  ;  or  into  two  parcels,  diadelphous  ;tor  into  several,  polyadelphous. 

99.  When  they  are  united  into  a  solid  body  along  with  the  style, 
they  form  what  is  called  a  column,  and  are  said  to  be  gynandrous.  . 

100.  The  anther  is  a  kind  of  bag  borne  by  the  filament,  and  corres- 
ponds to  the  lamina  of  a  leaf.  It  is  sessile,  when  there  is  no  filament, 
or  it  is  placed  at  the  top  of  the  filament  in  various  ways. 

101.  The  bags  or  cells  of  the  anther  are  termed  lobes,  and  the  solid 
substanee  which  connects  them,  corresponding  to  the  midrib  of  a  leaf, 
the  connectivum.  These  cells  are  usually  two  in  number  ;  sometimes 
they  are  four,  rarely  one. 

102.  The  lobes  ox  cells  of  the  anthers  open  in  different  ways  by 
what  is  called  the  line  of  dehiscence ;  sometimes  only  a  portion  of  this 
line  opens,  the- anther  is  then  said  to  dehisce  by  pores  ;  Ex.  Azalea. 

103.  The  anthers  frequently  grow  together  by  their  margins,  as  in 
the  Compositae  ;  when  they  are  called  syngeneswus. 

104.  The  anther  contains  and  frequently  emits  a  matter  called  the 
pollen,  the  use  of  which  is  to  give  life  to  the  ovule  or  young  seed. 

105.  When  the  grains  of  pollen  burst,  they  again  discharge  a  multi- 
tude of  very  minute  particles,  called  molecules,  or  granules. 

106.  When  the  grains  of  pollen  easily  detach  from  each  other,  they 
are  said  to  be  pulverulent,  and  then  they  may  be  either  perfectly  smooth 
or  they  may  be  viscous. 

107.  Sometimes  the  grains  contained  in  one  cell  or  bag,  instead  of 
separating  readily,  cohere  into  what  is  termed  a  poller  mass,  (pol- 
linia.)     Ex.  Orchidea?. 


108.  The  pistil  or  pistillum  is  the  organ  which  occupies  the  centre  of 
a  flower,  within  the  stamens,  and  is  the  fruit-bearing  apparatus  of 
plants. 

109.  It  is  distinguished  into  three  parts,  viz  :  the  ovary,  the  style, 
and  the  stigma. 

110.  The  ovary  is  a  hollow  case  enclosing  the  ovules  or  young  seeds. 
It  contains  one  or  more  cavities  called  cells. 

111.  The  stigma  is  the  upper  extremity  of  the  pistil. 

112.  The  style  is  that  part  whioh  connects  the.  ovary  and  stigma  «* 
but  it  is  often  wanting,  when  the  stigma  is  said  to  be  sessile. 


RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY.  XVII 

113.  The  pistil  is  either  the  modification  of  a  single  leaf,  or  of  one 
or  more  whorls  of  modified  leaves  ;   the  latter  being  termed  carpels. 

114.  When  the  margins  of  the  folded  leaf  out  of  which  the  carpel  is 
formed  meet  and  unite,  a  copious  developement  of  cellular  tissue  takes 
place,  forming  what  is  called  the  placenta. 

115.  If  no  union  takes  place  among  the  carpels,  the  ovary  is  termed 
apocarpous,  as  in  Ranunculus  ;  but  if  there  is  an  adherence,  so  tluit  a 
compound  ovary  is  formed,  it  is  called  sy acarpous. 

116.  When  carpels  unite,  those  parts  of  their  sides  which  are  con- 
tiguous grow  together,  and  form  partitions  between  the  cavities  of  the 
carpels,  called  dxsstpimenta, 

117.  When  these  dissepiments  are  so  contracted  as  not  to  separate 
the  cavity  into  a  number  of  distinct  cells,  but  merely  project  into  a 
cavity,  the  placenta?  which  occupy  the  edges  of  these  dissepiments  be- 
come what  is  termed  parietal. 

116.  If  the  dissepiments  are  abortive'or  obliterated,  the  placentas  re- 
maining unaltered  in  the  axis,  a  free  central 'placenta  is  formed. 

119.  A  one-celled  ovary  may  also  be  formed  out  of  several  carpels 
in  consequence  of  the  obliteration  of  the  dissepiments  ;  Ex.  Nut. 

120.  If  the  oxanj  adheres  to  the  6ides  of  the  calyx  it  is  called  inferior, 
and  the  calyx  is  said  to  be  superior. 

121.  If  it  contracts  no  adhesion  with  the  sides  of  the  calyx,  it  is 
called  superior,  and  the  calyx  bifcrior. 


122.  The  oruh  or  orulum  is  a  body  borne  by  the  placenta,  and  is 
destined  to  become  the  seed  ;  its  position  is  of  great  importance  in  de- 
termining natural  affinities. 

123.  When  the  ovule  is  fixed  by  its  base  to  the  bottom  of  one  of  the' 
cells  of  the  ovary,  of  which  it  takes  the  direction,  it  is  said  to  be  erect ; 
or  if  it  hangs  from  the  summit  of  the  cell,  it  is  inverted. 

124.  When  it  is  attached  to  the  middle  portion  of  the  placenta,  it 
may  have  an  upright  direction,  and  is  then  called  ascendant,  or*  point 
downwards  and  is  then  suspended.  Generally,  however,  the  erect  and 
ascendant  ovule  are  confounded  under  one  name,  and  the  inverted  and 
suspended  are  known  by  the  term  pendulous. 

125.  The  ovule  is  either  sessile,  or  on  a  stalk  called  the  funiculus  or 
podospcrm  ;  and  in  either  case  the  point  by  which  the  union  is  formed 
is  termed  the  base  of  the  ovule,  and  the  other  extremity  the  apex. 

126.  The  ovule  consists  of  a  nucleus  and  two  external  coats  ;    the 
outer  of  which  is  called  the  testa  or  priminc  sac  ;   and  the  inner,  the  in 
tcrnal  membrane,  or  sccundinc  sac,  or  the  tegmen. 

157.  The  base  of  the  nucleus  is  always  incorporated  with  the  base  of 
the  internal  membrane,  and  their  common  base  is  attached  at  some 
points  to  the  testa.     The  junction  of  the  three,  forms  the  chalaza. 

123.  The  mouths  of  the  primine  and  secundine  sacs  usually  con- 
tract into  a  small  aperture  called  the  foramen  of  the  ovule,  or  the  exos- 
tomc.  It  is  through  this  foramen  that  the  molecules  of  the  pollen  are 
'  introduced  into  the  nucleus ;  and  its  position  indicates  the  future  posi- 
tion of  the  radicle  of  the  embryo,  the  radicle  being  always  next  th& 
foramen. 


XVlll  RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY. 

129.  When  the  apex  of  the  nucleus  is  contiguous  to.  the  base  of  the 
ovule,  a  connection  takes  place  between  the  base  of  the  ovule  and  the 
base  of  the  nucleus,  by  a  bundle  of  vessel  called  a  raphe. 


130.  Fecundation  having  taken  place,  the  floral  envelopes  usually 
fade  away,  the  stamens  -disappear  and  the  pistil  increases  in  size  and 
becomes  the  fruit. 

131.  Hence  the  fruit  should  have  the  same  structure  as  the  pistil, 
but  this  is  not  always  the  case,  for  as  the.  pistil  advances  to  maturity 
many  alterations  take  places,  in  consequence  of  abortion,  non-deve- 
lopement,  obliteration  or  even  union  of  parts. 

132.  The  base  of  the  fruit  is  the  part  where  it  is  joined  to  the  pedun- 
cle ;  the  apex  is  where  the  remains  of  the  style  are  found. 

133.  The  portion  of  the  pistil  called  the  ovary  is  in  the  ripe  fruit 
termed  the  pericarp. 

134.  The  pericarp  consists  of  three  parts,  the  outer  coating  called 
the  epicarp,  the  inner  lining  called  the  endocarp  or  putamen,  and  the  in- 
termediate substance  named  the  sarcocarp  or  mesocarp.  Sometimes 
these  three  parts  are  readily  distinguished,  as  in  the  peach  ;  but  they 
frequently  form  one  uniform  substance,  as  in  the  nut. 

135.  •  The  axis  of  the  fruit  is  often  called  columella ;  the  space  where 
two  carpels  unite  is  named  the  commissure.  *. ••• 

136.  If  the  pericarp,  neither  splits  nor  opens  when  ripe,  it  is  said  to 
be  indchiscent ;  but  if  it  does  split  or  open,  it  is  said  to  dehisce,  or  to  be 
dehiscent  ;  and  the  pieces  into  which  it  divides  are  termed  rakes. 

137.  When  a  fruit  is  in  its  simplest  state,  or  formed  by  the  trans- 
formation of  one  carpellary  leaf,  there  may  be  two  sutures  or  lines  by 
which  it  may  open,  the  one  where  the  margins  of  the  leaf  or  the  pla- 
centa? meet,  called  the  ventral  suture,  the  other  at  the  part  correspond- 
ing to  the  midrib  of  the  leaf,  or  the  dorsal  suture. 

138.  If,  in  a  compound  fruit,  the  line  of  opening  corresponds  with  the 
junction  of  the  carpels  the  dehiscence  is  septicidal.  Formerly  in  this 
kind  of  dehiscence  the  valves  were  said  to  be  alternate  tcith  tlce  dissepi- 
ment. 

139.  If  the  opening  is  by  the  dorsal  suture  of  each  carpel,  the  de- 
hiscence is  loculicidal ;  or  as  it  was  formerly  -said,  the  dissepiments  are 
opposite  to  Hie  valves. 

140.  When  a  separation  of  the  pericarp  takes  place  across  the  cells 
horizontally,  the  dehiscence  is  transverse. 

141.  If  the  dehiscence  is  effected  by  partial  openings  of  the  pericarp, 
it  is  said  to  take  place  by  pores. 

142.  All  fruits  are  either  simple  or  multiple  ;  the  former  proceeding 
from  a  single  flower,  as  the  Apple,  Nut,  Strawberry,  &c.  :  the  latter 
formed  out  of  several  flowers,  as  the  Pine-apple,  Fig,  Sec. 

143..  Simple  fruits  are  either  indehiscent  or  dehiscent ;  of  the  former 
the  most  important  are  the  caryopsis,  the  utricle,  the  achenium  and  the 
drupe. 

144.  The  caryopsis,  is  where  the  pericarp  is  very  thin  and  membran- 
ous, and  adheres  firmly  to  the  integument  of  the  seed  ;  Ex.  Wheat 
and  Barley. 


RUDIMENTS    OP    BOTANY.  XIX 

145.  The  utricle  is  similar  to  the  caryopsis,  the  pericarp  being  mem- 
branous, but  it  has  no  adherence  with  the  seed. 

146.  The  achenium,  (acinc,)  in  which  the  pericarp  is  hard  and  bony, 
as  well  as  distinct  from  the  proper  covering  of  the  seed  ;  as  in  the  Com- 
posite. 

147.  A  drupe  is  a  fleshy  nut  enclosing  a  putamen  ;  Ex.  Cherry  and 
Peach. 

149.  The  nut  contains  a  putamen,  but  the  sarcocarp  is  coriaceous, 
instead  of  being  fleshy. 

14*J.  The  dry  dehiscent  fruits  are  the  follicle  and  the  legume. 

150.  The  follicle  is  a  carpel  dehiscing  by  the  ventral  suture,  and  hav- 
ing no  dorsal  suture. 

151.  The  legume  is  a  carpel  having  both  ventral  and  dorsal  sutures, 
by  either  of  which  or  by  both  or  neither  it  may  dehisce  ;  rarely  the 
sides  fall  off,  bearing  nothing  but  sutures,  which  then  form  a  kind  of 
frame,  called  a  rcplum.  "When  articulations  take  place  across  the 
legume  and  it  falls  into  several  pieces,  it  is  said  to  be*  lomentaccous. 

15*2.  Of  fruit  formed  of  several  carpels  the  principal  are' the  capsule, 
the  silique,  gland,  berry,  orange,  pome,  and  pepo. 

153.  The  capsule  is  a  many-celled,  dry  dehiscent  pericacp.    . 

154.  The  silique,  (or  pod,)  consists  of  two  (or  four)  carpels  fastened 
together,  the  placentae  of  which  are  parietal  and  separate  from  the 
valves,  remaining  in  the  form  of  a  replum  and  connected  by  a  mem- 
braneus  expansion  ;  when  the  silique  is  very  short,  or  broader  than  it  is 
long,  it  is  called  a  silicle  or  pouch. 

155.  The  gland  is  a  dry  hony,  indehiscent,  one-celled  and  one-seed- 
ed fruit,  proceeding  from  an  ovary  of  several  cells  and  seeds,  and  en- 
closed by  an  involucre  called  a  cupulc.     Ex.  Quercus. 

156.  The  berry  is  a  succulent  fruit,  the  seeds  of  which  lose  their  ad- 
hesion when  ripe,  and  lie  loose  in  pulp  ;  as  the  grape  or  gooseberry. 

157.  The  orange  is  a  berry  having  a  pericarp,  separable  into  an  epi- 
carp,  an  endocarp  and  a  sarcocarp,  and  the  cells  filled  with  pulpy  bags, 
which  are  cellular  extensions  of  the  sides  of  the  cavity. 

15S.  The  pome  is  a  union  of  two  or  more  inferior  carpels,  the  peri- 
carp being  fleshy  and  formed  of  the  floral  envelope  and  ovary  firmly 
united. 

159.  The  pepo  is  composed  of  about  three  carpels,  the  sides  of  which 
do  not  turn  far  inwards,  nor  the  margins  unite.  It  is  a  one-celled, 
fleshy,  indehiscent  fruit,  with  parietal  placentae. 

#160.  The  most  remarkable  modifications  of  multiple  fruits  are  the 
cone,  pine-apple,  and  fig. 

161.  The  cone  or  strobile  is  an  indurated  ament.  When  it  is  much 
reduced  in  size,  and  its  scales  cohere,  it  is  called  a  galbulus  ;  as  in 
Thuja. 

162.  The  pine-apple  in  a  spike  of  inferior  flowers,  which  all  grow 
together  in  a  fleshy  mass. 

163.  The  fig  is  a  fleshy,  hollow,  dilated  apex  of  a  peduncle,  within 
which  a  number  of  flowers  are  arranged,  each  of  which  contains  an 
achenium. 


XX  RUDIMENTS    OF    BOTANY. 


]  64.  The  seed  is  the  ovule  arrived  at  maturity. 

365.  It  consists  of  integuments,  albumen  and  embryo  ;  a  naked  seed- 
is  only  found  in  those  rare  cases  in  which  the  ovule  is  naked. 

166.  The  seed  proceeds  from  the  placenta,  to  which  it  is  attached 
by  the  funiculus ;  sometimes  this  becomes  expanded  about  the  seed  into 
a  fleshy  body,  called  the  aril. 

167.  The  scar  which  indicates  the  union  of  the  seed  with  the  pla- 
centa, is  called  the  hilum  or  umbilicus. 

168.  The  integuments  are  called  collectively  testa,  and  consist  of 
membranes  resulting  from  the  sacs  of  the  ovule.  These  membranes 
are  called  by  various  names. 

169.  Between  the  integuments  and  the  embryo  of  some  plants  lies  a 
substance  called  the  albumen  or  perisperm  ;  the  nature  of  this  is  of  great 
importance. 

170.  The  albumen  is  sometimes  farinaceous,  as  in  the  grasses  ;  cori- 
aceous and  almost  cartilaginous,  as  in  many  Umbelifera?  ;  ruminated  or 
wrinkled  as  in  Anonaceae  ;  horny  as  in  the  coffee-bean  ;  or  thin  and 
membranous,  as  in  many  Labiatae. 

171.  The  embryo  is  the  organized  body  that  lies  within  the  seed, 
which  is  destined  to  become  a  plant  similar  in  all  respects  to  the  pa- 
rent. It  is  usually  solitary  in  the  seed,  but  occasionally  there  are  two 
or  several. 

172.  The  embryo  consists  of  the  cotyledons,  the  radicle,  the  plumu- 
la  and  the  neck. 

1 73.  The  cotyledons  represent  the  undeveloped  leaves. . 

174.  The  plumula,  is  what  is  destined  to  become  the  stem,  and  is 
therefore  a  rudimentary  leaf-bud. 

175.  The  radicle  is  the  rudiment  of  the  Toot,  and  by  germination  be- 
comes the  root. 

176.  The  neck  or  collum  is  the  line  of  separation  between  the  radicle 
and  the  portion  above  it. 

177.  The  number  of  cotyledons  varies  from  one  to  several. 

178.  Plants  that  have  but  one  cotyledon,  or  if  with  two,  then  the 
cotyledons  alternate  with  each  other,  are  Monocotyledonous.  These 
are  also  Endogenous  plants. 

179.  Plants  that  have  two  cotyledons  placed  opposite  each  other,  or 
a  greater  number  placed  in  a  whorl,  are  called  Dicotyledonous.  These 
are  also  Exogenous  plants. 

180.  Plants  that  have  no  cotyledons,  are  said  to  be  AcotyledonovS. 
But  this  term  is  only  applied  to  cellular  plants,  which  halving  no  sta- 
mens and  pistils,  can  have  no  seed. 

181.  When  the  radicle  is  so  bent  that  it  touches  the  back  of  one  of 
the  cotyledons,  it  is  said  to  be  dorsal,  or  the  cotyledons  incumbent. 

182.  When  the  radicle  is  applied  to  the  edge  or  cleft  of  the  cotyle- 
dons, it  is  said  to  be  lateral,  or  the  cotyledons  accumbenL 

183.  When  the  seed  is  called  into  action,  germination  takes  place 
And  growth  commences. 


XXI 


GLOSSARY  OF  BOTAMCAL  TERMS. 

The  figures  refer  to  the  preceding  Sketch. 


Abortion,  an  imperfect  develope- 
raent  of  any  given  organ. 

Abruptly  pinnate,  pinnate  with 
even  pairs  only,  wanting  the  odd 
or  terminal  leafet. 

Acewmbent,  lying  on,  prostrate,  a 
term  employed  in  Crucifera?, 
]  82. 

Accrosc,  stiff,  linear,  and  sharp,  as 
in  the  leaves  of  the  Pines. 

Acine  or  achenium,  146. 

Acotylcdonous ,  180. 

Aculeate,  prickly. 

Aculeus,  a  prickle;  growing  to  the 
bark,  not  to  the  wood. 

Acuminate,  taper  pointed,  more 
than  acute. 

Acute,  ending  in  a  sharp  point. 

Adnata,  growing  to,  affixed  lateral- 
ly- 

Agglomerated,  bunched,  crowded 
together. 

gate,  standing  together,  ma- 
ny on  the  same  receptacle,  but 
not  compound. 

Alated,  see  Winged. 

Albumen.  169. 

Alternate,  placed  alternately  on  op- 
posite sides  of  the  stem. 

Ann nt.  or  catkin,  65. 

Amplexicaal.  see  Clasping. 

Aneipital.  two  edged. 

Androgynous,  having  barren  and 
fertile  flowers  on  the  same  spike, 
or  the  same  plant,  but  no  per- 
fect ones. 

Annual,  30  a. 

Anther,  100. 

Anthcriferous,  bearing  anthers. 

Apetahus,  without  petals, 

Apex,  end,  tip.  or  sharp  extremity. 

Aphyllous,  without  leaves. 

Appendicular,  having  some  appen- 
dage. 

Apprtssed,  pressed  against  or  close 
to. 

Approximate,  near  together. 

Apterous,  without  wings.  A  term 
applied  to  some  parts  of  flowers. 

Arboreous,  like  a  tree. 


Arborescent,    approaching    to    the 

size  of  a  tree. 
Arcuate,  curved  or  bent  like  a  bow. 
Aril,  166. 

Aristate,  awned,  ending  in  a  bristle. 
Armed,   furnished  with  thorns  or 

prickles. 
Articulated,  jointed. 
Ascending,  rising  from  the  ground 

obliquely. 
Assurgcnt,  rising  upwards. 
Attenuated,  gradually  diminished  or 

tapering. 
Aurieulatc,  having  an  ear-like  base. 
Avon,    a    stiff*   bristle,    frequently 

rough   or   bearded  ;    as    in   the 

flowers  of  certain  grasses. 
Aimed,  having  awns. 
Aicnless,  without  awns. 
Axil,  the  angle  between  a  leaf  and 

stem  on  the  upper  side. 
Axillary,    growing  in  or  from  the 

axil. 

Baccate,  berried,   having  a  fleshy 

coat  or  covering. 
Banner  or  rcxillum,  81. 
Barren,   producing  no  fruit,    con- 
taining stamens  only. 
Beak,    any  thing  which  resembles 

the  beak  of  a  bird,  hard  short 

points.  n 

Berry,  156. 

Bicuspidatc,  with  two  points. 
Bidcntaie,  with  two  teeth. 
Biennial.  30  b. 
Bifid,  two  cleft,  cut  nearly  in  two 

parts. 
Biglanchdar,  having  two  glands. 
Bilabiate,  having  two  lips. 
Bilobeel,  having  two  lobes. 
BUocular,  having  two  cells. 
Binnate,  growing  two  together. 
Biphinate,    twice    pinnate,    when 

both  the  leaf  and  its  subdivisions 

are  pinnate. 
Bipinnatifid,  twice  pinnatifid,  both 

the  leaf  and  its  segments  being 

pinnatifid. 


2a 


XXII 


GLOSSARY    OP    TERMS. 


Biternatc,  twice  ternate,  the  petiole 

supporting  three  ternate  leaves. 
Bitalvcd,  two  valved. 
Border,  the  brim,  or  spreading  part 

of  a  corol. 
Bruchiate,  branches  opposite,   and 

each  pair  at  right  angles  with  the 

preceding. 
Bract,  51. 
Bulb,  36,  11  i. 

Caducous,  falling  early,  sooner  than 
deciduous. 

Caspitosc  or  cespitosc,  growing  in 
tufts. 

Calcarate,  resembling,  or  furnished 
with,  a  spur. 

Colli,  small  callosities  or  rough 
protuberances. 

Calyciform,  shaped  like  a  calyx. 

CaLyculatcd,  furnished  with  an  ad- 
ditional outer  calyx. 

Calyptriform ,  shaped  like  a  calyp- 
tra  or  extinguisher. 

Calyx,  73. 

Campanulate,  bell-shaped. 

Canalicidatc,  channeled  or  furrow- 
ed. 

Canesccnt,  whitish,  hoary. 

Capillary  or  capillaceous,  very  slen- 
der, resembling  a  hair. 

Capitate,  shaped  like  a  head,  or 
bearing  a  head. 

Cap  side,  153. 

Carina,  81. 

Carinated,  keeled,  furnished  with 
a  sharp  or  prominent  back  like 
the  keel  of  a  vessel. 

Carpel,  113. 

Caryopsis,  144. 

Catkin,  see  Anient. 

Caudate,  having  a  tail ;  as  in  some 
seeds. 

Caudex,  the  main  body  of  a  tree  or 
root. 

Caulescent,  14. 

Caulinc,  growing  on  the  stem. 

Cell,  a  cavity  or  compartment  of  a 
seed  vessel,  or  anther. 

Cellular,  made  up  of  little  cells  or 
cavities. 

Chaffy,  made  of  short  membranous 
portions  like  chaff. 

CUiate,  fringed  with  parallel  hairs. 

Cirrose,  or  cirrhosc,  bearing  a  ten- 
dril. 

Clasping,    surrounding    the   stem 


partly  or  quite,  with  the  base  of 
the  leaf. 

Clavatc,  club  shaped,  larger  at  top 
than  bottom. 

Claw,  the  taper  base  of  a  petal,  82. 

Cleft,  split  or  divided  less  than  half 
way. 

Clypeate,  shaped  like  a  Roman 
buckler. 

Coadunate,  united  at  base. 

Cochlcate,  resembling  the  shell  of  a 
snail. 

Coloured,  different  from  green 
which  is  the  common  colour  of 
plants. 

Columella,  135. 

Column,  99. 

Comose,  covered  with  cottony  hair. 

Compound,  made  up  of  similar  sim- 
ple parts. 

Compressed,  flattened. 

Cone,  161. 

Conglomerate,  crowded  together. 

Confluent,  running  into  one  another. 

Connate,  jointed  together  at  base. 

Connircnt,  converging,  the  tips  in- 
clining towards  each  other. 

Contorted,  twisted,  bent  from  a 
common  position. 

Convolute,  rolled  together. 

Cordate,  heart  shaped. 

Coriaceous,  leathery,  tough  and 
thick. 

Corneous,  horny,  having  a  consis- 
tence like  horn. 

Corniculale,  horn  shaped. 

Corol  or  Corolla,  77. 

Cortical,  belonging  to  the  bark. 

Corymb,  67. 

Costatc,  ribbed. 

Cotyledons,  171-2. 

Creeping,  12,  16. 

Crenate,  scolloped,  having  sharp 
notches  on  the  edge  separated  by 
round  or  obtuse  dentures. 

Cramlatc,  finely  or  minutely  cre- 
nate. 

Croicncd,  having  a  circle  of  pro- 
jections round  the  upper  part  of 
the  tube  of  a  flower,  on  its  inside. 

Cruciform,  or  cruciate,  consisting  of 
four  petals  placed  like  a  cross. 

Crustaceous,  having  a  hard  brittle 
shell. 

Cucullatc,  hooded  or  cowled,  rolled 
or  folded  in ;  Ex.  spathe  of  Arum 
triphyllum. 


GLOSSARY    OF    TERMS. 


XXlll 


Cucurhitaccous,  like  gourds  or  mel- 
ons. 

Culm,  or  straw.  28. 

Cuneatc.  or  cuneiform,  wedge  shap- 
ed. 

Cupule,  155. 

Cuspidate,  having  a  sharp  straight 
point. 

Cuticle,  6,  23. 

CyaUuform,  cup-shaped. 

Cylindrical,  round  and  not  tapering, 
cylinder  shaped. 

*  'ijiiu  .  70. 

t ymose,  bearing  or  flowering  in 
cvnies. 

Deciduous,  falling  off,  in  opposition 

to  persistent  and  evergreen,  later 

than  caducous. 
Declined,  or  declinate,  turned  down- 
wards. 
Decompound,     twice     compound, 

composed  of  compound  parts. 
Decumbent,     leaning     upon      the 

ground,  the  base  only  erect. 
Decurrentjwhen  the  edges  of  a  leaf 

run  down  the  stem  or  stalk. 
Decursae,  see  decurrenL 

tsated,  or  decussating,  in  pairs 

crossing  each  other. 
Deflected,  bent  off. 
Dehiscent,  gaping  or  cracking  open. 
Deltoid,  nearly  triangular. 
Dentate,  toothed,  edged  with  sharp 

projections  separated  by  notches, 

larger  than  serrate. 
Denticulate,  minutely  toothed. 
Dentures,   teeth,  the    sharp   parts 

which  separate  notches. 
Depauperated,  few  flowered. 
Depressed,  flattened  or  pressed  in  at 

top. 
Diaphanous,  transparent. 
Dichotomous,  forked,  dividing  into 

two  equal  branches. 
Dicoccous,  containing  two  grains  or 

seeds. 
Dicotyledonous,  179. 
Didymous,  twin. 
Didynamous,  belonging  to  the  class 

Didynamia,  with  two  short  and 

two  long  stamens  and  a  ringent 

corol. 
Diffuse,  scattered,  widely  spread. 
Digitate,  when  a  petiole  gives  off 

five  or  more  leafets  from  a  single 

point  at  its  extremity. 


Dimidiate,  halved. 

Dioecious,  having  the   barren  and 

fertile  flowers  on  different  plants. 
Discoid,  having  a  disk  covered  with 

florets,  but  no  ray. 
Disk,  86  :  also  the  centre  of  a  head 

of  flowers  of  Composite. 
Dissepiments,  the  partition  or  inter- 
nal wall  of  a  pericarp. 
Distichous,  two-rowed  ;   producing 

leaves  or  flowers  in  two  opposite 

row-;. 
Divaricate,  diverging  so  far  as  to 

turn  backward. 
Divergent,    spreading,     separating 

widely. 
Dorsal,  growing  on,  or  belonging 

to,  the  baek. 
Drooping,     inclining     downward, 

more  than  nodding. 
Drupaceous,  bearing,  or  resembling, 

drupes. 
Drupe,  147. 

Echinate,  beset  with  prickles,  hedge- 
hog like. 

Effuse,  a  term  applied  to  a  loose  one- 
sided panicle  ;  Ex.  Jimcus  effu- 
sus. 

Elliptic,  oval. 

Elongated,  exceeding  a  common  or 
average  length. 

Emarginatc,  having  a  notch  in  the 
end. 

Ensif or m,  sword  shaped,  two  edged. 

Entire,  even  and  whole  at  the  edge. 

Epidermis,  see  cuticle. 

Eroded,  appearing  as  if  gnawed  at 
the  edge. 

Esculent,  eatable. 

Evergreen,  remaining  fresh  through 
the  winter,  not  deciduous. 

Exserted,  projecting  or  extending 
out  of  the  flower  or  sheath. 

Falcate,  sickle  shaped,  linear  and 
crooked. 

Fascicle,  70. 

Fascicled,  or  fasciculate,  collected 
in  bundles. 

Fastigiate,  flat  topped. 

Favose,  resembling  a  honey  comb. 

Fertile,  containing  perfect  pistils 
and  yielding  fruit. 

Fibrous,  being  composed  of  fibres. 

Filiform,  thread  like,  or  very  slend- 
er. 


r 


XXIV 


GLOSSARY    OF    TERMS. 


Fimbriate,  finely  divided  at  the 
edge  like  fringe. 

Fistulous,  oxfistular,  hollow  or  tu- 
bular. 

Fbabelliform,  spreading  like  a  fan. 

Flagelliform,  like  a  whiplash. 

Flexuous,  serpentine  or  zigzag. 

Floral  leaf,  see  bract. 

Floret,  a  little  flower,  one  in  an  ag- 
gregate or  compound  flower. 

Follicle,  150. 

Frond,  the  leaf  of  cryptogamous 
plants. 

Frutescent,  or fruticosc,  shrubby. 

Fugacious,  that  which  lasts  but  for 
a  short  time. 

Fanide,  or  funiculus,  166. 

Funnel  shaped,  tubular  at  bottom 
and  gradually  expanding  at  top. 

Fusiform, 

Galea,  a  helmet  ;  the  upper  part 
of  a  ringent  corol. 

Geminate,  doubled. 

Gemmaccous,  belonging  to  a  bud, 
made  of  the  scales  of  a  bud,  49. 

Geniculate,  bent  like  a  knee. 

Germ  or  germen,  the  old  name  of  the 
Ovary. 

Germination,  the  sprouting  of  a 
seed. 

Gibbous,  swelled  out,  commonly  on 
one  side. 

Glabrous,  smooth,  as  it  regards 
hairiness  or  pubescence. 

Glandular  pubescence,  hairs  tipped 
with  little  heads  or  glands. 

Glaucous,  sea  green,  pale  blueish- 
green. 

Glomerate,  gathered  in  a  round  heap 
or  head. 

Glume,  the  scales,  valves,  or  chaff, 
which  make  the  calyx  of  grass- 
es. 

Glutinous,  adhesive,  viscid,  cover- 
ed with  an  adhesive  fluid. 

Gramineous,  resembling  grasses. 

Granular,  formed  of  grains,  or  cov- 
ered with  grains. 

Gymnospermous,  having  naked 
seeds.  ♦ 

Gynandrous,  having  the  stamens 
growing  on  the  pistils. 

Habit,  the  general  external  appear- 
ance of  a  plant,  by  which  it  is 
known  at  sight. 


Hamate,  hooked,  a  bristle  curved 
at  the  end. 

Flastate,  shaped  like  a  halbert ;  it 
differs  from  arroic  shaped  in  hav- 
ing the  barbs  or  lateral  portion* 
more  distinct  and  divergent. 

Head,  66. 

Helmet,  see  galea. 

Herbaceous,  or  herb,  31. 

Hermaphrodite,  91. 

Il'dum,  1G7. 

Hirsute,  rough  with  soft  hairs. 

Hispid,  rough  witli  stiff  hairs. 

Hoary,  covered  with  white  down. 

Hooded,  see  cucullate. 

Horn,  see  spur. 

Hybrid,  a  mongrel  or  partaking  of 
the  nature  of  two  species. 

Hypocrateriform,  salver  shaped, 
with  a  tube  abruptly  expanded 
into  a  flat  border. 

Hypogynous,  93. 

Imbricate,  lying  over  each  other  like 
scales,  or  the  shingles  of  a  roof. 

Incised,  cut,  separated  by  incisions. 

Included,  wholly  received  or  con- 
tained in  a  cavity,  the  opposite 
of  exsertcd. 

lncrassated,  thickened  upward,  lar- 
ger toward  the  end. 

Incumbent,  lying  against  or  across, 
181. 

Indekiscent,  not  opening. 

Indusium,  the  involucre  or  veil' 
which  covers  the  fruit  of  ferns. 

Inferior,  lowermost. 

Inflated,  blown  up  like  a  bladder. 

Inflexed,  bending  inwards. 

Inflorescence,  59. 

Infundibuliform,  funnel  shaped. 

Inserted  into,  growing  out  of. 

Intemode,  the  space  between  joints ;, 
as  in  Grasses. 

Interruptly  pinnate,  when  smaller 
leafets  are  interposed  among  the 
principal  ones. 

Involuccl,  a  partial  involucre,  53. 

Involucre,  or  involucrum,  53;  also 
the  Indusium. 

Involute,  rolled  inwards. 

Irregular  corol,  78. 

Keel,  81. 

Keeled,  shaped  like  a  keel. 

Kidney-shaped,  heart-shaped  with- 
out the  point,  and  broader  that: 
Ion?. 


GLOSSARY    OP    TERMS. 


XXV 


Ixibiale,  80. 

Laciniate,  cut  or  divided  into  seg- 
ments. 

Lactescent,  yielding  a  white,  or 
milky  juice,  when  wounded  ;  as 
in  the  Poppy. 

Lacvnose,  covered  with  little  pits  or 
depressions. 

Ijamellated,  in  thin  plates. 

Lamina,  41. 

lanceolate,  spear  shaped,  narrow, 
with  both  ends  acute. 

Lanuginous,  woolly. 

lateral,  at  the  side. 

Lax.  loose,  not  compact. 

Leafet,  a  partial  leaf,  a  constituent 
of  a  compound  leaf. 

Legume,  151. 

Leguminous,  bearing  legumes. 

Ligneous,  woody. 

Ligulate,  ribbon  shaped,  a  kind  of 
corol  found  in  compound  flow- 
ers, consisting  of  a  tube  at  bot- 
tom, continued  into  a  long  flat 
portion  at  top. 

Liliaceous,  resembling  the  lil  >-. 

Limb,  82. 

Linear,  long  and  very  narrow  with 
parallel  sides. 

Lip,  the  front  segment  of  an  or- 
c hideous  or  other  flower. 

Lobe,  a  large  division  or  distinct 
portion  of  a  leaf  or  petal. 

Loment,  151. 

Lunate,  or  lunulate,  shaped  like  a 
half-moon. 

Lyrate,  pinnatifid,  with  a  large 
roundish  leafet  at  the  end. 

Marcescent,  withering. 

Melliferous,  honey  bearing. 

Membranous,  or  membranaceous, 
very  thin  and  delicate. 

Midrib,  43. 

Monadelphous,  98. 

Moniliform,  arranged  like  the  beads 
of  a  necklace. 

Monocotyledonous,  178. 

Monoecious,  having  barren  and  fer- 
tile flowers  on  the  same  plant. 

Monopetalous,  77. 

Monophyllous,  76. 

Monosepalous,  76. 

Mucronate,  having  a  small  point 
projecting  from  an  obtuse  end. 

Multifid,  many  cleft. 

Multipartite,  many  parted. 


Muricate,  covered  with  sharp  spines 
or  prickles. 

Nectariferous,  bearing  honey. 
Nectary,  84,  89. 
Nerves,  parallel  veins,  42. 
Nodding,    inclining  to    one  side, 

partly  drooping. 
Nodi  or  nodes,  26. 
Nodose,     having    many    nodi    or 

joints. 
Nucamentaccous,  producing  nuts. 

Ob,  a  particle,  which  when  pre- 
fixed to  any  other  term,  denotes 
the  inversion  of  the  usual  posi- 
tion; as  obovate,  obcordate,  &c, 
i.  e.  inversely  ovate,  inversely 
cordate,  &c. 

Obconic,  conic  with  the  apex  down- 
ward. 

Obcordate,  heart  shaped  with  the 
point  inward,  or  downward. 

,  longer  than  oval  with  the 
sides  parallel. 

Obovate,  ovate,  but  inverted. 

Obsolete,  indistinct,  appearing  as  if 
worn  out. 

Obtuse,  blunt,  rounded,  not  acute. 

Ochroleucous,  whitish  yellow, 
cream-colour. 

Opposite,  standing  directly  against 
each  other  on  opposite  sides  of 
the  stem. 

Orbicular,  circular. 

Oval,  elliptical. 

Ovarium  or  ovary,  110. 

Ovate,  egg  shaped,  oval  with 'the 
lower  end  largest. 

Ovoid,  egg-like. 

Ovule  or  ovulum.  129. 

Palate,  a  large  obtuse  projection 
which  closes  the  throat  of  a  per- 
sonate flower. 

ralea,  a  term  applied  to  the  parts 
of  the  corol  in  Grasses. 

Paleaceous,  chaffy. 

Palmate,  hand  shaped,  deeply  di- 
vided into  spreading  and  some- 
what equal  segments. 

Pandurform,  contracted  in  the 
middle  like  a  violin. 

Panicle,  68. 

Papilionaceous,  81. 

Papillose,  producing  small  glandu- 
lar excrescences  like  nipples. 


2a* 


XXVI 


GLOSSARY    OF    TERMS. 


Pappus,  the  crown  of  the  fruit  of 
Composite  and  similar  plants. 

Parasitic,  growing  on  another  plant 
and  drawing  nourishment  from 
it;    as  the  Misseltoe. 

Parietal,  117. 

Parted,  deeply  divided,  more  than 
cleft. 

Partial,  a  term  applied  to  small  or 
constituent  parts  in  distinction 
from  general. 

Partition,  the  dividing  wall  or  dis- 
sepiment in  seed  vessels. 

Pectinate,  like  the  teeth  of  a  comb, 
intermediate  between  fimbriate 
and  pinnatifid. 

Pedicel,  small  footstalk  of  a  flower, 
57. 

Peduncle,  the  common  footstalk  of 
flowers,  56. 

Pellicle,  a  very  thin  stratum  or 
coat. 

Peltate,  having  the  stalk  attached 
to  some  part  of  the  surface  or 
disk,  and  not  to  the  margin. 

Pendulous,  hanging  down. 

Pencilled,  ending  like  a  painter's 
pencil  or  brush. 

Perennial,  30  c. 

Perfect  flower,  91. 

Perfoliate,  surrounding  the  stem  on 
all  sides  and  perforated  by  it  ;  it 
differs  from  connate,  in  not  con- 
sisting of  two  leaves;  Ex.  Eupa- 
torium  perfoliatum. 

Perianth,  perianthium  or  perigoni- 
um,  74. 

Pericarp,  133. 

Perigynous,  94. 

Permanent,  see  persistent. 

Persistent,  not  falling  off;  those 
parts  of  a  flower  are  persistent 
which  remain  till  the  fruit  is  ripe. 

Personate,  masked,  having  the 
mouth  of  the  corolla  closed  by  a 
prominent  palate. 

Petal,  77. 

Petaloid,  like  a  petal. 

Petiole,  40. 

Phainognmous,  applied  to  all  plants 
which  have  visible  flowers  con- 
taining stamens  and  pistils. 

Pilose,  hairy,  with  a  stiff  pubes- 
cence. 

Pi?ince,  the  leafets  or  divisions  of  a 
pinnate  leaf. 

Pinnate,  a  leaf  is  pinnate  when  the 


leafets  are  arranged  in  two  rows 
on  the  side  of  a  common  petiole. 

Pinnatifld,  cut  in  a  pinnate  man- 
ner ;  it  differs  from  pinnate  in 
consisting  of  a  simple  or  contin- 
uous leaf,  not  compound. 

Pisiform,  formed  like  peas. 

Pistil,  108. 

Pistillate,  having  pistils,  but  no 
stamens. 

Plane,  flat. 

Plicate,  plaited,  folded  like  a  ruffle 
or  fan. 

Plumose,  feathery,  feather  like. 

Plumula,  174. 

Pod,  154. 

Polygamous,  having  some  flowers 
which  are  perfect,  and  other? 
which  have  stamens  only,  or 
pistils  only. 

Polygynous,  having  many  styles. 

Polymorphous,  changeable,  assum- 
ing a  variety  of  forms. 

Polyp eialous,  77. 

Polyphyllous,  having  many  leave?, 
applied  to  the  calyx. 

Polysepetlous,  76. 

Polysptrmous,  having  many  seeds. 

Pome,  158. 

Porrected,  extended  forward. 

Pouch,  154. 

Prcemorse  or  abrupt,  11  d. 

Prickle,  27. 

Prismatic,  having  several  parallel, 
flat  sides. 

Procumbent,  lying  on  the  ground. 

Proliferous,  an  umbel  or  flower  is 
said  to  be  proliferous  when  it  has 
smaller  ones  growing  out  of  it. 

Pseudopinnate,  falsely  or  imper- 
fectly pinnate,  not  resolving  at 
any  time  into  separate  leafets  ; 
as  the  Tea,  Vetch,  &c. 

Pubescent,  hairy  or  downy. 

Pulp,  the  soft,  juicy,  cellular  sub- 
stance found  in  berries  and  simi- 
lar fruits. 

Pulverulent,  dusty,  composed  of 
powder,  or  appearing  as  if  co- 
vered with  it 

Punctate,  appearing  as  if  pricked 
full  of  small  holes,  or  dots. 

Pancliform,  resembling  dots. 

Pungent,  sharp,  acrid,  prickling. 

Put  amen,  a  hard  shell. 

Pyriform,  shaped  like  the  fruit  of  a 
pear. 


GLOSSARY    OF    TERMS. 


XXV 11 


Quadrangular,  four  angled. 
Quatcrnatc,  four  together. 
Quinatc,  five  together. 

Raceme,  62. 

Racemose,  flowering  in  racemes. 

Rachis,  that  part  of  a  culm  which 
runs  up  through  the  ear  of  corn, 
and  consequently  the  part  that 
bears  the  flowers  or  fruit  in 
other  plants. 

Radiant  or  radiate.  often  applied  to 
a  cluster  or  head  of  flowers  when 
those  of  the  circumference  or  ray 
are  long  and  spreading,  and  un- 
like those  of  the  disk. 

Radical,  growing  immediately  from 
the  root. 

Radicle,  175. 

Ramose,  branching. 

Ray.  the  diverging  florets  or  petals 
which  form  the  outside  of  radiate 
flowers,  cymes,  and  umbels. 

Receptacle,  83. 

Reclined.,  or  reclinatr.  bending  over, 
with  the  end  inclining  toward 
the  ground. 

lb carve d.  curved  backwards. 

/,  bent  backward,  more  than 
recurved. 

l!<  inform,  kidney  shaped,  heart 
shaped  without  the  point. 

Repand,  slightly  wavy  or  serpen- 
tine at  the  edge. 

Rcsvpinatc,  turned  upside  down ; 
as  the  corol  of  Trickostema. 

Rctieulale,  net  like,  having  veins 
distributed  like  net  work. 

Refuse,  having  a  slight  sinus,  or 
superficial  notch  in  the  end,  less 
than  emarginate. 

Rcvolutc,  rolled  barkward  or  out- 
ward. 

Rhomboidal,  having  four  sides  with 
unequal  angles. 

Ribbed,  marked  with  parallel  ridges 
or  veins. 

it,   irregular,   with  an  upper 
and  under  lip.     See  Labiate. 

Rooting,  sending  out  lateral  roots. 

Rostrate,  furnished  with  a  beak. 

Rotate,  wheel  shaped,  applied  to  a 
monopetalous  corol,  the  limb  of 
which  is  flat  and  tube  very  short. 

Rudiment,  a  term  applied  to  an  or- 
gan that  is  imperfectly  develop- 
ed. 


Rufescent,  becoming  reddish-orange 
or  rusty. 

Rugose,  Wrinkled,  leaves  of  Sage. 

Rugulose,  finely  wrinkled. 

Runcinatc,  having  large  teeth  point- 
ing backward  ;  as  the  leaves  of 
the  Dandelion. 

Saccate,  bagged,  having  a  bag  oi 
pouch  ;  as  in  many  petals. 

Sagittate,  arrow  shaped,  like  the 
head  of  an  arrow. 

Salver  shaped,  see  Hypocratcriform. 

Samara,  a  seed  vessel  not  opening 
by  valves,  having  a  winged  or 
membranous  appendage. 

Sarmentose,  running  on  the  ground 
and  striking  roots  from  the 
joints  ;  as  the  strawberry. 

Scabrous,  rough  with  little  asperi- 
ties. 

Scale,  any  small  processes  resem- 
bling minute  leaves  ;  also  the 
leaves  of  the  involucre  of  Com- 
posite. 

Scape,  58. 

Scarious,  having  a  thin  membran- 
ous margin  ;  the  calyx  scales  of 
Liatris  scariosa. 

Scions,  lateral  shoots  or  offsets 
from  the  root. 

Scrobiculate,  excavated  into  little 
pits  or  hollows. 

Secund,  arranged  on  one  side  only, 
the  same  as  unilateral. 

Segment,  a  part  or  principal  divi- 
sion of  a  leaf,  calyx,  or  corolla. 

Scmibicalrular,  half  divided  into 
two- valves. 

Sepals,  76. 

Septa,  the  partitions  that  divide 
the  interior  of  the  fruit. 

Si/jfiferous,  bearing  septa. 

Sericeous,  silk}'. 

Serrate,  notched  like  the  teeth  of  a 
saw.  the  points  tending  upward. 

Serrulate,  minutely  serrate. 

.  placed  immediately  on  the 
stem  without  the  intervention 
of  a  stalk. 

Setaceous,  bristle  like. 

SeteE,  bristles. 

Set  if ur  in,  formed  like  a  bristle. 

Setose,  covered  with  bristles. 

Sheath,  a  tubular  or  folded  leafy 
portion  inclosing  the  stem  ;  6ee 
the  leaves  of  Grasses. 


XXVUL 


GLOSSARY    OF    TERiMS. 


Silicle,  154. 
Silique,  154. 

Siliquosc,  having  siliques.  * 

Simple,  not  divided,  branched,  or 
compound. 

Sinuate,  having  sinuses  at  the  edge. 

Sinus,  a  large  rounded  indentation 
or  cavity. 

Sobolifcrous,  producing  young 
plants  from  the  root. 

Sori,  plural  of  sorus,  small  clusters 
of  minute  capsules  on  the  back 
of  the  fronds  of  ferns. 

Spadix,  64. 

Spathc,  a  sheathing  calyx  opening 
lengthwise  on  one  side,  and  con- 
sisting of  one  or  more  valves. 

Spatulate  or  spathulate,  obtuse  or 
large  at  the  end,  and  gradually 
tapering  into  a  stalk  at  base. 

Spike,  63. 

Spikelet,  a  small  spike  ;  as  in  many 
of  the  Grasses. 

Spindle  shaped,  see  Fusiform. 

Spine,  27. 

Spimdose,  covered  with  small 
spines. 

Sporule,  that  part  in  cryptogamous 
plants  which  answers  to  the 
seed  of  other  plants. 

Spur,  a  sharp  hollow  projection 
from  a  flower,  commonly  the 
nectary. 

Squamiform,  scale  shaped. 

Squamose,  scaly. 

Squarrose  or  squamous,  ragged, 
having  reflected  or  divergent 
scales. 

Staminaie,  having  stamens,  but  no 
pistil. 

Standard,  see  Banner. 

Stellate,  like  a  star. 

Stem,  13. 

Stemless,  14. 

Sterile,  barren. 

Stigma,  111. 

Stipe,  the  stem  of  a  fern  or  fun- 
gus ;  also  the  stem  of  the  down 
of  seeds,  as  in  Dandelion  ;  also 
a  particular  stalk  of  germs,  seeds, 
&c,  which  is  superadded  to  the 
pedicel. 

Stipitate,  having  a  short  stalk. 

Stipular,  belonging  to  stipules- 

Stipule,  47. 

Stoloniferous,  having  scions  or  Tun- 
ing shoots. 


Striate,  marked  with  fine  parallel 
lines. 

Strigose,  bristly. 

Strobile,  161. 

Strophiolate,  surrounded  by  protu- 
berances, 

%/e,  112. 

Sub,  a  particle  prefixed  to  various 
terms,  to  imply  the  existence  of 
a  quality  in  a  diminutive  or  in- 
ferior degree,  as 

Subacute,  somewhat  acute,  less 
than  acute,  &©. 

Subserratc,  slightly  serrate,  &c. 

Subsessilc,  nearly  sessile. 

Subulate,  awl  shaped,  narrow,  stiff 
and  sharp  pointed. 

Succidcnt,  juicy. 

Sucker,  a  shoot  from  the  root  or 
lower  part  of  the  stem. 

Suffruticose,  somewhat  shrubby, 
shrubby  at  base. 

Sulcate,  furrowed. 

Suture,  137. 

Tendril,  a  filiform  appendage  of 
certain  vines,  which  supports 
them  by  twining  round  other  ob- 
jects. 

Terete,  round,  cylindrical. 

Terminal,  extreme,  situated  at  the 
end. 

Ternate,  three  together :  as  the 
leaves  of  common  Clover. 

Testa,  168. 

Thorn,  see  Spine. 

Throat,  the  passage  into  the  tube 
of  a  corolla. 

Thyrse,  69. 

Tomentosc,  downy,  covered  with 
fine  matted  pubescence. 

Toothed,  divided  so  as  to  resemble 
teeth. 

Torose,  uneven  ;  alternately  ele- 
vated and  depressed. 

Torulosc,  slightly  torose. 

Torus,  83. 

Trifid,  three  cleft. 

Trifoliate,  three  leaved,  see  Ternale. 

Trilobate,  three  lobed. 

Trilocular,  three  celled. 

Tripartite,  three  parted. 

Triquetrous,  having  three  sides  or 
angles. 

Truncate,  having  a  square  termina- 
tion as  if  cut  off. 


GLOSSARY   OF    TERMS. 


XXIX 


Tubcrculatc,  covered  with  knobs  or 
tubercles. 

Tuber,  a  solid  fleshy  knob,  11,  g. 

Tuberous,  11,  g. 

Tubular,  shaped  like  a  tube  ;  in  a 
compound  flower,  the  florets 
which  are  not  ligulate,  are  call- 
ed tubular. 

Tunicatcd,  coated  with  concentric 
layers  ;   as  the  Onion. 

Turbinate,  shaped  like  a  top  or  pear. 

Valves,  the  segments  or  parts  of  a 
seed  vessel,  into  which  it  finally 
separates,  136  ;  also  the  leaves 
which  make  up  a  glume  or 
Bpathe. 

Valvular,  or  voiced,  consisting  of 
valves  or  seed  cells. 

Vaulted,  arched  over,  with  a  con- 
cave covering. 

Wined,  having  the  divisions  of  the 
petiole  irregularly  branched  on 
the  under  side  of  the  leaf. 

Vaitricosc,  swelling,  inflated. 

Vcrrucosc,  warty,  covered  with  lit- 
tle protuberances. 

/  'ertical,  perpendicular. 

lerticillate.  whorled,  having  leaves 
given  off  in  a  circle  round  the 
stem. 

J'ersafile,  swinging  lightly  on  a 
stalk  so  as  to  be  continually 
changing  direction. 

Vesicular,  made  of  vesicles  or  little 
bladders. 

ose,  bladder  like. 


Villous,  or  villose,  hairy,  the  hair* 

long  and  soft. 
Virgate,  long  and  slender,    wand 

like. 
J'irose,  poisonous,   nauseous,    and 

strong  to  the  smell. 
Viscid,  or  viscous,  thick,  glutinous, 

covered  with  adhesive  juice. 
Via parous,   producing  a  collateral 

offspring  by  means  of  bulbs. 

Umbel,  66. 

I  mbeltiferous,  bearing  umbels. 

I  mbilicate,  marked  with  a  central 
depression. 

Unarmed,  without  piickles  or 
thorns. 

Uncinate,  hooked,  hook  shaped. 

Undulated,  wavy,  serpentine,  gen- 
tly rising  and  falling. 

Unguzculate,  inserted  by  a  claw,  82. 

Unilateral,  growing  all  on  one  side, 
or  with  the  flowers  leaning  to 
one  side. 

Urceolate,  pitcher  shaped,  swelling 
in  the  middle  and  slightly  con- 
tracted at  top. 

Utricle,  or  utriculus,  145. 

Wedge  shaped,  formed  like  a  wedge, 

and  commonly  rounded  at  the 

largest  end. 
Wheel  shaped,  see  Rotate. 
Winged,  having  the  sides  extended 

into  a  leafy  expansion. 
Wings,  the  two  lateral  petals  of  r\ 

papilionaceous  flower,  81, 


XXX 

TABLE  OF  LINNjEAN  ARTIFICIAL  CLASSES  AND  ORDERS. 
Div.    I.     Plants  with   conspicuous  floicers.     Phanerogamia. 

A.  Stamens  and  Pistils  in  the  saine  flower. 

*  Stamens  free  and  equal. 
Cl.  1.     Moxandria,  with  1  stamen.         6.     Hexaxdria,  6  stamens. 

2.  Diandria,  2  stamen?.       7.     Heptandria,  7  stamens. 

3.  Triaxdria,  3  stamens.       8.     Octaxdria,  8  stamens. 

4.  Tetraxdria,  4  stamens.       9.     Exxeaxdria,  9  stamens. 

5.  Pextaxdria,  5  stamens.     10.     Decaxdria,  10  stamens. 
*ll.     Dodecaxdria,  11  to  19  stamens. 

12.  Icosaxdria,  20  or  more  stamens,  perigynous  or  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

13.  PolYaxdria,  20  or  more  stamens,  hypogynous  or  inserted  on  the  re- 

ceptacle. 
Orders. — In  the  first  13  classes  the  orders  depend  solely  on   the  number  of 
pistils,  and  they  are  named — Monogynial.  Digynia2.  Trigynia3.   Tetragy- 
niaA.   Pentagyniao.  Hexagynia  6.  Heptagynia  1.  Octagynia  8.  Enneagyn- 
ia  9.  Decagyuia  10.    Polygynia  more  than  10. 

**   Stamens  free,  unequal. 

14.  Didyxamia,  4  stamens,  2  longer  than  the  others. 

Two  orders.     1.   Gymnospermia,   the  seeds  naked.     2.  Angiosper?nia,  the 
seeds  inclosed  in  pericarp. 

15.  Tetradyxamia,  6  stamens,  4  longer  than  the  others. 

Two  orders.     1.   Siliculosa,  fruit  a  silicle  or  pouch.     2.   Siliquosa,  fruit  a 
long  pod  or  silique. 

***  Filaments  united. 

16.  Moxadelpkia,  filaments  forming;  1  set. 

17.  DiaDELPHIA,  filaments  forming  2  sets. 

*18.     Polyadelphia,  filaments  forming  more  than  2  sets. 

Orders  depend  upon  the  number  of  stamens,  and  have  the  same  names  as 
the  first  13  classes. 

****  Anthers  united. 

19.  Syxgexesia,  5  stamens,  the  anthers  united   (compound  flowers.) 
Five  orders.    1.  Polygamia  ^Equalis,  florets  all  perfect.     2.  P.  Superflua, 

disk  florets  perfect,  rays  pistiliferou*.  3.  P.  Frustranea,  disk  perfect,  rays 
neutral.  4.  P.  Necessaria,  disk  wilh  stamens,  rajs  with  a  pistil.  5.  P.  Segre- 
gata,  with  a  perianth  to  each  floret. 

*****  Anthers  united  to  the  pistil. 

20.  Gyxaxdria. 

Orders  named  according  to  the  number  of  stamens,  as  Monandriu,  &c. 

B.  Stamens  and  Pistils  in  different  flowers. 

21.  Mokoecia,  stamens  and  pistils  on  the  same  individual. 

22.  Dioecia,  stamens  and  pistils  on  different  individuals. 

Orders  named  according  to  the  number  of  stamens,  except  where  there  is  a 
union  of  the  filaments  ;  then  named  Monad elphia,  &c. 

*23.     Polygamia,  perfect  and  unisexual  flowers  either  on  the  same  or  dif- 
ferent individuals. 

Three  orders.     Monoecia.  Dioecia.   Trioecia. 

Div.  ii.    Plants  with  inconspicuous  flowers.     Cryptogamia.. 
24.     Cryptogamia,  neither  stamens  nor  pistils. 

Six  orders,  viz.  1.  Filices.     2.  Musci.     3.  Algoe.    4.  Fungi.     5.  Hepaticce. 
6.  Lichenes. 


*  The  classes  marked  thus,  *  viz.  Dodecandria,  Polyadelphia,  and  Polyga- 
mia, are  generally  discarded  by  the  American  botanists.  They  comprize,  at 
least  in  our  country,  but  few  genera,  and  their  characters  are  extremely  va- 
riable. They  are,  however,  retained  by  Muhlenberg  and  Bigelow,  and  vary 
generally  by  the  European  authors. 


XXXI 

SYNOPSIS  OF  GENERA,    ACCORDING  TO  THE  LINNXAN 
SYSTEM. 

MONANDRIA. 

MoN'OGYNIA. 

Sai.icokma.  Perianth  single,  turbinate,  fleshy,  closed.  Slam.  1 — 2. 
Style  bifid.      Utricle  included.      Chcnopodetz,  p.  293. 

Hippukis.  Cal.  adnate  to  the  ovary  :  limb  minute  entire.  Cor. 
none.  Style  received  into  a  groove  of  the  anther.  Nat  1 -seeded. 
Haloragect,  p.  123. 

DlGYN'IA. 

Callitriche.  Fl.  perfect  or  imperfect.  Bracts  2,  opposite,  peta- 
loid.  Cal.  (corol  of  authors.)  inconspicuous.  Cor.  none.  Caps. 
compressed,  2-celled,  4-seeded.     Haloragac,  p.  123. 

Blitum.  Perianth  single,  3-cleft.  Seed  1,  covered  by  the  calyx 
which  becomes  a  berry.     Chcnopodca,  p.  299. 

DlANDRlA. 

MoNOGYNIA. 
*  Flowers  complete ,   inferior,  1-petallecl,  regular. 
Ligustrum.     Cal.  minute.  4-toothed.     Cor.  with  the  tube  short ;  the 
limb  4-cleft,  spreading.     Beery  1 -celled  2 — 4-seeded.     Oleacea,  p.  231. 

CmoriANTHus.  Cal.  4-parted  ;  Cor.  deeply  4-parted  ;  segments  long 
and  linear.    Drupe  1-seeded.     Nut  striate.     Olcacece,  p.  232. 

**  Flowers  complete,  inferior,  1-pelalled,  irregular. 

Verohica.  Cal.  4-  rarely  5-parted.  Cor.  subrotate,  4-lobed,  un- 
equal.   Caps.  2-celled,  obcordate.     Seeds  few.     Scropliularinecc,  p.  261. 

Leptandra.  Cal.  5-parted  ;  segments  acuminate.  Cor.  tubular- 
campanulate  ;  border  4-lobed,  a  little  ringent.  Slam,  and  at  length 
the  pistil  much  exserted.  Caps,  ovate,  acuminate,  2-celled,  many- 
seeded.     Scrcphularinea.  p.  262. 

Gratiola.  Cal.  5-parted,  often  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.  Cor. 
tubular,  sub-bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  emarginate  ;  lower  3-lobed.  Stig.  2- 
lobed.     Caps,  ovate,  2-celled,  2-valved.     Scropkulariaece,  p.  264. 

Lindernia.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  tubular,  ringent ;  upper  lip  short, 
emarginate  ;  lower  one  3-cleft,  unequal.  Fil.  4  ;  the  two  longer,  fork- 
ed and  sterile.  Caps.  2  celled,  2-valved  ;  dissepiment  parallel  with 
the  valves.     Scropliularinecc,  p.  265. 

Hemianthus.  Cal.  tubular,  cleft  on  the  under  side  ;  border  4-tooth- 
ed. Cor.  with  the  upper  lip  obsolete  ;  lower  3-parted  ;  intermediate 
segment  ligulate  and  truncate,  much  longer,  closely  incurved.  Siam. 
2.  Fil.  bifid ;  lateral  fork  antheriferous.  Caps.  1-celled,  2-valved. 
many- seeded.     Scrophularinea,  p.  267. 

Catali'a.  Cal.  2-parted.  Cor.  campanulate ;  tube  ventricose  : 
border  4-lobed,  unequal.  Slam.  2,  fertile  ;  2 — 3  sterile.  Stig.  bila- 
mellate.  Caps,  long,  cylindric,  2-valved  ;  dissepiment  opposite  to  the 
valves.     Seed  membranaceously  margined.     Bignoniacece,  p.  245. 

Justicia.     Cal.  5-parted,  often  witli  2  bracts.     Cor.  2-lipped  ;  upper 


XXX11  SYNOPSIS    OP    GENERA. 

Up  emarginate  ;  lower  3- cleft.  Anth.  1  or  2  orfeach  filament.  Caps. 
attenuated,  2-celled,  2-valved  ;  dissepiment  growing  from  the  centre  of 
each  valve.     Acanlhacea,  p.  285. 

Utricularia.  Cal.  2-parted,  nearly  equal.  Cor.  personate,  with  the 
lower  lip  spurred  at  the  base  ;  Fil.  incurved,  bearing  the  anthers  within 
the  apex.     Slig.  2-lipped.     Caps.  1-celled.     Lentibularict,  p.  286. 

Pinguicula.  Cal.  4— 5-cleft.  Cor.  ringent,  spurred  at  the  base  be- 
neath.    Slam,  very  short.     Slig.  2-lipped.     Lentibularict,  p.  286. 

Crypta.  Cal.  2-leaved,  inferior.  Cor.  2—3,  petalled,  closed.  Style 
almost  wanting.  Slig.  obtuse.  Caps.  2— 3-celled,  2— 3-valved  ;  cells 
4 — 5-seeded.     Elalinece,  p.  55. 

Obs.  The  remaining  genera  of  this  division  have  lipped  corols,  and 
4  naked  seeds.  They  form,  with  the  plants  of  Didynamia  Gymnosper- 
mia,  (from  which  indeed  they  only  differ  in  having  two  of  the  stamens 
abortive,)  the  Natural  Order  Labiates,   p.  270. 

***  Flowers  complete,  superior. 
Circjea.      Cal.   short  ;  limb  2-parted.      Pet.   2.     Stig.  emarginate. 
Caps,  ovate,  hispid,  2-celled,  2-valved,  2-seeded.     Circmacea,,  p.  120. 

****  Floivers  incomplete. 
Lkhna.      Sterile  and  fertile  fl.    collateral.        Utricle   1 — 5-seeded. 
Pistiaceee,  p.  383. 

TlilANDRIA. 

MoNOGYNIA. 

*  Floivers  superior,  complete. 

Valeriasella.  Cal.  with  the  limb  toothed  and  persistent.  Cor. 
not  calcarate,  regular,  5-lobed.  Fruit  3-celled,  submembranaceous,  in- 
dehiscent,  crowned  by  the  limb  of  the  calyx;  1  or  2  of  the  cells  only 
fertile.      Valcrianea,  p.  164. 

Valeriana.  Cal.  with  the  limb  involute,  at  length  evolved  in  a  de- 
cidous  plumose  pappus.  Cor.  with  the  tube  obconic  or  cylindric,  equal 
or  gibbous  at  base  ;  limb  obtusely  5-cleft.  Fruit  indehiscent,  1-celled. 
1-seeded.      Valtrianea,,  p.  164. 

**  Flowers  superior.,  incomplete. 
Iris.     Perianth  6-cleft ;    3  of  the  segments  larger  and  reflexed,  the 
others  erect.     Style  short  or  none.     Stig.  3,  petaloid,  covering  the  sta- 
mens.    Irideai,  p.  353. 

Lachnaxthes.  Perianth  6-parted ;  segments  unequal.  Style  de- 
clining. Stig.  minutely  3-lobed.  Caps.  3-celled,  truncated,  many- 
seeded.     Hx/nodoraceai,  p.  374. 

***  Flowers  inferior,  complete.. 
.  Commelina.     Cal.  3-leaved.     Cor.  3-petalled.     Slam.  6,  3 — 4  usual- 
ly sterile  and  furnished  with  cruciform  glands.  Caps.  3-celled,  3-valved  ; 
one  of  the  valves  often  abortive.     Commelinea,  p.  375. 

Xyris.  Fl.  in  an  ovate  cylindric  head.  Cal.  glumaceous,  cartila- 
ginous, 3-valved.  Cor.  3-petalled,  equal.  Stig.  3-cleft,  Xyride.ee,  p. 
370. 


SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA.  XXxiii 

#**#  piolcers  inferior,  incomplete. 

Schoixera.  Spalh  el  -flowered.  Cor.  tube  very  long  ;  limb  deeply 
6-parted.     Anik.  of  2  forms.     Caps.  1-celled.     Pontedercce,  p.  369. 

Hetf.ranthera.  Fl.  in  a  spatbe.  Cor.  tube  long  and  slender  : 
border  6-parted,  equal.  Anth.  of  2  forms.  Caps.  3-celled,  many-seed- 
ed, opening  at  the  angles  ;  dissepiment  contrary.     Pontederea,  p.  369. 

Sisyrinchium.  Spathe  2-leaved.  Perianth  6-cleft,  flat,  equal.  Slam. 
cohering  below.     Slig.  3-cleft.     Iridem,  p.  353. 

*****  Flowers  glumaceous. 

Obs.  All  the  genera  of  this  division  belong  to  the  subclass  Gluma- 
T'i ,  and  all  except  Cenehrus,  Sparlina  and  Oryzopsis,  belong  to  the 
order  Cypcracecc,  p.  420. 

Digyni  \. 

Obs.  All  the  genera  of  this  order  are  proper  grasses. — Graminerr, 
)).  386.  The  family  is  so  entirely  natural,  that  it  is  unnecessary  to  re- 
peat the  generic  descriptions. 

Trigyma. 

Mollugo.  CaL  5-parted,  coloured  within.  Cor.  none.  Caps.  3- 
celled,  3-valved,  many-seeded.     Caryophyllecc,  p.  50. 

Lechea.  CaL  3-sepalled,  with  3  outer  bracts.  Pet.  3,  lanceolate. 
Stig.  3,  scarcely  distinct.  Caps.  3-valved,  with  as  many  inner  valves 
opposite  the  others.     Seeds  few.     Cistintoc,  p.  36. 

PROSERriNACA.  Cat.  superior,  with  the  tube  adhering  to  the  trique- 
trous ovary.  Carp.  3,  indehiscent,  dry,  concreted  into  a  3-sided  fruit. 
Halorage<r,  p.  121. 

Tetrandria. 

MONOGYNIA. 
*  Flowers  superior,     Corol  1-pelalled. 

CephaUlNTHUS,  Common  cal.  none:  proper  minute,  angular,  4- 
clefl.  Cor.  tubular,  slender,  4-cleft.  Style  much  exserted.  Stig.  glo- 
bose. Caps.  2-celled,  2-seeded.  Recept.  globose,  hairy.  Rubiacecp, 
p.  160. 

Dipsacus.  Common  cal.  mairy-leaved,  foliaceous  ;  proper  superior. 
1 -leaved.  Cor.  tubular,  4-lobed.  Seed  solitary.  Recept.  conic,  chaffy. 
Dipsacae,  p.  164. 

Galium.  Cal.  with  the  tube  ovate-globose  or  oblong  ;  limb  nearly 
wanting.  Cor.  rotate,  4-parted.  Seeds  2,  roundish,  rarely  oblong. 
Rubiacear,  p.  161. 

Diodia.  Cal.  with  the  tube  ovate  or  obovate,  2 — 4-toothed.  Cor. 
funnel-form,  4-lobed.  Caps,  ovate,  2-celled,  bipartite.  Rubiacecc,  p. 
161. 

Hedyotis.  Cal.  4-toothed  or  4-parted.  Cor.  tubular,  bearded  at  the 
throat,  4-parted.  Cap*,  ovate,  2-celled,  opening  transversely  at  the 
top,  many-seeded  ;  dissepiment  contrary  to  the  valves.  Rubiacece,  p. 
160. 

Houstonia.  Cal.  4-cleft.  Cor.  funnel-form,  4-cleft.  Caps.  2-cell- 
ed, 2-valved,  many-seeded,  opening  transversely.     Geniianece,  p.  242. 

3a 


XXXIV  SYNOPSIS    OP    GENERA. 

Mitchella.  Fl.  by  pairs  upon  the  same  germ.  Cal.  4-toothed. 
Cor.  funnel-form  ;  tube  cylindric  ;  limb  4-parted,  spreading,  villous  on 
the  inner  side.  Stam.  scarcely  exserted.  Stig.  4-cleft.  Ber.  by  the 
union  of  2  germs  didymous,  4-seeded.     Rubiacea:,  p.  160. 

Linn^a.  Cal.  with  the  tube  ovate  ;  limb  5-parted  ;  segments  lanceo- 
late-subulate. Cor.  turbinate,  subcampanulate,  5-lobed.  Stam.  some- 
what didynamous.  Stig.  globose.  Bcr.  small,  ovate,  dry,  3-celled  ; 
(one  cell  only  with  a  perfect  seed.)     Caprifoliacea,  p.  159. 

**  Floicers  superior.     Corol  many-petalled,  or  none. 

Cornus.  Cal.  4-toothed.  Pet.  4,  oblong.  Drupe  with  a  2-celled 
nut.     Cornea:,  p.  153. 

Isnardia.  Cal.  4-parted,  persistent.  Cor.  4-petalled  or  none. 
Caps.  4-sided,  4-celled,  many-seeded.     Onagraria,  p.  119. 

Sanguisorba.  Cal.  4-cleft,  with  2  scales  at  base  externally.  Pet. 
none.  Carp.  2,  included  within  the  calyx,  crowned  by  a  style  with  a 
nmbricate  apex,  converted  into  dry  indehiscent  1-seedeefcacines.  San- 
guisorbece,  p.  114. 

***  piowsrs  inferior.     Corol  1-petalled. 

Pl  vntago.  Cal.  4-cleft.  Cor.  4-cleft ;  border  reflected.  Stain. 
mostly  exserted,  very  long.  Caps.  2-celled,  opening  transversely. 
Plantagincce,  p.  292. 

Centaurella.  Cal.  4-parted,  appressed.  Cor.  subcampanulate,  4- 
parted  ;  segments  somewhat  erect.  Stig.  thick,  glandular,  and  some- 
what 2-cleft.  Caps.  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded,  surrounded  by 
the  persistent  calyx  and  corol.      Gentianeaz,  p.  243. 

Exacum.  Cal.  deeply  4-parted.  Cor.  4-cleft ;  tube  globose.  Caps. 
bisulcate,  2-celled,  many-seeded.     Gentiane&,  p.  242. 

Swertia.  Cal.  flat,  4 — 5-parted.  Cor.  4  or  5-parted  ;  tube  very 
short  ;  border  spreading,  with  2  nectariferous  ciliate  pores  at  the  base 
of  each.  Style  short.  Stig.  2.  Caps.  1-celled,  2-valved.  Gentiane<£, 
p.  240. 

Frasera.  Cal.  deeply  4-parted.  Cor.  4-parted,  spreading;  seg- 
ments oval  with  a  bearded  orbicular  gland  in  the  middle  of  each.  Caps. 
compressed,  partly  margined,  1-celled.  Seeds  few,  large,  imbricate, 
with  a  membranaceous  margin.     Gentianece,  p.  241. 

Obolaria.  Cal.  2-parted,  resembling  bracts.  ,  Cor.  campanulate  4- 
cleft ;  segments  entire,  sometimes  crenulate.  Stam.  proceeding  from 
the  cleft  of  the  corol,  somewhat  didynamous.  Stig.  emarginate.  Caps. 
ovate,  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.     Gentiancai,  p.  244. 

****  Flowers  inferior.     Corol  i—5-petalled. 

Ammannia.  Cal.  campanulate,  8-toothed.  Cor.  4-petalled  or  none, 
inserted  upon  the  calyx.  Caps.  4-celled,  many-seeded.  Salicaria,  p. 
125. 

Ptelea.  Cal.  4— 5-parted.  Pet.  4—5,  spreading.  Stig.  2.  Sa- 
mara compressed,  orbicular,  2-celled,  2-seeded,  with  a  broad  and  ch> 
cular  margin.     Zanthoxylea,  p.  71. 


SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA.  XXXV 

*****  Flotrers  inferior.     Corol  wanting. 
Rivina.      Cal.    4-parted,    persistent.      Pet.    none.      Ber.   1-seeded. 
Seed  lentiform,  scabrous.     (Stam.  4,  8  and  12.)     Phytolacceaz,  p.  300. 

Styrandra.  Perianth  4-parted,  spreading.  Stam.  divergent.  Ber.  - 
2-celled.     Smilacca:,  p.  357. 

Sympi.oc arpus.  Spatfic  ventricose-ovate.  acuminate.  Spad.  subglo- 
bose,  covered  with  perfect  flowers.  Cal.  deeply  4-parted,  persistent ; 
segments  cueullate.  truncate,  becoming  thick  and  spongy.  Pet.  none. 
Style  pyramidal,  4-sided.  Stig.  simple,  minute.  Scceknumerous,  im- 
mersed in  the  spadix.     Aroideee,  p. 

Alcukmim  \  Cal.  8-cleft ;  segments  spreading,  alternately  small- 
er. Cor.  none.  Style  lateral,  from  the  base  of  the  germ.  Fruit  cover- 
ed by  the  calyx.      Sanguisorbccc,  p.  114. 

Digvm  \. 

Hamamelis.  ('</'.  4-lobed,  with  2 — 3  scales  at  the  base.  Pet.  4, 
long,  ligulate.  Caps,  coriaceous,  2-celled,  2-valved  at  the  top.  Seed 
1  in  each  cell.     Hamamclidac .  p.  152, 

Tj:tragym\. 
Ilex.      Cal.    4 — 5-toothed,    persistent.      Cor.   4 — 5-parted.     Stam. 
A — 5.     Stig.  4 — 5,  subsessile.     Ber.  4 — 5-seeded.     llicinecc,  p.  230. 

Su.i.vv.  Cal.  4 — 5-parted.  Pet.  4 — 5,  or  none.  Caps.  4 — 5-valved, 
l-celled,  many-seeded.     Caryoplajlkcc,  p.  49. 

Tillxa.  Cal.  3 — 4-parted.  Cor.  3 — 4-petalled,  equal.  Carp.  3 
or  4,  two-seeded.      Crassidncca?,  p.  133. 

Ilrppix.  Fl.  on  a  spadix.  Cal.  and  cor.  none.  Seeds,  (Drupes,)  4, 
pedicillate.     Fhwiales,  p.  3 

Potamogetow.  Fl.  on  a  spadix.  Cal.  4-leaved.  Cor.  none.  Anth. 
sessile.     Nuts  4,  1-seeded,  sessile.     Fluriales,  p.  ! 

Pentandkia. 

MoNOGYMA. 

*  Flowers  1-petalled,  inferior,  with  4  naked  seeds  or  nuts. 

Obs.  The  genera  of  this  division  constitute  the  Nat.  Ord.  Boragin- 
ta  ,  p.  251. 

f*  Floicers  lpe  tailed,  inferior .     Seeds  in  a  capsule. 
(Capsule  l-celled.) 
An\(.vi.lis.     Cal.  5-parted.     Cor.  rotate,  5-lobed.    FtL  hairy.    Caps. 
globose,  bursting  transversely  all  round.     Primulacecc,  p.  291. 

Lysimachia.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  rotate,  5-cleft.  Caps.  10-valved. 
PrunnUufa-,  p.  290. 

Primula.  Cal.  tubular,  5-toothed.  Cor.  salver-form  ;  tube  cylin- 
drical ;  orifice  naked.  Stig.  globose.  Caps,  opening  with  10  teeth. 
Primulactri ',  p.  288. 

DoDBCAJipHSOir.  CaL  5-cleft.  Cor.  rotate,  re  flexed,  5-cleft.  Stam. 
seated  in  the  tube.     Caps,  oblong,  opening  at  the  apex.    Primulacece, 

Menyanthes.      Cal.     5-parted.      Cor.    funnel-form  ;    limb    spread- 


XXXVI  SYNOPSIS    OP    GENERA. 

ing,  5-labed,  equal,  hairy  within.     Stig.  capitate.     C(q)s.  with  the  axi? 
of  the  valves  seminiferous.     Gentianece,  p.  244. 

Villarsia.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  rotate  ;  limb  spreading,  5-lobed,- 
ciliate  on  the  margin.  Stig.  2-lobed.  Glands  5,  alternating  with  the 
stamens.     Caps.  2-valved,  many-seeded.      Gcntianece,  p.  243. 

Hottoma.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  salver- form,  5-lobed.  Stain,  seated 
on  the  tube  of  the  corol.  Stig.  globose.  Caps,  globose,  acuminate. 
Primulacea:,  p,  289. 

Sabbatia.  Cal.  5 — 12-parted.  Cor.  rotate,  5 — I2-parted.  Anth. 
at  length  revolute.  Stig.  2,  spiral.  Caps.  2-valved,  many-seeded, 
Gentianea,  p.  241. 

Erythr^ea.     Cal.    5-cleft.     Cor.  funnel-form  ;    limb   short,  5-cleft 
spreading.     Anth.  after  flowering  spiral.     Style  erect.     Stig.  2,  round- 
ish.     Caps,  linear.     Gentianece,  p.  242. 

Hydrophyllum.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  eampanulate,  5-cleft,  with  5 
longitudinal  melliferous  grooves  inside.  Stain,  exsert  ;  filaments 
bearded  in  the  middle.  Stig.  bifid.  Caps,  globose,  2-valved.  Hydro- 
phyllea,  p.  255. 

Nemophila.  Cal.  10-parted ;  alternate  lobes  reflexed.  Cor.  sub- 
campanulate,  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  emarginate,  with  margined  nectarifer- 
ous cavities  at  base.  Stam.  shorter  than  the  corol  ;  fil.  naked.  Style 
2-cleft.     Caps,  fleshy,  2-valved,  4-seeded.     Hydrophyllece.  p.  255. 

(Capsules  2— 2-celled.) 

Phacelia.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  subcampanulate,  5-cleft,  with  5 
longitudinal  margined  grooves  within.  Stam.  exsert.  Style  filiform. 
Stig.  2.     Caps.  2-celled,  2-valved,  4-seeded.     Hydrophyllece,  p.  256. 

Spigelia.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  funnel-form  ;  border  5-cleft,  equal. 
Anth.  convergent.  Caps,  didymous,  2-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded. 
Spigeliacece,  p.  238. 

Nicotiana.  Cal.  urceolate,  5-cleft.  Cor.  funnel-form,  5-cleft. 
Stig.  emarginate.     Caps.  2-celled,  2-valved.     Solanea,  p.  258. 

Verbascum.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  rotate,  5-lobed,  unequal.  Stam, 
declined,  often  hairy.  Caps.  2-valved,  ovate  or  globose.  Solanece* 
p.  259. 

Hyoscyamus.  Cal.  tubular,  5-cleft.  Cor.  funnel-form,  irregular ; 
lobes  obtuse.  Stig.  capitate.  Caps,  ovate,  covered  with  a  lid.  Sola- 
nece,  p.  259. 

Convolvulus.  Cal.  5-parted,  naked  or  with  2  bracts  at  base.  Cor. 
funnel-form  or  eampanulate,  plicate.  Stig.  capitate,  lobed  or  divided. 
Caps,  valved,  1 — 4-celled.     Convolvulacea,  p.  248. 

(Capsules  3 — 5  celled.) 
Phlox.     \?al.  deeply  5-cleft.     Cor.  salver-form  ;  border  5-lobed,  flat. 
Stam.  inserted  into   the  tube  of  the  corol  above  the  middle,  very  un- 
equal.    Caps,  roundish.   3-celled ;    cells  1-seeded.     Polemoniacecc,   p. 
246. 

Polemonium.  Cal.  eampanulate,  5-cleft.  Cor.  rotate,  5-parted. 
Stam.  inserted  upon  the  five  teeth  or  valves  which  close  tlue  orifice  of 
corol.     Polemoniacea,  p.  247. 

Diapensia.  Cal.  5-parted,  subtended  by  3  bracts.  Cor.  salver-form? 
border  5-cleft,  flat.     Stam.  inserted  into  the  tube  and  alternating  with 


SYNOPSIS    OP    GENERA.  XXXVH 

the  segments  of  the  corol.     Caps.   3-celled,   3-valvcd,  many-seeded. 
Hydroleaceaz ,  p.  250. 

Azalea.  Cal.  5-parted.  Cor.  short,  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Stam. 
equal,"  shorter  than  the  corol.  Anth.  opening  longitudinally.  Caps. 
5-celled,  5-valved,  opening  at  the  top.     Ericete,  p.  222. 

***  Flowers  1-petalled,  inferior.     Fruit  a  berry. 

Physalis.  Cal.  5-cleft.  Cor.  rotate.  5-cleft.  Stam.  connivent. 
Ber.  globose,  covered  by  the  inflexed  calyx.     Solanea,  p.  257. 

Solanum.  Cal.  5-cleft.  Cor.  rotate,  5-cleft,  spreading.  Anth. 
opening  with  two  pores  at  the  top.  Ber.  subglobose,  2 — 4-celled. 
Solnncn.  p.  257. 

Nicandra.  Cal.  5-parted,  5-angled,  the  angles  compressed,  segments 
sagittate.  Cor.  campanulate.  Stam.  incurved.  Bcr.  3 — 5-celled, 
covered  by  the  calyx.     Solancce,  p.  258. 

****  Flowers  Irpetalled,  superior.     Fruit  a  capsule. 

Campanula.  Cal.  mostly  5-cleft.  Cor.  campanulate.  the  base  closed 
with  5  slaminiferous  valves.  Stig.  3 — 5-cleft.  Caps.  3 — 5-celled, 
opening  laterally.      Campanulacca?,  p.  213. 

Lobelia.  Cal.  5-deft.  Cor.  5-parted,  irregular,  cleft  on  the  upper 
side  to  near  the  base.  Stam.  united  into  a  tube.  Stig.  2-lobed.  Caps. 
2 — 3-celled.     Lobcliaccce,  p.  214. 

Diervilla.  Cal.  5-cleft,  bibracteate  at  the  base.  Cor.  funnel-form, 
5-cleft,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stig.  capitate.  Caps. 
oblong,  naked,  acute,  1-celled,  many-seeded.      Caprifoliacca,  p.  157. 

*****  Flowers  1-petalled^  superior.     Fruit  a  berry. 
Lomcera.     Cal.   5- toothed.      Cor.   tubular,   campanulate  or  funnel- 
form,  5-cleft,   often  irregularly.     Stig.    capitate.     Bcr.    3-celled,  few 
seeded.     Caprifoliacccc,  p.  157. 

Symphoria.  Cal.  minute,  4 — 5-toothed.  Cor.  funnel-form,  sub- 
equally  4 — o-lobed.  Stig.  subglobose.  Ber.  crowned  by  the  calyx, 
4-celled,  4-seeded  ;  2  cells  sometimes  abortive.      Caprifoliaceaz,  p.  159. 

Triosteum.  Cal.  5-cleft ;  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  corol.  Cor.  tubular,  5-iobed,  gibbous  at  base.  Stig.  capitate. 
Bcr.  3-celled,  3-seeded,  crowned  by  the  calyx.     Caprifoliaccaz,  p.  157. 

******  Flotcers  4 — 6-petalled,  inferior.     Fruit  a  capsule. 

Itea.  Cal.  5-cleft,  campanulate.  Bet.  5,  linear,  reflexed,  spread- 
ing, inserted  into  the  calyx.  Stig.  capitate,  2-lobed.  Caps.  2-celled, 
2-valved,  many-seeded.     Sazifragcai,  p.  139. 

Impatiens.  Sep.  5,  the  lower  one  spurred.  Cor.  4-pelalled,  irregu- 
lar ;  the  2  inner  petals  unequally  bilobed.  Stig.  5,  united.  Caps. 
prismatic-terete,  elongated,  5-valved.     Balsaminea,  p.  C8. 

Viola.  Sep.  5.  auricled  at  their  base.  Pet.  unequal,  lower  one 
spurred.  Antfi.  cohering  at  the  top.  Caps.  1-celled,  3-valved.  Viola- 
ce<z,  p.  37. 

Solea.  Sep.  not  auricled  at  base,  decurrent  into  a  pedicel.  Pet. 
nearly  equal ;  the  lower  a  little  larger  and  somewhat  gibbous  at  base. 
Fil.  with  short  broadish  claws  at  base.     Violaceaz,  p.  41. 

Claitonia.  Cal.  2-leaved  or2-parted.  Pet.  5,  obcordate  or  obovate, 
3a* 


XXXVUl  SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA. 

unguiculate.  Style  3-cleft.  Caps.  1-celled,  3-valved,  3 — 5-seeded. 
Portulacece,  p.  130. 

Ceanothus.  Cal.  5-clefl,  campanulate.  Pet.  5,  saccate  and  arched, 
with  long  claws.  Stig.  3.  Caps.  3-celled,  3-seeded,  3-parted,  opening 
on  the  inner  side.     Rhamnece,  p.  74. 

Evonymus.  Cal.  4 — 6-lobed,  flat,  covered  at  base  by  a  peltate  disk, 
Pet.  4 — 6,  spreading,  inserted  into  the  disk.  Caps.  3 — 5-celled,  3 — 5- 
angled  ;  cells  1 — 4-seeded.      Cclastrinece,  p.  71. 

Celastrus.  Cal.  minute,  5-lobed.  Pet.  5,  unguiculate.  Ovary 
with  10  striae,  immersed  in  the  disk.  Caps.  2 — 3-valved;  valves 
septiferous  in  the  centre.  Seed  1,  covered  with  a  large  fleshy  aril. 
Cdastrinea,,  p.  72. 

*******  piov.ers  4 — 5-petalled,  inferior.     Fruit  a  berry. 

Vitis.  Cal.  about  5-toothed.  Pet.  5,  cohering  at  the  top,  decidu- 
ous. Stig.  capitate,  sessile.  Ber.  2-celled,  4-seeded  ;  cells  and  seeds 
often  abortive.     Ampelidcce,  p.  66. 

Aihpelopsis.  Cal.  nearly  entire.  Pet.  5.  Stig.  capitate.  Ovary 
not  immersed  in  the  disk,  2 — 4-seeded.     Ampelidece,  p.  65. 

Rhamnus.  Cal.  urceolate,  4 — 5-clefl.  Pet.  alternating  with  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx,  or  none.  Stig.  2 — 4- cleft.  Ber.  2 — 4-celled. 
Rhamnece,  p.  73. 

********  Flowers  5-petalled,  superior. 
Ribes.     Cal.  campanulate,  5-cleft.     Style  1 — 4-cleft.     Ber.  1-celled. 
many-seeded      Grossulacece,  p.  135. 

*###*##**  Floicers  incomplete. 

Hamiltonia.  Polygamous.  Perianth  turbinate-campanulate,  5- 
cleft.  Stig.  2 — 3.  Germ  immersed  in  the  5-toothed  glandulous  disk- 
Drupe  1 -seeded,  inclosed  in  the  adhering  base  of  the  calyx.  Santala- 
cm,  p.  307. 

Thesium.  Perianth  4 — 5-cleft.  Stam.  4 — 5,  villous  externally.  Nut 
i-seeded,  covered  by  the  persistent  perianth.     Santalaccce,  p.  307. 

Glaux.  Cal.  campanulate,  5-lobed,  coloured.  Cor.  none.  Caps. 
globose,  5-valved,  5-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  calyx.  Primulaccx,  p. 
289. 

Anychia.  Cal.  5-parted ;  segments  connivent,  subsaccate,  callous 
at  the  top.  Cor.  none.  Fil.  3 — 5,  distinct.  Stig.  2,  sub-capitate. 
Caps,  indehiscent,  1-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  calyx.  Illecebrea,  p. 
131. 

DlGYNIA. 

*  Flowers  inferior.  Carol  1-petalled. 
Apocynum.  Cal.  very  small,  5-cleft,  persistent.  Cor.  campanulate  ; 
border  with  5  short  spreading  or  revolute  lobes  ;  the  base  furnished 
with  5  glandular  teeth  alternating  with  the  stamens.  Anth.  sagittate, 
connivent,  cohering  to  the  stigma  by  the  middle.  Follicles  long,  dis- 
tinct.    Apocynece,  p.  233. 

Periploca.  Cal.  5-cleft.  Cor.  rotate,  flat,  5-parted;  orifice  sur- 
rounded with  a  5-cleft  crown,  terminating  in  5  filiform  awns.  Anth. 
cohering,  bearded  on  the  back.  Follicles  2,  smooth,  divaricate.  Ascle- 
piadea,  p.  238. 

Gonolobus.     Cor.   rotate,    5-parted.     Stamineal  crown,   (nectary,) 


SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA.  XXXlX 

Bcutelliform,  lobed.  Anih.  opening  transversely,  terminated  by  a 
membrane.  Pollinia  (masses  of  pollen)  5-pairs,  not  separated  into 
grains.     Stig.  depressed.     Follicles  2,  ventricose.    Asclepiadece,  p.  237. 

Asclepias.  Cal.  small,  5-parted.  Cor.  5-parted,  mostly  reflexed. 
Stamineal  crown  5-leaved,  concave,  erect  with  a  subulate  process  at  the 
base  of  each.  Stiff,  with  5  angles,  opening  by  longitudinal  chinks. 
Pollinia  5  distinct  pairs.     Follicles  2,  ventricose.     Asclepiadcaz ,  p.  235. 

Gentiana.  Col.  4 — 5-cleft.  Cor.  bell-  or  funnel-form,  tubular  at 
the  base,  with  the  orifice  naked.  Stam.  4 — 5,  included.  Stig.  2-lobed. 
Cap.<.  1 -celled,  2-valved.     Gcntianecc,  p.  239. 

Cuscuta.  Cal.  4 — 5-cleft.  Cor.  globose-urceolate ;  limb  4 — 5-lobed. 
Caps.  2-celled,  opening  all  round  transversely ;  cells  2-seededa 
Concolvulacccc,  p.  249. 

**  Floiocrs  5-petalled,  inferior. 
HiufHKKA.      Cal.  5-cleft,  persistent.     Pet.  5,  inserted  on  the  calyx. 
Caps,  with  2  beaks,  1-celled,  many-seed.     Saxifrages,  p.  139. 

***  Floiccrs  5-petalled,  superior. 

Panax.  Fl.  polygamous,  umbelled.  Cal.  obsoletely  5-toothed. 
Pet.  5.  Styles  2 — 3,  short.  Fruit  flesh}7,  compressed,  orbicular  or 
iidymous,  2-celled.     Araliacccc,  p.  151* 

****  Floiccrs  incomplete. 

Atriplex.  Polygamous.  Perfect  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Fruit 
depressed.  Female  Fl.  Perianth  2-parted.  Stam.  none.  Chenopo- 
dea,  p.  296. 

Chenopodium.  Perianth  inferior,  5-cleft^  persistent,  partly  covering 
the  fruit.     Chcnopodcaz,  p.  295. 

Salsola.  Perianth  inferior,  5-cleft,  persistent,  enveloping  the  fruit 
with  its  base  and  crowning  it  with  its  broad  scariose  limb.  Embryo 
spiral.     Chcnopodca,  p.  298. 

Ulmus.  Perianth  inferior,  campanulate,  4 — 5-cleft.  Fruit  com- 
pressed, with  a  broad  membranaceous  border.      Ulmaccai,  p.  333. 

Celtis.  Perfect  or  polygamous.  Perianth  inferior,  5-lobed.  Drupe 
globose,  1 -seeded.      Ulrncca?,  p.  334.. 

*****  F[0lcers  5-petalled,  superior,  2-seeded. 
Obs.  The  genera  of  this  division  form  the  Natural  Order  Umbellifer<r , 
p.  139. 

Trigynia. 
*   Floiccrs  superior. 
Viburnum.     Cal.  with  the  limb  small,  5-toothed  and  persistent.     Cor. 
rotate  subcampanulate  or  tubular,   5-lobed.     Per.  ovate  or  globose,  1- 
seeded,  crowned  by  the  teeth  of  the  calyx.     Caprifoliacaz,  p.  155. 

**  Floiccrs  inferior. 

Rhus.  Cal.  small,  5-parted.  Pet.  5,  ovate,  spreading.  Drupe  near- 
ly dry,  with  one  bony  seed.     Anacardiacete ,  p.  75. 

Staphylea.  Cal.  5-parted,  covered  at  base  by  an  urceolate  disk  ; 
lobes  oblong,  concave,  coloured.  Pet.  5,  alternate  with  the  sepals. 
Caps.  2 — 3-celled  ;  cells  membranaceous,  inflated,  united  at  base  or 
throughout  their  whole  length.     Staphyleacea; ,  p.  73. 


Xl  SYNOPSIS    OP    GENERA. 

Tetkagynia. 

Parnassia.  Cal.  5-sepalled.  Pet.  5.  Scales  5,  terminating  in  glan- 
dular bristles  at  the  apex.  Caps.  1-celled,  4-valved.  Seeds  arillate. 
Droseraceee,  p.  43. 

Nemopanthes.  Fl.  by  abortion  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Cal. 
scarcely  conspicuous.  Pet.  5,  distinct,  oblong-linear,  deciduous. 
Stig.  3—4,  sessile.  Ber.  subglobose,  3 — 4-celled,  3 — 4-seeded.  Ilici- 
nece,  p.  230. 

Pentagynia. 

Aralia.  Cal.  5-toothed,  or  entire,  superior.  Pet.  5.  Ber.  5 — 10, 
seeded.     Fl.  in  umbels.     Araliacea,  p,  151. 

Statice.  Cal.  funnel-form,  scariose,  plaited.  Pet.  5.  Pericarp  in- 
dehiscent.     Plumbagineot,  p.  292. 

Linum.  Cal.  5-parted,  persistent.  Pet.  5,  unguiculate.  Caps,  sub- 
globose,  10-valved,  10-celled.  Seed  solitary,  ovate,  compressed. 
Linea,  p.  56. 

Sibbaldia.  Cal.  10-cleft,  with  the  alternate  segments  narrower. 
Pet.  5,  minute.  Styles  proceding  laterally  from  the  germ.  Seeds  5, 
clustered  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx.     Roascea,  p.  108. 

Drosera.  Cal.  deeply  5-cleft.  Pet.  5.  Caps,  superior,  3-celled, 
3 — 5-valved,  many-seeded.     Droseracea,  p.  42. 

POLYGYNIA. 

Zanthoriza.  Cal.  deciduous,  5-sepalled.  Pet.  5.  Caps.  2 — 3- 
seeded,  by  abortion  1-seeded.     Ranunculacea,  p.  14. 

Hexandria. 

Monogynia. 
*  Floicers  complete,  having  a  calyx  and  corol. 

Tradescantia.  Cal.  3-leaved.  Pet.  3.  Fil.  villous.  Caps,  supe- 
rior, 3-celled,  many-seeded.     Commelinea,,  p.  376. 

Berberis.  Cal.  inferior,  6-sepalled.  Pet.  6,  with  2  glands  upon 
their  claws.     Ber.  2 — 3-seeded.     Berderidea,  p.  17. 

Leontice.  Cal.  6-sepalled,  naked  without.  Pef.  6,  bearing  a  scale 
at  the  base.  Caps.  2— 4-seeded.  Seeds  globose,  inserted  into  the  bot- 
tom of  the  capsule.     Rcrbcrideo!,  p.  17. 

Prinos.  Cal.  minute,  6-cleft.  Cor.  6-parted.  Ber.  6-seeded.  Ili- 
cinea,  p.  230. 

Flolrkia.  Cal.  3-sepalled.  Pet.  3,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Style 
bifid.  Seeds  2  or  3,  membranaceously  coated,  superior.  Hydropelti- 
decE,  p.  19. 

**  Flowers  issuing  from  a  spathe. 

Amaryllis.  Perianth  superior,  6-parted,  petaloid,  irregular.  Fil. 
arising  from  the  orifice  of  the  tube,  declined  or  straight,  unequal. 
AmaryllidccB,  p.  354. 

Allium.  Perianth  inferior,  6-parted,  generally  spreading.  Fl.  in 
crowded  umbels,  arising  from  a  2-leaved  spathe.     Asphodelece,  p.  363. 

Hypoxis.     Spathe  2-valved.    PtrianQt  superior,  6-parted,  persistent. 


SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA.  xli 

Caps,  elongated,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3-celled,  many-seeded.     Seeds 
roundish,  naked.     Hypoxidca,  p.  354. 

Po.ntederia.  Perianth  inferior,  6-parted,  2-lipped  ;  under  side  of 
the  tube  with  3  longitudinal  perforations.  Stem,  unequally  inserted  ; 
3  of  them  upon  the  summit  of  the  tube.  Caps,  muricate,  1 -seeded. 
Pojitcdcrcce,  p.  368. 

***  Flowers  with  a  single  coral-like  perianth. 

Aletris.  Perianth  tubular-ovate.  6-cleft,  wrinkled.  Stam.  inserted 
upon  the  orifice.  Style  3-sided,  3-parted.  Caps,  half-superior,  3-cell- 
ed, many-seeded.     Asphodclac,  p.  364. 

Lophioi.a.  Perianth  6- parted,  woolly,  bearded  inside.  Anth.  erect. 
77/.  naked.  Stig.  simple.  Caps,  opening  at  the  summit.  Hotnw- 
doraceai.  p.  374. 

Agate.  Perianth  superior,  tubular,  funnel-form,  6-parted.  Stam. 
longer  than  the  corol,  erect.  Caps,  triangular,  many-seeded.  Bro- 
meliacea,  p.  375. 

Hxkkrocallis.  Perianth  large,  persistent,  campanulate,  6-cleft- 
Stam.  declined.     Stig.  somewhat  villous.     Asphodelca?,  p.  362. 

Ormthogalum.  Perianth  6-parted,  spreading  above.  Fil.  dilated  at 
the  base.     Asphodclca.  p.  36*2. 

Narthecrm.  Perianth  6.parted,  coloured.  Fil.  hairy.  Caps,  pris- 
matic, 3-celled.     Seed  appendaged  at  each  extremity.     Juncea,  p.  374. 

Asparagus.  Perianth  inferior.  6-parted.  Style  very  short.  Stig.  3. 
Bcr.  3-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded.     Asphodclac,  p.  363. 

Erythroml.m.  Perianth  campanulate.  6-parted;  segments  reflexed  ; 
the  3  inner  ones  usually  with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  base, 
and  a  nectariferous  pore.  Caps,  superior,  roundish,  somewhat  stiped. 
Liliacea?.  p.  365. 

Lilium.  Perianth  campanulate,  deeply  6-parted  ;  segments  mostly 
reflexed,  marked  with  a  longitudinal  nectariferous  line.  Stig.  entire. 
Caps,  superior,  3-sided.     Liliacea:,  p.  364. 

Uvularia.  Perianth  inferior,  6-parted,  erect ;  segments  with  a  nec- 
tariferous cavity  at  base.  Fil.  very  short,  growing  to  the  anthers. 
Stig.  reflexed.  Caps.  3-sided,  3-celled,  3-valved.  Seeds  many,  sub- 
globose,  arillate  at  the  hilum.     Smilacca,  p.  361. 

Smilacina.  Perianth  6-parted,  spreading.  Stam.  attached  to  the 
base  of  the  segments.     Bcr.  globose,  3-celled.     Stnilacca:,  p.  357. 

Clintoma.  Perianth  6-parted,  bell-form.  Stam.  inserted  at  the 
base.  Style  comoressed.  Stig.  2-lobed,  compressed.  Ber.  2-celled  ; 
cells  many-seeded.     Smilacca,  p.  356. 

Polygon atc.m.  Perianth  6-cleft,  cylindrical.  Stayn.  inserted  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  tube.  Ber.  3-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded.  Smilacea,  p. 
3.j~. 

Streptopls.  Perianth  6-parted  ;  segments  with  a  nectariferous  pore 
at  base.  Anth.  longer  than  the  filaments.  Stig.  very  short.  Ber. 
6ubglobose,  smooth,  3-celled.     Seeds  few.     Smilaceai,  p.  359. 

****  Flowers  icith  a  single  calyx-lHie  perianth,  not  spathed. 
Orontium.     Spad.    cylindric,  crowded  with  flowers.     Perianth  6-pe- 
talled,  naked.     Style  and  stigma  scarcely  any.     Caps,  bladder-like,  1- 
seeded.     Aroidea.  p.  381, 


Xlil  SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA. 

Acorus.  Spad.  cylindric,  covered  with  flowers.  Perianth  glumace* 
ous,  6-petalled,  naked.  Stig.  sessile,  very  minute.  Caps.  3-celled,  3- 
engled.     Aroidca,  p.  381. 

Juncus.  Perianth  inferior,  glumaceous,  6-parted.  Caps.  3-celled,  3- 
valved.     Seeds  many.     Juncea,  371. 

Luzula.  Perianth  6-parted,  glumaceous.  Caps,  superior,  3-celled, 
3-valved  ;  cells  1-seeded.     Juncea,  p.  373. 

Trigynia. 

Melanthium.  Polygamous.  Perianth  rotate,  6-parted  ;  segments 
with  claws  and  2  glands  at  the  base  of  each  ;  claws  staminiferous. 
Caps,  subovate,  3-celled  ;  apex  partly  trifid.  Seeds  many,  membrana- 
ceously  winged.     Melanthacea,  p.  366. 

Veratrum.  Polygamous.  Perianth  6-parted,  spreading ;  segments 
sessile,  without  glands.  Statu,  inserted  upon  the  receptacle.  Caps. 
oblong,  2-valved,  many-seeded.     Mdantliaccm,  p.  368. 

Helomas.  Perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  without  glands.  Styles  3, 
distinct.  Caps.  3-celled,  3-horned  ;  cells  few-seeded.  Mclanthacea, 
p.  367. 

Xerophyllum.  Perianth  subrotate,  deeply  6-parted.  Fil.  contigu- 
ous at  base.  Stig.  3,  revolute,  partly  united  below.  Caps,  subglo- 
bose,  3-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded,  opening  at  the  top.  Melanthacea,  p. 
367. 

Tofieldia.  -Perianth  6-parted,  with  a  small  3-parted  involucre. 
Caps.  3 — 6-celled  ;  cells  many-seeded.     Melanthaceai,  p.  366. 

Scheuchzeria.  Perianth  6-parted.  Anth.  linear.  Stig.  sessile,  la- 
teral.    Caps,  inflated,  2-valved,  1 — 2-seeded.     Juncaginea,  p.  379. 

Triglochin.  Perianth  of  6  deciduous  leaves,  3  inserted  above  the 
rest.  Stain,  very  short.  Caps.  3 — 6,  united  by  a  longitudinal  re- 
ceptacle.    Juncagincm,  p.  378. 

Medeola.  Perianth  6-parted,  revolute.  Stig.  3,  divaricate,  united 
at  the  base.     Bcr.  3-celled  ;  cells  3 — 6-seeded.     Smilacea,  p.  360. 

Trillium.  Perianth  6-parted  ;  3  outer  segments  resembling  a  calyx; 
3  inner  petaloid.  Stig.  3,  sessile.  Ber.  superior,  3-celled  ;  cells  many- 
seeded.     Smilacea,  p.  360. 

Rume\.  Perianth  6-leaved.  Nut  triquetrous,  covered  by  the  3  in- 
ner valviform  leaves  of  the  perianth.  Stig.  many-cleft.  Polygonece,  p. 
303. 

Tetragynia. 

Saururus.  Fl.  in  an  ament  or  crowded  spike.  Scales  ] -flowered. 
Cor.  none.  Anth.  adnate  to  the  filaments.  Caps.  4,  each  1  or  rarely 
2-seeded.     Saururea,  p.  317. 

Polygynia. 
Alisma.     Col.   3-leaved.     Cor.   3-petalled.     Caps,  many,  clustered, 
distinct,  1-seeded,  not  opening.     Alismacece,  p.  378. 

Heptandria. 

MONOGYNIA. 

Triektalis.  Cal.  7-parted.  Cor.  7-parted,  regular  and  flat.  Bcr. 
dry.  opening  at  the  suture,  many-seeded.     Primulacca>.,  p.  289. 


SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA.  xYu'l 

jEsculus.  Cal.  campanulate.  Pet.  4—5,  expanded.  Fil.  recurved 
backwards.     Caps,  echinate.     Hipp  ocas  tanecc,  p.  05. 

OcTANDRIA. 

MONOGYNIA. 

*  Floiccrs  superior. 

Rhexiv.  Cal.  ventricose-ovate  at  base  ;  limb  4-cleft.  Pet.  4,  obo- 
rate.  Caps,  included  in  the  calyx,  4-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  cochle- 
ate.     Mclastomacea,  p.  127. 

Oenothera.  Cal  4.sepalled;  sepals  united  into  a  long  4-sided  or 
S-ribbed  tube  ;  limb  and  part  of  the  tube  caducous.  Cor.  4-petalled. 
8tig.  4-cleft,  or  spherical.  Caps.  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded. 
Onagraricc,  p.  117. 

Gaura.  Cal.  3— 4-sepalled  ;  sepals  united  into  a  long  obovate  tube; 
limb  caducous.  Cor.  3 — 4-pctalled.  Seeds  1 — 4,  not  crowned  with 
pappus.      Onngraria,  p.  117. 

Epilobium.  Cal.  4-sepalled  ;  sepals  united  into  a  long  4-sided  tube; 
limb  caducous.  Pet.  4.  Caps,  elongated,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many- 
seeded.     Seeds  crowned  with  pappus.      Onograr'uv,  p.  11G.    . 

Oxycoccus.  Cal.  superior,  4-cleft.  Cor.  4-parted  ;  segments  sub- 
linear  and  revolute.  Fil.  converging.  Antlt.  tubular,  2  parted.  Bar. 
many-seeded.      Vaccinca,  p.  225. 

**  riowcrs  inferior. 
MenZiesia.     Cal.  deeply  5-cleft.     Cor.  ovate,  4 — 5-cleft.     Siam.  in- 
serted into  the  receptacle.      Caps.  4 — 5-cellod,  the  partitions  formed  by 
the  inflexed  margins  of  the  valves.     Seeds  numerous,  oblong.     EHcea:, 

;•  218. 

Acer.  Fl.  mostly  polygamous.  Cal.  5-lobed,  or  5-parted.  Pet.  5, 
<->r  none.  Caps  2,  each  with  a  long  membranous  expansion,  (samara  j 
united  at  base,  1-seeded.     Accrinea,  p.  C3. 

Dirca.  Perianth  coloured,  campanulate  ;  border  obsolete.  Stam. 
unequal,  exserted.     Bcr.  1-seeded.     Thymelco?,  p.  306. 

Jeffersonia.  Cal.  4-sepalled.  Pet.  8.  Caps,  obovate,  opening  be- 
low the  top  by  •  semicircular  foramen.  Seeds  many,  arillate  at  base. 
Podophyllcm,  p.  18. 

Trigvnia. 

Polygonum.  Perianth  4 — 6-parted,  petaloid,  persistent.  Nut  1-seed- 
ed, mostly  triangular.     Polygonea,  p.  300. 

Enneandria. 

MONOGYNIA. 

Laorus.  Perianth  4 — 5-cleft,  equal.  Stam.  8 — 12,  in  a  double  row  ; 
outer  ones  all  fertile  ;  alternate  inner  ones  fertile  and  furnished  at  base 
with  2  appendices  or  glands,  (nectary.)  Drupe  fleshy.  Laurinet£f  p. 
305. 

Decandria. 

MONOGYNIA. 

*  Flowers  regular. 
Vaccimum.     Cal.  superior,  4 — 5-toothed.     Cor.  urceolate  or  cam- 


Xliv  SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA. 

panulate,    4 — 5-clefl.     Fil.   inserted  upon  the   germ.     Ber.   globose, 
4 — 5-celled,  many-seeded.     Vaccinece,  p.  223. 

Obs.  The  remaining  genera  of  this  division  are  included  in  the 
Natural  Orders,  Ericas,  p.  215,  and  Pyrolacecc,  p.  225. — (Leiophyllum, 
omitted  in  its  proper  place,  is  described  in  the  Appendix,  p.  463.) 

**  Flowers  irregular. 
Cassia.     Sep.  5,  scarcely  united  at  base,   somewhat  unequal.     Pet. 
5,  subequal.     Stam.  unequal ;  3  upper  ones  sterile  ;  3  lowest  beaked, 
upon  longer  and  incurved  filaments.  Legume  membranaceous,  2-valved. 
Leguminosa,  p.  93. 

Baptisia.  Cal.  half  4  or  5-cleft,  bilabiate.  Cor.  papilionaceous. 
Pet.  nearly  equal  in  length.  Stnjid.  with  the  sides  reflexed.  Stain. 
deciduous.  Leg.  ventricose,  pedicelled,  many-seeded.  Leguminosa, 
p.  77. 

Cercis.  Cal.  5-toothed,  gibbous  at  base.  Pet.  5,  with  claws,  sub- 
papilionaceous,  all  distinct ;  icings  large.  Leg.  compressed ;  upper 
seminiferous  suture  margined.     Seeds  obovate.     Leguminosa,  p.  94. 

DlGYNIA. 

Hydrangea.  Cal.  superior,  hemispheric,  5-toothed.  Pet.  5,  regu- 
lar. Caps  2-celled,  2-beaked,  opening  by  a  hole  between  the  2  horns. 
Saxifrages,  p.  137. 

Saxifraga.  Cal.  5-parted.  Pet.  5,  entire,  with  short  olaws.  Caps. 
with  2  beaks,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  between  the  beaks. 
Saxifragcce,  p.  137. 

Chrysosplexiem.  Cal.  superior,  4 — 5-cleft,  coloured.  Cor.  none. 
Caps,  with  2-beaks,  2-valved,  many-seeded.     Saxifrages,  p.  138. 

Tiarella.  Cal.  5-parted,  persistent.  Pet.  5,  inserted  into  the 
calyx,  unguiculate,  entire.  Caps.  1-celled,  2-valved  ;  valves  unequal. 
Saxifrages,  p.  138. 

Mitella.  Cal.  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Pet.  5,  laciniate  or  toothed, 
inserted  into  the  calyx.  Caps..  1-celled,  2-valved ;  valves  equal. 
Saxifrages,  p.  138. 

Saponaria.  Cal.  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked  at  the  base.  Pet.  5, 
unguiculate.     Caps.  1-celled.      Caryophylles,  p.  49. 

Diaxthus.  Cal.  tubular,  5-toothed,  with  2 — 4  imbricated  scales  at 
the  base.  Pet.  5,  with  long  claws.  Caps.  1-seeded.  Caryophylles, 
p.  47. 

Scleranthus.     Cal.  5-cleft,   with  the  stam.  inserted  upon  it.     Cor. 
none.     Caps.  1-celled,  covered  with  the  calyx.     Scleranthe<e,  p.  132. 
Trigynia. 

Silexe.  Cal.  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked.  Pet.  5,  unguiculate,  most- 
ly crowned  at  the  orifice  ;  limb  bifid.  Caps.  3-celled  at  base,  dehis- 
cent at  the  top  into  6  teeth.     Caryophylles,  p.  47. 

Stellaria.  Cal.  5-parted.  PeL  5,  bifid.  Caps.  1-celled,  opening 
with  6  teeth,  many-seeded.     Caryophylles,  p.  50. 

Arenaria.  Cal.  5-sepalled.  Pet.  5,  entire.  Caps.  1-celled,  many- 
seeded.     Caryophyllece,  p.  51. 

Pentagynia. 
Sedum.     Cal.  5-parted.     Pet.  5.     Caps.  5,  with  a  nectariferous  scale 
at  their  base.     Crassulaces,  p.  133. 


SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA.  xlv 

Oxalis.  Cal.  5-parted,  persistent.  Pet.  5.  Caps.  5-angled,  5-cell- 
*id,  bursting  at  the  angles,  Seeds  covered  with  an  elastic  aril.  Oxali- 
■tlca:,  p.  69. 

Agrostemma.  Cal.  1-leaved,  tubular,  coriaceous,  4-sided.  Pet.  5, 
-olawed ;  limb  undivided.     Caps.  1-celled.      Caryophyllcat,  p.  49. 

Cerastium.  Cal.  5-parted.  Pet.  5,  bifid.  Caps.  1-celled,  dehiscent 
at  the  apex  with  5  or  10  teeth.     Caryophyllca;,  p.  '53. 

Spf.rgula.  Cat  5-parted.  Pet.  5,  undivided.  Caps,  ovate.  Cary- 
ophyUecB,  p.  50. 

Penthorum.   Cal.  5-parted.    Pet.  5  or  none.     Cap*-  5-pointed,  5-cell- 
">-sided  at  the  apex.     Crassnlacetc,  p.  133. 

DK(  V(.Y.MA. 

Phytolacca.  Perianth  5-leaved,  petaloid.  Ber.  superior.  10-celled. 
^0-seeded.     Phytolaccctc,  p.  299. 

IcOSANDRIA. 

MONOGYNl  \. 

Opuntia.  Cal.  many-sepalled  ;  outer  sepals  flat,  short;  inner  ones 
petal-like,  obovate,  rosaceous.  Ber.  ovate,  umbilicate  at  the  apex,  tu- 
berculate  and  often  bearing  spines,     t'octae.  p.  134. 

Prunus.  Cal.  inferior,  5-toothed.  Cor.  5-petalled.  Dmpc  ovate  or 
oblong,  fleshy,  very  smooth,  covered  with  greyish  dust ;  ptitamen  com- 
pressed, acute  at  both  ends,  subsulcate  at  the  margin,  elsewhere 
smooth.     Amygdalae,  p.  95. 

Cerasus.  Drupe  globose  or  umbilicate  at  base,  fleshy,  very  smooth, 
destitute  of  grey  powder  ;  nucleus  subglobose,  smooth.  Amygdalea  . 
p.  96. 

Lythrum.  Cal.  cylindric,  striate,  8 — 12-toothed.  Pet.  4 — 6,  equal, 
inserted  on  the  calyx.     Caps.  2-celled,  many-seeded.   Salicaria,  p.  125. 

Cuphea.  Cal.  inflated,  tubular,  6— 12-toothed,  unequal.  Pet.  6 — 7, 
unequal,  inserted  into  the  calyx.  Caps.  1 — 2-celled,  at  length  bursting 
longitudinally.     SaHcaruB,  p.  126. 

Decobon.  Cal.  hcmispheric-campanulate,  10-toothed  ;  5  teeth  longer 
and  spreading.  Pet.  5,  undulate.  Caps,  covered  with  the  calyx,  3- 
eelled,  3-valved.     Salicarice,  p.  12G. 

Di-Pentagynia. 
(From  Order  2  to  Order  5  inclusive.  J 

fcsEsuviUM.  Cal.  5-parted,  coloured.  Pet.  none.  Stig.  3 — 5.  Caps. 
superior,  3 — 5-celled,  opening  circularly,  many-seeded.  Ficoidccc.  p. 
134. 

Obs.     The  remaining  genera  of  this  division  belong  to  the  Orders 
Rosacea:,  (p.  98,)  and  Pomacccc,  (p.  110.) 
Polygyria. 

Calycanthus.  T^obes  of  the  cal.  in  many  rows,  imbricate,  lanceolate, 
somewhat  coriaceous,  coloured.  Cor.  none.  Stam.  unequal.  Acincs 
many.     Calycanthea,  p.  115. 

Obs.  All  the  other  genera  of  this  order  are  included  under  Rosa- 
cea, p.  98. 

4a 


xWi  SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA. 

POLYANDRIA. 

Mo.NOGYMA. 

Tilia.  Cal.  5-parted,  inferior,  deciduous.  Pet.  5,  naked,  or  with  a 
scale  within.  Caps,  coriaceous,  5-celled ;  cells  2-seeded,  (rarely  1- 
celled,  1-seeded.)     TiMacae,  p.  50. 

Helianthemum.  Cal.  5-leaved,  2  smaller  than  the  rest.  Cor.  5-pe- 
talled.  Caps.  1-celled,  3-valved ;  valves  septiferous  in  the  middle. 
Cistinca,  p.  35. 

Hudsonia.  Cal.  tubular,  5-parted,  unequal,  inferior.  Cor.  5-petall- 
ed.  Stain.  9 — 30.  Caps.  1-celled,  3-valved,  1 — 3-seeded.  Cistmece, 
p.  36. 

Portulacca.  Cal.  inferior,  2-parted.  Pet.  4 — 6.  Caps.  1-celled. 
opening  circularly.     Portulacea,  p.  130. 

Talinum.  Cal.  of  2  ovate  sepals.  Cor.  5-petalled.  Caps.  1-celled, 
3-valved,  many-seeded.     Receptacle  globose.     Portulacea,  p.  130. 

Chelidonium.  Sepals  2,  smooth.  Pet.  4.  Caps,  elongated,,  1-celled, 
2-valved.     Seeds  numerous,  crested,  free.     Papavcracca,  p.  21. 

Meconopsis.  Pet.  4.  Stig.  4 — 6-rayed.  Caps,  obovate,  1-celled, 
4 — 6-valved.     Papaveracea.  p.  21. 

Argemone.  Pet.  4 — 6.  Stig.  4 — 7,  radiating,  free.  Caps,  obovate, 
1-celled,  opening  at  the  summit  by  valves.     Papaveracea,  p.  21. 

Sanguixaria.  Sep.  2,  deciduous.  Pet.  8 — 12.  Stig.  2.  Caps- 
superior,  oblong,  2-valved     Papaveracem,  p.  21. 

Podophyllum.  Sep.  3.  Pet.  6—9.  Stig.  large,  subsessile,  peltate- 
Ber.  somewhat  fleshy,  not  dehiscent.     Podophyllum,  p.  18. 

ActjEa.  Cal.  4-leaved,  deciduous.  Pet.  4.  Carpels  many-seeded. 
Ranunculacea,  p.  13. 

Sarracenia.  Cal.  double,  persistent;  outer  one  of  3  leaves  ;  inner 
one  of  5,  much  larger.  Pet.  5.  Stig.  very  large,  peltate,  covering  the 
stamens.     Caps.  5-celled.     Sarracenia,  p.  22. 

Nympilea.  Sep.  at  the  base  of  the  disk.  Pet.  and  stam.  connected 
with  the  whole  of  the  disk,  which  covers  the  carpels.  Nymphaacea,  p. 
20. 

Nuphar.  Sep.,  pet.  and  stam.  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk.  Nym- 
ph.OM.cea,,  p.  20. 

Di-Pestagynia. 

Ascyrum.  Cal.  4-sepalled  ;  the  2  inner  larger  and  cordate.  Pet.  4. 
Stain,  scarcely  united  at  base.     Styles  1 — 3.     Hypericinca,  p.  62. 

Hypericum.  Sep.  5,  unequal,  more  or  less  united  at  base.  Pet.  5. 
Stain,  in  3  or  4  parcels.  Styles  3—  5.  Caps,  membranaceous.  Hype- 
ricincce,  p.  60. 

Obs.     The  other  genera  belong  to  Ranunculacca,  p.  3. 

Polygynia. 

Magnolia.     Sep.  5.     Pet.  6—9.     Carpels  2-valved,  1-seeded,  imbri- 
cated in  a  cone.     Seeds  pendulous,  arillate.     Magnoliacca,  p.  14. 
Liriodendron.     Sep.  3.     Pet.  6.     Samara,  (wing-like  carpels,)  1  or 


\ 


SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA.  xlvii 

2-seeded,  imbricate  in  a  cone,  not  opening,  attenuated.     Magnoliacece, 
p,  15. 

Asimina.  CaL  3-parted.  Pet.  6,  spreading,  ovate-oblong;  the  in- 
ner smaller.  Anth.  subsessile.  Bcr.  several,  ovate,  sessile,  many- 
seeded.     Anonaccce,  p.  16. 

Hypropeltis.  Col.  of  3 — 4  sepals.  Pet.  3 — 4.  Ovaries  6 — 18* 
Seeds  pendulous,  ovate,  globose .     Hydropcltidccc,  p.  18. 

Nelumbium.  CaL  petaloid,  of  4—6  sepals.  Pet.  numerous.  Carp. 
numerous,  deeply  immersed  in  the  upper  surface  of  a  turbinate  receptacle 
or  torus,  1-seeded.     Nymphaace&,  p.  L9. 

Obs.  The  remaining  genera  belong  to  the  Order  Ranunculacea:, 
p.  3. 

DlDYNAMIA. 

2  orders.     1.    Gymnospermia.     Seeds  naked. 

2.  Angiospcrmia.  Seeds  in  a  capsule. 
Obs.  The  genera  of  this  class  form  a  very  natural  group,  hav- 
ing irregular  or  bilabiate  flowers,  with  mostly  4  stamens  (2  longer)  ; 
but  sometimes  2  are  abortive,  and  hence  such  are  arranged  artificially 
in  the  class  Diandria.  The  whole  will  be  more  easil}-,  as  well  as  cor- 
rectly studied,  by  the  natural  orders.  The  genera  belonging  to  the  order 
Gymnospermia  will  be  found  among  the  Labiate,  p.  270;  those  belong- 
ing to  Angiospermia  anions  the  Orobanchete,  p.  260,  Scrophularinea,  p. 
261,   and  Verlcnacca.     p.  283. 

TETR  ADYNAMIA. 

Ob*.  This  class  is  entirely  natural  ;  and  it  is  therefore  altogether 
unnecessary  to  repeat  the  generic  descriptions.  It  is  identical  with  the 
natural  order  Cracifera,  p.  24.  I  have  chiefly  for  the  sake  'of  conven- 
ience, preserved  the  Linnasan  division  into  Sfficidosa  and  Siliquosa. — 
Gynandropsis  and  Polanisia,  ( CleomclAnn.)  usually  arranged  under 
this  class,  form  the  order  Capparidca:,  p.  34. 

MONADELPHIA. 

Pe.ntandria. 

Passiflora*.  Cal.  5-parted,  coloured.  Pet.  5,  or  none,  inserted  in- 
to the  calyx.  Nect.  a  fikmentous  crown.  Ber.  pedicelled.  Passifio- 
rea,  p.  UJ9. 

Decandria. 

Geranium.  Sep.  5,  equal.  Pet.  5,  equal,  5  alternate  stam.  long- 
er, with  nectariferous  scales  at  the  base.  Fruit  beaked,  separating  into 
5  1-seeded  capsules,  each  with  a  long  naked  simple  awn.  Geraniacca, 
p.  67. 

POLYANDRIA. 

Obs.     The  genera  of,  order  from  the  Natural  Order  Malvacca,  p.  56. 
DlADELPHIA. 
Hexandria. 

Obs.  The  succeeding  genera  belong  to  the  Natural  Order  Fumaria- 
cee,  p.  22. 


Xlviil  SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA. 


Oct 


ANURIA. 


Poltgala.  Col.  5-leaved,  2  of  them  wing-shaped  and  colouretf 
Caps,  compressed,  obovate  or  obcordate,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  pu- 
bescent.    Polygalea,  p.  44. 

Decandria. 

Obs.  The  genera  of  this  order,  with  a  few  usually  arranged  undei 
the  class  Decandria,  constitute  the  Legioninosct,  p.  76. 

Syngenesia. 

Ob>.  'The  plants  of  this  class,  with  a  few  exceptions,  have  5  anthers 
united  into  a  single  tube.  They  are  further  characterized  by  the  flowers, 
commonly  called  florets,  being  clustered  together  in  heads  and  insert- 
ed upon  a  common  receptacle  which  is  surrounded  by  an  involucre  : 
being  usually  known  as  compound  flowers.  They  form  the  Natural 
Order  Composite,  p.  165. 

Gynandria. 

Obs.  The  orders  Monandria  and  Diandria  of  this  class,  constitute 
the  Orchidea,  p.  342. 

Hexandria. 

Aristolochia.  Perianth  tubular,  ventricose  at  base,  dilated  at  the 
apex  and  ligulate.  Caps,  inferior,  6-celled,  many  seeded.  Aristolo- 
chia. p.  308. 

DoDECANDRIA. 

Asaruih.  Perianth  campanulate.  3-cleft.  Anth.  adnate  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  filaments.     Caps,  inferior,  6-eelled.     Aristolochia,  p.  309. 

MONOECIA- 

Monandria, 

Zoster  a.  Stam.  and  Pist.  separated,  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  a 
spadix.  Spathe  leafy.  Perianth  none.  Sterile  Fl.  Anth.  ovate  ses- 
sile, alternating  with  the  germs.  Fertile  Fl.  Ovary  1,  ovate.  Style 
bifid.     Drvpc  1-seeded.     Fluviales,  p.  384. 

Zanntchellia.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  none.  Fertile  Fl.  Perianth 
single,  1-leaved.  Style  1.  Stig.  peltate.  Caps,  sessile.  FLuviales. 
p.  384. 

Caulima.  Perianth  none.  Sterile  Fl.  Anth.  sessile.  Fertile  Fl. 
Style  filiform.     Stig.  2-cleft.     Caps.  1-seeded.     Fluviales,  p.  384. 

Euphorbia.  Perianth  mostly  wanting,  Invol.  1 -leaved,  campanu- 
late, 8  to  10  toothed,  the  inner  segments  membranaceous  and  erect. 
Sterile  Ft.  12  or  more.  Fil.  articulated  in  the  middle.  Fertile  Fl. 
solitary,  stipulate,  naked.     Caps.  3-lobed.     Euphorbiacea,  p.  311. 

Diandria. 

Podostemum.  Cal.  and  Cor.  none.  Sterile  Fl.  Stain.  2,  affixed  to 
a  common  pedicel.  Fertile  Fl.  Germ  ovate.  Stig.  1,  sessile.  Caps, 
2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.     Seeds  minute.    Podostemeot,  p.  124. 

Triandria. 
Spargakilm.     Fl.    in  spherical  heads.     Perianth  3-leaved.     Drup* 
dry,  1-seeded.     Typhacea:,  p.  379. 
Carex.    Fl.  collected  into  an  imbricated  ament.     Glume  1-flowered. 


SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA.  xlix 

Cor.  (nectary  or  perianth)  ventricose,  1-valved,  persistent,  enclosing 
the  coriaceous  nut  or  caryopsis.     Cyperaceic,  p.  430. 

Typha.  Fl.  forming  a  long  cylindrical  dense  spike.  Sterile  Fl. 
Perianth  none.  Stamens  3,  united  below  into  1  filament.  Fertile 
Fl.  Perianth  none.  Pericarp  pedicellate,  surrounded  at  base  with 
hairs  resembling  a  pappus.      Typhacccc,  p.  380. 

Scleria.  Sterile  Fl.  Glumes  2  or  6,  many-flowered.  Palea  un- 
armed. Fertile  Fl.  Glumes  2  or  6,  1-flowered.  Paleai  none.  Stig. 
1 — 3.     JVut  coloured,  subglobose.     Cyperacea,  p.  430. 

Tripsacum.  Sterile  Fl.  Glume  2  flowered  ;  outer  one  sterile;  in- 
ner neutre.  Cor.  a  membranous  glume.  Fertile  Fl.  Glume  1-flow- 
ered, surrounded  by  a  1  leaved  involucre,  perforated  near  the  base. 
Cor.   a  2-valved  glume.     S'.ylr,  2.     Seed  1.     Graminece,  p.  399. 

Comptosia.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  cylindrical  ;  scales  1-flowered.  Per- 
ianth 2-parted.  Fertile  Fl.  Anient  globose  ;  scales  1-flowered.  Styles 
2.    AW  orate,  1-celled.    Amentaaa;  p.  334. 

Te.TE  ANURIA. 

Eriocaulon.  Fl.  collected  into  a  compact  scaly  head.  Sterile 
Fl.  in  the  disk.  Perianth  single,  4-cleft  ;  the  two  inner  segments 
united  nearly  to  their  summit.  Stamens  4 — C.  Fertile  Fl.  in  the 
margin.  Perianth  single,  deeply  4-parted.  Style  1.  Stig.  2 — 3.  Caps. 
2 — 3  lobed,  2 — 3  celled  :  cellsl-seeded.     Resiiacece,  p.  3C9. 

Auras.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  long  cylindrical  ;  scales  3-lobed,  3- 
flowered.  Perianth  single,  4-parted.  Fertile  Fl.  Anient  ovate  ;  scales 
2-flowered.  Perianth  none.  Styles  2.  Nut  compressed.  Amentacea, 
p.  326. 

Boehmeria.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  4-parted.  Fertile  Fl.  Perianth 
none.     Style  1.     Aut  compressed.      Urticeu.  p.  315. 

Urtica.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  single,  4-leaved.  Fertile  Fl.  Per- 
ianth 2-leaved.     JihU  1.  shining.      Urticea,  p,  313. 

Parietaria.  Fl.  polygamous.  Perfect  Fl.  Perianth  4-cleft.  Sta- 
mens elastic.  Style  1.  JVut  1,  enclosed  by  the  enlarged  perianth.  Ur- 
ticeu:, p.  315. 

Morus.  Perianth  4-parted  ;  lobes  concave.  Fertile  Fl.  Styles  2. 
Seeds  1—  2.  covered  byr  the  fleshy  perianth.     Arlocarpea?,  p.  316. 

Fehtandria. 

Crotonopsis.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted,  with  5  petaloid  scales. 
Fertile  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stig.  3,  twice  bifid.  Caps.  1-seeded, 
not  opening.     Euphorbiacea,  p.  310. 

Amaranthus.  Perianth  2  to  5-leaved.  Sterile  Fl.  Slam.  3 — 5. 
Fertile  Fl.  Styles  3.  Caps.  1-celled,  1-seeded,  opening  transversely 
all  round.    Amuranthacecc,  p.  294. 

X amtihm.  Sterile  Fl.  Involucre  imbricate.  Anlh.  approximate 
but  not  united.  Recept.  chaffy.  Fertile  Fl.  Invol.  2-leaved,  1-flow- 
ered.    Cor.  none.     JVut  2-celled.     Composite,  p.  210. 

Ambrosia.  Sterile  Fl.  Involucre  1-leaved,  hemispherical.  Anlh. 
approximate  but  not  united.  Recept.  naked.  Fertile  Fl.  Invol.  1- 
leaved.  entire  or  5-toothed,  1-flowered.     Cor.  none.     JVut  formed  from 

i'omp 

4a* 


1  SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA. 

Hexandria. 

Zizania.  Glume  none.  Sterile  Fl.  PaJecc  2,  subawned.  Fer- 
tile Fl.  Palece2,  cucullate  and  awned.  Style  2-parted.  Seed  I,  in- 
vested by  the  plaited  paleae.      Graminea:,  p.  419. 

Hydrochloa.  Glume  none.  Sterile  Fl.  Palea  2,  awnless.  Fer- 
tile Fl.  Palea,2,  awnless.  Stig.  2.  very  long.  Seed  1,  reniform. 
Graminea,  p.  419. 

Polyandria. 

(Stems  not  woody.) 

Ceratophylllm.  Cal.  many-parted.  Sterile  Fl.  Cor.  none.  Slam. 
1G — 20.  Jinlh.  tricuspidate.  Fertile  Fl.  Cor.  none.  Style  1,  fili- 
form.    Nut  1-seeded.      Ceralophytlca,  p.  124. 

Myriophyllum.  Sterile  Fl.  Cal.  4-parted.  Cor.  4-petalled.  Slam. 
4-6-8.  Fertile  Fl.  Cal.  adhering  to  the  ovary  ;  limb  4-lobed.  Pet. 
none.    Nuts  4,  compressed  or  subglobose,  1-seeded.  Haloragea,  p.  121. 

Sagittaria.  Cal.  3-leaved.  Pet.  3.  Sterile  Fl.  Stam.  about 
24.  Fertile  Fl.  Ovaries  numerous.  Caps,  compressed,  margined. 
1-seeded.     Alismacece,  p.  37G. 

Arum.  Spathe  1-leaved,  cucullate,  convolute  at  the  base.  Spad. 
naked  above,  bearing  sessile  anthers  below  the  middle  and  ovaries  at 
the  base.     Ber.  1 -celled,  many-seeded.     Aroidece,  p.  381. 

Rensselaeria.  Spathe  convolute.  Spad.  covered  with  flowers,  fer- 
tile at  the  base,  sterile  above.  Perianth  none.  Ber.  1-seeded.  Aroi- 
dect,  p.  382. 

Calla.  Spathe  ovate,  somewhat  flattened.  Spad.  covered  with 
flowers.  Perianth  none.  Ber.  many-celled,  many-seeded.  Aroidea, 
p.  282. 

(Stems  woody.) 

Obs.  The  genera  of  this  division  are  Forest  Trees,  and  are  included 
under  the  Nat.  Ord.     Amentaceot,  p.  317. 

MONADELPHIA. 

(Stems  not  woody.) 

Acalypha.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  3  or  4-parted.  Stam.  8 — 10. 
Fertile  Fl.  Styles  3,  2-parted.  Caps.  3-celled,  3-seeded.  Euphor- 
biaceot,  p.  311. 

Ricinus.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stam.  numerous.  Fer- 
tile Fl.  Perianth  3-parted.  Styles  3,  2-cleft.  Caps,  mostly  echin- 
ate,  3-celled,  3-seeded.     Euphorbiacea,  p.  311. 

Phyllanthus.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  5 — 6-parted.  Fil,  often  col- 
umnar. Fertile  Fl.,  resembling  the  sterile.  Nectary  1  a  12  angled 
margin.     Styles  3.     Caps,  mostly  3-grained.     Euphorbiacea,  p.  310. 

Melothria.  Sterile  Fl.  Cal.  3— 5-toothed.  Cor.  bell-form.  Fil. 
5,  in  3  sets.  Fertile  Fl.  Cal.  and  cor.  as  in  the  sterile.  Style  1. 
Stig.  3.     Fruit  3-celled,  many-seeded.     Cucurbitacea,  p.  128. 

Momordica.  Sterile  Fl.  Cal.  5  cleft.  Cor.  5  parted.  Stam.  in 
3  sets.  Fertile  Fl.  Style  3-cleft.  Ovary  3-oelled.  Fruit  often  mu- 
ricate.     Cucubitacece}  p.  128. 

Sicy-os*     Sterile  Fl.     Cat.  5-toothed;    teeth  subulate.   5-parted. 


SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA. 


li 


Pil.   3?     Fertile   Fl.     Style  3-cleft.     RuU   1-seedeci.    often    spiny. 
Cucurbitacecc,  p.  128. 

(Stems  icoody.J 
Obs.     The  genera  of  this  division  belong  to  Conifera.  p.  337. 

DlOECIA. 
DlANDRIA. 

Vaii.onf.ria.  Sterile  Fl.  Spathc  ovate,  2 — 4-parted.  Spad.  co- 
vered with  minute  flowers.  Perianth  3-parted.  Fertile  Fl.  Spathe 
2-cleft,  1-flowered.  Perianth  elongated,  6-parted.  Stig.  3,  sessile, 
ovate,  bifid.  Caps,  cylindric,  1 -celled,  many-seeded.  Hydrocharid  or . 
p.  341. 

Salix.  Sterile  Fl.  Ament  cylindric.  Scales  1-flowered,  with  a 
nectariferous  gland  at  the  base.  Perianth  none.  Stam.  1 — 5.  F>  k- 
i  ilk  Fl.  Scales  1-flowered.  Perianth  none.  Stig.  2.  Caps.  1-celled, 
2-valved,  many-seeded.     Seeds  woolly.     Amtntaceot,  p.  31d. 

Fraxinus.     CaL  none,  or  3 — 4-cleft.    Cor.  none,  or  deeply  4-parted. 
Stam.  2.     Caps.  2-celled,  2-seeded,   compressed  and  foliaceous  at  the 
extremity.     Polygamous.     Oleacea,  p.  232. 
Triandria. 

E.mpktri  m.     Perianth  consisting  of  2  rows  of  scales.     Sterile  Fl. 
Stam.  3.     Fertile  Fl.     Stig.  with  6 — 9  spreading  rays.     Ber.  round, 
superior,  6— 9-seeded.     Empetrea,  p.  309. 
Tetrandria. 

Myrica.  Ament  ovate-oblong  :  scales  lunulate.  Sterile  Fl.  Stam. 
4—6.  Aniii  4-valved.  Fertile  Fl.  Ovary  1.  Stig.  2  Drupe  1-cell- 
ed. 1-seeded.     Amentacea,  p.  324. 

Visccm.     Cal.  with  the    margin  entire  or  a  little  prominent.     Ste- 
rile Fl.     Pet.  4,  united  at  base.     Anth.  4,   adnate  with  the  petals. 
Fertile  Fl.     Ptt.  4,  distinct.     Stig.  1,  obtuse,  sessile.     Ber.  globose, 
mucilaginous,  1-seeded.     Loranthaceot,  p.  154. 
Pentandria. 

Nyssa.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stam.  5 — 10.  Perfect 
Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stem.  5.  Style  I.  Drupe  inferior.  Santala- 
cc(E,  p.  307. 

.  Zanthoxylum.  Cal.  3 — 9-lobed,  often  4 — 5-parted.  Pet.  as  many 
as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  rarely  none.  Stam.  and  carp,  as  many  as  the 
lobes  of  the  calyx.     Zanthoxyltod,  p.  70. 

Acnida.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Fertile  Fl.  Per.  3- 
parted.     Stig.  3  —  5,  sessile.     Caps.  1-seeded.     Chenopodect,  p.  297. 

Humulus.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Anth.  with  2  pores  at 
the  extremity.  Fertile  Fl.  Scales  of  the  ament  large,  concave,  en- 
tire, 1-flowered.     Per.  none.     Styles  2.     Seed  1.     Urtieea,,  p.  315. 

Cannabis.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Fertile  Fl.  Per.  ob- 
long, opening  at  the  side.  Styles  2.  JYut  2-valved,  covered  by  the 
closed  perianth.     Urticece,    p.  315. 

Hexandria. 
Smilax.    Perianth  campanulate-spreading,  6-parted.    Sterile  Fl. 


Hi  SYNOPSIS    OF    GENERA. 

Anth.  adnate  to  the  filaments.     Fertile  Fl.     Stig.  3.     Ber.  globose. 
3-celled.     Smilacea,  p.  356. 

Dioscorea.  Perianth  6-parted.  Fertile  Fl.  Styles  3.  Caps.  3- 
celled,  triangular,  compressed  ;  cells  2-seeded.  Seeds  with  membrana- 
ceous margins.     Dioscorea.,  p.  355. 

Gleditschia.  Sepals  3-4-5,  equal.  Pel.  as  many  as  the  sepals, 
arising  from  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Style  short.  Stig.  pubescent.  Le- 
gume compressed,  1  or  many-seeded.  Seeds  compressed.  Legumino- 
so>;  p.  93. 

OCTANDRIA. 

Populus.  Anient  cylindrical  ;  scales  lacerated.  Sterile  Fl.  Jlnth. 
8—30,  arising  from  a  turbinate,  oblique,  entire,  single  perianth.  Fer- 
tile Fl.  Per.  turbinate.  Stig.  4.  Caps,  superior.  2-celled,  2 -valved, 
many-seeded.     Seeds  woolly.     Anient  acece,    p.  322, 

Diospyros.  Calyx  4 — 6  cleft.  Cor.  urceolate,  4 — 6  cleft.  Sterile 
Fl.  Slam.  8 — 16  ;  fil.  often  producing  2  anthers.  Fertile  Fl.  like 
the  sterile.     Stig.  4 — 5.     Ber.  8 — 12  seeded.     Ebenaccce,  p.  229. 

Shepherdia.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  4-cleft.  Slam.  8,  included, 
alternating  with  8  glands.  Fertile  Fl.  Per.  4-cleft,  bell-form,  supe- 
rior.    Style  1.     Stig-   oblique.     Ber.  1-seeded,     Elozagnecc,  p.  306. 

Enneandria. 

I'i-ora.  Spathe  bifid.  Perianth  6-parted  ;  3  inner  segments  pet- 
aloid.  Sterile  Fl.  Slam.  9,  3  of  them  interior.  Fertile  Fl.  Tube 
of  the  perianth  very  long.  Sterile  fil.  3.  Caps,  bladder-like,  about  3- 
seeded.     Seeds  cylindric.     Hydrocharidece,  p.  342. 

Decandria. 

Gymnocladus.  Cal.  tubular,  5-cleft.  Cor.  5-petalled.  Legume  ob- 
long, thick,  pulpy  within.     Leguminosce,  p.  93. 

Polyandria. 

Mlmspermum.  Sepals  and  pet.  arranged  in  fours,  2  or  3-rowed.  Ste- 
rile Fl.  Slam.  16 — 20.  Fertile  Fl.  Ovaries  2 — 4.  Drupe  berried, 
roundish-reniform,   1-seeded.     Ncnispermacece,  p.  16. 

MONADELPHIA. 

Juniperus.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  ovate  ;  scales  whorled  and  peltate. 
Anth.  4 — 8,  1  celled.  Fertile  Fl.  Anient  globose  ;  scales  3,  coadu- 
nate.  Stig.  gaping.  Ber.  with  3  bony  1-seeded  nuts,  surrounded 
with  the  united  and  flesh jr  scales.     Coni'feroz,  p.  337. 

Taxus.  Fl.  surrounded  with  numerous  scales.  Sterile  Fl.  57am. 
8—10.  Anth.  peltate.  Fertile  Fl.  Style  none.  Stig.  concave.  Drupe 
fleshy,  open  at  the  extremity.     Nut  1  seeded.     Coniferoz,  p.  341. 

Cryptogamia. 

FlLICES. 

Obs.    This  order  forms  the  Filicoideai,  or  Fern-like  plants,  p.  445. 


TABLE 


NATURAL    ORDERS 

Showing  the  accordance  of  the  Systems  of  Jussn 
Df  Camvi  t  i 


iiv 


TABLE  OF  THE   NATURAL  ORDERS. 

VASCULARE S  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 

Class  i.     Exogen.e  or  Dicotyledonous  Plants. 

Subclass  i.     Diclilamydem.   Thalamiflorcc.  D.  C. 

Perianth  double.     Petals  distinct  and  hypogynous. 

(1.  Hypopetalse.  Juss.     Stamens  hypogynous. 


Page. 

Page. 

Order  1. 

Ranunculacea?, 

1 

Order  16. 

Droseraceaa, 

42 

2. 

Magnoliacea?, 

14 

17. 

Polygaleae, 

43 

3. 

Anonacea', 

15 

18. 

Caryophylleae, 

46 

4. 

Menispermacese, 

16 

19. 

Elatineae, 

55 

5. 

Berbeiideae, 

17 

20. 

Lineae, 

55 

6. 

Podyphylleae, 

17 

21. 

Malvaceae, 

.        56 

7. 

Hydropeltideae, 

18 

22. 

Tiliaceae, 

59 

3. 

Nymphaeaceae, 

19 

23. 

Hypericinea?, 

60 

9. 

Papaveraceas, 

20 

24. 

Acerineae, 

62 

10. 

Sarracenieae, 

22 

25. 

Hippocastanese, 

64 

11. 

Fumariacese, 

22 

26. 

Arnpelideae, 

65 

12. 

Cruciferae, 

24 

27. 

Geraniaceae, 

66 

13. 

Capparideae, 

34 

28. 

Bahamineac, 

68 

14. 

Cistinese, 

35 

29. 

Oxalideae, 

69 

15. 

Violaceae, 

37 

30. 

Zanthoxylleae, 

70 

Subclass  ii.     Dichlamyde<%.   Cahjciflorce.  D.  C. 

Perianth  double.     Petals  inserted  on  the  calyx. 

(2.  Peripetalse.  J 
31. 
32. 
33. 
34. 
35. 
36. 
37. 
38. 
39. 
40. 
41. 
42. 
43. 
44. 

(3.     Epipetalae   Juss.     Stamens  epigynous.) 
58,     Umbelliferaa,  139  59.     Araliaceae, 

61.     Corneae,  152 


(2.  Peripetalse. 

Juss. 

Stamens  perigynous.) 

Celastrineae. 

71 

45. 

Ceratophylleae, 

124 

Staphyleaceaa 

72 

46. 

Salicariae, 

125 

Rhamneae, 

73 

47. 

Melastomaceae, 

126 

Anacardiaceae, 

74 

48. 

CucurbitaceEe, 

127 

Leguminosce, 

76 

49. 

Passifloreas, 

129 

Amygdaleae, 

94 

50. 

Portulaceae, 

129 

Rosaceae, 

98 

51. 

lllecebreas, 

131 

Pomaceae, 

110 

52. 

Sclerantheas, 

132 

Sauguisorbeae, 

114 

53. 

Crassulaceae, 

132 

Calycantheae, 

115 

54. 

Ficoideae, 

133 

Onograriae, 

115 

55. 

Cactea;, 

134 

Circaaceae, 

120 

56. 

Grossulaceae, 

135 

Halorageae, 

121 

57. 

Saxifrages, 

137 

Podostemeae, 

124 

60. 

Hamamelideae, 

152 

150 


(4.  Epicorollae  Corisantherse  Juss.  Corol  epigynous.    Anthers  free.) 

62.  Loranthaceaj,                 154  65.     Valerianeas,                  163 

63.  Caprifoliaecas,               155  66.     Dipsaceae,                      164 

64.  Rubiaceae,  159 

(5.    Epicorollae  Synantherae  Juss.    Corol  epigynous.   Anthers  united.) 
67.     Compositae,  165 


(6   Pericorollae  Juss.  Corol  perigynous.) 

68.     Campanulaceae,  212  71.     Vaccineae, 

60.     Lobeliacece,  214  72.     Pyrolacea;, 

70.    Ericeai.  215 


222 
225 


TABLE    OF    THE    NATURAL    ORDERS. 


Iv 


Subclass  hi.     Dicldamydecc    Corollijlora.  D.   C. 
Perianth  double.     Petals  hypogynous  and  bearing  the  stamens 
ocorollao  Juss.     Corol  hypo£ 

229     Order  85.     Bo 

229  86.     Hi 

231  87.     So 

233  88.     Or 

e,  234  89.     Sc 

;,  238  90.     La 

233  91.     Ve 

ae,  214  92.     A( 

245  93.     U 

ea?,  216  94.     Pi 

ces,  243  95.     PI 

is.  250  96.     PI 

Subclass  iv.     Monocldamydca. 

Perianth  or  Perigonium  single. 
(8.    Hypostamineoo  Juss.     Stamens  hypogynous.) 
Amaranthace;r,  294 

(9.  PeristaminecD   Juss. 
Chenopode;t  ,  295 

Phytolacceae 
Polygoneae, 

(10.    Epistaminese  Juss. 
Santalace;: ,  307 


(7.    Hypocorollae 

Juss. 

Corol  hypogynous. 

Order  73. 

Ebenaceae, 

229 

Orde 

-  85. 

Boragineae. 

74. 

llicineae, 

229 

86. 

Hydrophylle.T 

75. 

Oleaceae, 

231 

87. 

Solanea  , 

76. 

Apocyneae, 

233 

88. 

Orobanchei , 

77. 

Asclepiadea?, 

234 

89. 

Scrophularine 

78. 

Spigeliaceae, 

238 

90. 

Labiatar, 

79. 

Gentianeae, 

233 

91. 

Verbenacea:, 

80. 

Bignoniaceae, 

214 

92. 

Acanthacc;r, 

31. 

Pedulineae, 

245 

93. 

Lentibularia-, 

82. 

Polemoniacea?, 

216 

94. 

Primulaceae, 

83. 

Convolvulaceae, 

243 

95. 

Plumbaginea?, 
Plantaginea, 

34. 

Hydroleacea . 

250 

96. 

251 
255 
256 

260 
261 
270 
283 
285 
286 
288 
291 
292 


d.  a 


97, 


93. 

99. 

100. 


299 
300 


Stamens  perigynous. ) 

101.  Laurineae, 

102.  Elaeagneae, 

103.  Thyme  lea;, 

Stamens  epigynous. ) 

104.     Santalace;; ,  307  105.  Aristolochia'. 

11.    Diclines   Juss.     Flowers  unisexual,  or  without  a  perianth. 

106.  Empetreae,  309  111.  Amentacea?, 

107.  Euphorbiaceae,  310  112.  Ulmacea^, 

108.  Urticeae,  313  113.  Juglandeae, 

109.  Artocarpeae,  316  114.  Conifera?, 

110.  Saurureae,  317 

Cuss  ii.     EndogexjE  or  Monocotyledonocs  Plants. 
(12.   Monoepigynee   Juss.     Stamens  epigynous.) 


305 
306 
306 


308 

) 

317 
333 
334 

337 


115. 

Hydrocharideae, 

341 

118. 

Amaiyilidea?, 

854 

116. 

Orch  ideas, 

342 

119. 

Hypoxidea-, 

354 

117. 

Irideae, 

352 

120. 

Dioscorea?. 

355 

129. 

Hamodoraceae, 

374 

(13.    Monoperigyna 

!    JUSS. 

Stamens  perigynous.) 

121. 

Smilacese, 

355 

126. 

Kestiaceae, 

369 

122. 

Asphodeieae, 

362 

127. 

Xyrideae, 

370 

123. 

Liliaceae, 

364 

123. 

Junceae, 

370 

124. 

Melanthaceae, 

366 

130. 

Bromeliacear, 

375 

125. 

Pontedereae, 

368 

(14.   Monohypogynce 

Juss. 

Stamens  hypogynous.) 

131. 

Commelineae, 

375 

136. 

Pistiace.p, 

383 

132. 

Alismaceae, 

376 

137. 

Eluviales, 

384 

133. 

Juncagineae, 

378 

138. 

Gramineae, 

386 

134. 

Typhaceas, 

379 

139. 

Cyperacer, 

420 

135. 

Aroideae, 

380 

CELLULARES  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS, 

Div.  i.     FilicoidecB,  or  Fern-like  Plants. 

140.  Equisetaceae,  445  142.     Lycopodiacea?, 

141.  Filices,  447  143.     Marsileace*, 


459 
462 


PLANTS 


NORTHERN    AND    MIDDLE    STATES. 


ARTMNGED    ACCORDING    TO 


THE    NATURAL    SYSTEM, 


VASCULARES,  or  FLOWERING 
PLANTS. 

Plants  furnished  with  flowers,  and  spiral  vessels — Phjeno- 
gamous  or  Phanerogamous  Plants  of  Authors. 


Class  I.     EXOGENjE  or  DICOTYLEDONOUS 
PLANTS. 

Trunk  more  or  less  conical,  consisting  of  three  parts, 
one  within  the  other,  viz.  bark,  wood  and  pith,  of  which 
the  wood  is  enclosed  within  the  two  others  ;  increasing 
by  an  annual  deposit  of  new  wood  and  cortical  matter, 
between  the  wood  and  bark.  Leaves  always  articulated 
with  the  stem,  their  veins  branching  and  reticulated. 
Embryo  with  two  or  more  opposite  cotyledons,  which 
often  become  green  and  leaf-like  after  germination  ;  rad- 
icle naked  ;  i.  e,  elongating  into  a  root  without  penetrat- 
ing any  external  case. 

Subclass  I.     THALAMIFLORjE.     De  Cand. 

Calyx  many  sepalled.  Petals  many,  distinct,  and  with  the 
stamens  inserted  into  the  receptacle. 

Order  I.     RANUNCULACEjE.     De  Cand.     Lind. 

Calyx  with  many  definite  sepals,  or  many-parted.  Petals 
5 — 15,  (sometimes  wanting,,)  in  one  or  more  rows,  distinct 
Stamens  indefinite  in  number  ;  anthers  adnate,  generally  turn- 
ed outwards.  Pistils  numerous.  Fruit  either  consisting  of 
dry  nuts  or  carpels,  or  baccate  with  one  or  more  seeds,  or  fol- 
licular with  one  or  two  valves.     Seeds  albuminous  ;  when  sol- 


4  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

itaiy,    either  erect  or  pendulous.     Embryo  minute.     Albumen 
corneous,  large. 

Herbs  or  Undershrubs.  Leaves  simple,  often  variously 
lobed,  with  petioles,  more  or  less  dilated  at  their  base. 

1.     CLEMATIS.     Lin,.. 

Involucre  none,  or  like  a  calyx  under  the  flower.  Sepals 
4 — S,  coloured.  Petals  none,  or  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
Carpels  many,    terminated   by  a   long,    mostly  feathery  awn. 

Polyandria,  Polygyria. 

1.  C.  virginiana  Linn. :  stem  climbing  ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  cordate- 
ovate,  acute,  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed  ;  flowers  paniculate,  dioecious, 

Hab.  Can.  to  Flor.  N.  to  lat.  55°  W.  to  Columbia  river.  Aug, 
*>. — Stem  long.  Flowers  white,  in  large  panicles.  Tails  of  the 
carpels  at  length  clothed  with  long  silken  hairs,  having  the  ap- 
pearance of  tufts  of  wool.  Virgins  Bower. 

2.  C.  morna  Linn. :  stem  climbing  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided  ;  seg- 
ments entire,  or  3-lobed,  ovate,  acute  ;  floral  ones  entire  ;  peduncles 
1 -flowered  ;  sepals  thick,  acuminate,  connivent,  reflexed  at  the  apex. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  If. — FUno- 
ers  large,  nodding,  violet.     Tails  of  the  carpels  long,  plumose. 

3.  C.  ockroleuca  Ait.  :  herbaceous,  erect,  simple,  pubescent  ;  leaves 
simple,  ovate,  very  entire,  the  younger  ones  with  the  calyx  silky  ;  flow- 
er peduncled,  terminal,  solitary,  nodding. — C.  scriccu  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  June.  21. — Stem  12 — 18  inches 
high.   Flotoers  yellowish- white.  Carpels  conspicuously  feathered, 

Sepals  4  ;  petals  many,  minute.     Atragene. 

4.  C.  verticillaris  De  Cand. :  leaves  whorled  in  fours,  ternate  ;  leaf- 
ets petioled,  cordate,  nearly  entire  ;  peduncles  1 -flowered  ;  petals  acute, 
— Atragene  amcricana.     Sims.  Pursh. 

Hab.  Rocks.  N.  Y.  Penn.  N.  to  lat.  54°.  June.  ^,—Stcm 
climbing.    Floicers  very  large,  purple. 

2.     THALICTRUM.     Linn. 

Involucre  under  the  flower  none.  Petals  none.  Carpels 
dry,  not  awned,  sometimes  stipitate,  sometimes  with  a  longi- 
tudinal furrow.  Polyandria.  Polygyria. 

*  Stamens  longer  than  the  Calyx. 
1.  T.  cornuti  Hook.  :  leaves  decompound  ;  leafets  roundish-obovate 
or  oblong,  3-lobed,  glaucous  beneath,  with  the  nerves  scarcely  promi- 
nent ;  flowers  mostly  dioecious  ;  filaments  sub-clavate  ;  anthers  ellip- 
tic or  sub-linear  ;  stigmas  filiform,  membranaceous  on  the  margin  ; 
carpels  ovate-oblong. — T.  cornuti  and  T.pnbescens  Pursh. — T.  revolutum 
Ell. 


RANUNCULACEjE.  o 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  From  lat.  56°  N.  to  Car.  June,  July.  y. — 
Stem  3 — 4  feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  extremely  variable  in 
form,  deep  green  above,  paler  glaucous  smooth  or  pubescent  be- 
neath. Flowers  in  a  compound  leafy  panicle,  greenish. — I  have 
quoted  the  above  characters  from  Dr.  Hooker,  (Fl.  Bor.  Amer.) 
who  though  doubtful  whether  this  is  the  T.  cornitti  of  Linnaeus, 
considers  it  the  plant  described  under  that  name  by  Pursh.  And 
he  has  retained  this  as  a  specific  name,  in  preference  to  reduc- 
ing it  to  a  doubtful  synonym  as  De  Candolle  has  done.  T.  pu- 
bescens  of  Pursh  only  differs  from  the  present  plant  in  the  shape 
of  the  anthers. 

2.  T.  dioicum  Linn.  :  very  smooth  ;  leaves  decompound  ;  leafets 
roundish,  cordate,  obtusely  lobed,  glabrous  ;  flowers  dioecious,  pani- 
icled  ;  filaments  filiform  ;  fruit  ovate,  striate. — T.  lavigatum  Mich. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  and  N.  to  lat.  67°.  April. 
11. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.     Flowers  white,  in  a  terminal  panicle. 

3.  T.  rugosum  Linn.  :  leaves  decompound  ;  leafets  ovate-lanceolate, 
rugose,  veined,  obtusely  lobed  ;  flowers  dioecious,  in  panicles  ;  fila- 
ments filiform. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Penn.  to  Car.  June — Aug.  It- — StemZ — 5  feet 
high.     Flowers  white. 

4.  T.  purpurascens  Linn. :  leaves  compound,  shorter  than  the  stem  ; 
leafets  roundish,  3-cleft,  and  incised,  glaucous  beneath  ;  panicles  near- 
ly leafless,  contracted  ;  flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  cernuous  ;  fil- 
aments coloured. 

Hab.  Dry  hills.  Can.  to  Virg.  May,  June.  It. — Plant  small* 
Stamens  and  filaments  purple.  This  is  perhaps  only  T.  dioicum 
with  purple  flowers. 

**  Stamens  shorter  than  Vie  petaloid  calyx. 

5.  T.  anemonoides  Mich. :  root  tuberous  ;  radical  leaves  biternate  ;  leaf- 
ets subcordate,  3-toothed  ;  floral  leaves  petioled,  resembling  an  invo- 
lucre ;  flowers  perfect,  few,  umbelled  ;  petaloid  calyx  8 — 10  leaved. — 
Anemone  thalictroidcs  Linn. 

Hab.  Woods.  Common  throughout  the  U.  S.  April,  May. 
It. — Stem.  6 — 8  inches  high.  Flozccrs  white.  The  flowers  of 
this  species  resembles  those  of  Anemone,  but  the  fruit  that  of 
Thalictrum.  It  is  retained  in  this  place  by  De  Candolle  and 
Hooker.  Rue  leaved  Anemone. 

3.     ANEMONE.     Linn. 

Involucre  remote  from  the  flower,  of  3  divided  leaves.  Ca- 
lyx petaloid,  with  5—15  sepals.      Petals  none 

Polyandria.    Polygyria. 

1.  A.  ncmorosa,  var.  quaiquefoUa  De  Cand.  :  leaves  ternate  ;  segments 
5-parted,  incisely  dentate,  lanceolate,  acute  ;  involucre  similar,  peti- 
oled ;  stem  1-flowered  ;  sepals  G,  elliptic  ;  capsules  awnless. — A.  quin- 
quefolia  Linn. 

1 


6  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  lat.  53°,  extending  west- 
ward to  the  Rocky  mountains.  April,  May.  If..— Stem  6 — 8 
inches  high.  Flowers  white  varying  to  purple.  Leaves  narrow, 
and  more  divided  than  in  the  European  plant.        Wood  Anemone. 

2.  A.  lancifvlia  Pursh  :  leaves  petioled,  ternate  ;  leafets  lanceolate, 
crenate,  dentate  ;  sepals  5,  ovate,  acute  ;  fruit  ovate  ;  style  short, 
uncinate. 

Hab.  High  mountains.  Penn.  and  Virg.  May,  July.  21. — Re- 
sembles the  foregoing  species,  but  the  flowers  are  larger  and  clear 
white.  Pursh. — De  Candolle  who  has  examined  Pursh's  plant 
in  the  herbarium  of  Lambert,  thinks  it  scarcely  distinct  from  the 
Linncsan  A.  trifolia,  while  Dr.  Hooker  refers  it  with  a  mark  of 
doubt  to  A.  ncmorosa. 

3.  A.  pennsylvanica  Linn. :  leaves  3-parted  ;  segments  3-cleft ;  lobes 
oblong,  incisely  toothed,  acuminate ;  involucre  similar,  sessile,  bearing 
several  pedicels,  one  naked  and  1 -flowered,  the  others  involucellate  ; 
sepals  5,  elliptic ;  fruit  pubescent,  compressed,  crowned  with  a  long 
Style.— A.  aconitifolia  Mich. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay. 
June,  July.  If. — Stem  a  foot  high.  Floicers  white,  large.  By 
some  botanists  A.  dichotoma  of  Linneus,  is  considered  distinct 
from  the  above,  but  it  is  most  probably  identical  with  it. 

4.  A.  virginiana  Linn. :  leaves  ternate  ;  segments  ovate-lanceolate, 
3-cleft,  acuminate,  incisely  toothed  ;  involucre  similar,  petiolate  ;  se- 
pal.^ 5,  elliptic,  acuminate,  silky  without;  peduncles  elongated ;  fruit 
oblong,    woolly. 

Hab.  Woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  as  far  N.  as 
lat.  55°.  July.  H. — Stem  18— 20  inches  high.  Floicers  small, 
greenish.     Peduncles  elongated. 

4.     HEPATICA.     mild. 

Involucre  3-leaved,  1-flowered,  resembling  a  calyx,  entire. 
Sepals  petaloid,  6 — 9,  arranged  in  2  or  3  rows.  Ovaries 
many.     Carpels  without  an  awn.        Polyandria.   Polygynia. 

H.  triloba  Willd.  :  leaves  cordate,  3-lobed  ;  lobes  entire  ;  scape  and 
petioles  hairy. — Anemone  Hepatica  Linn. 

a.  lobes  of  the  leaves  somewhat  acute. — H.  triloba  De  Cand. 

b.  segments  of  the  leaves  acute. — H.  acutiloba  De  Cand. 
d.  lobes  of  the  leaves  obtuse. — H.  americana  De  Cand. 

Hab.  In  woods.  Common  throughout  the  U.  S.  and  N.  to  lat. 
52D.  April,  May.  21. — There  appears  to  be  no  doubt  that  these 
supposed  distinct  species  are  nothing  more  than  varieties.  They 
grow  indiscriminately,  and  the  lobes  of  the  leaves  assume  almost 
every  variety  of  form.  Livenoort. — Early  Anemone. 


RANUNCULACEjE.  7 

5.     HYDRASTIS.     Linn. 

Sepals  3,  ovate.  Petals  none.  Stame?is  and  ovaries  nu- 
merous. Carpels  berry-like,  numerous,  aggregated  in  a  head, 
terminated  by  the  style,  1-celled,  2-seeded. 

Polyandria.  Polygyria. 

H.  canadensis  Linn. 

Hab.  Rocks  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Rare.  May. 
2{. — Stem  6 — 8  inches  high,  with  2  nearly  opposite  leaves  above. 
Leaves  petiolate.  emarginate  at  base,  incisely  serrate.  Flower 
solitary,  pedunculate,  reddish  white.  Fruit  fleshy,  red,  like  that 
of  a  Rubus.  The  root  affords  a  juice  of  a  fine  yellow  colour, 
which  is  used  by  the  Indians  for  staining  skins  and  clothing. 

Yellow  Pucoon. 

6.     RANUNCULUS.     Linn. 

Sepals  5,  not  deciduous.  Petals  5,  rarely  10,  with  a  honey 
scale  at  the  base  on  the  inside.  Stajnetis  and  ovaries  numer- 
ous. Carpels  ovate,  somewhat  compressed,  terminating  in  a 
point  or  horn,  smooth,  striated,  or  tuberculated,  arranged 
in  a  globose  or  cylindric  head,  Polyandria.  Polygyria. 

*   Carpels  transversely  rugose-striate.     Petals  white. 

1.  R.  aquatilis,  var.  eapillaccus  De  Cand.  :  stem  filiform,  floating  ; 
leaves  all  submersed,  divided  into  capillary  diverging  segments  ;  petals 
obovate,  longer  than  the  calyx. — R.  fluviatilis  Wild.     Pursh. 

Hab.  In  streams.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  British  America, 
N.  to  lat.  683.  July,  Aug.  IX. — Stem  long.  Leaves  petioled. 
Floicers  small,  white.  There  are  several  varieties  of  R.  aquati- 
lis, which  have  been  described  as  distinct  species. 

Water  Croufoot. 

**  Carpels  smooth,  ovate,  collected  into  a  roundish  head.     Floicers  yellow. 

t  Leaves  undivided. 

2.  R.  lingua  Linn.  :  leaves  lanceolate,  subserrate,  semiamplexicaul  ; 
stem  erect,  smooth,  succulent,  many-flowered. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  If.-— Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  with  erect  branches.  Leaves  very  long,  linear-lanceolate. 
Flowers  large.  Great  Spearwort. 

3.  R.  flammula  Linn.  :  leaves  glabrous,  linear-lanceolate  or  sub-ovate, 
subentire,  the  lower  ones  petiolate  ;  stem  more  or  less  decumbent,  root- 
ing ;  peduncles  opposite  to  the  leaves. — R.  flammula,  var.  major  Hoof,. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to.  Virg.  July,  Sept.  21. — Stem  12—18 
inches  high,  succulent.  Flowers  smaller  than  in  the  former. — 
Said  to  be  a  powerful  and  speedy  emetic.  Small  Spearwort, 

4.  R.  reptans  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  entire,  remote,  smooth  ;  stem 
filiform,  creeping,  jointed  ;  joints  1-flowered. — R.  filiformis  Mich. — R. 
reptans, vzr.jiliformis  DeCand.  Torr. — R. flammula,  var. fll^vrmis  Hook. 


8  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  River  banks.  N.  S.  and  N.  to  Labrador.  July,  Aug. 
21. — A  very  delicate  species. — Stem  6 — 12  inches  long.  Flowers 
small.  Fruit  very  smooth.  Although  coming  from  such  high 
authority,  I  cannot  yet  adopt  the  opinion  of  Dr.  Hooker  that 
this  plant  is  a  mere  variety  of  R.  jlammula.  From  a  comparison 
of  specimens,  I  am  satisfied  that  our  plant  is  identical  with  the 
foreign  R.  reptans.  Filiform  Croicfoot. 

5.  R.  pusillus  Pursh  :  leaves  petioled  ;  lower  ones  ovate,  subdentate  ; 
upper  ones  linear-lanceolate  ;  stems  many,  erect  ;  pedicels  opposite  to 
the  leaves,  solitary,  1-flowered. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  J.  to  S.  Car.  June — Aug.  It. — Stems 
6 — 12  inches  high,  weak.  Flowers  small,  pale-yellow. — Distin- 
guished from  R.  jlammula  by  its  smaller  size,  and  by  its  lower 
leaves  being  ovate. 

6.  R.  cymbalaria  Pursh  :  stems  sarmentose  filiform  ;  leaves  petiolate, 
smooth,  somewhat  fleshy,  cordate,  reniform  or  ovate,  coarsely  crenate  ; 
scapes  naked,  elongated,  3-flowered  ;  petals  linear,  as  long  as  the  ca- 
lyx ;  carpels  striate. — R.  cymbalaria,  var.  americanus  De  Cand. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  Mass.  Can.  to  lat.  68°  N.  and  from 
Hudson's  Bay  to  the  summits  of  the  Rocky  mountains.  July, 
Aug.  2£. — Scapes  2 — 6  inches  high.  Flowers  small.  Fruit  ob- 
long. Its  runners  are  very  properly  compared  by  Dr.  Smith,  to 
those  of  the  garden  strawberry.  Sea  Crowfoot. 

tt  Leaves  divided. 

7.  R.  auricomus  Linn.  :  leaves  smooth  ;  radical  ones  petioled,  cor- 
date, mostly  3-parted  orlobed  ;  cauline  ones  sessile,  divided  into  linear, 
entire  or  subdentate  lobes  ;  calyx  pubescent,  shorter  than  the  petals, 
spreading. 

Hab.  Woods  and  meadows.  Penn.  Pursh.  May,  June.  21. — 
Stem  a  foot  or  more  high.  Floicers  middle  sized.  Pursh,  I  believe, 
is  the  only  authority  for  this  as  an  American  species. 

Wood  Crowfoot. 

8.  JR.  abortivus  Linn.  :  leaves  smooth  ;  radical  ones  petiolate,  cor- 
date-orbiculate,  crenate,  sometimes  3-parted  ;  stem  leaves  ternate  and 
3 — 5  cleft,  with  linear  segments  ;  upper  ones  sessile  ;  calyx  a  little 
longer  than  the  petals,  reflexed. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  July,  Aug. 
21. — Stem  a  foot  high.  Leaves  very  variously  dissected,  mostl}' 
smooth,  sometimes  pubescent.  Floicers  small,  yellow,  the  pe- 
tals being  sometimes  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  Carpels  com- 
pressed, forming  an  ovate  or  nearly  globose  head.  R.  nitidus  of 
Walter,  is  a  variety  of  this  species,  differing  only  in  size,  being 
nearly  twice  as  large. 

9.  i?.  sceleratus  Linn.  :  leaves  smooth  ;  radical  ones  petioled,  3-part- 
ed, the  segments  lobed  ;  cauline  ones  3-lobed,  lobes  oblong,  linear,  en- 
tire ;  calyx  smooth  ;  carpels  small,  numerous,  forming  an  oblong  head. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  From  lat.  67°  N.  to  S.  Car.  May— Aug. 
11. — Stem  a  foot  high,  branched,  succulent.  Flowers  small. 
The  plant  is  almost  entirely  glabrous.        Celery  leaved  Crowfoot. 


RANUNCULACEiE.  9 

10.  R.  iacustris  Beck  and  Tracy:  stem  elongated  ;  emersed  leaves 
reniform,  3 — many  parted  ;  submersed  ones  cleft  into  numerous  capilla- 
ry segments  ;  petals  5—8,  obovate,  twice  as  long  as  the  sepals ;  nec- 
tary concave  ;  fruit  subglobose. — R.  multifidus  Pursh. — R.  PurshiiHook. 

Hab.  Stagnant  waters.  N.  S.  N.  to  near  the  Arctic  Sea.  W.  to 
the  Rocky  mountains.  May,  June.  If. — Stem  3 — 4  feet 
long.  Flowers  large,  shining,  bright  yellow.  When  the  plant 
grows  in  water  the  leaves  are  divided  into  capillary  segments,  but 
when  found  on  muddy  banks  they  are  often  rounded  or  reni- 
form, and  divided  into  only  3 — 5  blunt  segments.  Hence  the 
reason  why  this  plant  has  been  made  the  basis  of  several  dis- 
tinct species.  I  should  observe  that  the  more  common  state  of 
it  was  for  a  long  time  mistaken  by  our  botanists  for  R.  fluviait- 
Us;  as  was  first  shown  by  Mr.  James  G.  Tracy  and  myself,  in 
1822.  (N.  Y.  Mai  $  Plnjs.  Jour.  J  The  name  R.  multijidvs, 
applied  to  it  by  Pursh.  had  previously  been  appropriated  by  Sir 
J.  E.  Smith  to  a  totally  distinct  species  from  Egypt.  De  Can- 
dolle  gives  a  new  name  to  the  Egyptian  plant,  retaining  Pursh' s 
name  for  the  present  one  ;  while  Dr.  Hooker  unites  several  sup- 
posed distinct  species  under  the  name  of  R.  Purshii.  On  the 
whole  I  have  thought  best  to  retain  the  name  imposed  by  us  : 
though  an  attentive  examination  has  satisfied  me  that  the  plant 
is  much  more  variable  than  I  had  formerly  supposed. 

11.  7?.  acris  Linn.:  leaves  mostly  pubescent,  3-parted ;  lobes  incise- 
ly  toothed,  acute  ;  upper  ones  linear ;  stem  erect,  many-flowered,  sub- 
pubescent  ;  peduncles  terete,  not  furrowed ;  calyx  spreading,  sub-vil- 
lose  ;  carpels  terminated  by  nearly  a  straight  point. 

Hab.  Meadows.  N.  S.  May — Aug.  H. — Stc?yi  varying  much 
in  height,  mostly  hairy.  Flowers  bright  yellow,  shining.  A 
specimen  in  the  herbarium  of  Dr.  T.  R.  Beck,  labelled  by  Muh- 
lenberg R.  saniculaformis,  is  identical  with  the  present  species. 

Mcadoio  Crowfoot. 

12.  R.  repens  Linn. :  leaves  temate  ;  leafets  wedgeform,  3-lobed,  in- 
cisely  dentate  ;  central  one  petiolate  ;  main  stems  prostrate ;  flowering 
ones  erect ;  peduncles  furrowed  ;  calyx  pilose,  spreading ;  carpels  with 
a  straight  point. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  June—Sept.  1£. — Plant 
increasing  by  runners.  Floiccring  stems  erect,  1 — 2  feet  high. 
Flowers  middle  sized.  I  am  disposed  to  unite  with  this  species 
R.  nitidus  of  Muhlenberg  and  Hooker. 

13.  R,  clintonii  Beck:  somewhat  hairy  ;  stems  creeping  and  rooting 
at  each  of  the  joints  ;  lower  leaves  on  long  petioles,  temate  ;  leafets 
toothed  and  incised,  cuneate,  terminal  one  petioled  ;  floral  leaves  in- 
cised or  linear  ;  peduncle  1 — 3  flowered  ;  petals  rounded  ;  calyx 
spreading  :  carpels  margined,  with  a  short  uncinate  style. — R.  prostra- 
tes Eat. 

Hab.  Banks  of  the  canal  near  Rome.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  June, 
July.  11. — Much  smaller  than  R.  repens,  at  least  of  American 
botanists,  in  all  its  parts  except  the  flower,  which  is  of  a  bright 
yellow  and  about  as  large   as  that   of  R.  acris.     Leaves  seldom 


10  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

more  than  1  1-2  inches  in  length,  and  about  the  same  in  breadth. 
Stems  distinctly  creeping  like  that  of  R.  reptans;  flowering 
ones  6 — 8  inches  high.  Style  short  and  hooked.  Whole  plant 
somewhat  hairy.  I  have  named  this  species,  which  I  must  be- 
lieve to  be  quite  distinct,  in  token  of  my  friendship  for  G.  W. 
Clinton,  Esq.  It  is  undoubtedly  the  same  plant  which  is  des- 
cribed by  Prof.  Eaton  in  his  Manual  of  Botany,  (5th  ed. )  under 
the  name  of  R.  prostratus  of  Lamarck.  But  that  species,  if  in- 
deed it  exists,  is  a  very  obscure  one,  and  has  heretofore  been 
found  only  in  the  neighborhood  of  Paris.  De  Candolledoes  not 
mention  it  in  his  Prodromus,  and  Sprengel  places  it  as  a  syno- 
nym under  R.  repens.  Syst.  Veg.  ii.  556.  The  only  description 
of  it  that  I  have  met  with  is  in  the  elaborate  article  Ranunculus, 
in  Rees'  Cyclopaedia,  from  the  pen  of  the  late  Sir  James  Edward 
Smith. 

14.  R.  hispidus  Mich. :  erect,  branched  ;  stem  and  petioles  with  stiff 
spreading  hairs  ;  leaves  ternate  or  3-parted  ;  leafets  or  segments  acute- 
ly lobed  ;  pubescence  of  the  pedicels  appressed  ;  calyx  hairy,  at  length 
reflexed  ;  carpels  in  a  globose  head,  margined,  compressed,  smooth  ; 
style  very  short  and  straight. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  lat.  67°  and  from  Hud- 
son's Bay  to  the  Pacific.  June — Aug.  2L — Stem  18  inches 
high,  very  hairy ;  Loicer  leaves  on  long  petioles ;  upper  ones 
nearly  sessile ;  leafets  nearly  all  petioled,  3-cleft  or  3-parted,  at- 
tenuate at  base.     Flowers  about  the  size  of  R.  acris. 

Hairy  Crowfoot. 

15.  R.  pennsylvanicus  Linn. :  stem  erect  and  with  the  petioles  cover- 
ed with  stiff  spreading  hairs  ;  leaves  ternate,  villous;  segments  subpe- 
tiolate,  acutely  3-lobed,  incisely  serrate  ;  calyx  reflexed  ;  carpels  with 
a  short  straight  style,  collected  in  an  oblong  head. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  From  the  Arctic  regions  to  Geor.  July, 
Aug.  If. — Stem  18  inches  high.  Flowers  large.  Distinguish- 
ed from  R.  hispidus,  to  which  it  is  most  nearly  allied,  by  its  ob- 
long head  of  fruit,  and  by  its  still  shorter  style. 

16.  R.  recurvatus  Pursh  :  stem  erect  and  with  the  petioles  covered 
with  spreading  hairs  ;  leaves  3-parted,  hairy  ;  segments  oval,  subincis- 
ed  ;  the  lateral  ones  2-lobed  ;  calyx  reflexed;  petals  lanceolate  ;  car- 
pels uncinate. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  from  Labrador  to 
the  Columbia  river.  June — Aug.  If.. — Stem  12 — 15  inches 
high.     Floicers  small,  pale  yellow. 

17.  R.fascicularis  Muhl.  :  stem  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  on  long  pe- 
tioles, pubescent,  ternate  ;  the  middle  segment  deeply  3-cleft  ;  lateral 
remotely  3-lobed  ;  calyx  spreading,  shorter  than  the  petals,  villous  ; 
nectary  flat,  wedgeform  ;  pericarps  rounded,  compressed,  collected  into 
a  globose  head. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  S.  and  Can.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.  If. 
— Root  fascicled.  Flowers  large.  Varies  considerably  in  the  form 


I 


RANUNCULACEiE.  11 

of  its  leaves,  which  are  however  always  much  more  compound 
than  is  usual  in  this  genus. 

18.  R.  marylandicus  Poir. :  stem  erect,  somewhat  branched  and  with 
the  petioles  soft  hairy  ;  leaves  smoothish,  ternate  ;  leafets  3-lobed  ; 
lobes  oblong,  acute,  incisely  toothed  ;  calyx  smooth,  spreading,  shor- 
ter than  the  petals  ;  pericarps  compressed,  with  a  straight  acuminate 
style. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Virg.  May— July.  H.— Flowers  pale 
yellow.     Pursh. 

19.  R.  bvlbosus  Linn. :  hairy  ;  radical  leaves  ternate,  on  long  peti- 
oles ;  leafets  petiolate,  3-cleft,  the  segments  narrow,  incisely  toothed ; 
stem  erect,  bulbous  at  the  base  ;  calyx  reflexed,  hairy  ;  petals  obcor- 
date,  shorter  than  the  sepals. 

Hab.  Meadows.  May — Aug.  11. — Stem  8 — 15  inches  high. 
Flmcers  large,  bright  yellow.  Medicinal.  Sec  Big.  Med.  Bot. 
iii.  61.  »  Buttercups. 

***   Carpels  aculeate  or  tuber  cidatc. 

20.  R.  hirsutus  Curt.  :  leaves  ternate  or  3-lobed  ;  lobes  obtuse,  in- 
cisely-toothed,  middle  one  pedunculate  ;  calyx  reflexed  ;  stem  not  bul- 
bous at  the  base  ;  carpels  with  a  single  row  of  small  tubercles  on  their 
margins. — R.  philonotis  Pursh. 

Hab.  Wet  fields.  Conn,  and  Penn.  June — Oct.  11. — This  has 
probably  been  confounded  with  some  other  species  ;  but  it  dif- 
fers from  all  our  northern  ones,  by  its  tuberculate  carpels. 

7.     CALTHA.     Linn. 

Calyx  coloured,  with  5  roundish  sepals  resembling  petals. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  numerous.  Capsules  5 — 10,  com- 
pressed, spreading,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

Polyandria.  Polygyria. 

1.  C.  palustris  Linn.:  stem  succulent,  erect  ;  leaves  cordate,  subor- 
bicular,  obtusely  crenate,  petiolate  ;  flowers  large,  pedunculate  ;  se- 
pals ovate. 

Hab.  In  bogs.  N.  S.  and  Can.  Labrador  to  the  Columbia  ri- 
ver. April,  May.  2J.. — Stem  afoot  high,  dichotomous.  Leaves 
large  and  shining.     Flowers  peduncled,  large  yellow. 

Marsh  Marigold. 

2.  C.  inicgerrima  Pursh  :  stem  erect,  corymbose  ;  leaves  orbicular- 
cordate,  very  entire,  with  the  sinus  closed  ;  floral  ones  sessile,  reni- 
form,  obsoletely  crenate  at  the  base  ;  sepals  oval,  obtuse. 

Hab.  Boggy  meadows.  N.  S.  May — July.  Lf. — Flowers  co- 
rymbose, smaller  than  No.  1.     Sepals  very  obtuse. 

3.  C.  parnassi/olia  Rqf. :  stem  erect,  1-flowered,  1-leaved ;  radical 
leaves  petiolate,  lanceolate-cordate,  obtuse,  many-nerved  ;  sepalf 
elliptical. — C.  Jicaroides  Pursh. — Ranunculus  fiearia  Walt. 


12  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.     Cedar  swamps.     N.  J.  to  Car.     June,   July.     11. — Floxo*^ 
ers  deep  yellow,  middle  sized. 

4.  C.  JhbeUifolia  Pursh  :  stem  procumbent,  many-flowered  ;  leaves 
dilated-reniform  ;  lobes  widely  spreading,  coarsely  and  acutely  tooth- 
ed ;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered  ;  sepals  obovate  ;  capsules 
uncinate. 

Hab.  Sand  spring,  on  Pokono  mountain.  Penn.  Pursh.  July, 
Aug.  11. — Ste?n  a  foot  high.  Flowers  yellow,  middle  sized. 
Allied  to  C.  natans  found  in  Canada  and  in  Siberia. 

8.     TROLLIUS.     Linn. 

Sepals  coloured,  5 — 10 — 15,  deciduous,  petaloid.  Petals 
6 — 20,  small.  Capsules  many,  subcylindrical,  sessile,  many- 
seeded.  Polyandria.  Polygyria. 

T.  americamts  Muhl.  :  leaves  palmate  ;  sepals  5 — 10,  spreading  ; 
petals  5 — 10,  shorter  than  the  stamens. — T.  laxus  Pursh. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Western  part  of  N.  Y.  Penn.  W.  to  the 
Rocky  mountains.  May — July.  H. — Stem  a  foot  or  more 
high.  Flowers  terminal,  large,  yellow.  Probably  often  mistaken 
for  a  species  of  Ranunculus. 

9.     COPTIS.     Salisb. 

Sepals  5 — 6,  coloured,  petaloid,  deciduous.  Petals  small, 
cucullate.  Stamens  20 — 25.  Capsules  6 — 10,  on  long 
stalks,  membranous,  4 — 6  seeded.     Polyandria.  Polygynia. 

C.  trifolia  Salisb.  :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  ternate  ;  leafets  obovate, 
obtuse,  toothed  or  obscurely  3-lobed  ;  scape  1-flowered. — Helleborus  tri- 
folius  Linn. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  S.  and  Can.  May — July.  21.— Scape  4— 6 
inches  high.  Flowers  white.  It  affords  a  bitter  infusion  and  a 
yellow  dye.— See  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  60.—  Kaf.  Med.  Fl.  i.  127. 

Gold  Thread. 

10.     AQUILEGIA.     Linn. 

Sepals  5,  deciduous,  petaloid.  Petals  5,  bilabiate  above, 
drawn  out  into  a  spur  at  base.  Capsules  5,  distinct,  many 
seeded,  with  acuminate  styles.  Polyandria.  Pentagynia. 

A.  canadensis  Linn.  :  spurs  straight  ;  styles  and  stamens  exserted  ; 
sepals  somewhat  acute,  a  little  longer  than  the  petals  ;  segments  of  the 
leaves  3-parted,  rather  obtuse,  incisely  toothed. 

Hab.     Rocks.     Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.     April,    May. 

11. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,   branched  above.     Leaves  glaucous  ; 

radical  ones  biternate,   the  upper  ones  becoming  gradually  more 

.  simple.     Flowers  yellow  and  scarlet.  Wild  Columbine. 


RANUNCULACE.E.  13 

11.     DELPHINIUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  deciduous,  petaloid,  irregular,  the  upper  sepal  pro- 
duced downward  into  a  spur.  Petals  4  ;  2  upper  ones  horned 
behind.     Capsules  1 — 5.  Volyandria.  Di-Pcntagynia. 

'   VapsvlesS — 5.     Petals  free.     Pcrenni./I. 

1.  D.  azurcnm  Mich.  :  petioles  a  little  dilated  at  the  base  ;  leaves 
3 — 5  parted,  many-cleft,  lobes  linear  ;  raceme  erect  ;  petals  densely 
bearded  at  the  apex  ;  flowers  on  short  pedicels. 

II  \n.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  21.— Stem  2 
feet  high.     Flowers  large,  blue. 

2.  ]).  craltatuin  Ait.  :  petioles  not  dilated  at  the  base  :  leaves  flat. 
3 — 7  cleft  beyond  the  middle  ;  lobes  wedgeform,  3-cleft  at  the  apex, 
acuminate  :  lateral  ones  often  2-lobed  ;  raceme  erect  :  spur  straight, 
as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  capsules  3. — D.  tridactuhtm  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  S.  Tart.  Car.  Miss.  May.  U .—Stem  8  feet 
high.     Flowers  large,  light  blue. 

Capsule  1.     Petals  united.     Annual. 

3.  D.  censoUda  Linn.;  stem  erect,  somewhat  glabrou:-.  divaricately 
branched  :  flowers  few.  in  lax  racemes  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the 
bracts  ;  capsule  smooth. 

Hah.  Near  cultivated  grounds.  June.  fp. — Stem  (1  feet  high. 
Flowers  blue.     Introduced.  Larkspur. 

12.     ACONITUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  petaloid,  irregular,  deciduous,  or  marcescent ;  upper 
sepal  concave,  helmet-Form.  Petals  (nectaries)  2,  with  long 
claws,  (on  peduncles)  hooded,  recurved.     Capsules  3 — 5. 

Pulyandria.  Di-Pcntagynia. 

A.uneinatumLinn. :  panicle  rather  loose,  with  divergent  branches; 
era  lea  exactly  conical  ;  spur  inclined,  somewhat  spiral  :  styles  3 — 5  ; 
leaves  3-lobed  ;  lobes  equal. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  Sept.  If. — Stem  twining, 
branching.  Leaves  coriaceous,  deeply  3-lobed.  Flowers  3 — 4, 
near  the  summit  of  each  branch,  large,  purple.  De  Candolle 
notices  two  American  varieties  of  this  species. 

13.     ACTjEA.     Linn. 

Calyx  deciduous,  4  sepalled.  Petals  4.  Carpels  many 
seeded.  Polyandria.  Di-Pcntagynia. 

*   Carpels  dry,  dehiscent. 
1.  A.  racemosa  Linn.  :  leaves  ternately  decompound  ;   leafets  ovate- 
oblong,  dentate  and  incised  ;  racemes  panicled,  very  long  ;  flowers 

2 


14  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

with  1-style. — A.  monogyna  Walt. — Cimicifuga    seipentaria  Pursli. — C. 
raccmosa  Nutt.  and  Torr. — Macrotys  serpentaria  Raf.  and  Eat. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  U-Stcm  4—5  feet 
high.  Racemes  6 — 10  inches  long,  somewhat  panicled.  Flow- 
ers nearly  white.     Has  a  very  fetid  smell.     Medicinal. 

Black  Snake-root. 
**    Carpel  1,  not  dehiscent. 

2.  A.  rubra  ft'illd. :  leaves  twice  and  thrice  ternate  ;  raceme  hemis- 
pherical ;  petals  shorter  than  the  stamens,  acute  ;  pedicels  of  the  fruit 
smaller  than  the  peduncle  ;  berries  shining,  red,  many  seeded. — A. 
spicata  Mich. — A.  brachijpetala  De  Cand. — A.  americana,  var.  rubra  Pursh. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  U.—Stcm  2  feet  high.  Floic- 
crs  white.     Berries  red  and  shining.  Red  Cohosh. 

3.  ^4.  alba  Big.  :  leaves  twice  and  thrice  ternate  ;  raceme  oblong  ; 
petals  equal  to  the  stamens  ;  pedicels  of  the  fruit  as  large  as  the  pe- 
duncle; berries  white,  few-seeded. — A.  spicata,  var.  alba  Mich. — A.  ame- 
ricana, var.  alba  Pursh. — A.  pachyppda  Ell. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  Z£. — Pedicels  shorter  and 
thicker  than  in  the  preceding.  Berries  milk-white,  tipt  with 
red,  smaller  than  in  A.  rubra. 

14.     ZANTHORIZA.     Linn. 

Calyx  deciduous,  5-sepalIed.  Petals  5.  Capsule  2 — 3 
seeded,  by  abortion  1-seeded.  Pentandria.   Polygynia. 

Z.  apiifolia  L'  Her  it. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.     Penn.  to  Geor.   May.  T?. — Surfruticose. 

Root  large,  yellow.     Stem  2 — 3  feet   high.  Leaves  bipinnate. 

Flowers  in  panicles,  dark  purple.  Yellow  Root. 

Order  II.     MAGNOLIACEjE.     De  Cand.     Und. 

Sepals  3 — 6,  deciduous.  Petals  3 — 27,  bypogynous,  in 
several  rows.  Stamens  indefinite,  distinct,  bypogynous.  An- 
thers adnate,  long.  Ovaries  numerous,  simple,  arranged  up- 
on the  torus  above  the  stamens,  1-celled.  Style  short.  Stig- 
ma simple.  Fruit  either  dry  or  succulent,  consisting  of  nu- 
merous carpels,  which  are  arranged  upon  an  elongated  axis. 
Seeds  solitary  or  several,  attached  to  the  inner  edge  of  the 
carpels.     Embryo  minute,  at  the  base  of  a  fleshy  albumen. 

Trees  or  Shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  coriaceous.  Flowers 
large,  solitary,  often  odoriferous. 

1.     MAGNOLIA.     Linn. 

Sepals  5.  Petals  6 — 9.  Carpels  2-valved,  1-seeded,  im- 
bricated in  a  cone.     Seeds  pendulous,  arillate. 

Polyandria.  Polygynia, 


ANONACE.C.  15 

1.  M.  glauca  Linn.  :   loaves  perennial,  elliptical,    obtuse,   petiolate, 

glaucous  beneath  ;  flowers  9 — 12  petalled  ;  petals  obovate,  concave. 

Hab.     Swamps.     N.   J.  to  Car.     May,  June. — A  shrub  or  small 

tree    with     whitish  bark.       Floiccrs   solitary,    terminal,  white, 

odorous.  Sweet  Bay. 

•J.  M.  acuminata  Linn.:  leaves  deciduous,  oval,  acuminate,  pubes- 
cent beneath  ;  flowers  6 — 9  petalled  ;  petals  obovate,  somewhat  ob- 
tuse. 

Hah.  Mountains.  Perm,  to  Car.  June.  July.  A  middle  sized 
tree,  sometimes,  however,  attaining  the  height  of  70  feet.  Floic- 
crs of  a  dull  yellow  colour,  about  the  size  of  those  of  M.  glauca* 

Cucumber  Tree. 

3.  M.  tripetala  Linn. ;  leaves  deciduous,  cuneate-lanceolate,  acute, 
silky  when  young  ;  petals  9.  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  the  outer  ones  re- 
flected.— M.  umbrella  Lam. 

Hab.  Mountain  woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  June.— A  small  tree 
with  irregular  branches  and  very  large  leaves  and  flowers. 

Umbrella  Tree. 

2.    LIRIODENDROX.     Linn. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6.  Carpels  (Samara)  imbricated  in  a 
cone,  1 — 2  seeded,  not  opening,  attenuated. 

Polyandria.  Polygyria. 
L.  tuUpifera  Linn. 

Woods.  Throughout  the  Y.  S.  July.  One  of  the  largest 
i  reea  of  our  forest.  Leaves  alternate,  3-lobed  ;  the  middle  lobe 
truncate.  Floiccrs  solitary,  large,  of  a  dull  yellow  colour.  Ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Darlington  there  are  two  varieties  of  this  species, 
differing  chiefly  in  the  colour  and  texture  of  the  wood  ;  the  one 
being  yellow  and  the  other  white.  The  yellow  is  the  most  val- 
uable, but  both  are  employed  extensively  by  cabinet  makers. 
The  bark  is  a  valuable  tonic,  &c.  See  Bi<r.  a\  Bart.  Med.  Bot. 
Dr.  P.  K.  Roger's  hum  (rural  Thesis,  Phi  I  ml.  1803.  Dr.  Emmet 
has  found  its  virtues  to  reside  in  a  principle  which  he  denomi- 
nates liriodendrine.     See  Jour.  Phil.  Coll.  of  Phar. 

Tulip  Tree.      White  Wood. 

Order  III.     ANOXACEjE.     De  Cand.     hind. 

Sepals  3 — 1,  persistent,  usually  partly  cohering.  Petals 
6,  hypogynous,  in  two  rows,  coriaceous.  Stamens  indefinite, 
covering  a  large  hypogynous  torus,  packed  closely  together, 
very  rarely  definite.  Filaments  short,  more  or  less  angular. 
Anthers  adnate,  turned  outwards,  with  an  enlarged  4-cornered 
connectivum.  Ovaries  mostly  numerous.  Styles  short. 
Stigmas  simple.  Fruit  consisting  of  a  number  of  carpels. 
Seeds  attached  to  the  suture  in  one  or  two  rows  ;  embryo  mi- 
nute, in  the  base  of  a  hard,  fleshy  albumen. 


16  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Trees  or  Shrubs,  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  almost  always 
entire,  without  stipules.     Flowers  usually  green  or  brown. 

1.     ASIMINA.     De  Cand. 

Calyx  3-parted.  Petals  6,  spreading,  ovate-oblong  ;  in- 
ner ones  smallest.  Anthers  many,  subsessile.  Berries  usu- 
ally 3,  ovate  or  oblong,  sessile.      Seeds  many. 

Polyandria.   Polygyria. 

A.  triloba  De  Cand.  :  leaves  oblong,  crenate,  acuminate,  and  with 
the  branches  smoothish  ;  flowers  on  short  peduncles  ;  outer  petals 
roundish  ovate,  4  times  as  long  as  the  calyx. — Anona  triloba  Linn. — 
Orckidocarpum  arietinum  Mich. — Porcclia  triloba  Pursh. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  April. — 
A  small  tree  15  or  20  feet  high.  Floicers  solitary,  dark-brown. 
Fruit  large,  fleshy,  eatable,  sweetish.  Papaic  Tree. 

Order  IV.     MENISPERMACEjE.     Be  Cand.     land. 

Floicers  diclinous,  usually  dioecious  and  very  small.  Se- 
pals and  petals  confounded  in  one  or  several  rows,  each  of 
which  is  composed  of  3  or  4  parts,  hypogynous,  deciduous. 
Stamens  monodelphous  or  occasionally  distinct,  sometimes 
opposite  the  petals  and  equal  to  them  in  number,  sometimes 
3  or  4  times  as  many.  Anthers  adnate.  Ovaries  sometimes 
numerous,  each  with  one  style,  cohering  slightly  at  base, 
sometimes  completely  soldered  together  into  a  many  celled 
body.  Drupes  mostly  berried,  1-seeded,  compressed.  Seed 
same  shape  as  the  fruit ;  embryo  curved  ;  albumen  wanting  or 
small  ;  cotyledons  flat. 

Shrubs,  with  a  flexible  tough  tissue  and  sarmentaceous 
habit.     Leaves  alternate.     Flowers  small,  usually  racemose. 

1.     MENISPERMUM.     Linn. 

Sepals  and  petals  arranged  in  fours,  2  or  3  rowed.  Ster- 
ile Fl.  Stamens  16-— 20.  Fertile  Fl.  Ovaries  2—4. 
Drupe  berried,  roundish-reniform,  1-seeded. 

Dioecia.  Monadelphia. 

M.  Canadense  Linn.:  leaves  peltate,  somewhat  glabrous,    cordate, 
obtusely  angled,  mucronate  ;  racemes  solitary,  compound  ;  petals  8. 
Hab.     Banks   of  streams.      Can.   to   Car.      July.       Tj.— Varies 
somewhat  in  the  angles  of  the  leaves.     Stem  climbing.     Floicers 
greenish  yellow.     Berries  black,  resembling  grapes. 

Moon-Seed. 


BERBERIDEiE.  17 

Order  V.     BERBERIDEjE.     Be  Cand.     Lind. 

Sepals  3 — 4 — 6,  deciduous,  in  a  double  row,  surrounded 
externally  by  petaloid  scales.  Petals  hypogynous,  either 
equal  to  the  sepals  in  number  and  opposite  to  them,  or  twice 
as  many,  generally  with  an  appendage  at  the  base  in  the  in- 
side. Stamens  equal  in  number  to  the  petals,  and  opposite  to 
them  ;  anthers  generally  with  two  separated  cells,  opening 
elastically  with  a  valve  from  the  bottom  to  the  top.  Ova- 
ry solitary,  1-celled  ;  style  rather  lateral  ;  stigma  orbicular. 
Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule.  Seeds  1,  2  or  3,  attached  to  the 
bottom  of  the  cell  on  one  side  ;  cotyledons  flat. 

Shrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  compound,  without  sti- 
pules. 

1.  BERBERIS.     Linn. 

Sepals  6.  Petals  6,  with  2  glands  upon  their  claws.  Sta- 
mens without  teeth,  or  with  2 — 3  teeth.  Berry  2 — 3  seeded. 
Seeds  2,  rarely  3,  inserted  laterally  at  the  base  of  the  cell. 

Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

B.  vulgaris  Linn.:  spines  3-parted  ;  leaves  simple,  obovate,  attenu- 
ate at  base,  ciliate-serrate  ;  racemes  many  flowered,  pendulous  ;  petals 
entire. — B.  canadensis  Pursh.     Nutt. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  April,  May. 
Yp. — A  shrub,  4 — 6  feet  high.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  in  pen- 
dulous racemes,  yellow.  Berries  red,  of  an  agreeable  acid.  Ex- 
actly similar  to  the  European  plant.  Barberry. 

2.  LEONTICE.    Linn. 

Sepals  6,  naked  without.  Petals  6,  bearing  a  scale  at  the 
base.  Capsule  2 — 4  seeded.  Seeds  globose,  inserted  into 
the  bottom  of  the  capsule.  Hexandria.    Monogynia. 

L.  thalictr o ides  Linn. :  cauline  leaf  solitary,  bi-tritenate:  leafets  2 — 3 
lobed  ;  flowers  paniculate  from  the  centre  of  the  leaves. — CaidopJiyllnm 
'halictroidcs  Mich. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  April, 
May.  li. — Stem  a  foot  high.  Flowers  small,  greenish-yellow. 
Berries  deep  blue,  globose,  contracted  below  into  a  long  stipitate 
base.     Whole  plant  turns  almost  black  in  drying.  Cohosh. 

Order  VI.     PODOPHYLLE^.     Lind. 

Sepals  3 — 4,  deciduous  or  persistent.  Petals  in  two,  three 
or  more  rows,  each  of  which  is  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals. 

2* 


18  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Stamens  hypogynous,  12 — 18,  arranged  in  two,  three  or  more 
rows  ;  anthers  linear,  oval,  turned  inwards.  Stigma  some- 
what peltate.  Fruit  succulent  or  capsular,  1-celled.  Seeds 
indefinite  ;  embryo  small. 

Herbs.  Leaves  broad  lobed.  Flowers  radicals,  solitary, 
white. 

1.  PODOPHYLLUM.    Linn. 

Sepals  3.  Petals  6 — 9.  Stamens  12 — 18.  Stigma  large, 
subsessile,  peltate.  Berry  somewhat  fleshy,  not  dehiscent. 
Seeds  many.  Polyandria.    Monogynia. 

P. }) citatum  Linn.:  stem  erect.  2-leaved,  1  -flowered  ;  fruit  ovate. 
Hab.  Wooda.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  May.  U  — 
Stein  a  foot  high,  2-leaved,  1 -flowered.  Leaves  large,  peltate, 
lobed.  Floiccrs  solitary,  white,  pendulous.  Fruit  large,  ovate, 
crowned  with  the  persistent  stigma.  Known  under  the  name  of 
May-apple.  Its  root  is  often  used  as  a  substitute  for  jalap.  Sec 
Bier.  ^.  Bart.  Med.  Bot.  and  Schncck's  Exper.  Inq.  fyc.  N.  Y. 
Med.  4-  Phys.  Jour.  ii.  30. 

2.  JEFFERSONIA.    Bert. 

Sepals  4.  Petals  S.  Capsule  obovate,  semicircularly  de- 
hiscent.     Seeds  many,  arillate  at  base. 

Octandria.    Monogynia, 
J.  diphylla  Pers. : — J.  bartonis  Mich. 

Hab.  N.  Y.  Penn.  Virg.  and  Tenn.  May.  Ii. — Scape  a  foot 
high.  Leaf  binnate,  petioled.  Floiccr  terminal,  solitary,  large, 
white,  resembling  that  ofSanguinaria.  Capsule  large,  coriaceous. 
Seeds  shining,  oblong. 

Order  VII.     HYDROPELTIDEvE.     hind. 

Sepals  3  or  4,  coloured  inside.  Petals  3  or  4,  alternate 
with  the  sepals.  Stamens  definite  or  indefinite,  hypogynous, 
arising  from  an  obscure  torus  ;  anthers  linear,  turned  inwards, 
continuous  with  the  filament.  Ovaries  2  or  more.  Fruit  in- 
dehiscent,  tipped  by  the  indurated  style.  Seeds  definite,  pen- 
dulous ;  embryo  seated  at  the  base  of  a  fleshy  albumen. 

Aquatics,  with  floating  leaves.  Flowers  axillary,  solitary, 
yellow  or  purple. 

1.    HYDROPELTIS.    Mich. 
Calyx  of  3—4  sepals.     Petals  3—4.     Stamens   18—36. 
Ovaries  % — 18.     Seeds  pendulous,  ovate- globose. 

Polyandria,  Polygyria. 


1 


NYMPHMEACEiE.  19 

H.  purpurea  Mich. — Brascnia  peltuta  Pursh. — B.  hydropeltis  Torr. 
Hab.  Lakes  and  ponds.  Can.  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  If. — 
Whole  plant  covered  with  a  viscid  gelatine.  Stem  floating, 
long,  terete,  branched.  Leaves  oval,  peltate,  coriaceous,  very 
entire  and  tinged  with  purple.  Peduncles  solitary,  long,  each 
springing  from  the  side  of  a  petiole.     Floiccrs  purple. 

Water-  Target. 

2.     FLCERKIA.     mild. 

Calyx  of  3  sepals.  Petals  3,  shorter  than  the  sepals.  Style 
bifid.  Pericarp  none.  Seeds  2  or  3,  membraceously  coated, 
superior.  Hexandria.    Monogynia. 

l\  uligmosa  MuJd. — F.pakistris  Nutt. — Nectris  pinnata  Pursh. 

Hab.  Marshes.  Ver.  to  Virg.  April,  May.  0.—  Stcm  de- 
cumbent, terete,  slender,  smooth.  Leaves  somewhat  succulent, 
alternate,  tririd  and  pinna  ti  fid.  with  a  long  petiole.  Peduncles  axil- 
lary, gradually  lengthening.  Floiccrs  small,  white.  Dr.  Torrey. 
in  his  valuable  catalogue  of  North  American  plants,  appended  to 
the  American  edition  of  Lindley's  Introduction  to  the  Natural 
System  of  Botany,  places  this  genus  with  a  mark  of  doubt,  un- 
der the  present  order.  I  have  followed  his  suggestion,  although 
it  is  by  no  means  certain  that  this  is  its  true  place.  Further 
examination  may  prove  that  it  belongs  to  some  other  order, 
or  what  is  more  probable,  that  it  should  be  the  type  of  a  new 
one.  False  Mermaid. 

Order  VIII.     NYMPHjEAC&E.     Be  Cand. 

Sepals  and  petals  numerous,  imbricated,  passing  gradually 
into  each  other.  Stamens  numerous,  sometimes  forming  with 
the  combined  petals,  a  superior  monopetalous  corol ;  fila- 
ments pctaloid  ;  anthers  turned  inwards,  adnate.  Fruit  many- 
celled,  indehiscent.  Seeds  very  numerous.  Embryo  small, 
on  the  outside  of  the  base  of  the  albumen. 

Herbs,  with  peltate  or  cordate  fleshy  leaves  arising  from  a 
prostrate  trunk,  growing  in  quiet  waters. 

1.    NELUMBIUM.    Juss. 

Calyx  petaloid,  of  4 — 6  sepals.  Petals  numerous.  Car- 
pels numerous,  deeply  immersed  in  the  upper  surface  of  a  tur- 
binate receptacle  or  torus,  1-sceded.  Seed  large,  round,  soli- 
tary. Polyandria.  Polygyria. 

N.  lutnnn  Willi. :  corol,  many  petalled  ;  anthers  produced  into  a 
linear  appendage  at  the  extremity  ;  leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  very  entire. 
— Cyamus flavicomus  Salisb.     Pursh. — C.  luteus  Nutt. 

Hab,  Lakes.  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  U-— Leaves 
alternate,  peltate.     Peduncles  very  long,  more  or  less  scabrous. 


20  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 


Flowers  yellowish-'white  and  larger  than  that  produced  by  any 
other  plant  in  North  America,  except  Magnolia  macrophylla. 

Water  Chinquepin, 

2.     NYMPHjEA.     Linn. 

Sepals  at  the  base  of  the  disk.  Petals  and  stamens  con- 
nected with  the  whole  of  the  disk,  which  covers  the  carpels. 

Polyandria.    Monogynia. 

N.  odorata  Ait. :  leaves  floating,  orbicular-cordate,  very  entire  ; 
nerves  and  veins  prominent  ;  calyx  4-leaved,  equal  to  the  petals  ;  stig- 
ma 16 — 20  rayed  ;  rays  erect,  inflexed  at  the  apex. — N.  alba  Walt. 
Mich. 

Hab.  Ponds.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  1[. — Leaves  on  very 
long  petioles.  Flowers  large,  white,  odorous.  N.  minor  of  De 
Candolle  is  probably  only  a  variety  of  this  species.      Pond  Lily. 

3.     NUPHAR.     Smith. 

Sepals,  petals  and  stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk. 

Polyandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  A',  lutea  Smith  :  calyx  with  5  sepals  ;  stigma  entire,  16 — 20  rayed, 
deeply  umbilicate  ;  leaves  cordate,  oval,  lobes  approximate  ;  petioles 
3-sided,  acute-angled. — Nymphaa  lutea  Linn. 

Hab.  In  water.  N.  S.  and  N.  to  lat.  64°.  June.  U.— Sepals 
very  obtuse.  Petals  much  smaller,  truncate.  Confounded  by 
some  of  our  botanists  with  the  next  species,  from  which  it  is 
quite  distinct. 

2.  N.  advena  Ait. :  calyx  6-leaved  ;  petals  numerous,  small  ;  leaves 
cordate,  with  divaricate  lobes  ;  petioles  semicylindrical  ;  fruit  sulcate. 
— Nymphaa  advena  Mich. 

Hab.  In  water.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  If. — Leaves  up- 
right or  floating.     Floiccrs  large,  yellow.  Yelloio  Water  Lily. 

3.  N.  kalmiana  Ait.  :  calyx  5-leaved  ;  stigmas  incised,  8 — 12  rayed  ; 
leaves  cordate,  submersed,  with  approximate  lobes  ;  petioles  terete. — 
Nymphaa  lutea,  var.  kalmiana  Mich. 

Hab.  In  water.  N.  S.  and  Can.  July,  Aug.  Lf . — Leaves  and 
flowers  small.  Kahn's  Hater  Lily. 

Order  IX.     PAPAVERACEvE.     Be  Cand,     hind. 

Sepals  2,  deciduous.  Petals  hypogynous,  either  4,  or 
some  multiple  of  that  number  placed  in  a  cruciate  manner. 
Stamens  either  8,  or  some  multiple  of  4,  generally  very  nume- 
rous. Ovary  1.  Style  short  or  none.  Stigmas  2  or  many. 
Fruit  1-celled,  either  pod-shaped,  with  2  parietal  placentas,  or 
capsular,  with  several  placentae.  Seeds  numerous.  Embryo 
minute,  in  the  base  of  a  fleshy  albumen. 


PAPAVERACE.E.  21 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  alternate, 
more  or  less  divided.     Peduncles  long,  1-flowered. 

1.     ARGEMONE.     Linn. 

Petals  4 — 6.  Stamens  many.  Style  scarcely  any.  Stig- 
ma* 4 — 7,  radiating,  concave,  free.  Capsule  obovate,  1-cell- 
ed  ;  valves  dehiscent  at  the  apex.     Seeds  spherical. 

Pohjandria.  Monogynia. 

A.  mcxicana  Linn. 
Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Perm,  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  -0. 
— Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  branching,  armed  with  prickles,  husoes 
sessile,  pinnatifid,  repand-sinuate,  margins  and  veins  beneath 
armed  with  spines.  Flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  large,  yel- 
low or  white.  Prickly  Poppy. 

2.     SANGUINARIA.     Linn. 

Sejmls  2,  deciduous.  Petals  S — 12.  Stamens  24.  Stig- 
mas 2.  Capsule  oblong,  2-valved,  ventricose  ;  valves  deci- 
duous. Pohjandria.  Monogynia. 

S.  canadensis  Linn. 
Hab.  Woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  April,  May. 
11. — Root  tuberous,  affording  a  bitter  orange  coloured  juice, 
which  contains  a  vegeto-alkaline  principle.  Ideates  radical,  re- 
niform  or  cordate.  Flowers  large,  white,  solitary.  Medicinal. 
Emetic,  Sic.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  75.  Tully  on  Sanguinaria.  Am. 
Med.  Recorder,  vol.  xiii.  Blood  Root. 

3.     MECONOPSIS.     De  Cand. 

Petals  4.  Stamens  many.  Style  short.  Stigmas  4 — 6, 
radiating,  convex,  free.  Capsule  obovate,  1-celled  ;  valves 
4 — G,  dehiscent  at  the  apex.  Polyandria.  Monogynia. 

M.  diphylla  De  Cand. :  leaves  2,  sessile,  hairy  ;  lobes  rounded  and 
obtuse  ;  capsules  4-valved,  echinate. — Chelidonium  diphyUum  Mich. 
Pursh.  —  Stylophorum  diphyllum  Xutt. 

Hab.     Woods.      Penn.    to  111.      May.     11. — Stem   a  foot  high. 
Leaves  glaucous.     Floiccrs  yellow.     Abundant  in  Indiana. 

4.     CHELIDONIUM.     Linn. 

Sepals  2,  glabrous.  Petals  4.  Stamens  many.  Capsule 
elongated,  2-valved,  1-celled  ;  valves  dehiscent  from  the  base 
to  the  apex.     Seeds  several,  furnished  with  a  glandular  crest. 

Polyandria.  Monogynia. 

C.  majus  Linn. :  leaves  pinnate,  glaucous  ;  leafets  roundish,  den- 
tate-lobed  ;  umbels  axillary,  pedunculate  ;  petals  elliptic,  entire. 


22  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  May— Oct.  2L— Stem  12—18  inches 
high.  Flowers  yellow.  Plant  full  of  an  orange  juice.  Probably 
introduced.  Celadine. 

Order.  X.     SARRACENIEJE.     Hook.     Unci 

Sejials  5,  persistent,  often  having  a  3-leaved  involucre  on 
the  outside  ;  (Estivation  imbricate.  Petals  5,  hypogynous  ; 
unguiculate,  concave.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous  ;  an- 
thers oblong,  adnate,  2-celled,  bursting  internally  and  longitu- 
dinally. Ovary  -superior,  5-celled ;  style  single  ;  stigma 
much  dilated,  peltate,  with  5  angles.  Capsule  crowned  by  the 
persistent  stigma,  with  5  cells  and  5  loculicidal  valves.  Seeds 
very  numerous,  minute,  slightly  warted,  covering  5  large  pla- 
centee,  which  project  from  the  axis  into  the  cavity  of  the  cells  ; 
albumen  abundant  ;  embryo  cylindrical,  lying  near  the  base  of 
the  seed,  with  the  radicle  turned  to  the  hilum. 

Herbs  found  in  bogs.  Roots  fibrous.  Leaves  radical  with 
a  hollow  urn-shaped  petiole,  at  the  apex  of  which  is  articula- 
ted the  lamina,  which  covers  the  petiole  like  a  lid.  Scapes 
having  each  one  large  flower. 

1.     SARRACENIA.     Linn. 

Sepals  5,  with  a  3-leaved  involucre.  Petals  5.  'Capsule 
5-celled.     Style  with  a  clypeate  stigma. 

Polyandria.  Monogynia. 

S.  purpurea  Linn. :  leaves  much  shorter  than  the  scape,  inflated, 
contracted  at  the  mouth,  having  a  broad  arched  lateral  wing  ;  appen- 
dix erect,  broad-cordate,  undulate,  not  mucronate, 

Hab.  Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  IX. — 
Scape  1 — 2  feet  high,  with  a  solitary  terminal  purple  flower. 

Side-saddle  Flower. 

Order  XI.     FUMARIACEiE.     De  Cand.     Lind. 

Sepals  2,  deciduous.  Petals  4,  cruciate,  parallel ;  the  two 
outer,  either  one  or  both,  saccate  at  the  base  ;  the  2  inner  cal- 
lous and  coloured  at  the  apex,  where  they  cohere  and  enclose 
the  anthers  and  stigma.  Stamens  6,  in  two  parcels  opposite 
the  outer  petals,  very  seldom  all  separate  ;  anthers  membra- 
nous. Ovary  superior,  1-celled  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  with 
two  or  more  points.     Fruit  either  an  indehiscent  1  or  2  seed- 


FUMARIA.CE.E.  23 

ed  nut,  or  a  2-valved   many  seeded  pod.     Seeds  horizontal. 
Albumen  fleshy.     Embryo  minute. 

Herbs  with  brittle  stems  and  a  watery  juice.  Leaves  usu- 
ally alternate,  many-cleft,  often  with  tendrils.  Fluicers  pur- 
ple, white  or  yellow. 

1.     FUMARIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  of  2  sepala.  Petals  4,  one  gibbous  or  spurred  at 
the  base.  Pouch  ovate  or  globose,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  not 
pointed  with  a  style.  Diadclpkia.  Hexandria. 

F. officinalis  Lena..* stem  suberect;    leaves  bipinnate  and  cleft,  with 

linear  segments  :  racemes   rather  loose  ;   fruit-bearing   pedicels  erect. 

twice  as  long  as  the  bracts  ;   pouch  globose,  smooth,  somewhat  retuse. 

H ar.     Sandy  helds.     N.  S.     July.   Aug.       .  . — Stem  a  foot  high. 

Flowers  rose-coloured.     Introduced.  Fumitory. 

2.     DICLYTRA.     Dc  Cand. 

Petals  i,  2  outer  ones  equally  spurred  or  gibbous  at  base. 
Pod  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Diadclpkia.  Hexandria. 

1.  D.  citruUarla  Dc  Cand.:  scape  naked;  raceme  simple,  1-sided; 
spurs  straight,  divaricate,  acute  ;  leaves  *2.  decompound. — Fumaria  cu- 
cuUaria  Linn.  —  CorydaUs  cucullaria  Pers. 

11  lb.  Shady  hills.  Throughout  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  May. 
2_f. — Root  bulbous*  Scapt  6 — 8  inches  high.  Flowers  large, 
yellowish-white.     The  spurs  are  frequently  much  divaricated. 

Dutchman's  Breeches. 

2.  D.formosa  Dc  Cand.  :  scape  naked  ;  raceme  somewhat  com- 
pound, many-flowered,  nodding  ;  segments  of  the  leaves  oblong,  in- 
cisely-pinnatifid  ;  spurs  slightly  curved,  obtuse  ;  stigmas  2-angled. — 
( ■orydaMsfornwsa  Pvrsh, 

Hab.  Hills.  Can.  and  X.  S.  May.  U.—Root  bulbous.  Floic- 
crs  rose-coloured. 

3.  D.  cximia  Dc  Cand. :  scape  naked,  simple,  few-flowered  ;  leaves 
bipinnate  ;  segments  linear,  glaucous*beneath  ;  spurs  2,  short,  obtuse  ; 
stigma 4-angled. — D.formosa  Ell.1. — D.  Canadensis  Dc  Cand. — Coryda- 
Us canadensis  Goldic. 

Hab.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  21 — Scape  6—8  inches  high.  Flow- 
ers purplish-red,  4 — 6  in  a  raceme.  Closely  allied  to  D.  formosa. 
but  may  be  distinguished  by  its  stigma.  The  root  also  is  tube- 
rous and  not  bulbous. 

3.     CORYDAUS.     De  Cand. 

Petals  4,  one  spurred  at  base.  Pod  2-valved,  compressed, 
many- seeded.  Diadelphia.  Hexandria. 


24  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

1.  C.  glauca  Pursh :  stem  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  glaucous,  decom- 
pound ;  segments  cuneate,  trifid  ;  bracts  oblong-acute,  shorter  than 
the  pedicels  ;  pod  linear,  flat,  scarcely  torulose. — Fumaria  glauca  Curtis. 

Hab.  N.  S.  and  Can.  N.  to  64°.  May— July.  ^.—Stem 
12 — 15  inches  high.  Floicers  variegated  with  red,  yellow  and 
green. 

2.  C.  anrca  JVilld. :  stem  branched,  diffuse  ;  leaves  glaucous,  doubly 
pinnate,  lobes  oblong-linear  ;  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
toothed,  longer  than  the  pedicels  ;  pod  terete,  torulose. — Fumaria  aurca 
Maid. 

Hab.  Shady  rocks.  Throughout  Can.  and  N.  to  lat.  64°.  W.  to 
Rocky  mountains,  and  S.  to  S.  Car.  June.  %. — Stem  8 — 12 
inches  high,  branching.  Racemes  opposite  the  leaves.  Floicers 
small,  bright  yellow. 

4.     ADLUMIA.     Raf. 

Petals  4,  united  in  a  spongy  monopetalous  corol,  persistent, 
and  with  two  protuberances  at  base.  Pod  2-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Diaddphia.  Hexandria. 

A.  cirrhosa  Raf.  :—Corydalisfungosa  Pcrs. — Fumaria  fungosa  Willd. 
— F.  recta  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Penn.  Catskill  mountains.  July.  $ . 
— Stems  climbing.  Leaves  decompound,  furnished  with  tendrils. 
Flowers  numerous,  in  axillary  racemes,  pale  red. 

Order  XII.     CRUCIFER.E.     De  Cand.  Lind. 

Sepals  4,  deciduous,  cruciate.  Petals  4,  cruciate,  alter- 
nate with  the  sepals.  Stamens  6,  of  which  two  are  shorter, 
solitary  and  opposite  the  lateral  sepals,  and  four  longer,  in 
pairs,  opposite  the  anterior,  and  posterior  sepals.  Disk  with 
various  green  glands  between  the  petals  and  the  stamens  and 
ovary.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled.  Stigmas  2.  Fruit  a 
silicule  or  silique  (pouch  or  pod,)  rarely  1-celled  and  valve- 
less,  generally  2-celled  and  2-valved,  1  or  many-seeded,  inde- 
hiscent  or  opening  by  the  two  valves.  Seeds  attached  in  a 
single  row  by  a  cord  to  each  of  the  placenta?,  generally  pen- 
dulous. Albumen  none.  Embryo  with  the  radical  folded 
upon  the  cotyledons. 

Herbs.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  usually  yellow  or  white, 
rarely  purple. 


CRUCIFER.E.  25 

Div.  I.    SILICULO&E. 

1.     CAKILE.     Linn. 

Pouch  2-jointed,  compressed  ;  the  upper  joint  ensiform  or 
ovate.  Seed  solitary  in  the  cells  ;  upper  erect,  lower  pendu- 
lous. Tetr adynamia.  Siliculosa. 

C.  amcricana  Nutt.  :  leaves  fleshy,  oblong,  obtuse,  with  the  margins 
toothed  ;  joints  of  the  pouch  1 -seeded  ;  the  uppermost  one  ovate, 
acute. — C.  maritima,  var.  amcricana  Torr. — Bvnias  maritima  Pursh — 
B.  edcntula  Big. 

Hab.  Sea  coast.  N.  S.  Shores  of  the  great  Northern  lakes, 
Nutt  July — Oct.  0. — Plant  fleshy,  branched  and  decum- 
bent.    Floiccrs  purple,  corymbed.  American  Sea  Rocket. 

2.     THLASPI.     Linn. 

Pouch  cmarginate  at  the  apex  ;  valves  boat-form,  winged 
on  the  back  ;  cells  2 — many  seeded.  Petals  equal.  Calyx 
equal  at  base.  Tetr  adynamia.   Siliculosa. 

1.  T.  arrense  Linn.  :  leaves  oblong-sagittate,  coarsely  toothed, 
smooth  ;  pouch  suborbicular,  shorter  than  the  pedicel  :  its  wings  dilat- 
ed longitudinally. 

Hab.  Stony  fields.  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  ,  .— 
Stem  a  foot  high,  erect,  somewhat  branched.  Leaves  smooth. 
F/oircrs  small,  white,  in  a  raceme.  Pouch  very  large,  with  dilat- 
ed wings.  Pcnnij-crcss. 

2.  T.  tuberosum  Nutt.  :  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  obsoletely  toothed, 
smooth,  sessile  ;  radical  ones  upon  long  petioles  ;  stem  pubescent, 
very  short  and  simple  ;  root  tuberous  ;  pouch  orbicular. 

Hab.  Penn.  Nutt.  April,  May.  0. — Stem  4 — 5  inches  high. 
Floiccrs  large,  rosaceous. 

3.     CAPSELLA.     De  Cand. 

Pouch  triangular,  wedgeform  at  base  ;  valves  boat-form, 
not  winged  ;    cells  many-seeded.      Tetradynamia.   Siliculosa. 

C.  pursa-pastoris  De  Cand.  ;  radical  leaves  pinnatifid. 

Hab.     Cultivated  grounds.     Throughout  the  U.  S.     April— Oct. 

%. — Stem  6 — 12  inches  high.     Radical  leaves  pinnatifid,  hairy  ; 

cauline  ones  oblong,  toothed,  sagittate  at  base.     Floiccrs  white, 

in  terminal  spiked  racemes.  Shepherd's  Purse. 

4.     ALYSSUM.     De  Cand.  , 

Pouch  orbicular  or  elliptic  ;  valves  flat,  or  convex  in  the 
centre.    Seeds  2 — 4  in  each  cell,  compressed,  sometimes  sur- 

3 


26  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

rounded  by  a  membranous  wing.    Calyx  equal  at  base.   Petals 
entire.     Stamens  somewhat  toothed. 

Tetr adynamia.   Siliculosa. 

A  f  dcntatum  Nutt.  :  stem  erect  and  herbaceous  ;  radical  leaves 
subruncinately  toothed  and  somewhat  scabrous  ;  cauline  ones  linear- 
lanceolate,  sessile,  nearly  smooth  ;  racemes  paniculate  ;  pouch  ellip- 
tical, compressed,  pubescent,  contorted,  terminating  in  a  style  near  its 
own  length,  shorter  than  the  pedicel. — Draba  arabisans  Pursh,  not  of 
Much.  (Nutt.). 

Hab.  Rocks.  N.  S.  1  May.  U-—Stem  6  inches  high.  This 
plant  is  probably  not  a  native  of  the  northern  section  of  the  U.  S. 

5.     DRAB  A.     Linn. 

Pouch  sessile,  oval  or  oblong  ;  valves  flat  or  convex.  Seeds 
many,  not  margined.  Calyx  equal.  Petals  entire.  Stamens 
without  teeth.  Tetr  adynamia.  Siliculosa. 

1.  D.  caroliniana  Walt.  :  stem  leafy  at  the  base,  hispid,  naked  and 
smooth  at  the  top  ;  leaves  ovate-roundish,  entire,  hispid  ;  pouch  lin- 
ear, smooth,  longer  than  the  pedicels. — D.  hisp'ulula  Mich. 

Hab."  Fields.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  April.  0. — Stem 
2 — 4  inches  high.  Leaves  clustered  on  the  lower  part  of  the 
stem,  very  hairy.  Pouch  1-2  an  inch  long,  linear-lanceolate. 
Floiccrs  white. 

2.  D.  arabizans  Mich.  :  stem  leafy,  somewhat  branched,  subpubes- 
cent  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  toothed  ;  pouch  linear,  smooth,  longer 
than  the  pedicel. 

Hab.  Rocks.  Can.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  c?. — 
Pouch  5 — 6  lines  long,  erect,  acuminate,  twisted.  Floicers  white. 

6.     EROPHILA.     De  Canal. 

Pouch  oval  or  oblong  ;  valves  flat.  Seeds  many,  not  mar- 
gined.   Calyx  equal.   Petals  2-parted.  Statne?is  without  teeth. 

Tetr  adynamia,  Silicidosa. 

E.  vulgaris  De  Cand.  :  pouch  elliptic,  shorter  than  the  pedicel  ;  scape 
5—15  flowered. — E.  americana  De  Cand.  ? — D.  verna  Pursh.    Nutt. 

Hab.  Fields.  Can.  to  Virg.  March— May.  ©.— Scape  2—6 
inches  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  subincised,  hairy.  Flowers 
white.  Specimens  of  this  plant  obtained  from  my  friend,  Dr. 
Matthew  Stevenson,  of  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  agree  in  all  re- 
spects with  the  foreign  E.  vulgaris,  as  do  also  those  which 
I  have  collected  elsewhere.  Whether  E.  americana  of  De  Can- 
dolle  is  a  mere  variety  of  this,  I  have  no  means  of  determining  ; 
but  I  think  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  Draba  caroliniana  (D<  his- 
pidula Mich.  J  is  entirely  distinct  from  the  present  plant. 

Whitlow  Grass, 


CRUCIFEILE.  27 

7.     COCHLEARIA.     Linn. 

Pouch  sessile,  ovate,  globose  or  oblong  ;  valves  ventricose. 
Seeds  many,  not  margined.  Calyx  equal,  spreading.  Petals 
entire.     Stamens  without  teeth.        Tetrad ynamia.  Siliculosa. 

C.  armoracea  Linn.  :  root  large,  fleshy  ;  radical  leaves  oblong-cre- 
nate  ;  cauline  ones  long-lanceolate,  toothed  or  incised  ;  pouch  ellipti- 
cal. 

]\\r..  Waste  grounds.  June.  If. — RooHarge  and  very  pungent 
to  the  taste.  Stem  2  feet  high,  Flutters  white,  in  elongated 
racemes.     Introduced.  Horse  Radish, 

8.    LEPIDIUM.     Lam.. 

Poucli  ovate  or  somewhat  cordate  ;  valves  keeled  or  rarely 
ventricose,  dehiscent  ;  cells  1-seeded.  Seeds  somewhat  tri- 
quetrous or  compressed.  Tetr adynamia.   Siliculosa, 

1.  L.  riminintm  Linn.  :  stem  branched  ;  radical  leaves  pinnatifid  ; 
stem  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth  ;  flowers  with  4  petals 
and  2 — 4  stamens  ;  pouch  orbicular,  flat,  emarginate,  shorter  than  the 
pedicel. — Thlaspi  virgintuuwcm  Pair. 

Hab.     Sandy  fields.     Can.   to    Geor.  W.   to  Miss.     June — Oct. 

. — Stem  a  foot  high,  panicled  above.     Floicers  minute,  white. 

Closely  resembles  L.  rutkralc,  but  the  cotyledons  are  accumbent. 

Hooiicr.  Wild  Pepper-grass. 

2.  L.  campestrc  Brown  :  cauline  leaves  sagittate,  toothed  ;  pouch 
ovate,  winged,  emarginate.  scaly-punctate. — Thlaspi  campestrc  Linn. 

Hab.  Hills.  N.  S.  May.  ©. — Stem  a  foot  high,  erect.  Leaves 
pubescent.     Floicers  white.  Field  Pepper-grass. 

S.  L.  hirft/m  Smith:  pouch  ovate,  winged,  emafginate,  hirsute;  cau- 
line leaves  sagittate,  villose,  sub-dentate. 

Hab.  Fields,  near  New-Brunswick,  N.  J.  June.  $. — Stem  12 — 
18  inches  high,  very  leafy.  Lower  leaves  petioled,  and  somewhat 
pinnatifid  ;  stem  leaves  sub-clasping,  sagittate,  toothed,  covered 
with  a  whitish  pubescence.  Flowers  in  dense  hairy  racemes. 
Pouch,  in  my  specimens,  scabrous,  emarginate,  with  a  style 
about  half  its  length. — Perhaps  introduced. 

Ihtinj  Field  Pepper -grass. 

9.     CAMELIXA.     Crantz. 

Poitch  obovntc  or  subglobose  ;  valves  ventricose,  dehiscent 
with  part  of  the  style  ;  cells  many  seeded.  Style  filiform. 
Seeds  oblong,  not  margined.  Tctradynamia.   Siliculosa. 

C.  sativa    Be  Cand. :    poucli    obovate-pyriform,    margined,  tipped 
with  the  pointed  style  ;  leaves  roughish,  subentire,   lanceolate,   sagit- 
ate  ;  flowers  numerous,  in  corymbs. — Myogram  sativum  Linn. 


28  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

Hab,  Cultivated  grounds.  Penn.  June.  0. — Stem  about  2  feet 
high,  branched  above.  Flowers  numerous,  in  corymbs,  small, 
yellow.     Pouch  on  a  long  pedicel.     Introduced. 

Gold  of  Pleasure. 

10.     SUBULARIA.     Linn. 

Touch  oval  ;  dissepiment  elliptical  ;  values  convex  ;  cells 
many  seeded.  Stigma  sessile.  Cotyledons  incumbent,  lin- 
ear, 2-plicate.  Tetradynamia.  Siliculosa. 

S.  aquatica  Linn. 

Hab.  Margins  of  ponds.  N.  S.  July.  %. — Scape  1—2  inches 
high.  Radical  leaves  entire,  subulate  10  lines  long.  Flowers 
white,  in  corymbs.  Awl-wort. 

11.     LUNARIA.     Linn. 

Pouch  pedicellate,  elliptic  or  lanceolate  ;  valves  flat.  Fun- 
icles  long,  adhering  to  the  dissepiment.  Calyx  somewhat 
bisaccate.     Petals  nearly  entire.      Stamens  not  toothed. 

Tetradynamia .     Siliculosa. 

L.  biennis  De  Canal.  :  pouch  elliptical,  obtuse  at  each  end. 
Hab.     Fields.    Penn.     May,   June.     $ . — Naturalized  near  Phila- 
delphia. Nutt. 

Div.  II.      SILIQUOS.E. 

12.     DENT  ARIA.     Linn. 

Pod  lanceolate ;  valves  flat,  nerveless,  often  opening 
elastically.     Seeds  ovate,  not  margined,  in  one  row. 

Tetradynamia.  Siliquosa. 

1.  D.  laciniata  Muhl.  :  leaves  in  threes,  verticillate,  on  short  petioles, 
ternate  ;  leafets  3-parted  ;  segments  linear,  entire,  or  coarsely  toothed  ; 
root  moniliform. — D.  concatenata  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  but  rather  rare.  April, 
May.  11. — Stan  8  inches  high.  Flotcers  in  terminal  racemes,, 
pale  rose  coloured  or  nearly  white.     Petals  oblong. 

2.  D.  diphylla  Mich.  :  leaves  mostly  2,  on  short  petioles,  ternate  ; 
leafets  ovate-oblong,  unequally  and  coarsely  serrate  or  laciniate. 

Hab.  Woods.  Throughout  Can.  and  U.  S.  May.  It-Stem 
6 — 10  inches  high.  Leaves  large.  Flowers  white,  larger  than  the 
preceding.  Toothwort. 

3.  D.  lieterophylla  Nutt. :  stem  2-leaved  ;  leaves  ternate,  petiolate  ; 
leafets  linear,  sub-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  margin  rough  ciliate  ;  radi- 
cal leafets  ovate-oblong,  incisely  and  coarsely  toothed. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  June.  If. — Root  tuberous.  Corymb  about 
^-flowered.  Flowers  pale  purple,  about  the  size  of  those  of 
Cardumincpratensis. — The  smallest  of  the  genus. 


CRUCIFER.E.  29 

4.  D.  maxima  Xutt.  :  leaves  many,  alternate,  on  long  petioles,  ter- 
nate  ;  leafets  sub-oval,  incisely  and  acutely  toothed,  lateral  ones  lobed  ; 
axils  naked  ;  racemes  lateral  and  terminal. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  June.  2{.—Stcm  18—20  inches 
high.    Leaves  5—7  ;  leafets  broad.     Flowers  in  racemes,  purple. 

13.     BARBAREA.     Brown. 

Pod  4-sided,  2-edged  ;  valves  awnless  at  the  apex,  con- 
cave-carinate.     Calyx  equal  at  base. 

Teir adynamia.  Siliquosa. 

B.  vulgaris  Brotvn :  lower  leaves  lyrate,  the  terminal  lobes  round- 
ish ;  upper  ones  sessile,  obovate,  toothed  ;  pod  4-sided,  tapering  into  a 
slender  style. — Erysimum  basfharea  Linn. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  and  N.  to  the  Arctic  regions.  June.  1£. 
— Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  smooth.  Flowers  small,  yellow, 
corymbed. — According  to  Dr.  Hooker  the  best  character  between 
this  species  and  B.  prxecox  is  in  the  pod.  which  is  here  scarcely 
more  than  an  inch  long  and  tapers  into  a  long  slender  style. 

Bitter  lllnter-cress. 

14.     ARABIS.     Linn. 

Pod  linear  ;  valves  flat,  1-nerved  in  the  middle.  Seeds  in 
one  row  in  each  cell,  oval  or  orbicular,  compressed.  Cotyle- 
dons flat,  accumbent.  Tetradynamia.   Siliquosa. 

1.  A.  sagittata  Be  Cand.  ;  leaves  subdentate,  rough,  with  the  pubes* 
cence  often  branched  ;  radical  ones  ovate  or  oblong,  attenuated  into  a 
petiole  ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate,  sagittate-cordate  ;  pedicels  of 
the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  pods  stiffly  erect. 

c.  ovaia  Dc  Cand. :  leaves  rough  ;  radical  ones  ovate,  toothed  ; 
cauline  ones  clasping. — A.  orata  Poir. — Turritis  ovata  Pursh. 

d.  oblongata  Dc  Cand. :  leaves  rough  ;  radical  ones  ovate-oblong, 
toothed;  cauline  ones  sagittate-amplexicaul. — Turritis  oblongata 
Raf. 

Hab.  Rocks.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arctic  America.  $  .—Stan  12—18 
inches  high,  simple.  Flowers  small,  white.  A  very  variable 
plant. 

2.  A.  hirsuta  Dc  Cand.  :  leaves  dentate,  pubescent  or  scabrous  ;  ra- 
dical ones  obovate-oblong,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ;  cauline  ones  ovate- 
lanceolate  ;  pedicels  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  p6d  erect. — Turritis  hursuta 
Jacq. 

Hab.  Conn.  June.  $. — Stem  6 — 12  inches  high,  hairy.  Flow- 
ers small,  white.  A  specimen  of  this  plant,  gathered  in  Con- 
necticut by  Dr.  Robbins,  agrees  very  well  with  the  foreign  one, 
from  which  it  seems  to  me  our  A.  sagittata  is  quite  distinct. 

Hairy  Tower  Mustard. 

3.  A.  thaliana  Linn.  :  stem  branched  ;  leaves  subdentate,  pilose  ; 
the  radical  ones  petiolate,  ovate-oblong  ;  cauline  ones  few,  sessile  ; 

3* 


30  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

stamens  as  long  as  the  petals  ;  pod  suberect,  on  longish  pedicels,  slen- 
der. 

Hab.  Dry  hills.  N.  S.  April,  May.  0.—Stem  2—8  inches 
high.     Floicers  in  a  corymb,  white.  Common  Wall-cress. 

4.  A.  lyrata  Linn. :  stem  somewhat  branched,  hairy  at  base  ;  radical 
leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid,  often  pilose  ;  those  of  the  stem  linear  and 
smooth  ;  pedicels  somewhat  spreading  ;  pod  erect. 

Hab.  Fields  and  hills.  Throughout  the  N.  S.  and  Can.  and  W.  to 
Rocky  mountains.  April,  June.  $. — Stem8 — 12  inches  high. 
Flowers  large,  white.  Dr.  Hooker  supposes  this  plant  to  be 
identical  with  the  European  A.  petran. 

5.  A.  laevigata  De  Cand.  :  erect,  glabrous  and  glaucous ;  radical 
leaves,  obovate,  petioled,  sinuate-dentate  ;  stem  leaves  linear,  sessile, 
very  entire  ;  pod  erect  ;  seeds  margined. — Turritis  laevigata  JVilld. 

Hab.  Rocky  places.  N.  S.  May.  1L — Stem  a  foot  to  18  in- 
ches high.  Floioers  few,  small,  in  corymbed  racemes.  Pod  2 
inches  long,  linear,  quite  erect,  tapering  at  the  extremity  into  a 
very  short  style. 

6.  A.  canadensis  Linn.  :  stem  leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, somewhat  toothed;  pedicels  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx,  pubes- 
cent, reflexed  in  the  fruit ;  pod  pendulous,  subfalcate,  nerved  ;  seeds 
with  a  broad  wing. — A.falcata  Mich.     Pursh. — A.  mollis  Raf. 

Hab.  Rocky  situations.  Can.  toGeor.  June.  11. — Steml — 2feet 
high.     Flowers  white,  in  long  terminal  racemes.  Pods  very  long. 

Sickle  Pod. 

15.     CARDAMINE.     Linn. 

Pod  linear  ;  valves  flat,  nerveless,  often  opening  elastical- 
ly.     Seeds  ovate,  not  margined  ;  funicle  of  the  hilum  slender. 

Tetr adynamia.   Siliquosa . 

*  Leaves  undivided. 

1.  C.  rhomboidea  De  Cand. :  root  tuberous  ;  leaves  ovate-rhomboid, 
obscurely  repand-toothed,  smooth,  lower  ones  on  long  petioles. — Ara- 
bis  rhomboidea  Pursh.     Pers.  ■ 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  From  Hudson's  Bay  to  S.  Car.  and  W.  to 
the  Rocky  mountains.  May,  June.  11. — Stem  6 — 12  inches* 
high,  erect,  smooth,  simple.  Flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  large 
white. 

2.  C.  rotundifolia  Mich. :  root  fibrous;  leaves  suborbicular,  subdentate, 
smooth,  petioled  ;  stem  weak,  procumbent  ;  pod  spreading,  slender, 
with  a  long  style. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  S.  July.  U.—Stem  12—15  inches 
high.  Flowers  small,  white.  Dr.  Hooker  considers  the  two 
preceding  plants  identical ;  but  Dr.  Darlington,  who  has  exami- 
ned this  point  with  much  care,  has  designated  the  characters  by 
which  they  are  distinguished.  The  roots  of  C.  rotundifolia  are 
constantly  fibrous,  while  those  of  C.  rhomboidea  are  tuberous  ; 
the  flowers  of  the  former  are  not  more  than  half  the  size  of  t>  > 


CRUCIFERiE.  31 

latter  ;  the  stigma  is  simple  and  very  small,  on  a  tapering  style, 
nearly  a  line  in  length  ;  neither  is  the  plant  so  acrid,  being  ra- 
ther bitter  to  the  taste.  Sec  Darlington's  Florida  Ccstrica,  and 
his  paper  in  Sill.  Amcr.  Jour.  xvii.  350. 

3.  C.  bellidifolia  Linn.  :  leaves  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy  ;  radical 
ones  petioledr  ovate,  entire  ;  cauline  ones  few,  entire,  or  somewhat  3- 
lobed  5  pod  erect  ;  stigma  subsessile. — C.  rotundifolia  ?  Big. 

Hab.  Highest  summit  of  the  White  mountains,  Rocky  moun- 
tains, and  throughout  Arctic  America.  July.  If. — I  received 
a  specimen  of  this  plant  from  my  friend  Dr.  Charles  Pickering 
of  Philadelphia,  who  obtained  it  from  the  first  named  locality. 
The  $t<  m  is  simple  and  apparently  procumbent,  4 — 5  inches 
long.  Lower  leaves  1-2 — 3-4  of  an  inch  in  length,  ovate  or  sub- 
orbicular,  on  long  slender  petioles.  Pod  an  inch  long,  surmount- 
ed by  a  short  style.     It  is  very  near  C.  alpina. 

**  Leaves  divided. 

4.  C.  pralensis  Linn. :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  of  the  radical  ones 
roundish,  of  the  cauline  ones  linear  or  lanceolate,  entire  ;  flowers 
large,  in  a  terminal  corymb  ;  style  very  short,  nearly  as  thick  as  the 
pod  ;  stigma  capitate. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  S.  and  throughout  Arctic  America.  June. 
H. — Stem  10 — 12  inches  high.  Floivcrs  purplish,  large.  Pod 
linear,  nearly  an  inch  long.  This  species  can  be  readily  distin- 
guished by  its  large  flowers  and  thick  style. 

5.  C.  hirsida  Linn. :  leaves  pinnote;  leafets  of  the  radical  ones  petiol- 
ed,  mostly  rounded;  of  the  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  subpetioled,  dentate 
or  very  entire  ;  petals  small,  oblong-cuneate  ;  stigma  minute,  subses- 
sile.—  C.  pennstjlvanica  Muhl.   De  Cand. — C.  virginiana  Linn. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  July.  0. 
— I  adopt  the  views  of  Dr.  Hooker  concerning  this  species.  I 
have  never  been  able  to  ascertain  the  specific  line  between  the 
C.  pcnnsylvanica  and  ( '.  virainica  of  American  botanists;  hav- 
ing seen  every  variety  in  the  size,  form  of  the  leaves,  and  direc- 
tion of  the  stem,  of  these  supposed  distinct  plants.  The  present 
species  is  very  extensively  distributed.         American  Water-cress. 

6.  C.  teres  Mich.  :  leaves  sublyrate-pinnatifid,  segments  oval-oblong, 
the  terminal  one  somewhat  3-lobed  ;  pod  short,  erect,  terete. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Eng.  to  N.  J.  Pursb.  June,  July. 
H. — De  Candolle  thinks  this  may  belong  to  his  genus  Nastur- 
tium. 

16.     NASTURTIUM.     Broicn. 

Pod  rounded  (sometimes  short.)  Stigma  sub-2-lobed. 
Vahcs  concave,  nerveless,  not  keeled.  Cotyledons  accumbenr. 
Calyx  spreading.  Tetrad ynamia.  Siliquosa. 

1.  N.  officinale  Brotcn:  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  ovate,  subcordate, 
•inuate-dentate  ;  upper  ones  pinnatifid. — Sisymbrum  Nasturtium  Linn. 


32  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  In  water.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  to  the  N.  W.  coast. 
June,  July.  2L — Stem  decumbent,  floating.  Leaves  large. 
Flowers  white,  corymbed.  Pod  scarcely  an  inch  long.  Es- 
teemed as  a  salad.  Water-cress. 

2.  N.  palustre  Be  Cand. :  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid  ;  lobes  confluent, 
unequally  toothed,  smooth;  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  pod  obtuse  at 
both  ends,  turgid  ;  root  fusiform. — Sisymbrium  palustre  Willd.  Pursh. 

Hab.     Wet  places.     Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  to   the  shores  of 
the  Arctic  sea.      July.    0. — Stei?i  18  inches  high,  mostly  erect, 
Leaves  glabrous,  all  more  or  less  pinnatifid.     Floicers  numerous 
minute,  yellow.     Pod  short. 

3.  Ar.  amphibium  Broicn  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  lyrate-pinnati 
fid  or  serrate;  root  fibrous  ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx;  pod  elliptical 
tipped  with  the  mucronate  style. — Sisy?nbrium  amphibium  Linn. 

Hab.  Wet  places.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  June,  July 
2f, — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  yellow,  minute,  in  a  long  ra 
ceme.     Very  variable  in  the  character  of  its  leaves. 

4.  JV.  natans  De  Cand. :  emerged  leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  serrate 
immersed  ones  doubly  tripinnatifid  ;    segments  capillaceous ;    pouch 
obovate-globose,  with  a  style  equal  in  length. 

Hab.  In  water.  Near  Montreal.  Hook.  Oneida  Lake.  Dr. 
Asa  Gray.  July.  2L — Stems  long,  submerged.  Lower  leaves 
finely  divided  ;  middle  ones  often  pinnatifid  ;  emerged  ones  lan- 
ceolate, undivided,  serrate.  Floicers  very  pale  yellow,  smaller 
than  in  the  preceding. 

17.     HESPERIS.     Linn. 

Pod  roundish,  or  about  4  cornered.  Stigmas  2,  erect,  con- 
nivent.  Calyx  bisaccate  at  base.  Seeds  somewhat  3-sided. 
Stamens  without  teeth.  Tetradynamia.    Siliauosa. 

1.  H.  matronalis  Linn. :  pedicels  of  the  length  of  the  calyx  ;  petals 
obovate  ;  pod  erect,  torose,  glabrous,  not  thickened  on  the  margin  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed  ;  stem  erect,  nearly  simple. 

Hab.     Shores  of  Lake  Huron.     Hook.  Dame's  Violet. 

2.  H.  ?  pinnatifida  Mich. :  lower  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid  ;  upper 
ones  lanceolate,  unequally  serrate  ;  border  of  the  petals  obovate,  entire; 
pedicels  at  length  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  S.  Torr.  W.  to  Ken.  July.  U.—Stem  a  foot 
high,  very  smooth.     Flowers  pale  purple,  small, 

18.    SISYMBRIUM.    All. 

Pod  roundish,  sessile  upon  the  torus.  Stigmas  2,  some* 
what  distinct,  or  connate  in  a  head.  Calyx  equal  at  base. 
Seeds  ovate  or  oblong.  Cotyledons  flat,  incumbent,  some- 
times oblique.      Stamens  without  teeth. 

Tetradynamia,  Siliquosa. 


CRCCTFER.E.  33 

1.  8.  officinale  De  Cand. :  leaves  runcinate  and  with  the  stem  hairy  ; 
flowers  in  a  long  raceme  ;  pod  subulate,  pressed  to  the  rachis. — Ery- 
simum officinale  I. inn. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  W.  to  Colum- 
bia river.  June — Sept.  0.  —  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  branched. 
Leaves  hairy,  ot  nearly  smooth.  Floiccrs  yellow,  minute.  Va- 
ries much  in  the  character  of  its  leaves.  Hedge  Mustard. 

2.  8.  sophia  Linn.:  leaves  bipinnate,  smooth  or  pubescent:  segments 
oblong-linear,  cut  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  calyx  thrice  as  short 
as  the  pedicel  ;  pod  linear,  erect. 

Hab.  Sandy  places.  Can.  June.  July.  0. — Stem  8 — 12  in- 
ches high.  Flowers  yellow,  numerous.  FruU-bearing-raceme 
very  long.  I  have  received  a  specimen  of  what  I  think  must  be 
the  true  8.  sophia  from  Dr.  Holmes  of  Montreal.  The  pods  are 
very  narrow-linear,  1-2  to  3-4  of  an  incb,  longer  and  narrower 
than  in  N.  eaneseensof Xuttall,  and  not  clavateasin  the  latter.  In 
other  respects  I  cannot  observe  any  difference  between  these 
two  plants. 

19.     ERYSIMUM.     Lam. 
Pod  four-sided.     Calyx  closed.     Cotyledons  flat,  oblong. 

Tetrady nam ia .  Siliq uosa . 

1.  E.  chciranthoidts  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  toothed  and 
scabrous  ;  pod  erect-spreading,  twice  as  long  as  the  pedicel  ;  stigma 
small,  nearly  sessile. 

Hab.  Fields.  Near  Fairfield,  N.  Y.  Can.  and  on  all  the  plains  west- 
ward of  the  Rocky  mountains.  July.  <$>. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high, 
erect,  and  with  the  leaves  scabrous.  Floiccrs  yellow,  in  long  ter- 
minal racemes.  Pods  linear,  somewhat  spreading,  1-2  to  3-4  of 
an  inch  long. 

20.     SINAPIS.     Linn. 

Pod  roundish  ;  valves  bearing  nerves  ;  style  small,  short, 
acute.     Seeds  in  one  series,  subglobose.      Calyx  spreading. 

Tetrady namia.    Siliquosa. 

1.  <S'.  nigra  Linn. :  lower  leaves  lyrate  ;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  en- 
tire, petiolate  ;  pod  smooth  and  even,  somewhat  4-sided,  appressed  to 
the  peduncle. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  June,  July.  0.—Stem  2—4  feet  high. 
Floicers  yellow.  Common  Mustard. 

2.  >S.  alba  Linn. :  leaves  lyrate,  nearly  smooth,  the  terminal  lobe 
large  ;  pod  mostly  hispid,  spreading,  shorter  than  the  broad  sword- 
form  beak  ;  seeds  large,  pale. 

Hab.  Waste  places.  N.  S.  July.  Q.—Stem  1—2  feet  high.  Floic- 
crs yellow,  rather  large,  corymbose.  Introduced.     White  Mustard. 


34  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

21.     RAPHANUS.     Linn. 

Pod  transversely  many-celled  or  dividing  into  several 
joints.     Seeds  in  one  row,  globose,  pendulous. 

Tetr adynamia.   Siliquosa. 

R.  raphanistrum.  Linn.  :  leaves  simply  lyrate  ;  pod  jointed,  1-celled, 
striate,  3 — 8  seeded,  longer  than  the  style. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  July.  -Q.—Stem  1—2  feet  high,  hispid.  Flow- 
ers yellow,  large.  Wild  Radish. 

Order  XIII.     CAPPARIDE^.     De  Cand.     land. 

Sepals  4.  Petals  4,  cruciate,  usually  unguiculate  and  un- 
equal. Stamens  4,  6,  or  indefinite,  but  usually  some  high 
multiple  of  four.  Disk  hemispherical  or  elongated.  Fruit 
either  pod-shaped  and  dehiscent,  or  fleshy  and  indehiscent, 
rarely  1-seeded,  most  frequently  with  2-polyspermous  pla- 
centas. Seeds  generally  reniform ;  albumen  none ;  embryo 
incurved  ;  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

Herbs,  without  true  stipules,  but  sometimes  with  spines 
in  their  places.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  undivided  or  pal- 
mate. 

1.     GYNANDROPSIS.     Dc  Cand. 

Calyx  of  4  sepals,  spreading.  Petals  4,  Torus  elongat- 
ed. Stamens  6,  united  around  the  torus,  free  at  the  apex. 
Pod  stiped.  Tetr  adynamia.   Siliquosa. 

G.  pentaphyUa  De  Cand.  :  smoothish  ;  leaves  quinate  ;  the  lower 
and  floral  ones  ternate  ;  leafets  entire  and  subserrulate. — Cleome  pen- 
taphyUa  Linn. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  S.  to  S.  Car.  July.  f.-Sfera  2  feet 
high,  viscid.  Flowers  white,  in  long  terminal  racemes.  Petals 
obovate,  with  very  long  capillary  claws.  Pod  long,  linear,  on 
a  long  foot-stalk. 

2.     POLANISIA.     Raf. 

Calyx  of  4  sepals,  spreading.  Petals  4.  Stamens  8 — 32. 
Torus  small.     Pod  sessile  or  scarcely  stiped.     Style  distinct. 

Tetr  adynamia.   Siliquosa. 

P.  graveolens  Raf.  :  viscidly  pubescent ;  leaves  ternate ;  leafets 
elliptical-oblong  ;  stamens  8 — 12  ;  pod  oblong,  attenuate  at  base,  mu- 
ricatewitha  glandular  pubescence. — Cleome  dodecandra,  var  canadensis 
Linn. 


CISTINE^E.  35 

Hab.  Sandy  places.  N.  S.  and  Can.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  11.— 
Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Flowers  purple  and  yellow.  Whole 
plant  more  or  less  viscid  and  fetid. 

Order  XIV.     CISTINEjE.   ■  Be  Cand.     Lincl. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  unequal,  the  three  inner  with  a  twisted 
aestivation.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  very  fugitive,  crumpled 
in  aestivation  and  twisted  in  a  direction  contrary  to  that  of  the 
sepals.  Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous,  free  ;  anthers  in- 
nate ;  stigma  simple.  Ovary  distinct,  1  or  many  celled  ; 
style  single.  Fruit  capsular,  usually  3-5-10-valved,  either 
1-celled  with  parietal  placenta)  in  the  axis  of  the  valves,  or 
imperfectly  5  or  10-celled  with  dissepiments  proceeding  from 
the  middle  of  the  valves,  and  touching  each  other  in  the 
centre.  Seeds  indefinite  in  number.  Embryo  inverted,  either 
spiral  or  curved  in  the  midst  of  mealy  albumen. 

Shrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves  usually  entire,  opposite  or  alter- 
nate.    Flowers  very  fugacious. 

1.     HELIANTHEMUM.     Tovm. 

Calyx  with  3  equal  sepals,  or  5  disposed  in  two  rows,  the 
two  outer  ones  often  smaller,  rarely  larger.  Petals  5,  often 
irregularly  denticulate  at  the  apex.  Stigma  capitate.  Ova- 
ry triquetrous.  Capsule  3-valved,  with  the  dissepiment  in  the 
middle  of  the  valves.     Seeds  angled,  smooth. 

Polyandria.  Monogynia. 

*  Peduncles  one-flow  ered. 

1.  H.  canadense  Mich.  :  stem  ascending  ;  branches  erect,  hirsute  ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  hirsute,  paler  beneath  ;  peduncles  soli- 
tary, 1 -flowered  ;  sepals  broad-ovate,  acuminate  ;  capsule  shorter  than 
the  calyx. 

Hab.  Margins  of  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  21. — Stem  a 
foot  high.  Racemes  few-flowered,  generally  terminal.  FLoiccrs 
yellow,  large.  Rock  Rose.     Frost  Weed. 

2.  77.  ramuliflorum  Mich. :  stem  erect,  pulverulent-pilose,  branching, 
subdichotomous  at  the  apex  ;  branches  virgate,  flower-bearing  ;  leaves 
lanceolate-elliptic  or  oblong,  acute,  margin  scarcely  revolute,  white 
tomentose  beneath  ;  flowers  peduncled,  solitary  ;  sepals  broad-ovate, 
acuminate  ;  capsule  globose,  of  the  length  of  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Lf.  July.— Ste?n  a  foot  high. 
Floicers  yellow,  small.  Calyx  and  peduncles  pilose.  Style  very 
short. 


36  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

**  Peduncles  many  flowered. 
3.  H.  conjmbosum  Mick. :  stemsuffruticose.  branching,  erect ;  branches 
dichotomous,  subpubescent ;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate-oblong,  some- 
what obtuse,  white,  tomentose  beneath  ;  upper  ones  revolute  on  the 
margin  ;  flowers  in  crowded  fastigiate  corymbs  ;  sepals  tomentose  and 
whitish  hirsute,  outer  ones  linear-obtuse  ;  inner  ovate,  acute,  scarcely 
as  long  as  the  capsule. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  June — Aug.  It. — This 
plant  is  said  by  Pursh  to  have  the  flowers  very  small  and  some- 
times without  petals.  On  the  other  hand,  Elliott  remarks  that 
although  the  flowers  are  much  smaller  than  those  of  H.  carolini- 
anum.  they  are  nearly  equal  in  size  to  those  of  our  other  species. 
Perhaps  the  assertion  of  Pursh  that  this  and  the  foregoing  species 
have  been  mistaken  for  Lechea  major  will  apply  to  himself. 

2.     LECHEA.     Linn. 

Calyx  3-sepalled,  with  two  outer  bracts  or  sepals.  Petals 
3,  lanceolate.  Stamens  3 — 12,  and  often  thrice  the  number. 
Ovary  1,  3-sided.  Stigmas  3,  scarcely  distinct.  Capsule 
3-valved,  with  as  many  inner  valves  opposite  the  others. 
Seeds  affixed  to  the  dissepiment  or  nerve,  very  few,  often  8. 

Triandria.    Trigynia. 

1.  L.  rillosa  Ell.  :  radical  branches  prostrate,  villose  ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  mucronate,  pilose  ;  panicle  short,  leafy  ;  flowers  fasciculate- 
racemose,  secund,  on  very  short  pedicels. — L.  minor  Linn. — L.  major 
Mich.  Pursh.   Ton: 

Hab.  Barren  soil.  Can.  to  Flor.  July.  It. — Stem  1 — 2  feet 
high.     Floicers  brown.  Pin  Weed. 

2.  L.  minor  Pursh. :  nearly  smooth  ;  stem  assurgent ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute  ;  panicle  leafy ;  branches  elongated ;  flowers  on 
short  pedicels. 

Hab.  Dry  hills.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  It-— Stem  8— 12  inches 
high.     Fruit  larger  than  in  the  former. 

3.  L.  racemulosa  Mich. :  whole  plant  covered  with  appressed  pubes- 
cence ;  stem  erect ;  leaves  linear,  acute,  ciliate  ;  panicle  slender  and 
very  branching  ;  raceme  naked  ;  flowers  small,  alternate,  pedicellate. 

Hab.     Sandy  Hills!     N.  J.  to  Car.     July.     2L     Pursh. 

4.  L.  thymifolia  Pursh.  :  whole  plant  whitish-villose  ;  stem  erect  ; 
leaves  linear,  acute  ;  panicle  leafy,  elongated  ;  branches  very  short ; 
flowers  minute,  in  lateral  and  terminal  fascicles  ;  pedicels  very  short. 

Hab.  Sands.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  July.  It. — Stem  a  foot  high, 
erect,  much  branched.     Leaves  villose  at  base. 

3.     HUDSONIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  segments  unequal,  the  two  outer  ones 
minute.     Petals  5.     Stamens  9—30.     Style  straight,  simple. 


VIOLACE.E.  37 

Stigma  simple.     Capsule   1-celled,  3-valvcd,  1 — 3    seeded. 
Seeds  granulated.  Polyandria.  Monogynia, 

1.  H.  cricoidcs  Linn.  :  pubescent  ;  stem  suffruticose,  sub-erect  ; 
branches  elongated  ;  leaves  filiform,  subulate,  subimbricate  ;  peduncles 
numerous,  lateral,  elongated ;  calyx  cylindrical,  obtuse ;  capsule 
pubescent,  1 -seeded  ;  valves  oblong. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Virg.  May,  June.  *?.— Stent 
4 — G  inches  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  small,  persistent. 
Floiccrs  small,  yellow.    Stamens  about  15.  False  Heath. 

2.  H.  tomentosa  Xutt.  :  cespitose,  hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  minute, 
closely  imbricate,  ovate,  acute  ;  flowers  aggregated,  subsessile  ;  calyx 
sub-cylindric,  with  obtuse  segments  ;  capsule  1 -seeded  ;  valves  ovate, 
smooth. 

Hab.  Sea  shore.  N.  J.  to  Virg.  June.  T?. — Stem  6  inches 
high.  Flowers  yellow.  Stamens  14 — 18.  The  whole  plant  is 
silvery  gray  and  tomentose. 

Order  XV.     VIOLACE^B.     De  Cand.     Lind. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  with  an  imbricate  aestivation.  Petals 
5,  hypogynous,  equal  or  unequal,  usually  withering,  and  with 
an  obliquely  convolute  aestivation.  Stamens  5,  alternate  with 
the  petals,  occasionally  opposite  to  them,  inserted  in  a  hypo- 
gynous  disk,  often  unequal  ;  anthers  bilocular,  bursting  in- 
ward, either  separate  or  cohering,  and  lying  close  upon  the 
ovary  ;  filaments  dilated,  elongated  beyond  the  anthers  ;  two 
of  them,  in  the  irregular  flowers,  generally  furnished  with  an 
appendage  or  gland  at  the  base.  Ovary  1-celled,  many- 
seeded,  or  rarely  1-seeded,  with  3  parietal  placentae  opposite 
the  3  outer  sepals  ;  style  single,  usually  declinate,  with  an 
oblique  hooded  stigma.  Capsules  of  3-valves,  bearing  the 
placentae  in  their  axis.  Seeds  often  with  a  tumour  at  their 
base.    Embryo  straight,  erect,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs  or  Shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  usually  alternate,  stipu- 
late, with  an  involute  vernation.     Injiorescence  various. 

1.     VIOLA.     Tourn. 
Sepals  5,  auricled  at  their  base.     Petals  unequal,  the  lower 
one  spurred.     Stamens  5,  approximated  ;  filaments  distinct ; 
anthers  connate,  the  two  lower  ones   with  processes  at  their 
back.      Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved,  opening  elastically. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

Obs.  The  North  American  species  of  this  interesting  genus  have 
been  studied  with  much  care  by  the  Rev.  L.  de  Schweinitz  and  by  Capt. 

4 


38  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Le  Conte,  and  those  of  the  Northern  and  Middle  States  have  been  no 
less  faithfully  examined  by  Dr.  Torrey. — See  Sill.  Jour.  vol.  v.  Ann. 
of  the  New  York  Lye.  vol.  ii.      Torrey' s  Flora,  vol.  i. 

*  Stemlcss. 
t  Floiccrs  blue. 

1.  V.  pedata  Linn.  :  leaves  pedate,  often  nearly  smooth,  from  5 — 7 
parted  ;  segments  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed  ;  stip- 
ules radical,  pectinately  lacerate  ;  petals  beardless,  entire,  rounded  at  the 
extremity  ;  stigma  large,  compressed,  obliquely  truncate  and  perforate 
at  the  apex. —  V.  digitata  Pursh. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  From  lat.  53  N.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May. 
H. — Scapes  3 — 5  inefces  high,  several  from  the  same  root. 
Floiccrs  large,  pale  blue. 

2.  V.  palmata  Linn.:  leaves  more  or  less  pubescent,  reniforrn-cor- 
date,  palmate,  or  hastate-lobed  ;  lobes  very  various,  the  intermediate 
one  always  larger ;  stipules  lanceolate,  subciliate  ;  lateral  petals 
densely  bearded  towards  the  base  ;  stigma  capitate,  recurved,  margin- 
ed, rostrate. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Maj%  IX. — Scape 
about  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Floioers  middle-sized.  This  species 
varies  greatly  in  the  form  of  its  leaves,  and  in  some  specimens 
they  are  so  slightly  divided,  as  to  induce  me  to  concur  in  the 
opinion  expressed  by  Dr.  Bigelow  that  it  is  only  a  variety  of 
V.  cucullata. 

3.  V.  cucullata  Ait.  :  smoothish ;  leaves  cordate,  cucullate  at  base, 
dentate-serrate,  veined  ;  stipules  small,  linear,  ciliate  ;  flower  oblique  ; 
lower  and  lateral  petals  rigidly  bearded  ;  upper  one  smooth  ;  spur  very 
short,  rounded.  —  V.  papilionacea  Pursh. — V.  affinis  Le  Conte. — V.  obliqua 
Ait.  Pursh.    Torr.      V.  sororia  Pursh. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Common  throughout  Can.  and  the  U.  S. 
April,  May.  2_£. — This  species  varies  considerably  in  the  form 
of  its  leaves,  and  in  the  degree  of  pubescence.  The  same  indi- 
vidual, indeed,  undergoes  changes  during  the  season.  A  specimen 
in  the  herbarium  of  my  brother,  Dr.  T.  R.  Beck,  labelled  by  the 
late  Dr.  Muhlenburg  V.  obliqua  ?  is  certainly  identical  with  this 
species. 

4.  V.  sagittata  Ait.  :  leaves  pubescent  on  the  upper  surface,  oblong, 
acute,  cordate,  sagittate,  often  hastate  at  base,  serrate  or  crenate-den- 
tate  ;  petals  oblong,  ovate,  all  except  the  lower  one  bearded.  V.  den- 
data  Pursh. 

b.  emarginata  Nuit.  :  leaves  almost  triangular,  lacerately  toothed 

at  the  base  ;  petals  emarginate  or  bi-dentate. —  V.  emarginata  Le 

Conte. 
Hab.     Fields.     Can.  to  Car.     May.     H. — Leaves  quite  variable. 

Flowers  middle-sized,   purple. — Var.  b.  is    found  in  the  sandy 

fields  of  New-Jersey. 


VIOLACEiE.  39 

5.  ly.  ovata  Xutt.  :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  rather  acute,  subcordate, 
crenate,  often  lacerately  toothed  at  base,  decurrent  on  the  petiole, 
pubescent  on  both  sides ;  stipules  broad-lanceolate,  ciliate  ;  sepals 
oblong-lanceolate  ;  petals  obovate,  entire  ;  lateral  ones  densely  bearded. 
V, pri/nu/aj<t/i<i  Pursh. —  V.  ciliata  Muhl. 

Hab.  Dry  hills.  Can.  and  N.  S.  April,  May.  U-— Whole 
plant  pubescent.  Leaves  much  narrower  and  more  downy  than 
in  C.  cuetdlata.     Flowers  larger  than  those  of  J',  primula/alia. 

6.  V.  villosa  Walt.  :  leaves  reniform-cordate  or  reniform,  obtuse, 
crenate,  flat,  very  pubescent  ;  sepals  oblong,  auriculate  at  base  ;  later- 
al and  lower  petals  bearded  ;  stigma  deflexed  ;   capsule   smoothish. — 

/  .   burbata  Muhl. 

b.  cordifoliu  Xutt.:  leaves  smooth  beneath,  rather  acute  ;  sepals 
narrow,  short,  smooth  and  scarcely  produced  at  base. —  V.  cor- 
difolia Seine. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Penn.  to  Car.  May.  If. — Leaves  rather 
thick,  mostly  incumbent  on  the  ground,  often  purplish  on  the 
under  side.     Scape  longer  than  the  leaves. 

tt  Flowers  yellow. 

7.  V.  rotundifolia  Mich.  :  leaves  broad-ovate  or  orbicular,  cordate, 
with  the  sinus  at  length  closed,  slightly  crenate,  smooth  beneath  ; 
stipules  lanceolate-subulate  ;  sepals  oblong,  narrow,  obtuse  ;  lateral 
petals  bearded  ;  lower  ones  smaller,  smooth  ;  spur  very  short  ;  stigma 
recurved.  • 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  Lf. — Floiccrs  yellow, 
middle  sized.     Distinct  from  V.  clandestina  of  Pursh. 

ttt  Flowers  somewhat  it gttlar,  small,  ichitc. 

8.  V.  lanccolata  Linn.  :  leaves  very  smooth,  narrow  lanceolate,  at- 
tenuated at  each  end,  sub-serrate  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth  ; 
petals  beardless,  nearly  equal  ;  spur  very  short  ;  stigma  recurved, 
rostrate. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Lake  Huron.  April,  May. 
7£. — Scape  nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Floiccrs  small,  white, 
inodorous.  The  long  narrow  leaves  will  sufficiently  distinguish 
this  species. — One  of  the  finest  localities  that  I  have  met  with, 
is  a  swamp  about  a  mile  west  of  Albany. 

9.  V.  acuta  Big.  :  leaves  ovate,  smooth,  crenate,  rather  obtuse  ;  sti- 
pules linear- subulate  ;  scape  angular  ;  bracts  nearly  as  long  as  the  pe- 
tals ;  sepals  lanceolate,  acute,  smooth  ;  petals  ovate,  acute,  mostly 
smooth,  lower  ones  veined  ;   stigma  capitate,  rostrate. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds.  Cambridge,  Mass.  Big.  2_£. — A  small 
species.  Distinguished  by  its  even  and  always  acute  petals  and 
by  its  long  linear  bracts. 

10.  V.  primula/alia  Linn.  :  leaves  smooth,  oblong  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
subcordate,  rather  obtuse,  sparingly  crenate  ;  nerves  beneath  and  scape 
somewhat  pubescent  ;  sepals  lanceolate  ;  petals  obtuse  ;  the  two  lat- 
eral ones  a  little  bearded  and  striate  ;  stigma  capitate,  rostrate. 


40  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  April,  May.  21-— Floicers 
white,  odorous,  about  the  size  of  those  of  V.  lanceolata.  Bracts 
long.  This  species  varies  in  the  form  of  its  leaves  from  the 
broad-cordate  to  the  lanceolate.  Near  New-Brunswick,  where 
what  I  consider  the  V.  prinmlafolia  is  very  abundant,  it  certainly 
passes  into  V.  lanceolata,  with  which  species  I  think  it  will  even- 
tually prove  identical.  Dr.  Bigelow  suggests  that  V.  blanda  and 
V.  lanceolata  may  be  the  same  ;  but  so  far  as  my  observation 
extends,  the  former  is  much  more  constant  in  its  characters  than 
V.  jirimulafulia. 

11.  V.  blanda  Tlllld.  :  leaves  broad-cordate,  remotely  serrate  or  cre- 
nate,  nearly  smooth  ;  sinus  rounded  ;  sepals  ovate,  acuminate  ;  petals 
ovate,  obtuse,  nearly  beardless  ;  stigma  depressed,  acutely  margined. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  From  lat.  66°  N.  to  Car.  April,  May. 
21. — Floicers  small,  white,  streaked  with  purple,  odorous.  This 
species  very  closely  resembles  the  foreign  V.  palustrts. 

12.  V.  clandestina  Pursh :  cespitose  ;  leaves  large,  suborbicular,  ob- 
tuse, thin,  nearly  smooth,  crenate,  serrate  ;  sinus  closed,  cordate  ; 
stipules  ovate,  short  ;  stolons  floriferous  ;  petals  narrow,  ovate,  beard- 
less, scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  flowers  often  apetalous  ;  stigma 
straight,  capitate. 

Hab.  Shady  woods  on  mountains.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June — Sept. 
2_f. — Flowers  often  apetalous,  generally  concealed  in  the  earth. 
More  nearly  allied  to  V.  rotundifolia  than  to  V.  blanda,  but  dis- 
tinct from  both. 

**   Caulescent. 

13.  V.  canadensis  Linn. :  stem  erect  ;  leaves  broad-cordate,  acumi- 
nate, serrate,  slightly  pubescent  on  the  nerves,  lower  ones  on  long  pe- 
tioles ;  stipules  broad-lanceolate,  membranaceous,  entire  ;  sepals  sub- 
ulate, lanceolate  ;  spur  very  short  ;  stigma  short,  pubescent  ;  capsule 
oblong,  3-sided,  very  obtuse. 

Hab.  Fields.  Throughout  Can.  and  the  U.  S.  May — July. 
2_f. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.  Floicers  large,  blue  without, 
pale  within. 

14.  V.  ochroleuca  Schw.  :  stem  assurgent  ;  leaves  alternate,  low- 
er ones  round-cordate,  crenate- serrate,  obtuse,  upper  ones  acuminate  ; 
stipules  large,  oblong-lanceolate,  dentate-ciliate  ;  sepals  subulate-lan- 
ceolate ;  petals  obtuse  ;  the  lateral  ones  and  often  the  lowest  profusely 
bearded  ;  spur  produced,  obtuse  ;  stigma  recurved,  subpubescent. — 
V.  striata  Ait.     he  Conte. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  S.  May.  1L— Stem  6—10  inches.  Flow- 
ers yellowish- white,  large. 

15.  V.  muhlenbergiana  De  Cand.  :  stem  weak,  subprostrate,  branch- 
ed, smooth  ;  lower  leaves  reniform- cordate  ;  upper  ones  a  little  acumi- 
nate, crenate-serrate,  nearly  smooth  ;  stipules  large,  oblong-lanceolate, 
serrate-ciliate  ;  sepals  linear-lanceolate ;  petals  obovate,  obtuse,  the 
lateral  ones  bearded ;  spur  nearly  one  third  the  length  of  the  corol ; 


VIOLACEiE.  41 

stigma  rostrate. — V.   muhlenbergii   Torr. —  V.  tdiginosa  and  asartfolia 

MuhL  —  V.  debilis  Pursh.     Schw. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Labrador,  Can.  and  N.  S.  May.  2_f. — Stem. 
6 — 10  inches  high.  Flowers  middle-sized,  blue.  My  specimens 
of  this  plant  agree  in  every  respect  with  those  of  *.  cajiina  of 
Linnceus  from  Scotland  and  Switzerland. 

16.  V.  rostrata  Miihl.  :  stem  diffuse,  erect ;  leaves  smooth,  cordate, 
acute,  serrate  ;  sinus  open  ;  stipules  large,  lanceolate,  serrate-ciliate  J 
peduncles  filiform,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  petals  obovate,  all  beard- 
less ;  spur  longer  than  the  corol. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Can.  and  N.  S.  April,  May.  U-Sttm 
6 — 8  inches  high,  smooth.  Flowers  large,  pale  blue,  with  a  very 
long  horn  or  spur,  by  which  this  species  can  be  easily  recog- 
nized. 

17.  V.  pubescens  Ait.  :  villous-pubescent ;  stem  elongated,  erect, 
naked  below  ;  leaves  broad-ovate,  cordate,  dentate,  more  or  less  acu- 
minate ;  stipules  large,  ovate,  somewhat  toothed  ;  lateral  petals 
bearded  ;  spur  short,  acuminate. —  Jr.  pennsylvanica  Mich. 

b.  eriocarpa  Nutt.  :   capsule  densely  villous. —  V.  eriocarpa  Schw. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Council  Bluffs.  April, 
May.  24-. — Stent  6 — 8  inches  high.  Fioicers  middle  sized,  yel- 
low. 

18.  V.  hastata  Mich. :  smooth  ;  stem  erect,  simple,  leafy  above  ; 
leaves  on  long  petioles,  cordate-lanceolate  or  hastate,  acuminate  ;  lobes 
obtuse,  dentate  ;  stipules  minute,  ciliate-dentate ;  lower  petal  dilated, 
sub-3-lobed  ;  lateral  ones  slightly  bearded  ;  spur  short  ;  stigma  trun- 
cate, hairy  on  the  sides. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  Muhl.  May.  If. — Stem  8 — 12  inches 
high.     Flowers  yellow. 

19.  V.  tcnclla  Muhl.  ;  stem  3-sided,  erect,  mostly  simple  ;  lower 
leaves  round,  spathulate  ;  upper  ones  lanceolate;  stipules  large,  run- 
cinate-pinnatifid  ;  sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  as  long  as  the  pe- 
tals ;  lateral  petals  bearded  ;  spur  obtuse,  not  extended  ;  nectaries 
short. —  V.  bicolor  Pursh. —  V.  arvensis  Ell. 

Hab.  Sandy  hills.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  If— 
Stem  2 — 4  inches  high.  Flowers  small,  bluish-white.  De  Can- 
dolle  and  Hooker  consider  this  a  variety  of  V.  tricolor,  while 
Torrey  thinks  it  is  nearer  to  V.  arvensis.    1  still  think  it  distinct. 

2.     SOLEA.     Ging.     De  Cand. 

Sepals  scarcely  equal,  carinate  ?  not  auricled  at  base,  de- 
current  into  a  pedicel,  at  length  reflexed.  Petals  nearly 
equal ;  lower  one  a  little  larger  than  the  rest,  and  somewhat 
gibbous  at  base.  Stamcjis  approximate  ;  filaments  with  short 
broadish  claws  at  base. 

Pentandria.  Monogvnia. 
4* 


42  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

<S>.  concolor  De  Cand. — S.  stricta  Spreng.  ? — Viola  concolor  Fors. 
Pursh.     Ton: 

Hab.  Rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss. ;  rare.  April,  May. 
ll.-^Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  simple,  erect.  Leaves  cuneate-lanceo- 
late,  sessile,  irregularly  toothed  above.  Peduncles  short,  2 — 3 
flowered.  Floicers  small,  greenish.  Calyx  nearly  as  long  as 
the  petals.  Spur  none.  I  possess  fine  specimens  of  this  plant 
which  were  gathered  near  Lebanon,  N,  Y. 

Order  XVI,     DROSERACEtE.     De  Cand.     Lind. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  equal,  with  an  imbricate  aestivation. 
Petals  5,  hypogynous.  Stamens  distinct,  withering,  either 
equal  in  number  to  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  2 
or  3  or  4  times  as  many.  Ovary  single.  Styles  3 — 5,  either 
wholly  distinct  or  slightly  connected  at  the  base,  bifid  or 
branched.  Capsule  of  1  or  3-cells,  and  3  or  5- valves,  which 
bear  the  placentas  either  in  the  middle  or  at  the  base.  Seeds 
either  naked  or  furnished  with  an  arillus  ;  embryo  straight, 
erect,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  or  cartilaginous  albumen  ;  cotyle- 
dons rather  thick. 

Delicate  herbs,  often  covered  with  glands.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, with  stipulary  cilise  and  a  circinate  vernation. 

1.     DROSERA.     Linn. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens  5.  Styles  3 — 5, 
bipartite.  Capsides  superior,  3-celled,  3 — 5  valved,  many- 
seeded.  Pentandria.  Pentagynia. 

1.  D.  rotundifolia  Linn. :  leaves  all  radical,  orbicular,  petiolate, 
spreading,  covered  above  and  on  the  margin  with  crimson  hairs  ;  pe- 
tioles long,  hairy  ;  scape  bearing  a  simple  terminal  raceme  ;  seeds 
arillate. 

Hab.  Sphagnous  swamps.  From  Arctic  America  to  Car.  July, 
Aug.     If. — Scape  4 — 8  inches  high.     Flowers  small,  whitish. 

Sundew. 

2.  longifolia  Linn. :  leaves  crenate-obovate,  tapering  below  into  a 
long  petiole,  erect-spreading  ;  scape  deplined  at  the  base  ;  stipules 
many-cleft,  capillaceous  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate-oblong,  obtuse. 
- — D.  americana  Muhl. — D.foliosa  Ell. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  1L — Scape  2 — 4 
inches  long.     Racemes  simple.     Flowers  secund. 

3.  D.  filiformis  Raf.  :  leaves  filiform,  very  long,  glandulous  the 
whole  length  ;  scape  longer  than  the  leaves,  simple  or  bifid. — D. 
t  -jifolia  Willd. 


POLYGALE^E.  43 

Hab.  Swamps.  Mass.  N.  J.  and  Del.  Aug.  Sept.  If. — Leaves 
6 — 10  inches  long.     Flowers  purple,  few,  in  a  one-sided  raceme. 

2.     PARNASSIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-sepalled.  Petals  5.  Scales  (or  abortive  sta- 
mens ?)  opposite  to  the  claws  of  the  petals,  terminating  in 
glandular  bristles  at  the  apex.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  4,  ses- 
sile.     Cto/ww/es  4-valved,  1-celled.     Seeds  arillate. 

Pcntandria.    Tetragynia. 

1.  P.  caroliiiitiiui  Mick.  :  radical  leaves  cordate,  orbicular-ovate,  on 
long  petioles  ;  stem  leaf  sessile  ;  flowers  solitary,  terminal  ;  scales 
3-bristled. — P.  americana  and  P.  orata  Muhl.  ? 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  Sept.  U-Stem  12—13 
inches  high.  Leaves  mostly  radical.  Flowers  large,  yellowish- 
white.  Parnassus  Grass. 

2.  P.  palustris  Linn.:  leaves  all  cordate  ;  cauline  one  sessile  ;  scalea 
smooth,  many-bristled. 

Hab.  Bog  meadows.  N.  S.  Can.  and  as  far  north  as  the  Arctic 
circle.  Flowers  white,  veins  of  green  or  purple.  Distinguished 
by  the  numerous,  slender,  white,  pellucid  hairs  of  its  scale  from 
all  the  other  species  of  the  genus. 

Order  XVII.     POLYGALE^.     De  Cand.     hind. 

Sepals  5,  very  irregular,  distinct,  3  exterior,  of  which  1  is 
superior  and  2  inferior  ;  2  inner  ones  (the  wings)  often  peta- 
loid.  Petals  3 — 4,  hypogynous,  one  inferior  (the  keel)  the 
others  alternating  with  the  upper  and  lateral  sepals  ;  some- 
times 5,  and  then  the  2  additional  ones  minute  and  between  the 
lateral  and  lower  sepals.  Keel  sometimes  entire,  and  then  na- 
ked or  crested  ;  sometimes  3-lobed  without  a  crest.  Sta?)iens 
8,  unequal,  ascending,  combined  into  a  tube,  which  is  split 
opposite  to  the  upper  sepal  ;  anthers  1-celled,  opening  by  a 
terminal  pore,  or  very  rarely  by  a  longitudinal  cleft.  Ovary 
superior,  2-celled,  with  placentae  in  the  axis  ;  the  cells  ante- 
rior and  posterior,  the  latter  often  abortive  ;  ovules  1,  rarely  2, 
pendulous  ;  style  simple,  curved  ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit 
dehiscent  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  pendulous,  with  a  copious 
fleshy  albumen  and  a  straight  embryo. 

Shrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves  generally  alternate,  mostly  sim- 
ple and  always  destitute  of  stipule?.  Flowers  usually  race- 
mose, often  small.     Pedicels  with  3  bra 


44  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 


1.     POLYGALA.     Tourn. 


Sepals  of  the  calyx  persistent ;  two  inner  ones  wing- 
shaped  and  coloured.  Petals  3 — 5,  united  to  the  stamens, 
lower  one  keelform.  Capsule  compressed,  elliptic,  obovateor 
obcordate.     Seeds  pubescent.  Diadelphxa,   Octandria. 

*  Floicers  in  racemes  or  spikes. 

1.  P.  vulgaris  Linn. :  stem  herbaceous,  procumbent  ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse  ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  spike,  erect  ;  wings 
of  the  calyx  obtuse,  longer  than  the  corol. 

Hab.  Banks  of  the  Mohawk,  N.  Y.  Nutt.  June.  U.— Stems 
numerous.  Floicers  blue,  cristate.  According  to  De  Candolle 
there  are  7  varieties  of  this  species. 

2.  P.  incarnata  Linn. :  glaucous  ;  stem  erect,  slender,  nearly  sim- 
ple ;  leaves  scattered,  few,  subulate  ;  racemes  spiked,  oblong,  with- 
out glands  ;  corol  with  a  long  tube. 

Hab.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Near  Niagara  Falls.  Hooker.  June,  July, 
0. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  somewhat  angled,  with  few  re- 
mote subulate  leaves.  Flowers  flesh-coloured,  in  a  somewhat 
loose  terminal  spike ;  petals  united  into  a  long  slender  tube.  A 
specimen  of  this  plant,  received  from  Dr.  Charles  Pickering,  and 
gathered  by  him  in  New-Jersey,  has  only  4  or  5  subulate  leaves 
on  the  stem,  which  is  more  than  a  foot  high.  Milk  Wort. 

3.  P.  cruciata  Nutt.  :  stem  fastigiate,  winged  at  the  angles  ;  leaves 
whorled  in  fours,  linear-lanceolate,  punctate  ;  spikes  dense,  sessile  ; 
flowers  subcristate  ;  wings  of  the  calyx  cordate, acuminate,  mucronate. 

Hab.  Wet  places.  Can.  to  Geor.  July,  Sept.  0.— Stem  8— 12 
inches  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Flowers  greenish-purple. 
Corol  slightly  fimbriate. 

4.  P.  brevifolia  Nutt. :  stem  erect,  branched,  winged  at  the  angles  ; 
leaves  whorled  in  fours,  oblong-linear,  short,  sprinkled  with  resinous 
dots  ;  spikes  pedunculate,  partly  capitate  ;  flowers  subcristate  ;  wings 
of  the  calyx  cordate-ovate,  acute,  scarcely  longer  than  the  capsule. 

Hab.  Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Ohio.  July,  Aug.  0. — Stem 
slender.  Flowers  brightish  red.  Resembles  the  former,  but  is 
quite  distinct.  Dr.  Hooker  thinks  this  may  be  the  true  P.  cruci- 
ata of  Linnaeus,  while  the  P.  cruciata  of  Nuttall  is  distinct.  But 
there  is  still  some  doubt  with  regard  to  the  correctness  of  this 
opinion. 

5.  P.fastigiata  Nutt. :  stem  slender  and  fastigiately  branched;  leaves 
alternate,  linear,  acute;  spikes  subcapitate,  pedunculate  ;  flowers  sub- 
cristate ;  wings  of  the  calyx  spreading,  ovate,  acute,  scarcely  longer 
than  the  capsule.— P.  setacea  Muhl. 

Hab.     N.  J.  #.     Nutt. — Nearly  allied  to  P.  cruciata. 

6.  P.  purpurea  Nutt.  :  stem  fastigiately  branched  ;  leaves  alternate, 
oblong-linear  ;    flowers  beardless,  imbricated  in    obtuse    cylindrical 


POLYGALE^E.  45 

spikes  ;  rachis  squarrose  ;  wings   of  the  calyx  cordate-ovate,  erect, 
twice  as  long  as  the  capsule. — P.  sanguinea  Mich.  Pursh. 

Hab.  Woods  and  hill  sides,  Throughout  N.  Amer.  July,  Aug. 
0. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.     Flowers  rose-coloured. 

7.  P.  sanguinea  Linn. :  stem  fastigiately  branched  ;  leaves  alternate, 
narrow-linear  ;  flowers  beardless,  in  long  and  crowded  spikes  ;  rachis 
squarrose  ;  wings  of  the  calyx  obovate,  as  long  as  the  capsule. 

Hab.  Dry  soils.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July— Oct.  &.—Stcm  8—12 
inches  high.  Flowers  dark  red.  Allied  to  the  former,  but  a 
much  smaller  plant,  the  leaves  shorter  and  narrower,  and  with  a 
longer  and  more  loose  spike  ;  the  rachis  also  is  much  more 
squarrose. 

8.  P.  ambigna  Nutt.  :  stem  erect,  virgately  branched  ;  leaves  linear; 
the  lower  ones  whorled  ;  the  rest  scattered  ;  spikes  acute,  on  very  long 
peduncles  ;  flowers  cristate  ;  wings  of  the  calyx  round  and  veined,  as 
long  as  the  fruit  ;  bracts  deciduous. 

Hab.     Wet  woods.     N.  J.  and  Virg.  0. — Floiccrs  purple, 

distinctly  pedicellate,  larger  than  those  of  the  next  species. 

9.  P.  rerticillata  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  whorled,  linear 
and  remote  ;  racemes  spiked,  acute,  pedunculate  ;  bracts  deciduous  ; 
flowers  cristate;  wings  of  the  calyx  roundish,  shorter  than  the  capsule. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July— Oct.  #. 
—  Stem  8 — 1*2  inches  high,  slender,  slightly  angled.  Leaves 
sometimes  solitary.  Flowers  small,  greenish-white.  Capsule 
sessile.  Dwarf  Snake-root. 

10.  P.  senega  Linn.  :  stems  numerous,  erect,  smooth,  simple  ;  leaves 
alternate,  ovate-lanceolate  ;  upper  ones  acuminate  ;  racemes  naked, 
spiked  ;  wings  of  the  calyx  orbicular  ;  capsule  elliptical,  emarginate. 

Hab.  "Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  Ii. — Stem  a  foot 
high.  Leaves  pale  green.  Floiccrs  whitish,  in  a  terminal  spike. 
The  root  is  hard,  firm  and  branching,  and  is  much  used  in  medi- 
cine.   Big.  Med.  Bot.  ii.  97.    Bart.  ii.  116.      Seneka  Snake-root. 

11.  P.  polygama  Halt.:  stems  numerous,  simple,  erect  and  procum- 
bent ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  downwards  ;  racemes  filiform, 
terminal  and  lateral,  elongated  ;  lower  ones  procumbent,  without  pe- 
tals ;  flowers  sessile. — P.  rubella   Jf'illd.   Pursh. 

Hab.  Forests.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  If. — Stem  4 — 8  in- 
ches high,  angular.  Floiccrs  purple.  The  whole  plant  is  bitter 
and  is  used  in  medicine.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  iii.  129.  Bitter  Pohjgalu. 

**  Floicers  capitate,   (yellow.) 

12.  P.lutea  Linn. :  stem  simple  or  branched;  lower  leaves  spathulate; 
upper  ones  lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  globular  heads,  yellow  ;  wings  of 
the  calyx  ovate,  mucronate  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  flowers. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  June — Oct.  $  .—Stem 
8 — 16  inches  high,  mostly  simple.     Floicers  bright  yellow. 

Yellow  Polygala. 


46  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

***  Floivers  in  corymbs. 

13.  P.  ramosa  Ell. :  stem  erect,  branching,  angular,  corymbose  at 
the  summit,  many-headed  ;  radical  leaves  spathulate-obovate  ;  cauline 
ones  subequal,  linear ;  wings  of  the  calyx  oblong-ovate,  cuspidate. — 
P.  corymbosa  Nutt.  not  of  Mich. 

Hab.  Sphagnous  swamps.  Del.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  2L — 
Stem  a  foot  high,  sometimes  branching  from  near  the  base. 
Floiccrs  in  small  loose  heads  forming  a  very  irregular  corymb, 
yellow,  dark  green  when  dry.  According  to  Elliott,  P.  corym- 
bosa of  Michaux  is  a  distinct  species,  identical  with  P.  attenuuta 
ofNuttall. 

*  *  *  *  Flowers  axillary,   ( large. ) 

14.  P.  pauciflora  IVilld. :  stem  simple,  erect,  naked  below  ;  leaves 
ovate,  acute,  smooth  ;  flowers  mostly  terminal  and  by  threes,  large, 
cristate,  sometimes  axillary. 

b.  alba  Eights:  flower  solitary,  smaller,  white  ;  stem  somewhat 
leafy  at  base. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Lake  Huron.  June.  If. 
— Stem  3 — 4  inches  high.  Floicers  large,  purple,  with  the  sum- 
mit of  the  keel  densely  crested.  Var.  alba  was  found  by  Dr. 
James  Eights  in  the  sand  plains  near  Albany.  It  has  the  stem 
rather  lower  and  more  leafy  than  in  the  former  ;  the  flower  also 
is  solitary,  smaller,  white,  and  the  keel  less  densely  crested. 

Floxcering   Winter  green. 

15.  P.  uniflora  Mich. :  herbaceous,  small ;  leaves  broad,  oval,  attenu- 
ated into  a  petiole  ;  flowers  not  crested,  solitary,  scattered,  pedecillate. 

Hab.  Borders  of  Can.  Mich.  This  plant,  which  is  probably  a 
native  of  the  Northern  States,  has  been  confounded  with  the 
former  ;  but  if  Michaux  has  described  it  correctly,  it  must  be 
distinct,  as  he  says  that  the  keel  is  not  crested,  and  that  the 
flowers  are  solitary  and  scattered. 

Order  XVIIL     CARYOPHYLLE.E.     Be  Cancl.     hinds 

Sepals  4 — 5,  continuous  with  the  peduncle  ;  either  distinct 
or  cohering  in  a  tube,  persistent.  Petals  4 — 5,  hypogynous, 
unguiculate,  inserted  upon  the  pedicel  of  the  ovary  ;  occa- 
sionally wanting.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  in- 
serted upon  the  pedicel  of  the  ovary  along  with  the  petals  ; 
filaments  subulate,  sometimes  monadelphous  ;  anthers  innate. 
Ovary  stipitate  on  the  apex  of  a  pedicel  (called  the  gyno- 
phorus)  ;  stigmas  2 — 5,  sessile,  filiform,  papillose  on  the  in- 
ner surface.  Capsule  2 — 5  valved,  either  1-celled  or  2 — 5 
celled,  in  the  latter  case  with  a  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Pla- 
centa in  the  axis  of  the  fruit.  Seeds  indefinite  in  number, 
rarely  definite  ;  albumen  mealy ;  embryo  curved  round  the 
^Ibumen  s  iodide  pointing  to  the  hilum. 


CARYOPHYLLE.E.  47 

Herbs,  occasionally  becoming  suffrutescent.  Stems  tumid 
at  the  articulations.  Leaves  always  opposite  and  entire,  of- 
ten connate  at  the  base. 

1.    DIANTHUS,     Linn. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  with  2 — 4  opposite  imbricate 
scales  at  base.  Petals  5,  with  long  claws.  Stamens  10. 
Styles  2.      Capsule  1-celled.  Bccandria.  Digynia. 

D.  armaria  Linn.:  flowers  in  terminal  crowded  clusters;  scales  of 
the  calyx  lanceolate,  villous,  as  long  as  the  tube. 

Hab.     Sandy   fields.     N.    J.     July.     ©.—Stem  18   inches  high. 
Flowers  red,  inodorous,  small,     introduced.  Pink. 

2.     SILENE.     Linn. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked.     Petals  5,  unguiculate, 

mostly    crowned    at   the   orifice ;    limb  bifid.      Stamens   10. 

Styles  3.      Capsule  3- celled  at  base,  dehiscent  at  the  top  into 

6  teeth.  Dccandria.   Trigynia. 

*  Caulescent.     Floiecrs  solitary  or  paniclcd..  Calyx  inflated. 

1.  Sf.  sttcllata  Ait.  ;  stem  erect,  branching,  pubescent ;  leaves  verti- 
cillate  in  fours,  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  smooth  ;  flowers  in  panicles  ; 
calyx  vesiculose,  pubescent  ;  limb  of  the  petals  fringed. — Cucubalus 
Stella  (us  Linn. 

Hab.  Hillsides.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  21.— Stem  2—4  feet 
high.     Flowers  white  ;  petals  about  4-cleft.      Calyx  inflated. 

Star  Campion. 

2.  S.  inflata  Smith  :  stem  branching,  smooth  and  glaucous,  decum- 
bent ;  leaves  oblong-oval,  acute,  nerveless,  ;  flowers  paniculate  ;  calyx 
vesiculate-ovate  ;  petals  bifid,  naked  ;  claws  wedge-form  ;  styles  larger 
than  the  stamens. — Cucubalus  bclien  Linn. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Can.  andX.  S.  July.  21 .— Stem  l*-2  feet 
high.  Flowers  white  ;  petals  bifid.  Calyx  bladder  like  and  beau- 
tifully veined.  Bladder  Campion. 

3.  »?.  nicea  Muhl. :  stem  divaricate  and  dichotomous  above  ;  leave* 
oblong-lanceolate,  minutely  and  puberulently  pubescent,  the  upper- 
most ovate  ;  calyx  obtuse,  bell-shaped,  inflated,  subpilose  ;  petals 
small,  reflexed,  bifid  at  the  extremity  ;  claws  exserted  beyond  the  calyx, 
nearly  naked  ;  flowers  solitary,  dichotomal,  terminal. — Cucubalus 
nivcus  Xutt. 

Hab.  "  Upon  an  Island  in  the  Susquehannah  near  to  Columbia, 
Penn.  Muhlenberg."  Xutt.  June,  July.  11. — Stem  smooth 
and  slender.  Leares  opposite,  2  inches  long,  and  1-2  an  inch 
wide.  Flmccrs  white,  remote,  solitary,  dichotomal  and  terminal. 
Nuttall  quotes  the  above  name  from  Muhlenberg  as  a  synonym 
for  his  Cucubalus  niceus,  but  I  cannot  find  it  in  his  catalogue. 
It  may  be  the  8.  alba  of  Muhlenberg,  and  is  perhaps  only  a 
variety  of  S.  inflata. 


48  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

**  Caulescent     Flowers  in  axillary  spikes,  alternate.     Calyx  10-striatc. 

4.  S.  nocturna  Linn. :  stem  branched,  pilose  below  ;  leaves  pubescent, 
long  ciliate  at  base  ;  lower  ones  spathulate,  upper  ones  linear-lanceolate ; 
spike  secund,  dense ;  flowers  sessile,  alternate  ;  calyx  cylindrical, 
nearly  smooth  ;  petals  2-parted,  narrow. 

Hab.  Penn.  and  Virg.  July.  0. — Flowers  white,  greenish  be- 
neath. 

p*  Caulescent.    Stem  rigidly  erect.     Peduncles  filiform.     Calyx  bellform 
or  cylindrical. 

5.  S.  antirrhina  Linn. :  almost  smooth  ;  stem  erect,  branching,  some- 
what leafy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  subciliate,  upper  ones  linear  ; 
flowers  small,  panicled ;  calyx  ovate,  glabrous  ;  petals  obcordate, 
crowned  ;  stamens  included. 

Hab.  Dry  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  0. — Steml — 2  feet  high, 
nearly  glabrous,  with  very  slender  erect  branches  and  peduncles. 
Calyx  broad-oval  or  obovate,  shining.  Blossoms  nocturnal. 
Corol  small,  whitish.  Sleepy  Catch-fly. 

****    Caulescent.     Flowers  panicled,  rarely  solitary.    Pedicels  opposite, 
short.    Calyx  tubular. 

6.  S.  catesbm  Walt.  :  branching ;  leaves  broad-lanceolate  ;  flowers 
in  panicles  ;  calyx  clavate,  coloured  ;  petals  with  long  claws  ;  limb 
bifid,  with  two  lateral  teeth  ;  lobes  acute. — (S1.  virginica  Mich.  Pursh,  not 
of  Linn. 

Hab.  Penn  to  Miss.  Muhl.  June.  It. — Stem  a  foot  high  ; 
Flowers  crimson.  Both  De  Candolle  and  Hooker  concur  in  sup- 
posing the  present  plant  distinct  from  S.  virginica,  though  it  is 
confounded  by  the  authors  above  mentioned  and  also  by  Dr. 
Torrey  and  Mr.  Elliott. 

7.  »S'.  virginica  Linn. :  viscid-pubescent  ;  stem  procumbent,  assur- 
gent,  branching  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  lower  ones  on  long  petioles,  with 
long  ciliae  at  base  ;  flowers  large,  in  panicles  ;  petals  with  long  claws, 
broad,  bifid,  crowned. 

Hab.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Lake  Huron.  May,  June.  If. — 
Flowers  purple.     Distinct  from  the  next. 

8.  S.  pemisylvanica  Mich. :  viscidly-pubescent  ;  radical  leaves  some- 
what cuneate  ;  those  of  the  stem  long-linear  ;  flowers  in  panicles, 
somewhat  trichotomous;  calyx  long,  tubular;  petals  slightly  emargi- 
nate,  subcrenate. — $.  caroliniana  Walt. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  May,  June.  If. — Stems 
numerous,   cespitose,  8 — 12  inches  high.     Petals  bright  purple. 

Wild  Pink. 

*****  JJespitose.      Stems  almost  wanting.       Calyx  subinflated.     Pedun- 
cles 1-flowered. 

9.  S.  acaulis  Linn.  :  stems  very  densely  cespitose,  low;  leaves  linear, 
ciliate  at  base  ;  peduncles  solitary,  short,  1-flowered  ;  calyx  campanu- 
late  ;  petals  obcordate,  crowned. 


CARYOPHYLLE.E.  49 

Hab.  White  mountains,  N.  H.  and  throughout  the  whole  of  Arc- 
tic America,  N.  of  lat.  54°.  W.  to  Rocky  mountains. — Nearly 
stemless,  depressed.     Flowers  rose-coloured. 

3.      SAPONARIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed,  naked  at  base.  Petals  unguicu- 
late ;  claw  equalling  the  calyx.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2. 
Capsule  1 -eel led.  Decandria.  Digynia. 

1.  8.  vaccaria  Linn.:  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sessile;  flowers  in 
panicles  ;  calyx  pyramidal,  5-angled,  smooth  ;  bracts  membranaceous, 
acute. 

Hab.       Fields.      Williamstown.    Mas?.       Damj.       July.  . — 

flowers  rose-coloured. — Probably   introduced,    but    completely 
naturalized  at  the  above  locality."  Held  Soap-wort. 

2.  S.  officinalis  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  ribbed,  acute  or 
obtuse  ;  flowers  large,  in  a  fasciculate  panicle  ;  calyx  cylindrical  ;  ap- 
pendages of  the  petals  linear. 

Hab.  Roadsides.  June — Sept.  2_f. — Stcml2 — 18  inches  high. 
Leaves  opposite  and  connate.  Flmeers  large,  rose-coloured. — It 
is  said  to  make  a  lather  with  water,  and  hence  its  common  name. 
Introduced.  Soap-wort. 

4.     AGROSTEMMA.      loin. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-sided,  coriaceous.  Petals  5,  unguiculate, 
not  crowned  ;  limb  entire.  Capsule  1-celled,  opening  with  5 
teeth.  Decandria.  Pentagynia. 

A.  githago  Linn.  :  hairy  ;  leaves  opposite,  linear-lanceolate  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  much  longer  than  the  corol  ;  flower  solitary,  ter- 
minal, large  ;  petals  entire,  destitute  of  a  crown. — Lychnis  githago  De 
Cana\ 

Hab.  In  corn  fields.  June,  July.  $£. — Stem  18 — 20  inches  high. 
Floicers  large,  purple.     Introduced.  Corn  Cockle. 

5.     SAGINA.     Linn. 

Calyx  4 — 5  parted.  Petals  4 — 5,  or  none.  Stamens  4 — 5. 
Capsule  4 — 5  valved,  1-celled,  many  seeded. 

Tetrandria.    Teiragynia. 

1.  8.  procumbens  Linn.:  perennial;  stems  procumbent,  smooth, 
branched  ;  leaves  linear-mucronate  ;  petals  very  short. 

Hab.  Borders  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  and  W.  to  the  banks  of 
the  Columbia  river.  July.  If.—  Stems  2—4  inches  high.  Pedun- 
cles solitary,  larger  than  the  leaves.     Floicers  small,  white. 

Pearl-wort. 

2.  S.  apctala  Linn.  :  annual  ;  stems  erect  or  procumbent  only  at 
base,  subpubescent  ;  leaves  linear-mucronate  ;  flowers  alternate  ; 
petals  very  minute  or  none. 


50  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  and  Penn.  May,  June.  0. — Stems 
numerous,  erect,  filiform.  Flowers  on  long  slender  peduncles. 
Petals  nearly  obsolete,  more  slender  and  of  a  paler  green  than 
in  the  former.  Annual  Pearl-wort. 

6.     MOLLUGO.      Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3 — 5.  Styles  3. 
Capsule  3-valved,  3-celled,  many  seeded. 

Triandria.   Trigynia. 

M.  vcrticillata  Linn. :  stems  decumbent,  dichotomous  ;  leaves  verticil- 
late,  obovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  peduncles  1 -flowered,  verticillate. 

Hab.  Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Columbia  river.  July — 
Sept.  0. — Stems  prostrate.  Floicers  small,  white,  on  axillary 
peduncles.  Indian  Chickweed. 

7.     SPERGULA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  entire.  Stamens  5 — 10. 
Styles  5.     Capsule  1-celled,  6-valved,  many  seeded. 

Decandria.  Pentagynia. 

1.  &.  arcensis  Linn. :  leaves  whorled,  with  stipules  at  the  base  ;  pani- 
cle dichotomous  ;  flowers  decandrous  ;  peduncles  of  the  fruit  reflexed; 
seeds  spherical,  somewhat  hispid,  black,  with  a  narrow  margin. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  the  Columbia  river. 
June — Aug.  ©. — Stem  6 — 12  inches  high,  swelling  at  the  joints. 
Leaves  narrow-linear,  whorled.  Flowers  white,  in  a  panicle. — 
According  to  Dr.  Hooker  the  margin  of  the  seed  varies  greatly 
in  its  breadth. — Fl.  Scot. — Naturalized.  Corn  Spurrey. 

2.  &  saginoides  Linn.  :  stem  creeping  ;  leaves  opposite,  linear, 
smooth,  awnless  ;  peduncles  solitary,  very  long  ;  petals  oblong,  obtuse, 
as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  seeds  kidney-form,  punctate.— &  decumbens  Ell. 
— S.  nodosa  Walt. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.J.  to  Car.  W.  to  N.  W.  Coast  of  America. 
June.  #. — Stem  2 — 4  inches  long,  decumbent.  Floicers  erect, 
white.     Resembles  Sagina procumbcns  very  much. 

Pearl-wort  Spurrey. 

8.     STELLARIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  bifid.  Stamens  10,  or  by  abor- 
tion 3 — 8.  Styles  3.  Capsule  1-celled,  6-valved  at  the 
apex,  many  seeded.  Decandria.   Trigynia. 

1.  8.  media  Smith  :  stem  procumbent,  with  an  alternate  pubescent, 
lateral  line  ;  leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  very  smooth  ;  upper  ones  ses- 
sile ;  capsule  deeply  6-valved,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  seeds 
subreniform,  rugose. — Alsine  media  Linn. 


CARYOPHYLLE^S.  51 

Hab.  Road  sides,  &c.  Can.  and  N.  S.  March— Nov.  ©.— 
Stem  spreading.  Peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  1-flowered. 
Petals  white,  deeply  cleft.     Stamens  5 — 10.  Chichceed. 

2.  S.  pubcra  Mich.  :  pubescent  ;  stem  decumbent ;  leaves  ovate-ob- 
long, sessile,  acute,  ciliate  ;  pedicels  filiform  dichotomal,  recurved  or 
deflexed  ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Rocky  banks.  Penn.  to  Geor.  May,  June.  21.  ?  Stem 
6 — 12  inches  high,  diffuse  and  dichotomous.  Floicers  large,  ax- 
illary and  terminal,  on  filiform  pedicels. 

3.  &.  longifolia  MM.  :  smooth ;  stem  erect,  square,  weak  ;  leaves 
linear-acute,  spreading,  with  the  margins  often  scabrous  ;  panicle  ter- 
minal, divaricate,  very  long,  bracteate  ;  petals  broad-obovate,  2-parted, 
about  as  long  as  the  3-nerved  calyx. — Spergulastrum  gramineum  Mich. 
— Micropitahnii  grammeum  Pcrs. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  N.  S.  and  N.  to  lat.  64°.  June.  l[.—Stcm 
12 — 15  inches  high.  Petals  white,  becoming  longer  than  the 
calyx. — There  appears  to  be  no  just  ground  for  the  separation  of 
the  genus  Micropctalum  from  Stcllaria.  It  is,  however,  counte- 
nanced by  De  Candolle. 

4.  >S>.  lanceolata  Torr.  :  very  smooth,  procumbent  or  ascending  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end  ;  petals  about  as  long  as  the  calyx  ; 
stigmas  mostly  4,  or  wanting. — Micropctalum  lanccolatum  Pers. 

Hab.  Alpine  swamps.  N.  S.  June.  L£. — Stem  6 — 8  inches. 
Flowers  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal,  on  long  slender  pedun- 
cles. By  some  botanists  this  plant  is  considered  identical  with 
the  former,  while  Dr.  Hooker  considers  Dr.  Torrey's  plant  as  a 
variety  of  his  S.  borcafis. 

5.  8.  borcalis  Big.  :  stem  spreading,  angular,  dichotomous  ;  leaves 
oval-lanceolate  ;  peduncles  axillary,  elongated,  1-flowered  ;  petals 
deeply  cleft,  about  equal  to  the  calyx. — S.  borealis,  var.  Hooker. 

Hab.  White  hills.  N.  H.  and  throughout  Can.  to  the  Arctic  cir- 
cle. July.  Aug.  IS. — Stem  spreading,  angular.  Leaves  slightly 
connate.     Petals  white,  deeply  cleft. 

G.  S.  longipes  Goldie :  weak,  very  smooth,  glaucous  ;  leaves  linear, 
subulate,  spreading  ;  peduncles  terminal,  dichotomously  branched  ; 
bracts  membranaceous  ;  pedicels  much  elongated  ;  petals  broad-ovate, 
deeply  bifid,  a  little  longer  than  the  obtuse  and  obscurely  3-nerved 
calyx. — Goldie.     Hooker. 

Hab.  Woods  near  Lake  Ontario. — Floicers  large,  white,  in  a  ter- 
minal leafless  panicle.  A  very  minute  description  of  this  plant, 
and  many  interesting  observations  upon  the  Canadian  species  of 
this  genus,  will  be  found  in  Hooker's  Fl.  Bor.  Amer. 

9.     ARENARIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-sepalled.     Petals  5,  entire.    Stamens  10,  or  fewer 
by  abortion.     Styles  3.     Capsule  1-celled,  many  seeded. 

Decandria.   Trigynia. 


52  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

*  Leaves  linear,  with  scarious  stipules  at  base. 

1.  A.  nibra  Linn. :  stem  prostrate,  pilose  ;  leaves  filiform,  acute, 
fiat,  somewhat  fleshy,  mucronate,  shorter  than  the  internodes  ;  sepals 
lanceolate,  somewhat  obtuse,  scarious  on  the  margin  ;  peduncles  axil- 
l&ry,  at  length  deflexed  ;  seeds  compressed,  angular,  roughish,  not 
margined. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  Mass.  June.  0. — Stem  spreading.  Floic- 
ers  small,  red.  Common  Sand-wort. 

2.  A.  canadensis  Pers.  :  somewhat  hispid  ;  leaves  filiform,  longer 
than  the  internodes  ;  sepals  lanceolate,  obtuse,  with  the  margin  broad 
and  scarious  ;  stamens  5  ;  pedicels  at  length  deflexed  ;  seeds  some- 
what cordate,  compressed  ;  radicle  somewhat  prominent. — A.  rubra, 
var.  marina  Linn.    Torr. — A.  marina  Smith.   Big: 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  Along  the  whole  coast  of  North  America. — 
Stem  3—8  inches  long,  procumbent,  succulent.  Floicers  axilla- 
ry, solitary,  on  short  peduncles,  reddish.  Capsule  subglobose, 
longer  than  the  calyx.  This  plant  has  been  confounded  with 
A.  marina  of  Smith  ;  but  the  latter  is  characterized  by  the  seeds 
having  a  broad  membranaceous  border,  and  is  considered  by 
De  Candolle  identical  with  A.  media  of  Linnaeus.  De  Candolle, 
who  appears  to  have  seen  specimens  of  the  above  plant,  con- 
siders it  distinct  from  A.  rubra,  though  this  opinion  is  opposed 
by  the  authorities  above  cited.  It  varies  much  in  the  number 
of  its  stamens,  being  frequently  di-tri  and  pentandrous. 

Sea  Sand-wort. 

f*  Leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  rounded,  icithout  stipules. 

3.  A.  squarrosa  Mich.  :  cespitose  ;  inferior  leaves  squarrose,  imbricate, 
channelled,  smooth  ;  stem  simple,  few-leaved  ;  flowers  in  dichotomous 
panicles,  erect  ;  sepals  roundish-ovate,  smooth  ;  petals  obovate,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx  ;  capsules  oval,  3-valved,  exceeding  the  calyx  ; 
valves  obtuse. — A.  caroliniana  Walt. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Car.  May— Aug.  11. — Stem  6—8 
inches  high,  much  divided  near  the  base.  Floicers  white,  in  a 
small  terminal  panicle.  Squarrose  Sand-xcort. 

4.  A.  stricta  Mich.  :  stems  numerous,  erect,  smooth,  filiform  ;  leaves 
subulate-linear,  erect,  subfasciculate,  spreading  ;  panicle  few-flowered; 
sepals  ovate-lanceolate,  conspicuously  striate,  half  as  long  as  the  petals. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  LL — Stems  6 — 12 
inches  high.  Leaves  more  linear  than  in  the  preceding,  and  not 
so  much  crowded  near  the  base. 

5.  A.  glabra  Mich.  :  very  smooth  ;  stems  numerous,  erect,  filiform  ; 
leaves  subulate-linear,  flat,  spreading  ;  pedicels  1-flowered,  elongated, 
divaricate  ;  sepals  oval,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  petals. — S.  uniflora 
Walt. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  H.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  U- — Stems  4—6 
inches  high,  erect,  slender.     Floicers  white,  large. 

6.  A.  seipyllifolia  Linn.:  stem  dichotomous,  diffuse  ;  leaves  ovate, 
acute,  sessile,  somewhat  rugose,    smooth,  ciliate  ;  sepals  lanceolate? 


CARYOPHYLLEiE.  53 

acute,  3-nerved,  larger  than  the  corol  ;    capsule  ovate,  6-valved,  equal- 
ling the  calyx  ;  seeds  exactly  reniform,  rugose. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May— July.  ®.—Stem 
mostly  decumbent,  3 — 8  inches  long.  Flotcers  axillary  and  ter- 
minal, solitary. 

7.  A.  lateriflora  Linn. :  stem  filiform,  branched  ;  leaves  obtuse,  cili- 
ate,  nerved  ;  peduncles  lateral,  solitary,  elongated,  1 — 2  flowered  ; 
one  of  the  pedicels  with  2  opposite  bracts  near  the  middle;  sepals  ovate, 
obtuse,  shorter  than  the  petals  ;  capsule  ovate,  obtuse,  longer  than  the 
calyx. 

Hab.  Meadows.  N.  S.  North  to  Hudson's  bay.  June.  Lf. 
— Stem  5 — 10  inches  high,  erect,  filiform.  Peduncles  axillary, 
very  slender,  forked.     Flowers  white. 

8.  A.  pcploidzs  Linn.  :  stem  dichotomous;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  fleshy, 
approximate  ;  flowers  solitary,  on  short  peduncles  ;  sepals  oblong, 
acutish,  about  as  long  as  the  corol  ;  capsule  globose,  depressed, 
3-valved  ;  seeds  numerous,  black. 

Hab.  Sea  coast,  Mass.  N.  J.  N.  to  Arctic  America.  June.  7£. 
— Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Flotcers  axillary,  sessile.  Petals 
white,  membranaceous,  spatulate. 

10,     CERASTIUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  bifid.  Stamens  10.  Styles  5. 
Capsule  1 -celled,  cylindrical  or  globose,  dehiscent  at  the  apex 
with  10  teeth.  Decandria.  Pentagynia. 

1.  C.  ritlgatum  Linn.  :  viscidly  pubescent,  pale  green  ;  stems  nume- 
rous, cespitose,  suberect ;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  hirsute ;  flowers  dicho- 
tomous, subumbelled,  longer  than  the  peduncles  ;  petals  oblong,  emar- 
ginate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  oblong,  tapering,  as 
long  again  as  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Fields  and  hills,  Can.  to  Car.  May — Aug.  $g.—Stem 
6 — 10  inches  high.     Flotcers  white.     Introduced. 

Mouse-ear  Chickicecd. 

2.  C.  ciscosttm  Linn.  :  hairy  and  viscid,  deep  green  ;  stems  nume- 
rous, erect  ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong  ;  flowers  in  dichotomous  umbels, 
shorter  than  their  pedicels  ;  capsule  somewhat  incurved,  terete,  as 
long  again  as  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Fields  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  May — Aug.  11. — 
Stem  6 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  rather  obtuse.  Petals  white, 
obovate,  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx. 

3.  C.  scmidecandrum  Linn.  :  hirsute  and  viscid  ;  stems  numerous, 
erect ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers  pentandrous,  somewhat  umbel- 
led,  shorter  than  their  pedicels  ;  petals  slightly  notched  ;  capsule  te- 
rete, deflexed,  as  long  again  as  the  calyx. 

Hab.     Dry  hills.     N.  S.     May — Aug.     ©. — Perhaps  only  a  va- 
riety of  the  preceding.     De  Candolle  places  the  C.  semidecan* 
drum  of  American  authors,  as  a  variety  under  C.  vulgatum, 
5* 


54  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

4.  C.  arvcnse  Linn. :  stems  ascending  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  ob- 
tuse, more  or  less  hairy,  especially  at  base  ;  flowers  few,  terminal  ; 
peduncles  deflexed,  pubescent ;  petals  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  cap- 
sule oblong-cylindrical,  scarcely  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Fields  and  rocky  hills.  N.  S.  May— Aug.  Lf. — Root 
creeping.  Stems  4 — 8  inches  long,  ascending,  slender,  some- 
what cespitose.  Leaves  crowded  at  the  base  of  the  stem,  short, 
ciliate  at  base.  Floicers  large,  white,  2  or  3  on  terminal  pedicels. 
Petals  deeply  cleft,  white,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.  This  is 
undoubtedly  a  native  near  Albany,  as  it  would  seem  to  be  also, 
according  to  Dr.  Barton,  on  the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill  and  De- 
laware. Fl.  Phil.  i.  216.  Dr.  Bigelow  credits  it  to  the  vicinity 
of  Boston,  but  thinks  it  merely  naturalized.          Field  Chickiceed. 

5.  C.  tenuifolium  Pursh.  :  pubescent-cespitose  ;  leaves  narrow-linear, 
longer  than  the  internodes  ;  flowers  on  long  peduncles,  mostly  3,  from 
tbe  top  of  each  stem  ;  petals  obovate,  emarginate,  thrice  as  long  as  the 
acute  calyx. — C.  dichotomum  Muhl.  ? 

Hab.  Rocky  places.  N.  S.  June.  IX. — Stems  numerous,  erect. 
Flowers  on  long  peduncles,  3  from  the  summit  of  each  stem.  Re- 
sembles the  preceding,  but  has  longer  and  narrower  leaves,  and 
longer  and  less  deeply  cleft  petals.  But  it  may,  after  all,  be  a 
mere  variety-  Sprengel  considers  C.  pennsylvanicum  of  Horne- 
mann  identical  with  it. 

6.  C.  pubcscens  Goldie:  pubescent-hirsute;  stem  deflexed-pilose  : 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  internodes  ;  panicle  terminal, 
about  3 — 6-flowered  ;  petals  acutely  emarginate,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx. 

Hab.  Kingston,  U.  Can.  Bellows'  Falls,  N.  H.  June.  Zf .— 
This  species  was  first  described  by  Mr.  Goldie.  Edin.  Phil. 
Jour.  vi.  327.  I  have  specimens  of  the  same  plant  collected  at 
Bellows'  Falls,  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Clinton.  They  resemble  those  of 
the  preceding  species,  but  the  stems  are  much  longer  and  more 
slender,  and  are  branched  from  below  in  a  dichotomous  manner  ,- 
the  peduncles  also,  are  much  longer,  and  the  flowers  more  nu- 
merous :  the  sepals  have  a  white  shining  and  scarious  margin. 

7.  C.  nutans  Rqf.  :  viscid  and  pubescent  ;  stems  erect,  straight, 
deeply  striate  ;  leaves  elongated,  distant,  lanceolate-linear  ;  flowers 
subumbelled,  on  long  petioles  ;  petals  oblong,  bifid  at  the  tip,  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  capsule  nodding,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. — C.  gluti^ 
no  sum,  Nutt. — C.  longc  pedunculatum  Muhl. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  N.  S.  June.  0. — Stems  numerous,  8 — 12 
inches  high,  very  viscid.  Lower  leaves  subspathulate.  Flowers 
terminal,  in  a  loose  dichotomous  panicle. 

8.  C.  oblongifolium  Ton:  :  cespitose,  pubescent ;  stems  erect,  terete, 
even  ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  rather  acute,  shorter  than  the  joints  ; 
flowers  terminal,  shorter  than  their  pedicels  ;  petals  obovate,  bifid  at 
the  tip,  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx. — C.  bracteatum  Raf.  ? 

Hab.  Mountains.  Mass.  June.  2_f. — Stems  8 — 10  inches  high. 
Flowers  terminal,  few,  in  a  dichotomous  panicle. 


LINEiE.  55 

9.  C.  connatum  Beck  :  very  hairy,  diffuse  ;  leaves  somewhat  obo- 
vate,  connate  ;  flowers  in  dense  clusters  ;  petals  2-cleft,  a  little  longer 
than  the  acute  calyx  ;  capsule  cylindrical,  straight,  twice  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  —  C.  hirsutum  Mxihl.   Ell.    Torr.  —  C.  sc7nidccandrian    Walt. 

Hab.  N.  Y.  Del.  S.  to  Car.  May,  June.  &. — Stem  procumbent. 
Flowers  white,  in  terminal  clusters.  I  have  changed  the  name 
given  to  this  plant  by  the  authors  above  quoted,  in  consequence 
of  finding  a  foreign  C.  kursutum,  in  De  Candolle's  Prodromus, 
which  appears  to  be  quite  distinct  from  this  species. 

Order  XIX.     ELATINEJ&     bind. 

Sej)als  3 — 5,  distinct,  or  slightly  connate  at  the  base.  Pe- 
tals hypogynous,  alternate  with  the  sepals.  Stamens  equal 
in  number  to  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Ovary  3 — 5- 
celled  ;  styles  3 — 5  ;  stigmas  capitate.  Capsule  3 — 5  celled, 
3 — 5  valved.  Seeds  numerous,  with  a  straight  embryo,  whose 
radicle  is  next  the  hilum  ;  albumen  none. 

Amiuals,  found  in  marshes.  Stems  fistulous,  rooting. 
Leaves  opposite. 

1.    CRYPT  A.    Nutt. 

Calyx  2-leaved,  inferior.  Corol  2 — 3  petalled,  closed. 
Style  almost  wanting.  Stigma  obtuse.  Capsule  2 — 3  cell- 
ed, 2 — 3  valved  ;  cells  4 — 5  seeded. 

Diandria.  Monygynia. 

C.  minima  Xutt :  stems  prostrate,  creeping  and  rooting  ;  leaves  cu- 
neate-obovate,  opposite,  entire,  obtuse.  1-nerved;  flowers  very  minute, 
axillary,  sessile,  alternate. — Peplis  amcricana  Pursh. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug.  0.1 — 
Stems  prostrate,  with  assurgent  branches.  Leaves  opposite,  obo- 
vate  or  oval.  Flowers  sessile,  with  2 — 3  stamens.  Petals  round- 
ish, white. — For  a  very  minute  description  of  this  little  plant  by 
Mr.  ^uttall,  see  Jour.  Phil.  Acad.  i.  117.  According  to  Mr, 
Arnott,  it  belongs  to  the  genus  Elatinc.  and  is  a  congener,  and 
indeed  very  closely  allied,  to  E.  triandra.  Edin.  Jour.  Nat.  4* 
Gcog.  Science,  i.  430. 

Order  XX.     LINE.E.      De  Cand.     Lind. 

Sepals  3 — 4 — 5,  persistent,  with  an  imbricated  aestivation. 
Fetals  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals,  hypogynous,  unguicu- 
late,  with  a  twisted  aestivation.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  pe- 
tals, and  alternate  with  them  (with  intermediate  teeth  or  abor- 
tive stamens)  arising  from  an  annular  torus  ;  anthers  ovate, 
erect.     Ovary  with  as  many  (rarely  fewer)  cells  and  styles  as 


56  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

stamens  ;  stigmas  capitate.  Capsules  generally  pointed  with 
the  hardened  base  of  the  styles,  many-celled  ;  each  cell  par- 
tially divided  in  two  by  an  imperfect  spurious  dissepiment, 
and  opening  by  two  valves  at  the  apex.  Seeds  solitary,  in 
each  spurious  cell,  compressed,  pendulous.  Albumen  thin, 
fleshy  ;  embryo  straight,  with  the  radicle  next  the  hilum  ;  co- 
tyledons flat. 

Herbs  or  small  shrubs.  Leaves  entire,  usually  alternate. 
Flowers  terminal,  with  the  petals  fugitive. 

1.     LINUM.     Linn. 

Sepals  5,  persistent.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Stamens  5, 
with  the  filaments  united  at  base.  Styles  5,  very  rarely  3. 
Capsule  superior,  subglobose,  10-valved,  10-celled.  Seeds 
solitary,  ovate,  compressed.  Pentandria.  Pentagynia. 

1,  L.  virginianum  Linn. ;  stem  erect,  slender,  smooth  ;  radical  leaves 
ovate  and  spatulate  ;  those  of  the  stem  linear-lanceolate,  alternate  ; 
panicle  lax,  corymbose  ;    sepals  acute  ;  capsule  globose,  awnless. 

Has.  '  Hills  and  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  0.—Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high,  slender.  Flowers  small,  yellow,  in  a  dichoto- 
mous  panicle.  Virginian  Flax. 

2.  L.  usitatissimum  Linn. :  stem  mostly  solitary,  round,  smooth,  sim- 
ple, branched  above  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  alternate  ;  flowers  large,  on 
peduncles  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate,  acute  ;  petals  crenate  ;  cap- 
sule roundish,  acuminate. 

Hab.  Fields.  June,  July.  @. — Flowers  large,  blue.  Introduc- 
ed. Common  Flax. 

Order  XXI.     MALVACEAE.     Be  Cand.     hind. 

Sepals  5,  very  seldom  3  or  4,  more  or  less  united  at  the 
base,  with  a  valvate  aestivation,  often  bearing  external  bracts 
forming  an  involucrum.  Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  se- 
pals, hypogynous.  Stamens  indefinite  ;  filaments  monadel- 
phous,  often  bearing  the  petals  on  their  base.  Jlnthers  1-cell- 
ed,  reniform.  Ovary  formed  by  the  union  of  several  carpels 
round  a  common  axis,  either  distinct  or  cohering  ;  styles  as 
many  as  the  carpels,  united  or  free ;  stigmas  variable.  Fruit 
capsular  or  berried  ;  its  carpels  being  either  one  or  many- 
seeded,  sometimes  united  in  one,  sometimes  separate  or  sepa- 
rable. Seeds  sometimes  hairy.  Albumen  none,  or  small  ; 
embryo  curved  with  twisted  and  doubled  cotyledons. 


MALVACEAE.  57 

Herbs,  trees  ox  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  more  or  less  di- 
vided, stipulate. 

1.     MALVA.     Linn. 

Calyx  surrounded  by  a  3,  rarely  5 — 6-leaved  involucre. 
Bracts  oblong  or  setaceous.  Capsules  numerous,  1-celled, 
1-seeded,  arranged  circularly.         Monadelphia.  Polyandria. 

1.  M.  syfrrstris  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  herbaceous,  branched,  hairy  ; 
leaves  large,  roundish,  with  7  somewhat  acute  lobes  ;  flowers  large, 
axillary,  on  short  pedicels  ;  pedicels  and  petioles  hairy  ;  petals  obcor- 
date,  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Fields.  July,  Aug.  If.— Stem  2— 3  feet  high.  Floiccrs 
3—4  together,  reddish-purple,  veined.     Introduced. 

High  Malloics. 

2.  M.  rotundifolia  Linn.  :  stem  somewhat  prostrate  ;  leaves  roundish, 
cordate,  obtusely  5 — 7  lobed  ;  peduncles  bent  downwards,  and  with  the 
petioles  pubescent ;  flowers  axillary  ;  corol  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June — 
Oct.  Lf . — Root  fusiform.  Flowers  small,  pink,  on  pedicels,  2 — 3 
together.     Extensively  naturalized.  Loio  Mallows. 

2.     ALTHEA.     Linn. 
Calyx  surrounded  by  a  6 — 9  cleft  involucre.    Capsules  nu- 
merous, 1-seeded,  arranged  circularly. 

Monadelphia.   Polyandria. 

A.  officinalis  Linn.  :  leaves  soft  tomentose  on  both  sides,  cordate 
and  ovate,  dentate,  entire  or  3  lobed  ;  peduncles  axillary,  many  flow- 
ered, much  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Hab.  Near  salt  marshes.  Aug.  Sept.  If. — Stem  2  feet  high. 
Flowers  large,  purple.     Introduced.  Marsh  Mallows. 

3.     HIBISCUS,     linn. 
Calyx   surrounded   by  an  involucre  which   is  often  many- 
leaved.     Stigmas   5.     Capsule  5-cellcd  ;  cells  many  seeded, 
or  rarely  1-seeded.  Monadelphia.  Polyandria. 

It  H.  rirginiens  Linn.  :  leaves  acuminate,  unequally  toothed,  sub- 
villose  ;  lower  ones  undivided,  cordate  ;  upper  ones  ovate-cordate,  3- 
lobed  ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  petiole  :  flowers  cernuous  ;  pistils  nod- 
ding ;  capsule  hispid. — H.  clypeatua  Walt. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  U-—Strm  3  feet 
high.  Flowers  in  paniculate  racemes,  small,  rose  coloured.  In- 
volucre 8 — 9  leaved,  tomentose. 

2.  H.  moschcutos  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  tomentose 
beneath  ;  petioles  bearing  the  peduncles ;  calyx  tomentose  ;  capsule 
smooth. — H.  palustris  Walt. 


68  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  Z£. — 
Stem  4 — 6  feet  high.  Flowers  large,  white  with  a  purple  cen- 
tre. 

3.  H.  palustris  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate,  toothed,  somewhat  3-lobed, 
white-tomentose  beneath  ;  pedicels  axillary,  distinct  from  the  petioles, 
auriculate  above  the  middle. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  Can  to  Car.  Aug.  11. — Stem  3 — 4  feet 
high.     Floicers  purple,  smaller  than  the  preceding. 

4.  H.  militaris  Willd.  :  leaves  3-lobed,  hastate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
smooth  ;  pedicels  articulate  in  the  middle  ;  corol  subcampanulate  ; 
capsule  ovate,  acuminate,  smooth ;  seeds  silky. — H.  virginicus  Walt. — 
H.  hastatus  Mich. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Arkansas.  Aug. 
If. — Stein  3 — 4  feet  high.  Floicers  large,  purple,  axillary,  soli- 
tary. 

5.  H.  trionum  Linn.  :  leaves  toothed  ;  lower  ones  scarcely  divided  ; 
upper  ones  3-parted ;  lobes  lanceolate,  middle  one  very  long ;  calyx 
inflated,  membranaceous,  nerved. 

Hab.  Apparently  naturalized  near  Albany,  N.  Y.  July.  ^. — 
Stem  2  feet  high.  Floicers  yellowish- white,  with  the  lower  part 
purple.  Floicer-of -an-Hour. 

4.     SIDA.     Linn. 

Calyx  naked,  5-cleft,  often  angled.  Style  many  cleft  at 
the  top.  Capsules  numerous,  arranged  circularly,  1-celled, 
1 — 3  seeded.  Monadelphia.  Polyandria. 

1.  S.  spinosa  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  toothed,  with  the  tuber- 
cles at  the  base  spiny  ;  pedicels  axillary,  solitary,  shorter  than  the 
stipules  and  petioles  ;  capsules  5,  bi-rostrate. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug. 
Hi. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  branched.  Flowers  solitary,  yellow. 
Leaves  sometimes  subcordate. 

2.  S.  napota  Willd.  :  leaves  palmately  5-lobed,  smooth  ;  lobes  oblong, 
acuminate,  toothed  ;  peduncles  many-flowered  ;  capsules  10,  awnless, 
acuminate. — Napota  lotvis  Linn. 

Hab.  Rocky  places.  Penn.  to  Virg.  ;  rare,  Pursh.  Stem  3 — 4 
feet  high.     Floicers  small,  white. 

3.  S.  dioica  Willd. :  leaves  palmately  7-lobed,  rough  ;  lobes  lanceo- 
late, incisely  toothed  ;  peduncles  many-flowered,  bracteate,  subco- 
rymbed  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  capsules  10,  awnless. — Napota  dioica  and 
N.  scabra  Linn. 

Hab.  Stony  ground.  N.  S.  Torr.  Oct.  U>—Stem  4—5  feet 
high.     Floicers  small,  white. 

4.  Sf.  abutilon  Linn.  :  leaves  roundish-cordate,  acuminate,  toothed, 
tomentose  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  capsules  15,  trun* 
cate,  birostrate,  hairy. 


TILIACEiE.  59 

Hab.     Waste  ground.     N.  S.     July,  Aug.     f£.Stem  3—5  feet 
high.     Leaves  large.     Flowers  orange.     Introduced. 

Indian  Nalloics. 

Order  XXII.     TILIACE^E.     De   Cand.     Lind. 

Sejials  4 — 5,  with  the  aestivation  valvate  and  rarely  imbri- 
cate. Petals  4 — 5,  entire,  usually  with  a  little  pit  at  their 
base,  rarely  wanting.  Stamciis  generally  indefinite,  hypogyn- 
ous,  distinct ;  anthers  2-celled,  dehiscing  longtiudinally. 
Torus  with  4 — 5  glands  at  the  base  of  the  petals.  Ovary 
single,  composed  of  from  4 — 10  carpels  ;  style  1  ;  stigmas 
as  many  as  the  carpels.  Fruit  dry,  of  several  cells.  Seeds 
numerous  ;  embryo  erect  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen,  with 
flat  foliaceous  cotyledons. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  simple  stipulate  alternate  leaves  and 
axillary  flowers. 

1.     TILIA.     Lam. 

Calyx  5-parted,  deciduous.  Petals  5,  naked,  or  with  a 
small  scale  within.  Stamens  many  ;  filaments  free,  or  some- 
what in  sets.  Ovary  globose,  villous,  5-celled  ;  cells  2-seed- 
ed,  (JYutt.)  coriaceous,  by  abortion  1 -celled,  1 — 2  seeded. 

Polyandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  T.  glabra  Vent.  :  leaves  deeply  cordate,  abruptly  acuminate, 
acutely  serrate,  subcoriaceous,  smooth  ;  flowers  in  cymes  ;  petals 
truncate  at  the  apex,  crenate  ;  style  as  long  as  the  petals ;  fruit  ovate, 
somewhat  ribbed. —  T.  amerkana  Linn.     Mich.  f.     T.  canadensis  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  A  large  tree 
with  yellowish  white  flowers.  The  wood  is  white  and  soft,  and 
much  used  by  cabinet  and  coach  makers. 

Linn,  or  Linden.     Bass  Wood. 

2.  T.  laxifora  Mich. :  leaves  cordate,  gradually  acuminate,  serrate, 
membranaceous,  smooth  ;  flowers  in  loose  panicles  ;  petals  emargin- 
ate  ;  styles  longer  than  the  petals  ;  fruit  globose. 

Hab.  Near  the  sea  coast.  Mar.  to  Geor.  May.  Lf. — A  very 
distinct  species,  though  generally  confounded  with  the  former. 
Pursh. 

3.  T.  pubescens  Ait. :  leaves  truncate  at  the  base,  subcordate,  oblique, 
denticulate-serrate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  petals  emarginate  ;  styles 
longer  than  the  petals  ;  fruit  globose,  smooth. — T.  amerkana  Walt. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  S.  to  Geor.  June.  *?. — A  large 
tree.     Floiccrs  white,  in  axillary  cymes. 


60  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

Order  XXIII.     HYPERICINEJE.     Be  Cand.     hind. 

Sepals  4 — 5,  distinct  or  cohering,  persistent,  unequal, 
with  glandular  dots.  Petals  4 — 5,  hypogynous,  with  a  twist- 
ed aestivation  and  oblique  veins,  often  having  black  dots. 
Stamens  indefinite,  hypogynous,  in  three  or  more  parcels ; 
anthers  versatile.  Ovary  single,  superior ;  styles  several, 
rarely  connate  ;  stigmas  simple,  occasionally  capitate.  Fruit 
a  capsule  or  berry,  of  many  valves  and  many  cells  ;  the  edges 
of  the  former  being  curved  inwards.  Seeds  minute,  indefinite, 
usually  tapering  ;  embryo  straight ;  albumen  none  ;  radicle 
next  to  the  hilum,  inferior. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  a  resinous  juice.  Leaves  opposite, 
entire,  dotted,  occasionally  alternate  and  crenate.  Floivers 
generally  yellow. 

1.     HYPERICUM.     Linn. 

Capsule  membranaceous.  Styles  3 — 5.  Stamens  many, 
polydelphous  at  base,  rarely  indefinite.  Petals  5.  Sepals  5, 
unequal,  more  or  less  united  at  base. 

Polyandria.  Di-Pentagynia, 

*  Stamens  numerous.    Styles  5.     Floicers  mostly  terminal,  large,  yelloic. 

1.  H.  ascyroidcs  Willd. :  smooth  ;  stem  simple,  square,  winged  at  the 
base  ;  leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  ;  calyx  ovate-lanceolate; 
styles  free,  as  long  as  the  stamens. — H.   macrocarpum  Mich. 

Hab.  River  banks.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  2f.— Stem  2  feet 
high.  Flowers  and  leaves  large.  Capsules  nearly  as  large  as  nut- 
megs. 

2.  H.  kalmianum  mild.  :  frutescent,  much  branched  ;  branches 
square,  leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  flowers  few,  in  a  terminal  corymb  ; 
calyx  lanceolate,  somewhat  obtuse. 

Hab.  Wet  rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  ">?.— Stem  3—5 
feet  high.  Flowers  large.  This  species  has  been  found  near 
Niagara  Falls  by  Dr.  Asa  Gray. 

**  Stamens  numerous,  somewhat    definite  ("9—15 — 18,)  polyadelphous. 
Styles  3.    Floicers  reddish. 

3.  H.  virginicum  Linn.  :  stem  suffruticose,  terete  ;  leaves  oblong, 
obtuse,  subclasping,  punctate,  very  obtuse  ;  flowers  peduncled,  axilla- 
ry and  terminal  ;  calyx  lanceolate  ;  stamens  9 — 12,  slightly  united  at 
base. — Elodea  campanulata  Pursh. 

Hab.  Bogs  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  U- — 
Stem  2  feet  high.  Leaves  opposite,  dotted,  glaucous  beneath. 
Flowers  few,  in  a  panicle,  yellowish-red,  middle  sized. 


HYPERIClNEvE.  61 

v**  Stamens  numerous,  indefinite.     Styles  mostly  3.     Flowers  yellow. 

4.  H.  angulosum  Mich. :  stem  herbaceous,  square,  erect  ;  leaves  dis- 
tant, elongated,  ovate,  subclasping,  sinuate  on  the  margin,  acute,  not 
punctate  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  in  a  dichotomous  panicle  ;  calyx 
lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  keeled. — H.  denticulatum  Walt. 

Hab.  Cedar  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June,  July.  7£. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high,  branched  towards  the  summit.  FUncers 
scattered  in  the  panicle  and  alternate,  orange-coloured.  Styles 
3,  often  united. 

5.  H.  cistifolium  Ixim.:  stem  angular  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  some- 
what acute,  black-punctate  beneath,  subclasping,  revolute  on  the  mar- 
gin :  flowers  in  dichotomous  corymbs  ;  calyx  ovate  ;  styles  united. — 
//.  adprcssuni  Bart.  .' 

Hab.     Western  part  of  N.  Y.     Dr.  Asa  Gray.     July.     It. 

6.  H.  punctaium  Linn.  :  stem  terete,  black-punctate  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  subclasping  :  flowers  in  dense  corymbs  ;  calyx  lan- 
ceolate, acute. — H.  corymbosum  Wdld.  Pursh. — H.  maculatam  Walt. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  11. — Stem  2  feet 
high.  Flowers  in  a  compact  panicle  or  corymb.  Styles  3,  longer 
than  the  stamens.  Whole  plant,  except  the  filaments  and  styles, 
spotted  with  black  dots. 

7.  //.  perforatum  Linn.  :  stem  ancipital  ;  leaves  obtuse,  ovate-ellip- 
tic, and  with  the  lanceolate  calyx  pellucid-punctate  ;  flowers  pani- 
cled  ;  anthers  with  black  punctures  ;  styles  diverging. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  June— Aug.  If.— Stem  a  foot  high, 
branched.  Flowers  yellow.  A  pernicious  weed,  producing,  ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Darlington,  troublesome  sores  upon  horses  and 
horned  cattle,  where  it  comes  in  contact  with  them.  It  would 
seem  that  the  dew  which  collects  on  the  plant,  becomes  active 
in  this  way. — Fl.  Ccstrica.     Introduced.  St.  John  s  Wort. 

8.  H.  parviflorum  Willd.  :  stem  erect,  much  branched,  smooth, 
square  ;  leaves  ovate,  subcordate,  obtuse,  sessile,  obscurely  5-nerved. 
pellucid-punctate  ;  flowers  in  a  dichotomous  corymb  ;  calyx  linear- 
laiiceolate,  longer  than  the  petals. — H.  quinquencrvium  Walt.  Mich. 

Hab.  Overflowed  grounds.  Throughout  Can.  and  the  U.  S. 
June — Aug.  11. — Ste7n  6 — 12  inches  high.  Flowers  very  small, 
yellow,  solitary  in  the  divisions  of  the  stems. 

1).  H.  eanadense  Linn,. :  stem  erect  and  straight,  4-winged  ;  leaves 
linear,  attenuate  at  the  base,  rather  obtuse  ;  panicle  elongated,  dicho- 
tomous ;  calyx  lanceolate  ;  styles  very  short  ;  capsule  long,  conical, 
coloured. 

Hab.  Gravelly  soil.  Can.  to  Car.  June — Aug.  0. — Stem  6 — 12 
inches  high.  Floircrs  small,  yellow.  Capsule  much  longer  than 
the  calyx  and  of  a  reddish  colour,  by  which,  together  with  its 
linear  leaves,  it  can  be  readily  distinguished  from  the  preceding. 

10.  H.  sarothra  Mich.  :  erect,  much  branched  above;  branches  seta- 
ceous ;  leaves  minute,  subulate,  appressed ;  flowers  terminal,  subsoli- 

6 


62  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

tary  ;  stamens  5 — 10  ;  capsules  oblong,  1-celled. — H.  nudicauU  Walt. 
— Sarothra  gentianoides  Willd. 

Hab.    Sandy  fields.      N.  E.  to  Car.    Pursh.    June— Aug.     If.— 

Stem  3 — 6  inches  high.     Leaves  and  flowers  minute.      Stamens 

very  variable  in  number. 

11.  H.  prolificum  Linn. :  stem  shrubby,  terete  ;  branches  angled  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  revolute  on  the  margin,  pellucid-punctate ; 
corymbs  axillary  and  terminal,  few-flowered ;  calyx  ovate -lanceolate  ; 
stamens  very  numerous. 

Hab.  N.  Y.  to  S.  Car.  July.  J?.— Shrub  2—3  feet  high,  with 
much  compressed  branches.  Leaves  2  inches  long.  Peduncles 
generally  3-flowered,  the  intermediate  one  nearly  sessile. 

12.  H.  galioides  Linn.  :  stem  terete,  straight,  somewhat  shrubby  ; 
branches  square  ;  leaves  linear-sessile,  revolute  on  the  margin,  acute, 
punctate  ;  panicles  terminal,  dichotompus  and  divaricate  ;  calyx  linear, 
at  length  reflexed  ;  styles  often  united. 

Hab.  Sandy  moist  places.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  If. — Stem  2 
feet  high.  Leaves  fasciculate. — Scarcely  differing  from  H.  fasci- 
culatum  of  Michaux. 

2.     ASCYRUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  4-sepalled  ;  2  outer  sepals  smaller.  Petals  4.  Sta- 
mens many,  scarcely  united  at  base.     Styles  1 — 3. 

Polyandria.  Di-Pentagynia. 

1.  A.  crux-andrect  Linn. :  stems  numerous,  suffruticose,  terete,  with 
erect  branches  ;  leaves  ovate-linear,  obtuse  ;  inner  sepals  suborbicu- 
lar  ;  pedicels  with  2  bracts  ;  flowers  sessile  ;  styles  1 — 2. — A.  multi- 
cault  Mich. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  U-— Stems  1—2  feet 
high.  Fhicers  solitary  and  axillary,  nearly  sessile,  pale  yellow. 
Mr.  Elliott  remarks  that  this  plant  varies  so  much  in  the  size 
and  number  of  its  leaves,  in  its  peduncles,  and  in  the  number  of 
its  styles,  that  it  merits  culture  to  determine  whether  more  than 
one  species  are  not  included  under  this  name.     St.  Peter's  WorU 

2.  A.  sians  Mich.  :  stem  fruticose,  winged,  straight ;  leaves  ovate- 
elliptical,  obtuse,  glaucous  ;  inner  sepals  cordate,  orbicular  ;  stamens 
united  at  the  base  ;  styles  2. — A.  hijpericoides  Pursh,  not  of  Linn. 

Hab.     Overflowed  sandy  soil.     N.  J.  to  Car,     July,  Aug.     11. 

Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.     Floicers  larger  than  the  last,  yellow. 

Order  XXIV.     ACERINEjE.     Be  Cand.     Lind. 

Calyx  5,  or  rarely  4 — 9-parled,  with  an  imbricate  aestiva- 
tion. Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  with 
which  they  alternate,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  definite, 
usually  8,  rarely  5  or  12 ;  anthers  oblong.     Torus  discoid. 


ACERINEiE  63 

Ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled  ;  style  1  ;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  of  two 
indehiscent  winged  carpels  (samara,)  each  1-celled,  with  1 
or  2  seeds.  Seeds  erect ;  albumen  none  ;  embryo  curved  or 
convolute,  with  foliaceous  wrinkled  cotyledons  and  an  inferior 
radicle. 

Trees,  with  opposite,  simple,  rarely  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers 
often  polygamous,  sometimes  apetalous. 

1.     ACER.     Linn. 

Flowers  mostly  polygamous.  Calyx  5-lobed,  sometimes 
5-parted.  Stamens  rarely  5,  often  7 — 9.  Samara  2,  wing- 
ed, united  at  base,  by  abortion  1-seeded.    . 

Octandria,  Monogynia. 

*  Flmccrs  in  corymbs  or  fascicles. 

1.  A.  rnbrum  Linn.  :  leaves  generally  5-lobed,  cordate  at  the  base, 
unequally  and  incisely  toothed,  glaucous  beneath  ;  the  sinuses  acute  ; 
flowers  aggregated  in  about  fives,  on  rather  long  pedicels  ;  germs  gla- 
brous. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  April. — A  tree  from  20 — 50 
feet  high.     Flowers  5-petalled,  pentandrous.  Red  Maple. 

2.  A.  eriocarpum  Mich. :  leaves  palmately  5-lobed,  truncate  at  the 
base,  smooth  and  whitish-glaucous  beneath  ;  sinuses  obtuse  ;  lobes 
acuminate,  incisely  toothed  ;  flowers  aggregated,  on  short  pedicels  ; 
germs  tomentose. — A.  dasycarjmm  Willd. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  May. — A  large 
tree.     Floiccrs  greenish,  pentandrous,  apetalous. 

White  or  Soft  Maple. 

3.  A.  barbatum  Mich. :  leaves  ovate-cordate,  with  3  short  lobes,  un- 
equally serrate,  glaucous  beneath  and  pubescent  on  the  nerves  ;  corymbs 
sessile  ;  peduncles  hairy  ;  those  of  the  sterile  flowers  branched ;  of 
the  fertile  simple  ;  calyx  bearded  within  ;  fruit  smooth  ;  wings  erect. — 
A%  carolinianum  Walt. 

Hab.  Cedar  swamps.  N.  S.  to  Car.  April. — A  small  tree. 
Leaves  small.  Floicers  pale  green.  Calyx  densely  bearded  with- 
in. 

4.  A.  saccharinum  Linn.  :  leaves  palmately  5-lobed,  subcordate  at 
base,  petioled,  glaucous  beneath  ;  lobes  acuminate  ;  peduncles  corym- 
bose, loose,  nodding,  hairy  ;  fruit  glabrous  ;  wings  divergent. 

Hab.  In  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  April. — A  large 
tree.  Flowers  yellowish,  on  long  filiform  peduncles.  Petioles 
smooth. — Valuable  for  its  timber  and  for  the  sugar  obtained  from 
its  sap.  Sugar  Maple. 

5.  A.  nigrum  Mich.  :  leaves  palmately  5-lobed,  cordate,  with  the 
sinus  closed,  pubescent  beneath  ;  lobes  divaricate,  sinuate-dentate  ; 


64  DICOTYLEDOxXOUS    PLANTS. 

flowers  on  long  slender  peduncles,  corymbed  ;  fruit  glabrous,  turgid 
at  base  ;  wings  diverging. 

Hab.      Mountainous  situations.      Ver.  to  Car.     April. — A  large 
tree.     Floicers  yellowish.     Petioles  pubescent. 

Black  Sugar  Mapk. 

**  Floicers  in  racemes. 
C).  A.  striatum  Mich. :  leaves  with  3  acuminate  lobes,  rounded  at  the 
base,  acutely  dentate,  smooth  ;  racemes  simple  pendulous  ;  petals  oval : 
fruit  smooth  ;  wings  somewhat  diverging.—  A.  pennsylvanicum  Linn. 
Hab.     Shady  rocks.     N.    S.      May.      T?.— Shrub   10  or  12  feet 
high  ;  trunk  beautifully  striate.  Leaves  rarely  undivided.  Flowers 
greenish-yellow,  10 — 12  in  a  raceme. 

Striped  Maple.     Moose  Wood. 

7.  A.  spicatum  Linn. :  leaves  small,  3 — 5-lobed,  acute,  dentate,  cor- 
date, pubescent  beneath  ;  racemes  spikeform,  erect";  petals  linear  ; 
fruit  smooth  ;  wings  somewhat  diverging. — A.  montanum  Ait.  Pursh. 
Torr. 

Hab.     On  mountains.     Can.   to  Geor.     May.— Shrub  8 — 10  feet 
high.     Floicers  greenish,  small. 

2.     NEGUNDO.     Be  Cand. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Calyx  minute,  unequally  4— 5-toolhed. 
Petals  none.     Anthers  4 — 5,  linear,  sessile. 

Octandria.   Monogynia. 

N.  frazinifolium  Nutt.  :  leaves  ternate  and  pinnate  ;  leafets  unequal- 
ly and  coarsely  dentate  ;  odd  one  often  3-lobed  ;  flowers  in  simple 
pendulous  racemes. — Acer  ncgundo  Linn.    Mich. 

Hab.     River  banks.     Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Rocky  Moun.     April. 
— A  large  tree  with  greenish  flowers. 

Ash-leaved  Maple.     Box  Elder. 

Order  XXV.     HIPPOCASTANE^.      De  Cand.     hind. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  Petals  5,  or  4  by  the  abor- 
tion of  one  of  them,  unequal,  hypogynous.  Stamens  7 — 8, 
distinct,  unequal,  inserted  upon  a  hypogynous  disk  ;  anthers 
somewhat  incumbent.  Ovary  roundish,  3-cornered,  3-celled  ; 
style  1,  filiform,  conical,  acute  ;  ovules  2  in  each  cell.  Fruit 
coriaceous,  1 — 2  or  3-valved,  1 — 2  or  3-celled,  1,  2  or  3-seed- 
ed.  Seeds  large,  roundish,  with  a  smooth  shining  coat,  and 
a  broad  pale  hilum  ;  albumen  none  ;  embryo  curved,  inverted, 
with  fleshy,  very  thick,  gibbous,  cohering  cotyledons,  germinat- 
ing under  ground  ;  plumula  unusually  large,  2-leaved  ;  radicle 
conical,  curved,  turned  towards  the  hilum. 


AMPELIDE.E.  65 

Trees  or  shrubs.     Leaves  opposite,  compound.     Flowers 
in  terminal  racemes. 

1.     .ESCULUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  campanulate.  Petals  4 — 5,  expanded  ;  limb  ovate. 
Filaments  recurved  backward.     Capsules  echinate. 

Heptandria.  Monogynia. 

JE.  fflahra  Willri. :  leaves  quinate,  very  smooth  ;  leafets  ovate 
acuminate  ;  corol  4-petalled,  spreading,  with  the  claws  as  long  as  the 
calyx  ;  stamens  longer  than  the  corol ;  capsules  echinate. — ^E.  echinata 
Muhl.?—Varia  Ohiensii  Mich.  f. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  May. — A  large  shrub  or 
small  tree.  Flowers  yellowish-white,  in  terminal  racemose  pani- 
cles. Buck-eye. 

Order  XXVI.     AMPELIDEjE.     Be  Cand. 

Calyx  small,  nearly  entire.  Petals  4  or  5,  sometimes  co- 
hering above,  and  calyptriform,  with  a  valvate  aestivation. 
Stamens  equal  in  number  to  the  petals,  inserted  upon  the  disk, 
sometimes  sterile  by  abortion  ;  filaments  distinct,  or  slightly 
cohering  at  the  base  ;  anthers  ovate,  versatile  ;  ovary  supe- 
rior, 2-celled  ;  style  1,  very  short  ;  stigma  simple  ;  ovules 
erect,  definite.  Berry  globose,  pulpy,  2-  (or  often  by  abortion 
1-)  celled.  Seeds  4  or  5,  or  fewer  by  abortion,  bony,  erect ; 
albumen  hard  ;  embryo  erect,  about  one  half  the  length  of 
the  albumen  ;  radicle  slender  ;  cotyledons  lanceolate. 

Climbing  shrubs  with  tumid  separable  joints.  Leaves  sim- 
ple or  compound. 

1.     AMPELOPSIS.     Mich. 

Calyx  nearly  entire.  Petcds  5.  Style  1.  Stigma  capitate. 
Ovary  not  immersed  in  the  disk,  2 — 4-seeded. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  A.cordata  Mich.:  stem  climbing,  with  slender  branches  ;  leaves 
cordate,  acuminate,  toothed  and  angular  ;  nerves  beneath  pubescent ; 
racemes  dichotomous,  few-flowered. — Cissus  ampelopsis  Pcrs.  Pursh. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Arkansa.  June, 
July.  *?. — Leaves  cordate,  often  straight  at  base  as  if  trun- 
cate.    Panicles  opposite  the  leaves.     Berries  pale  red. 

2.  A.  licdcracca  Mich.  :  stem  climbing  and  rooting  ;  leaves  digitate, 
by  fives,  on  long  petioles,  glabrous  ;  leafets  connected  at  base,  lance-  ' 

6* 


66  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

olate,  acuminate,  dentate  towards  the  apex  ;  panicle  compound,  di- 
chotomous,  opposite  the  leaves  ;  nectary  none. — Cissus  hederacea  Pers. 
litis  hederacea  JViUd. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Arkansa.  June,  July.  fp. 
— Flowers  green.     Berries  dark  blue.  Common  Creeper. 

3.  A.  kirsuta  Muhl. :  leaves  pubescent  on  both  sides  ;  leafets  ovate, 
acuminate,  coarsely  toothed. — Cissus  hederacea,  var.  hirsuta  Pursh. 
Hab.     Alleghany  mountains.  Pursh.     Still  a  doubtful  species. 

2.     VITIS.     Linn. 

Calyx  somewhat  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  cohering  at  their 
apex,  deciduous.  Stamens  5.  Style  none.  Berry  2-celled, 
4-seeded  ;  cells  and  seeds  often  abortive. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  V.  lahrusca  Linn.  :  leaves  very  large,  broad-cordate,  sub-3-lobed, 
acutely  toothed,  glabrous  above,  and  with  the  peduncles  tomentose  be- 
neath ;  racemes  small,  panicled  ;  berries  large. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  T?. — Stem  climbing 
to  a  great  height.  Floicers  greenish.  Berries  dark  purple. — 
Undergoes  great  changes  by  cultivation.  Fox  Grape. 

2.  V.  aestivalis  Mich.  :  stem  long  and  slender  ;  leaves  broad-cordate, 
3 — 5-lobed,  younger  ones  ferruginous-tomentose  beneath,  when  old 
nearly  smooth;  sinuses  rounded;  racemes  opposite  the  leaves,  rather 
crowded,  oblong;  berries  small. — V.  intermedia  Muhl. 

b.  sinuata  Pursh  :  leaves  sinuate-palmate,  coarsely  dentate  ;  sinu- 
ses rhomboidal. 

Hab.  Woods.  On  banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss. 
June.      *>. — Berries  deep  blue  or  purple  ;  ripen  in  August. 

Summer  Grape. 

3.  V.  vulpina  Linn.  :  leaves  cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  incisely 
toothed,  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  racemes  loose,  many  flowered  ;  ber- 
ries small. — V.  cordifolia  Mich.    Pursh. 

Hab.  River  banks.  Can.  to  Flor.  T?. — Berries  amber-colour- 
ed ;  ripen  in  November,  and  have  a  tart  taste.        Winter  Grape. 

4.  V.  riparia  Mich.  :  leaves  cordate,  unequally  and  incisely  toothed  ; 
shortly  3-lobed,  pubescent  on  the  margin,  nerves  and  petiole. —  V.  odo- 
ratissima  Donn.   Cat. 

Hab.  Gravelly  shores  of  rivers.  Penn.  to  Car.  May — July.  *?. 
— "  Flowers  of  an  exquisitely  fine  smell,  resembling  Reseda  odo- 
raia."   Pursh. 

Ordbr  XXVII.     GERANIACEjE.     De  Cand.    Land. 

Sepals  5,  persistent,  more  or  less  unequal,  with  an  imbri- 
cated aestivation  ;  1  sometimes  saccate  or  spurred  at  the  base. 


GERANIACE.E.  67 

Petals  5,  (or  by  abortion  4,  rarely  none,)  unguiculate.  Sta- 
mens usually  monadelphous,  bypogynous,  twice  or  thrice  as 
many  as  the  petals.  Ovary  composed  of  5  pieces,  placed 
round  an  elevated  axis,  each  1-celled,  1-seeded  ;  ovules  pen- 
dulous ;  styles  5,  cohering  round  the  axis.  Fruit  formed  of 
5  carpels  cohering  round  the  axis,  having  a  membranous  peri- 
carp and  terminated  by  an  indurated  style,  which  finally  twists 
and  carries  the  pericarp  along  with  it.  Seeds  solitary,  pendu- 
lous ;  albumen  none.  Emhryo  curved  ;  radicle  pointing  to  th© 
base  of  the  cell  ;  cotyledons  foliaceous,  convolute  and  plaited. 
Herbs  or  shrubs.  Stems  tumid  and  separate  at  the  joints. 
Leaves  either  opposite  or  alternate. 

1.     GERANIUM.     Linn. 

Sepals  5,  equal.  Petals  5,  equal.  Stamens  10  ;  alternate 
fertile  ones  larger,  and  with  nectariferous  scales  at  the  base. 
Carpels  with  long  awns,  at  length  separating  elastically  from 
the  summit  to  the  base  ;  aw?is  smooth  internally. 

Monadelphia.  Decandria. 

*  Perennial.     Peduncles  2-flowcred. 

1.  G.  maculatum  Linn. :  stem  somewhat  angular,  erect,  dichotomous, 
retrorsely  pubescent ;  leaves  3 — 5-parted,  incised  ;  radical  ones  on  long 
petioles  ;  upper  ones  opposite,  sessile ;  petals  entire  ;  filaments  scarcely 
ciliate  at  the  base. 

Hab.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  H.—Stem  8—15  inches 
high.  Leaves  hairy.  Floicers  large,  purple.  The  root  is  very 
astringent  and  is  useful  for  medicinal  purposes. — Big.  Med. 
Bot.  i.  19.     Barton's  Collections. 

Spotted  Geranium.     Crane's-bill. 

**   Annual.     Peduncles  2-Jlowered. 

2.  G.  pusillum  Linn. :  leaves  subreniform,  7-lobed ;  lobes  3-cleft  : 
peduncles  short,  2-flowered  ;  petals  emarginate,  scarcely  longer  than 
the  awnless  calyx  ;  carpels  keeled,  pubescent ;  seeds  smooth. — G. 
matvorfolium  Lam. 

Hab.  Penn.  May.  0.  Muhl  —  Is  not  Muhlenberg's  G.  pusil- 
lum  the  next  species  ? 

3.  G.  dissectum  Linn. :  leaves  5-parted ;  lobes  opposite,  petiolate 
3-cleft,  linear  ;  peduncles  short,  2-flo\vered  ;  petals  emarginate,  rather 
shorter  than  the  awned  calyx  ;  carpels  hairy,  not  rugose  ;  seeds  reticu- 
late. 

Hab.     Fields.     N.  S.     July.     @.—Stc,n  12  inches  high,  pubes- 
cent.    Floicers  small,  pale-  red.  Wood  Geranium, 


68  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

4.  G.  columhinum  Linn. :  leaves  5-parted  ;  lobes  deeply  cleft  into 
linear,  acute,  segments  ;  peduncles  very  long,  2-flowered  ;  petals  en- 
tire, as  long  as  the  awned  calyx  ;  carpels  glabrous,  not  rugose  ;  seeds 
dotted. 

Hab.  Fields.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  <j$. — Stem  mostly  decum- 
bent, rough.     Flowers  pale  purple. 

5.  G.  carolinianum  Linn. :  diffuse,  pubescent  ;  leaves  5-lobed  beyond 
the  middle  ;  lobes  incised,  3 — 5- cleft  ;  peduncles  crowded  towards  the 
top  ;  petals  notched,  as  long  as  the  awned  calyx  ;  carpels  hairy  ; 
seeds  smooth. 

Hab.  Hills.  From  Arctic  Amer.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May, 
June.  #. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  long,  branched.  Floicers  small, 
white. 

6.  G.  robertianum  Linn. :  leaves  ternate  or  quinate ;  leafets  some- 
what pinnatifid  ;  segments  mucronate  ;  peduncles  long,  2-flowered  ; 
calyx  angular,  hairy,  with  longish  awns,  shorter  than  the  entire  petals ; 
carpels  small,  wrinkled  ;  seeds  smooth. 

Hab.  Rocky  places.  Can.  to  Virg.  June — Sept.  0. — Stc7n 
long.     Flowers  rather  small,  purple. — Plant  very  fetid. 

Herb  Robert. 

Order  XXVIII.     BALSAMINEjE.     Be  Cartel     Lind. 

Sepals  5,  irregular,  deciduous,  the  two  inner  and  upper  of 
which  are  connate,  the  lower  spurred.  Petals  4,  hypygynous, 
united  in  pairs,  so  that  apparently  there  are  only  2  petals  ;  the 
fifth  wanting.  Stamens  5,  hypogynous  ;  filaments  subulate  ; 
anthers  2-celled,  bursting  lengthwise.  Ovary  single,  5-cell- 
ed  ;  stigma  sessile,  more  or  less  5-lobed.  Fruit  capsular, 
with  5  elastic  valves  and  5  cells.  Seeds  numerous,  suspend- 
ed ;  albumen  none  ;  embryo  straight,  with  a  superior  radicle 
and  plano-convex  cotyledons. 

Succident  herbs.  Leaves  simple,  opposite  or  alternate, 
without  stipules.      Peduncles  axillary. 

1.     IMPATIENS.     Linn. 

Sepals  5,  the  lower  one  spurred.  Corol  4  petalled,  irregu- 
lar ;  the  two  inner  petals  unequally  bilobed.  Stig?nas  5, 
united.  Capsule  prismatic-terete,  elongated,  5-valved,  open- 
ing elastically.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  J.  pallida  Nutt. :  peduncles  solitary,  3— 4-flowered  ;  leaves  rhom- 
bic-ovate, sub-acute,  mucronate-dentate  ;  calcarate  petal  dilated, 
shorter  than  the  rest ;  spur  recurved,  very  short  ;  flowers  sparingly 
punctate. — 1.  noli-tangere  Pursh. — J.  aurca  Mirid. 


OXALIDEiE.  69 

Hab.  Damp  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  #. — 
Stem  2  feet  high,  much  branched.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  larger 
thanMhe  next.  Snap-weed.      Touch-me-not. 

2.  /.  fulra  Xutt. :  peduncles  solitary,  2 — 4-flowered  ;  leaves  rhombic- 
ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate-dentate  ;  calcarate  petal  longer  than  the 
rest ;  spur  emarginate,  resupinate  ;  flowers  with  crowded  spots. — 
/.  biflora  Punk. — /.  noli-tanzcrc,  var.  Mich. — /.  vwcvlata  Niilrf.  * 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  0. — Floiccrs  deep 
yellow,  spotted,  smaller  and  less  numerous  than  in  the  former. 

Order  XXIX.     OXALIDE.E.     De  Cand.-  Unci. 

Sepals  5,  sometimes  slightly  cohering  at  the  base,  persis- 
tent, equal.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  equal,  unguiculate,  with 
a  spirally  twisted  aestivation.  Stamens  10,  usually  more  or 
less  monadelphous,  those  opposite  the  petals  forming  an  inner 
series  and  longer  than  the  others  ;  anthers  2-celled,  innate. 
Ovary  5-angled,  5-celled  ;  styles  5,  filiform  ;  stigmas  capitate 
or  somewhat  bifid.  Fruit  capsular,  membranous,  with  5 
cells,  and  from  5  to  10  valves.  Seeds  few,  enclosed  within 
a  fleshy  integument,  which  bursts  elastically.  Albumen  be- 
tween cartilaginous  and  fleshy  ;  embryo  straight,  as  long  as 
the  albumen,  with  a  long  radicle  pointing  to  the  hilum,  and  fo- 
liaceous  cotyledons. 

Herbs,  undtrshrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  mostly 
compound. 

1.     OXALIS.     Linn. 

Sepals  5,  free  or  united  at  base.  Petals  5.  Stamens  10  ; 
filaments  monadelphous  at  base,  5  outer  ones  shorter.  Styles 
5.      Capsule  pentangular,  oblong  or  cylindric. 

Decandria.  Pentagynia. 
*   Stemless. 

1.  O.  acctosella  Linn.  :  stemless  :  root  dentate,  creeping  ;  scape  1- 
flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves,  with  two  small  bracts  above  the  mid- 
dle ;  leaves  ternate,  dilated-obcordate,  pilose  ;  petals  oval,  obtuse  ; 
styles  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens. 

Hab.  Mountain  woods.  Can.  N;  Y.  and  Penn.  June.  11. — 
Scape  3 — 4  inches  long.  Floiccrs  large,  white,  with  red  veins. 
Petals  slightly  emarginate. — This  is  the  Shamrock  of  the  Irish. 

Common  Wood  Sorrel. 

2.  O.  violacca  Linn.  :  stemless  ;  root  squamous  ;  scape  unbellifer- 
ous,  3 — 9-flowered  ;  flowers  nodding  ;  leaves  ternate,  obcordate, 
smooth  ;  styles  shorter  than  the  outer  stamens. 


70  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS* 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June. 
H. — Scape  4 — 6  inches  high.  Flowers  violet,  umbelled,  with 
the  petals  obovate  and  sometimes  slightly  emarginate. 

Violet  Wood  Sorrel. 

**   Caulescent. 

3.  O.  corniculata  Linn. :  pubescent;  stem  rooting,  decumbent,  branch- 
'  ed  ;  umbels  shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  leaves  ternate,  obcordate  ;  pe- 
tals obovate,  emarginate  ;  styles  as  long  as   the   inner  stamens. — O. 
corniculata,  var.  Mich.  • 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May — Aug.  L£. — Stem  6 — 10  in- 
ches long.  Floiccrs  small,  yellow.  It  is  distinguished  chiefly 
by  its  habit. 

4.  O.  stricta  Linn. :  hairy ;  stem  erect,  sometimes  procumbent, 
branched  ;  umbels  about  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  leaves  ternate,  obcor- 
date ;  petals  obovate,  entire  ;  styles  as  long  as  the  inner  stamens. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May— Aug. 
2£. — Stem  4 — 10  inches  high.  Floicers  small,  yellow,  4 — 6  in 
an  umbel.  Upright  Wood  Sorrel. 

Order  XXX.     ZANTHOXYLE^).     Lind. 

Flowers  diclinous,  regular.  Calyx  3 — 4 — 5-divided,  with 
an  imbricate  aestivation.  Petals  equal  in  number  (rarely 
none)  to  the  sepals  ;  aestivation  usually  twisted-convolute. 
Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals.  Ovaries 
as  many  (or  fewer)  as  petals,  either  altogether  combined,  or 
more  or  less  distinct ;  ovales  2  in  each  cell,  or  rarely  4  ;  styles 
more  or  less  combined.  Fruit  either  baccate  or  membranous, 
of  2 — 5  cells,  or  of  several  drupes  or  2-valved  capsules,  of 
which  the  sarcocarp  is  fleshy  and  partly  separable  from  tho 
endocarp.  Seeds  solitary  or  in  pairs  ;  embryo  lying  within 
fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  superior  ;  cotyledons  ovate,  flat. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  without  stipules,  alternate  or  op- 
posite, with  pellucid  dots. 

1.    ZANTHOXYLUM.     Linn. 

Dioecious.  Calyx  3 — 9-lobed,  often  4 — 5-parted.  Petals 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  rarely  none.  Stamens  and 
carpels  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  1 — 3-seeded. 

Dioecia.  Pentandria. 

Z.frazineum  JVilld. :  prickly  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  in  4—5  pairs, 
ovate,  obsoletely  serrate,  equal  at  base  ;  petioles  terete,  unarmed  ; 
prickles  stipular  ;  umbels  axillary. — Z.  ramiflorum  Mich. — Z.  clava-hcr- 
cutis  JJnn.  EU. 


CELASTRINEiE.  71 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Ken.  April.  *>.— 
Shrub  3 — 5  feet  high,  covered  with  sharp  strong  prickles.  Leaves 
pinnate,  sometimes  prickly  on  the  back.  Flowers  in  umbels, 
small,  greenish  — The  bark  of  this  shrub  is  pungent,  and  is  em- 
ployed medicinally. — Big.  Med.  Bot.  iii.  156.  Prickly  Ash. 

2.     PTELEA.     Linn. 

Calyx  small,  4 — 5-parted.  Petals  4 — 5,  spreading.  Sta- 
mens  alternating  with  the  petals.  Torus  tumid,  pentagonal. 
Ovary  1.  Style  short.  Stigmas  2.  Samara)  membrana- 
ceous, margined,  2-celled  ;  cells  2 — or  by  abortion  1-seeded. 

Tetandria.   Monogyjiia, 

Pt.  trifoliata  Linn. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  ternate  ;  leafets  sessile, 
ovate,  acuminate,  odd  one  much  attenuated  at  base  ;  flowers  in  pani- 
cles, polygamous,  often  tetandrous. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  *>. 
— Shrub  6— 10  feet  high.  Flowers  greenish- white,  small,  in  co- 
rymbose clusters.  Shrubby  Trefoil. 

Subclass  II.      CALYCIFLOR.E.     De  Cand. 

Calyx  with  the  sepals  more  or  less  united  at  base,  (gamo- 
sepalous,  De  Cand. — monophyllous,  Linn,')  Petals  and  sta- 
mens inserted  into  the  calyx. 

Order  XXXI.     CELASTRINEJE.     De  Cand.     Lind. 

Sejmh  4  or  5,  imbricated,  inserted  into  the  margin  of  a 
large  expanded  torus.  Petals  4 — 5,  with  a  broad  base  ;  aesti- 
vation imbricated.  Stamens  alternate  with  the  petals,  insert- 
ed into  the  disk,  either  at  the  margin  or  within  it ;  anthers  in- 
nate. Ovary  superior,  free,  surrounded  by  the  somewhat 
fleshy  disk,  with  2,  3  or  4  cells  ;  cells  1,  or  many-seeded  ; 
style  1  or  none ;  stigma  2 — 4-cleft,  Fruit  superior  ;  either  a 
3  or  4-celled  capsule,  with  3  or  4  septiferous  valves  ;  or  a  dry 
drupe  with  a  1  or  2-celled  nut,  the  cells  of  which  are  one  or 
many-seeded.  Seeds  ascending  ;  albumen  fleshy  ;  embryo 
straight ;  cotyledons  flat  and  thick. 

Shrubs  with  simple  alternate  or  opposite  leaves.  Flowers 
in  axillary  cymes. 

•    1.     EVONYMUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  4 — 6-lobed,  flat,  covered  at  base  by  a  peltate  disk. 
Petals  4 — 6,  spreading,  inserted  into  the  disk.  Stamens  4 — 6, 


72  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

alternating  with  the  petals.     Style  1.     Capsule  3 — 5-celled, 
3 — 5-angled  ;  cells  1 — 4-seeded.      Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  E.  americanus  Linn.  :  branches  opposite,  smooth,  square  ;  leaves 
opposite,  subsessile,  elliptic-lanceolate,  smooth,  acute,  serrate  ;  pe- 
duncles mostly  3-flowered,  terete;  calyx  small,  with  acute  segments  \ 
corol  5-petalled  ;  fruit  roughened,  warty. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  *>.— Shrub  4—  6  feet 
high,  with  opposite  branches.  Flozcers  reddish-yellow.  Fruit 
scarlet.  Burning  Bush.     Spindle  Tree. 

2.  E.  atropurpnrcus  Jacq.  :  stem  with  smooth,  opposite,  square 
branches  ;  leaves  petiolate,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  pu- 
bescent beneath  ;  peduncles  divaricate,  many-flowered;  flowers  4-cleft; 
fruit  smooth. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  T?. — 
Shrub  4 — 3  feet  high.     Flowers  dark-purple.     Fruit  bright  red. 

3.  £.  obovatus  Nutt.  :  stem  prostrate,  rooting,  nearly  simple  ;  sur- 
euli  erect,  obtusely  quadrangular,  with  4  elevated  lines  ;  leaves  broad- 
ovate,  obtuse,  acute  at  base,  subsessile,  acutely  serrulate  ;  peduncles 
3-flowered  ;  petals  4  and  5,  roundish. 

Hab.  Fir  swamps.  Penn.  June.  T?. — Shrub  a  foot  high.  Flow- 
ers  green,  with  a  purple  tinge. 

2.     CELASTRUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  minute,  5-lobed.  Petals  5,  unguiculate.  Stamens 
5.  Ovary  small,  with  10  striae,  immersed  in  the  disk.  Style 
1.  Stigmas  2 — 3.  Capsule  2 — 3-valved  ;  valves  septiferous 
in  the  centre.     Seed  1,  covered  with  a  large  fleshy  aril. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

C.  scandais  Linn. :  stem  climbing,  unarmed  ;  leaves  petioled,  oval, 
acuminate,  serrate  ;  stipules  minute  ;  racemes  terminal. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  May,  June.  ^>. — A  woody 
vine  or  low  shrub.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  greenish-yellow, 
in  small  terminal  racemes.     Fruit  scarlet.     Climbing  Staff  Tree. 

Order  XXXII.     STAPHYLEACE^.     hind. 

Sepals  5,  connected  at  base,  coloured,  with  an  imbricated 
aestivation.  Petals  5,  alternate,  with  an  imbricated  aestiva- 
tion. Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  petals,  perigynous.  Disk 
large,  urceolate.  Ovary  2 — 3-celled,  superior ;  ovules  erect ; 
styles  2 — 3,  cohering  at  the  base.  Fruit  membranous  or 
fleshy,  indehiscent  or  opening  internally,  partly  abortive. 
Seeds  ascending,  roundish,  with  a  long  testa  ;  hilum  large 
truncate  ;  albumen  none  ;  cotyledons  thicfc. 


RHAMNEiE.  73 

Shrubs,  with  opposite,  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers  in  terminal 
racemes. 

1.     STAPHYLEA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted,  covered  at  base  by  an  urceolate  disk  ; 
lobes  oblong,  concave,  coloured.  Petals  5,  alternating  with 
the  sepals.  Stamens  5,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Ovary 
2 — 3-lobed.  Styles  2 — 3,  sometimes  united.  Capsule  2 — 3- 
celled ;  cells  membranaceous,  inflated,  united  at  base  or 
throughout  their  whole  length.  Pentandria.   Trigynia. 

8.  trifolin  Linn. :  leaves  ternate,  on  long  petioles  ;  leafets  ovate, 
acuminate,  serrulate,  pubescent,  the  terminal  one  petioled  ;  styles  gla- 
brous ;  capsule  bladder-like. 

Hab.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  April— June.  >>.—  A  shrvb 
6 — 10  feet  high.  Ftoicers  white,  in  axillary  and  terminal  pendu- 
lous panicles.  Bladder -nut. 

Order  XXXIII.     RHAMNEjE.     Be  CancL    hind. 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  with  a  valvate  aestivation.  Petals  distinct, 
cucullate  or  convolute,  inserted  into  the  orifice  of  the  calyx,  oc- 
casionally wanting.  Stamens  definite,  opposite  the  petals. 
Disk  fleshy.  Ovary  superior  or  half  superior,  2 — 3 — 4-cell- 
ed  ;  ovules  solitary,  erect.  Fruit  fleshy  and  indehiscent,  or 
dry  and  separating  in  3  parts.  Seeds  erect ;  albumen  fleshy, 
seldom  wanting  ;  embryo  almost  as  long  as  the  seed,  with 
large  flat  cotyledons,  and  a  short  inferior  radicle. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  often  spiny.  Leaves  simple,  alternate, 
rarely  opposite,  with  minute  stipules.  Flowers  axillary  or 
terminal. 

1.     RHAMNUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  urceolate,  persistent  with  and  adhering 
to  the  fruit  at  base.  Petals  alternating  with  the  lobes  of  the 
calyx,  or  none.  Stamens  4 — 5,  inserted  above  the  petals. 
Style  2— 4-cleft.  Berry  2— 4-celled  ;  cells  1,  rarely  2-seed- 
ed.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  R.  alnifolhis  V Herit :  unarmed  ;  leaves  alternate,  oval,  acumi- 
nate, serrulate,  pubescent  on  the  nerves  beneath  ;  flowers  dioecious  ; 
peduncles  1-flowered,  aggregate  ;  calyx  acute  ;  fruit  turbinate. — R. 
franguloidcs  Mich. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Vir.  rare.  May,  June.  T>. — 
Floiecrs  small,  greenish,   in  axillary  fascicles.     Berries  black. — 

7 


74  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

R.  alnifolius  of  Pursh  is  described  by  De  Candolle  as  a  distinct 
species,  under  the  name  of  R.  purshianus. 

2.  R.  catlmrticus  Linn.  ;  branches  spiny  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate, 
erosely  denticulate  ;  flowers  mostly  4-cleft,  polygamo-dioecious  ;  ber- 
ries 4-seeded,  subglobose. 

Hab.  Woods  on  mountains.  N.  S.  Small  tree  or  large  shrub, 
with  yellowish-green  flowers.     Introduced.  1  Buck-thorn. 

2.     CEANOTHUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate,  persistent  and  somewhat  ad- 
hering with  the  fruit.  Petals  5,  small,  saccate  and  arched, 
with  long  claws.  Stamens  exsert.  Styles  2 — 3,  united  to 
the  middle.  Berry  dry,  (a  capsule  ?)  3-celled,  3-seeded,  3- 
parted,  opening  on  the  inner  side.     Peniandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  C.  americamis  Linn.  :  stem  shrubby  ;  branches  terete  and  some- 
what pubescent ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  alternate,  serrate,  3-nerved,  to- 
mentose,  pubescent  beneath,  sometimes  subcordate  ;  panicles  axillary, 
on  long  peduncles. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  Tp.Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  on  petioles.  Floicers  small,  white,  in  a 
racemed  panicle.     Root  very  large,  dark  red. 

New-Jersey  Tea.     Red-root. 

2.  C.  hcrbaccus  Raf.  :  leaves  oval,  slightly  serrulate,  smooth  ;  pani- 
cles thyrsoid.  axillary  and  terminal. — P.  perennis  Pursh. 

Hab.  Rocky  places.  Penn.  to  Car.  Suffruticose.  Leaves  near- 
ly as  large  as  in  the  former,  but  smooth. 

3.  C.  oralis  Big. :  leaves  oval,  glandular-serrate,  3-nerved,  the  veins 
pubescent  underneath  ;  panicle  corymbose,  abbreviated. 

Hab.  Shores  of  Lake  Champlain.  Dr.  Boott. — Leaves  1 — 3  in- 
ches long,  petioled,  elliptical,  obtuse  or  subacute.  Peduncles 
shorter  than  in  C.  amcricana  and  the  floicers  larger.  Fruit  black- 
ish. 

Order  XXXIV.    ANACARDIACEiE.     hind. 

Flowers  usually  diclinious.  Calyx  usually  small,  persis- 
tent, 5-(sometimes  3 — 4 — 7)  divided.  Petals  equal  in  num- 
ber to  the  segments  of  the  calyx,  (sometimes  wanting)  perigi- 
nous,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Stamens  equal  in  number  to 
the  petals,  and  alternate,  or  twice  as  many  or  more  ;  fila- 
ments distinct  or  cohering  at  the  base.  Disk  fleshy,  annular 
or  cup-shaped,  hypogynous,  occasionally  wanting.  Ovary 
single  (or  rarely  5 — 6)  free  or  rarely  adhering  to  the  calyx, 
1-celled  ;  styles  1 — 3,  sometimes  4  ;  stigmas  as  many.     Fruit 


ANACARDIACE.E.  75 

mdehiseent,  usually  drupaceous.  Seed  without  albumen  ; 
radicle  superior  or  inferior,  next  the  hilum  ;  cotyledons  thick 
and  fleshy  or  leafy. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  resinous,  gummy,  caustic,  or  even 
milky  juice.     Leaves  alternate,  not  dotted. 

1.     RHUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  smnll,  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  ovate,  spread- 
ing. Stamens  5.  Styles  3,  short,  or  3  sessile  stigmas. 
Drupe  nearly  dry,  with  one  bony  seed. 

Pcntandria.   Trigynia, 
*  Leaves  tcmatc, 

1.  R.  toxicodendron  Linn.:  stem  erect,  pubescent  near  the  summit; 
■leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  broad,  oval,  entire,  sinuate  or  lobed,  subpubes- 
cent  beneath  ;  flowers  dioecious,  in  sessile  axillary  racemes. — R.  toxi- 
codendron, v.ir.  querctfoUum  Mich. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Rocky  mountains. 
June.      Tp. — Shrub  2—5  feet  high.     Flowers  greenish. 

2.  R.  radtcans  Linn. :  stem  climbing ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  petio- 
late,  ovate,  acuminate,  smooth,  generally  entire  ;  flowers  in  axillary 
racemes,  towards  the  top  of  the  stem,  dioecious  ;  fruit  smooth. — R. 
toxicodendron,  var.  vulgarc  Midi.  Pursh. — R.  toxicodendron,  var.  radi- 
ants Tort. 

IIar.  Woods  and  hedges.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  ^. — Stem 
climbing.  Flowers  greenish. — De  Candolle  thinks  R.  radicans 
distinct  from  R.  toxicodendron.  Both  are  very  poisonous  to 
persons  of  peculiar  constitutions. — Barton's  Collections.  Big. 
Med.  Bot.  iii.  19.    Christy  in  N.  Y.  Med.  $>  Phys.  Jour.  N.  S.  i.  21. 

Poison  Ivy. 

3.  R.  arouiatica  Ait.  :  branches  slender,  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  ter- 
nate ;  leafets  sessile,  ovate-rhomboid,  deeply  toothed,  tomentose  be- 
neath ;  flowers  in  dense  axillary  racemes  or  catkins,  dioecious  ;  fruit 
pilose. — Lobadium  aromaticum  Raf. 

Hab.     Mountains.     N.  Y.  to  Geor.     W.  to  Miss.     May,  June. 
1?. — $  ft  rub  2 — 6  feet  high.     Floicers  yellowish.     Fruit  red. 

**  Leaves  pinnate,  smooth. 

4.  R.  glabra  Linn.  :  stem  and  branches  smooth  ;  leafets  in  many 
pairs,  sessile,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth,  whitish 
beneath  ;  flowers  all  perfect,  in  terminal  compound  panicles. 

Hab.  Old  fields.  Can.  to  Geor.  July.  T?.— Shrub  6— 12  feet  high. 
Flowers  greenish-yellow.     Fruit  crimson,  downy. 

5.  i?.  copallina  Linn.:  branches  terete,  downy  ;  leafets  4 — 7  pairs, 
with  an  odd  one,    oval-lanceolate,  very  entire,   shining  on  the  upper 


76  DICOTYLEDOxNOUS    PLANTS. 

surface  ;  petiole  winged,  appearing  as  if  jointed  ;  flowers   in   sessile 
panicles,  dioecious. 

Hab.  Dry  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  T>.— A  small  shrub, 
with  yellowish- green Jloicers.  Fruit  red,  small,  compressed,  hairy. 

Mountain  Sumach. 

6.  R.  venenata  Dc  Cand.  :  branches,  leaves  and  petioles  very  smooth; 
leafets  in  5 — 6  pairs,  oblong-oval,  abruptly  accuminate,  nearly  entire  ; 
petioles  without  joints  or  wings  ;  flowers  in  loose  slender  panicles,  di- 
oecious ;  fruit  smooth,  white. — R.  vernix  Linn. 

Hab.  Margins  of  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  T?. — 
Shrub  6 — 12  feet  high.  Floicers  greenish.  Poisonous.  Bio-. 
Med.  Bot.  i.  96.  Poison  Ash. 

•**  Leaves  pinnate,  pubeseent. 

7.  R.  typhina  Linn. :  branches  and  petioles  very  villous  ;  leafets  in 
many  pairs,  lanceolate-oblong,  acuminate,  acutely  serrate,  pubescent 
beneath  ;  flowers  in  oblong  dense  panicles,  dioecious. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  T?. — Shrub  10 — 15 
feet  high.  Floicers  greenish-yellow.  Fruit  in  clusters,  covered 
with  a  purple  velvety  down.  Stag's  Horn. 

Order  XXXV.      LEGUMINOS.E.     Be  Cand.    Unci 

Calyx  5-parted,  toothed  or  cleft,  inferior,  with  the  odd  seg- 
ment anterior ;  the  segments  often  unequal  and  variously 
combined.  Petals  5,  or  by  abortion  4,  3,  2,  1,  or  none,  in- 
serted into  the  base  of  the  calyx,  either  papilionaceous  or  re- 
gularly spreading  ;  the  odd  petal  posterior.  Stamens  definite 
or  indefinite,  perigynous,  either  distinct  or  monadelphous,  or 
diadelphous  ;  very  seldom  triadelphous  ;  anthers  versatile. 
Ovary  simple,  superior,  1-celled,  1  or  many-seeded  ;  style 
simple,  proceeding  from  the  upper  margin  ;  stigma  simple. 
Fruit  either  a  legume  or  a  drupe.  Seeds  attached  to  the  up- 
per suture,  solitary  or  several,  occasionally  with  an  arillus  ; 
embryo  destitute  of  albumen,  either  straight,  or  with  a  radicle 
bent  upon  the  cotyledons  ;  cotyledons  either  remaining  under 
ground  in  germination,  or  elevated  above  the  ground  and  be- 
coming green  like  the  leaves. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  with  usually  2  stipules  at 
the  base. 

Suborder  I.     PAPILIONACEiE. 

Calyx  with  distinct  lobes.  Stamens  periginous.  Corol 
papilionaceous. 


LEGUMINOSjE.  77 

1.     BAPTISIA.     Vent. 

Calyx  half  4 — 5-cleft,  bilabiate.  Petals  5,  nearly  equal. 
Standard  with  the  sides  reflexed.  Stamens  deciduous.  Le- 
gume ventricose,  pedicelled,  many-seeded. 

Decandria.  Monogynia. 

B.  tinctoria  Broicn:  very  smooth,  much  branched;  leaves  ternate, 
petioled,  upper  ones  subsessile  ;  leafets  round-obovate  ;  stipules  seta- 
ceous ;  racemes  terminal  ;  legume  on  a  long  stipe. — Sophora  tinctoria 
Linn. — Podalijria  tinctoria  Willd. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  If. — Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high,  very  bushy.  Floiccrs  yellow.  Whole  plant  turns 
bluish-black  in  drying.  Wild  Indigo. 

2.     CROTALARIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-lobed,  subbilabiate  ;  upper  lip  2,  lower  one  3-cleft. 
Standard  large,  cordate.  Keel  falcate,  acuminate.  Fila- 
ments all  united,  with  the  sheath  often  divided  above.  Le- 
gume turgid,  inflated,  with  ventricose  valves,  often  many- 
seeded,  pedicelled.  Diadclphia.  Decandria. 

1.  C.  sagittalis  Linn.:  hairy,  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  simple,  oblong- 
lanceolate  t  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate,  decurrent ;  racemes  oppo- 
site the  leaves,  about  3-flowered  ;  corol  smaller  than  the  calyx. — C. 
sagittalis,  var.  oblonga  Mich. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  Penn.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  0. — Stem  12 
inches  high.  Floiccrs  yellow.  Legume  inflated.  Varies  much 
in  its  pubescence.  Rattle-box. 

2.  C.  parviflora  Willd. :  hirsute,  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  simple, 
linear-lanceolate,  hirsute  ;  upper  stipules  decurrent,  with  two  very 
short  teeth  ;  racemes  opposite  the  leaves  ;  corol  smaller  than  the  ca- 
lyx.— C.  sagittalis,  var.  linearis  Mich. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  0. — Leaves 
2 — 3  inches  long.     Floiccrs  yellow. 

3.     GENISTA.     Lam. 

Calyx  bilabiate,  upper  lip  bipartite ;  lower  one  3-toothed, 
or  5-lobed  ;  3  lower  lobes  united  almost  to  the  summit. 
Standard  oblong-oval.  Keel  oblong,  straight.  Stamens  mo- 
nadelphous.  Legume  flat-eompressed  or  rarely  somewhat 
turgid,  many-seeded,  rarely  few-seeded. 

Diadclphia.  Decandria. 

G.  tinctoria  Linn.  :  root  creeping  ;  stem  suberect,  suffruticose  ; 
branches  terete,  striate,  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  smooth  ;  flowers  in 
spiked-racemes  and  with  the  legumes  smooth. 

7* 


76  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Hills,  near  Boston.  Big.  July.  ^>. — Suffruticose.  Stem 
a  foot  high,  with  numerous  branches.  Floioers  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  branches,  nearly  sessile,  yellow.  Said  to  afford  a 
fine  yellow  dye.     Introduced.  Dyer's  Weed. 

4.     MEDICAGO.     Lbm. 

Calyx  subcylindric,  5  cleft.  Keel  somewhat  remote  from 
the  standard.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Legume  many-seeded, 
varying  in  form,  always  falcate  or  twisted  into  a  spiral. 
— Leaves  ternate.  JDiadelphia.  Decandria. 

1.  M.  lupulina  Linn. :  stem  procumbent  ;  leafets  obovate-cuneate, 
denticulate  at  the  apex  ;  stipule  lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  entire  ; 
peduncles  in  racemed-spikes ;  flowers  sessile  ;  legumes  reniform, 
1 -seeded,  veined  and  rugose  ;  seeds  ovate,  somewhat  reniform. 

Hab.  Fields.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June — Aug.  #. — Spikes 
small,  yellow.     Introduced.  None-such. 

2.  M.  intertexta  Willd. :  stem  procumbent ;  leafets  obovate,  toothed  ; 
stipules  ciliate-toothed  ;  peduncles  somewhat  2-flowered ;  legume 
pilose,  cochleate,  membranaceous,  obliquely  reticulate  ;  spines  straight, 
thick,  rigid  and  acute. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  Conn,  and  Car.  July,  Aug.  0. — Floicers 
yellow.     Introduced. 

5.     MELILOTUS.     Tounu 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Keel .  simple  ;  wings  shorter 
than  the  standard.  Legume  as  long  as  the  calyx,  coriaceous, 
one  or  few-seeded,  scarcely  dehiscent,  varying  in  form. 
— Leaves  ternate.  Diadelphia.  Decandria. 

1.  M.  officinalis  Willd. :  stem  erect,  branching  ;  leafets  lanceolate-ob- 
long, obtuse,  remotely  serrate  ;  spikes  axillary,  paniculate  ;  legume 
2-seeded,  rugose  ;  style  filiform,  as  long  as  the  legume  ;  seeds  unequal- 
ly cordate. — Trifolium  officinale,  var.  a.  Linn. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  Aug.  ^.—Stem  2—4  feet  high.  Flowers 
in  long  racemes,  yellow.  Plant  giving  out  an  odour  when  dry, 
similar  to  the  vernal  grass.     Introduced.  Yellow  Melilot. 

2.  M.  leucaniha  De  Cand. :  stem  erect,  branched  ;  leafets  ovate-oblong, 
truncate  and  mucronate  at  the  apex,  remotely  serrate  ;  stipules  seta- 
ceous ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  unequal,  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  standard 
longer  than  the  keel  and  wings  ;  legume  1-seeded,  ovate,  lacunose- 
rugose,  green  ;  seeds  exactly  ovate. — M.  vidgaris  Willd.  Enum.  Tri- 
folium officinale,  var.  b.  Linn. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  £  .—Stem  3—5  feet  high. 
Flotcers  white.  Raceme  longer  and  less  crowded  than  in  the 
former.  Both  species  become  fragrant  upon  drying.  Intro- 
duced. ?  White  Melilot.     Scented  Clover, 


LEGUMINOS.E.  79 


G.     TRIFOLIUM.     Tovrn. 


Calyx  tubular,  persistent,  without  glands,  5-cleft ;  seg- 
ments subulate.  Keel  shorter  than  the  icings  and  standard. 
Stamens  diadelphous.  Legume  small,  scarcely  dehiscent, 
often  ovate,  I — 2-seeded,  as  long  as  the  calyx  and  covered 
by  it,  rarely  oblong,  3 — 4-seeded,  and  a  little  exceeding  the 
calyx. — Leaves  ternate.  Diadelphia.  Decandria. 

*  Legume   1-seedcd.      Standard   of  the  corol  deciduoiis.      Flowers  net 

yclloic. 

1.  T.  arvense  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  simple  or  branched,  pubescent  ; 
leaves  on  short  petioles  ;  leafets  linear-obovate,  hairy,  somewhat 
3-toothed  at  the  apex  ;  stipules  narrow,  membranaceous,  with  very  long 
nerves,  subulate,  pilose  ;  spikes  oblong,  villous,  cylindrical ;  calyx  very 
pilose  ;  segments  equal,  longer  than  the  many  petalled  corol. 

Hab.  Dry  pastures.  Can.  to  Car.  June — Sept.  0. — Stem 
6 — 10  inches  high.  Floiocrs  minute,  white  or  pink.  Seeds  ovoid, 
brown.  Stone  Clover.     Hare's-foot  Trefoil. 

2.  T.  pratensc  Linn. :  stem  suberect,  branched  ;  leaves  on  long  pe- 
tioles ;  leafets  oval,  nearly  entire  ;  stipules  broad,  nerved,  smooth, 
shortly  acuminate,  inflexed  ;  heads  of  flowers  ovate,  obtuse,  subses- 
sile  ;  calyx  hairy  ;  lower  tooth  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  monopeta- 
lous  unequal  corol  ;  seeds  reniform,  compressed. 

Hab.  Meadows.  May — Oct.  11. — Stcml — 2  feet  high.  Flowers 
rose-coloured.     Seeds  yellowish.     Introduced.  Red  Clover. 

3.  T.  pcnnsylvanicum  Willd.  :  stem  ascending,  much  branched, 
flexuous  ;  leafets  ovate-elliptic,  obtuse,  very  entire  ;  stipules  awned  ; 
heads  of  flowers  ovate-cylindrical,  solitary,  dense;  lower  tooth  of  the 
calyx  shorter  than  the  monopetalous  corol. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Virg.  June — Sept.  L,r. — Flowers  fine 
red.     Resembles  T.  medium  of  Linnaeus. 

*"*  Legume  1-secded.     Standard  of  the  corol  persistent,  scariosc.    Flowers 

yellow. 

4.  T.  procumlcns  Linn. :  stems  procumbent ;  leaves  on  short  petioles  ; 
leafets  obovate  or  obcordate,  denticulate,  terminal  one  petioled  ;  sti- 
pules ovate,  ciliate,  shorter  than  the  petiole  ;  heads  axillary,  ovate  ; 
peduncles  equal  to  or  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  segments  of  the  calyx 
unequal,  the  2  upper  ones  very  short  ;  seeds  elliptic. 

Hab.  "Dry  fields.  Mass.  to  Virg.  June.  0. — Stem  spreading, 
3 — 6  inches  long.  Floiocrs  numerous  and  with  the  seeds  yellow. 
Introduced.  ?  According  to  De  Candolle  T.  campestre  is  a  mere 
var.  with  erect  branching  stems.  Yellow  Clover. 

5.  T.  agrarium  Linn. :  stem  ascending,  with  erect  branches  ;  leaves 
nearly  sessile  ;  leafets  oblong-ovate,  sessile,  denticulate  ;  stipules 
leafy,  lanceolate,  acute,  longer  than  the  petiole  ;  heads  on  long  pe- 


80  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

duncles,  oval  ;  standard  obcordate  ;  calyx  campanulate,  short  ;  seg- 
ments unequal,  smooth,  elongated,  the  upper  one  smaller  ;  legume 
oval,  compressed;  seeds  cordate. 

Hab.  Meadows  and  woods.  Penn.  to  Virg.  June — Aug.  0. 
— Stem  a  foot  high.     Flowers  small,  light  yellow. 

***  Legume  3 — 8-seeded. 

6.  T.  repens  Linn.  :  stem  creeping  and  somewhat  rooting,  leafets 
obovate-roundish,  somewhat  retuse,  denticulate  ;  stipules  scariose, 
narrow-lanceolate,  with  a  long  mucronate  point  ;  heads  axillary,  on 
very  long  peduncles  ;  flowers  pedicelled  and  at  length  reflexed  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  unequal,  shorter  than  the  corol  ;  legume  4-seeded. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  May — Oct.  1£. — 
Stem  6 — 12  inches  long.     Floiccrs  white.     Seeds  brown. 

Write  Clover. 

7.  T.  reflexum  Linn.  .*  pilose  ;  stem  ascending  ;  leafets  ovate  or  obo- 
vate,  serrulate  ;  stipules  leafy,  lanceolate-acuminate  ;  heads  globose, 
axillary  ;  flowers  on  long  pedicels,  at  length  reflexed  ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  hairy,  nearly  equal,  very  narrow,  one-nerved,  nearly  twice  as 
long  as  the  tube  but  shorter  than  the  standard  ;  legume  4-seeded. 

Hab.  Dry  hills.  Penn.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  2_f. — Whole 
plant  very  pubescent.  Floicers  in  large  heads,  red.  In  my 
specimens  the  stipules  are  obliquely  cordate,  as  stated  by  Mr. 
Elliott.     Known  at  the  south  by  the  name  of       Buffalo  Clover. 

8.  T.  stoloniferum  Muhl. :  stoloniferous,  smooth  ;  lower  leaves  on 
long  petioles  ;  leafets  obovate  or  wedge-form,  serrulate,  retuse  or 
emarginate  at  the  apex  ;  stipules  membranaceous,  broad-lanceolate  ; 
flowers  in  globose  heads,  pedicelled,  erect,  at  length  reflexed  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  nearly  equal,  narrow,  smooth,  longer  than  the 
tube. 

Hab.  N.  Y.  Penn/.W.  to  the  Miss.  June.  U-—Stem  4—8 
inches  long.  Flowers  in  middle  sized  heads. — I  suspect  this  is 
not  specifically  distinct  from  the  preceding.  The  specimens 
collected  by  myself  on  the  Mississippi,  as  well  as  that  received 
by  my  brother  from  Dr.  Muhlenberg,  agree  very  well  with  that 
plant,  except  in  the  absence  of  pubescence,  and  in  the  smaller 
size  of  the  heads  of  flowers.  Running  Buffalo  Clover. 

7.     CLITORIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  surrounded  at  base  by  2  larger  bracts,  5-cleft  Corol 
resupinate.  Standard  large,  covering  the  wings*  Stamens 
diadelphous.  Style  somewhat  dilated  at  the  apex.  Legume 
linear,  compressed,  straight,  2-valved,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

Diadelphia.  Decandria. 

1.  C.  mariana  Linn.  :  stem  climbing,  glabrous  ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leaf- 
ets ovate-lanceolate  ;  peduncles  solitary,  1 — 3-flowered  ;  calyx  tubu- 


LEGUMINOSiE.  81 

lar-campanulate,  glabrous,  much  longer  than  the   lanceolate  bracts  ; 
teeth  nearly  equal  ;  legume  torulose. 

Hab.      Banks   of  streams.      Penn.   to  Car.      July,  Aug.      It. — 
Stem  climbing,  sometimes  erect.     Flowers  large,  pale  blue. 

2.  "C.  virginiana  Linn.  :  stem   twining,  and  with  the  ovate  leafets 

glabrous  or  subpubescent  ;  peduncle  1 — 4-flowered  ;    calyx  5-parted, 

about  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  bracts  ;  legume  linear,  compressed. 

Hab.     Hedges.     Penn.    to  Car.     Aug.     It. — Flowers   purple   or 

violet,  larger  than  that  of  any  of  our  North  American  Papilio- 

nacea?.     De  Candolle  describes  three  varieties  of  this   species. 

which  differ  only  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves.         Butterfly  Weed. 

8.     GALACTIA.     Mich. 

Cahjz  bihractinte,  4-cleft  ;  segments  acute,  nearly  equal. 
Corol  papilionaceous  ;  petisls  5,  oblong,  distinct.  Standard 
incumbent,  broader  than  the  others.  Stamens  diadelphous. 
Style  smooth.  Stigma  obtuse.  Legume  terete  or  compress- 
ed, many-seeded,   bivalved,   1-celled,   elongated. 

Diadelphia.  Dccandria. 

1.  G.  mollis  Mich.  :  stem  twining,  sofily-villous  ;  leaves  ternale  : 
leafets  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  pale  beneath  ;  racemes  axillary,  a  little 
longer  than  the  leaves,  pedunculate  ;  flowers  pedicelled  ;  calyx  acumi- 
nate, villous  ;  legume  compressed,  villous.— -Hcdysarumvolubilc  Linn. 

Hab.     Pine  barrens.     N.  J.  to  Car.     July,  Aug.     It- — Stem  pros- 
trate or  climbing.     Floiccrs  small,  purple. 

2.  G.  glabella  Mich.  :  stem  prostrate,  somewhat  twining,  smooth  ; 
leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  eliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  emarginate  at  each  end, 
shining  above  ;  racemes  axillary,  simple,  few-flowered,  on  peduncles  as 
long  as  the  leaves  ;  calyx  smooth  ;  legumes  pubescent,  (smooth,  Nutt.) 
— Errum  voluhilc  Walt. 

Hab.     Pine  barrens.     N.  J.  to  Car.     Aug.     It- — Floiccrs  reddish- 
purple,  large.     Root  fusiform. 

9.  TEPHROSIA.  Pers. 
Calyx  without  bracts,  nearly  equal,  5-toothed.  Standard 
of  the  corol  large,  roundish,  pubescent  or  sericeous  without, 
reflexed-spreading  ;  icings  adhering  to  the  obtuse  keel.  Sta- 
mens none  or  diadelphous.  Legume  compressed-flat,  linear, 
many-seeded.     Seeds  compressed.      Diadelphia.  Decandria. 

T.  virginiana  Pers. :  erect ;  leafets  8 — 12  pairs,  oval-oblong,  mucron- 
ate,  white  villous  beneath  ;  raceme  terminal,  subsessile  ;  legumes  fal- 
cate villous. —  Galega  virginiana  Linn. 

Hab.     Barrens.     Can.  and  throughout  the  U.  S.     July.     2J.. — 
Stem  a  foot  high.     Floicers  varied  with  red,   yellow  and  white. 

Goat's  Rue. 


82  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

10.     AMORPHA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  obconic-campanulate.  Standard  of  the 
corol  ovate,  concave  ;  wings  and  keel  none.  Style  filiform, 
straight,  glabrous.  Stamens  exserted,  monadelphous  at  base. 
Legume  compressed,  ovate  or  lunulate,  1 -celled,  1 — 2-seeded. 

Diadelphia.  Decandria. 

A.  fndicosa  Linn. :  subarborescent,  smooth  ;  leaves  pinnate,  petio- 
late  ;  leafets  elliptic-oblong  ;  spikes  aggregated,  long ;  calyx  hoary,  4 
teeth,  obtuse,  the  other  one  acuminate  ;  legume  few-seeded. 

Hab.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Rocky  mountains.  July.  T?. — A 
shrub,  with  spikes  of  purple  flowers.  Varies  with  emarginate, 
mucronate  and  narrower  leaves.  Wild  Indigo. 

11.     ROBINIA.     Be  Cand. 

Teeth  of  the  calyx  5,  lanceolate,  two  upper  ones  approxi- 
mate. Corol  papilionaceous.  Standard  large.  Keel  ob- 
tuse. Stamens  diadelphous,  deciduous.  Legume  compress- 
ed, subsessile,  many-seeded  ;  valves  flat,  thin. 

Diadelphia.  Decandria. 

R.  pseudacacia  Linn. :  leaves  pinnate,  with  an  odd  leafet ;  stipules 
prickly  ;  racemes  pendulous,  and  with  the  legume  smooth  ;  teeth  of 
the  calyx  unarmed. 

Hab.  Near  cultivated  grounds,  but  apparently  native.  N.  Y.  to 
Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May. — A  large  tree,  the  wood  of  which  is 
much  esteemed  in  ship  building.  Floioers  white,  odorous,  in 
long  racemes.  Locust  Tree. 

12.     ASTRAGALUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corol  with  the  keel  obtuse.  Stamens 
diadelphous.  Legume  2,  or  half  2-celled  ;  lower  suture  in- 
flexed.  Diadelphia.  Decandria. 

1.  A.  canadensis  Linn. :  erectish,  subpubescent ;  leafets  10 — 12 
pairs  with  an  odd  one,  elliptic-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  smooth  on  both 
sides  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves  ;  flowers  spiked  ;  bracts  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  legume  erect, 
ovate,  terete,  smooth. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  21. 
— Stem  2  feet  high.     Flowers  pale  yellow.  Mdk  Vetch. 

2.  A.  carolinianus  Linn.:  erect,  smooth;  leafets 20  pairs,  with  an  odd 
one,  oblong,  pubescent  beneath  ;  stipules  ovate,  acuminate  ;  pedun- 
cles longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers  spiked  ;  bracts  as  long  as  the  pe- 
dicels ;  legume  erect,  ovate,  tumid,  rostrate. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  21.— Spikes 
dense.     Floioers  yellow.     Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  the  former. 


LEGUMINOS^E.  83 

13.     STYLOSANTHES.     Stearic. 

Tube  of  the  calyx  very  long,  slender  ;  limb  5-parted,  lobes 
unequal.  Corol  inserted  into  the  calyx.  Keel  minute,  bifid 
at  the  apex.  Stamens  monadelphous.  Style  filiform,  very 
long,  straight.  Stigma  capitate,  hispid.  Legume  with  two 
joints  ;  joints  1-seeded ;  upper  one  subuncinate,  acuminated 
into  the  base  of  the  style.  Diaclelphia.  Dccandria. 

S.  clatior  Swartx. :  stem  erect,  herbaceous,  pubescent  on  one  side  ; 
leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  lanceolate,  smooth,  acute  ;  bracts  lanceolate, 
ciliate  ;  spikes  few-flowered  ;  legume  indurated,  1-seeded. — S.  hispida 
Mich. — Aradds  optica  Walt. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  21. — Stem  a 
foot  high,  branched.  Flowers  yellow,  in  terminal  compact  heads. 

Pencil  1  lower. 

It.     iESCHYNOMENE.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  2-eleft  or  2-toothed  ; 
lower  one  3-clelt,  or  3-toothed.  Corol  papilionaceous.  Sta- 
mens 10,  in  two  equal  sets.  Legume  compressed,  transverse- 
ly jointed,  erect,  exsert  ;  joints  1-seeded. 

Diaclelphia.  Dccandria. 

JT..  hispida  WUM.  :  stom  herbaceous,  erect,  and  with  the  petioles 
and  peduncles  hispid  ;  leaves  in  many  pairs  ;  leafets  linear,  obtuse  ; 
racemes  simples,  3 — 5-flowered,  legumes  distinctly  stipitate,  with  6 — 9 
hispid  joints. — Hedysarum  virginicum  Linn.  ? 

Hab.  Marshes.  Penn.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  0. — Stems  2 — 3 
feet  high.     Leafets  20 — 25  pairs.     Floiccrs  yellow  and  red. 

15.     DESMODIUM.     Be  Cand. 

Calyx  with  2  bracts  at  base,  obscurely  bilabiate  to  the  mid- 
dle ;  upper  lip  (bifid  ;  lower  one  3-parted.  Corol  papiliona- 
ceous. Standard  roundish  ;  keel  obtuse,  not  truncate  ;  wings 
longer  than  the  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  ;  fila- 
ments subpersistent.  Legume  with  many  joints  ;  joints  com- 
pressed, 1-seeded,  membranaceous  or  coriaceous  ;  scarcely 
dehiscent.  Diadelphia.  Dccandria. 

1.  B.  canadense  Be  Cand.  :  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  oblong-lanceolate, 
somewhat  glabrous  ;  stipules  filiform  ;  racemes  terminal  ;  legumes 
jointed  ;  joints  4 — 5,  oval,  obtuse,  triangular,  hispid. — Hedysarum  can- 
adense Linn. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  If. — 
Stem  3  or  4  feet  high,  erect.  Leafets  3  inches  long.  Flowers 
purple.  Bush  Trefoil. 


84  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

2.  D.  canescens  De  Cand. :  stem  erect,  hairy,  with  the  angles  hispid  ; 
leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  ovate,  roundish,  with  whitish  appressed  hairs 
beneath  ;  stipules  ovate  ;  racemes  panicled  ;  bracts  cordate  ;  legumes 
jointed  ;  joints  triangular,  hispid. — Hcdysarum  canescens  Linn. — H. 
scaberrimum  Ell.  f 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June — Aug.  21. — Stem  3 — 4 
feet  high,  and  more  scabrous  than  any  other  American  species. 
Flowers  pale  purple,  middle-sized. 

3.  D.  marylandicum  De  Cand.  :  stem  erect,  pilose,  branching  ; 
leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  oblong,  villous  beneath  ;  stipules  subulate ; 
racemes  paniculate ;  legumes  3-jointed  ;  joints  rhomboidal,  reticulate, 
somewhat  hairy. — H.  marylandicum  Linn. 

Hab.  Dry  fields  and  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  0. — 
Stem  hairy  above.  Flowers  purple,  in  a  somewhat  loose  and 
slender  panicle. 

4.  D.  obtusum  De  Cand. :  stem  erect  or  ascending,  pubescent;  leaves 
ternate;  leafets  ovate,  obtuse,  subcordate  at  base  ;  stipules  lanceolate- 
subulate;  panicle  terminal;  joints  of  the  legume  semi-orbiculate,  retic- 
ulate, hispid. — H.  obtusum  Muhl.  in  Willd. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  21-— Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  sometimes  cespitose.  Flowers  purple,  in  a  terminal  pani- 
cle. 

5.  D.  viridiflorum  Beck :  stem  erect ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  ovate, 
obtuse,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  villous  and  very  soft  beneath ; 
panicle  terminal,  very  long,  naked ;  joints  of  the  legume  triangular. 
— Hcdysarum  viridiflorum  Linn.  Ell.   Torr.  not  of  Pursh. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  U-— Stem  3— 4  feet  high, 
very  scabrous  towards  the  summit.  Leaves  very  scabrous  on  the 
upper  surface,  clothed  with  a  velvet-like  tomentum  on  the  under. 
Flowers  purple  within,  greenish  without.  This  is  undoubtedly 
the  true  H  viridiflorum  of  Linnaeus  ;  a  plant  which  seems  to  be 
quite  distinct  from  the  next.     See  Ell.  Sk.  ii.  217. 

6.  D.  aikinianum  Beck :  stem  erect,  branching,  pubescent ;  leaves 
ternate  ;  leafets  ovate-oblong  and  sub-deltoid,  acute,  mucronate,  sca- 
brous beneath  ;  stipules  lanceolate- cuspidate  ;  racemes  paniculate, 
bracted  ;  legumes  with  scabrous  oval  joints. — D.  viridiflorum  De  Cand.  ? 
— Hedysarum  viridiflorum  Pursh. — H.  aikini  Eat. 

Hab.  Woods  and  old  fields.  N.  Y.  Penn.  July,  Aug.  21. — 
Stem  3  feet  high.  Floivcrs  reddish-purple,  becoming  green  when 
dry.  This  plant  differs  from  the  true  H.  viridiflorum  in  the 
leaves  being  very  scabrous  beneath,  and  was  very  properly  se- 
parated by  Prof.  Eaton  in  the  last  edition  of  his  Manual  of 
Botany. 

7.  D.  ciliare  De  Cand.  :  stem  erect,  branching,  pubescent ;  leaves 
ternate,  on  short  petioles ;  leafets  small,  oval-obtuse,  pubescent  under- 
neath, fringed  along  the  margin ;  racemes  axillary  and  terminal,  pani- 
culate ;  joints  of  the  legume  (2—3)  oval,  hispid.— Hcdysarum  ciluirt 
NutL 


LEGUMINOS^E.  85 

Hab.  Woods.  Venn,  to  Car.  Aug.  Lf. — A  small  and  slender 
species  about  2  feet  high.  Floiccrs  small,  violet,  in  a  slender 
branched  panicle. 

8.  D.  larcigatum  Dc  Cand. :  stem  simple,  erect,  smooth,  somewhat 
glaucous  ;  leaves  temate,  on  long  petioles  ;  leafets  ovate,  acute  ; 
panicle  terminal  ;  flowers  in  pairs,  on  long  pedicels  ;  bracts  ovate, 
acute,  shorter  than  the  flower  buds  ;  lower  segment  of  the  calyx  elon- 
gated ;  joints  of  the  legume  triangular. — Hcdysarum  liccigatum  Nidt. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.  U.—Stem  3—4  feet  high. 
Floiccrs  purple.     The  smoothest  of  the  North  American  species. 

9.  D.  bractcosvm  Dc  Cand.  :  stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  ternate  ; 
leafets  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  smooth  ;  stipules  subulate  :  racemes 
terminal,  few-flowered  ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate,  striate,  glabrous  ; 
legume  with  suboval  joints. — Hcdysarum  bractcosum  Jtfich. 

b.  cuspidatum  Dc  Cand.  :  leafets  scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  stipules 
ovate-lanceolate  :  joints  of  the  legume  reticulate,  glabrous, 
pubescent  on  their  margins. — Hcdysarum  cuspidatum  JVilld. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug.  2±. — Stem  3 — 5  feet  high. 
Floiccrs  large,  purple,  violet. 

10.  D.  paniculufum  Dc  Cand. :  stem  erect,  smooth,  leaves  ternate  ; 
leafets  oblong-lanceolate,  or  elliptical,  smooth  ;  stipules  subulate  ; 
panicle  terminal ;  legumes  with  4  rhomboidal  pubescent  joints. — Hedy- 
sarum  paniculatum  Linn. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  21. — Stem 
3  feet  high,  slender.     Leaves  long.     Floiccrs  purple. 

11.  D.  strktum  Dc  Cand. :  stem  stiffly  erect,  simple,  subpubescent  ; 
leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  sublinear,  smooth,  reticulate,  glaucous  beneath  ; 
stipules  subulate  ;  panicles  terminal,  pedunculate,  few-flowered  ;  le- 
gume incurved,  with  sublunate-triangular  hispid  joints. — Hedusarum 
hirtum  Pursh. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  2i. — 
Stem  slender,  very  erect.  leafets  narrow.  Floiccrs  small,  pur- 
ple, in  long  axillary  and  terminal  panicles. 

12.  D.  acuminatum  Dc  Cand. :  stem  erect,  simple,  pubescent  ;  leaves 
Ternate,  on  very  long  petioles  ;  leafets  ovate,  conspicuously  acumi- 
nate, somewhat  hairy,  the  odd  one  roundish-rhomboidal  ;  panicle  ter- 
minal, on  a  very  long  peduncle  ;  petioles  somewhat  pilose  :  joints  of 
the  legume  roundish,  glabrous. — Hcdysarum  acuminatum  Mick. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  IS. 
— Panicle  1 — 2  feet  long.     Flowers  purple. 

13.  D.  nudiflorum  De  Cand  :  stem  erect,  simple,  somewhat  gla- 
brous ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  broad-ovate,  acuminate  ;  scape  panicu- 
late, smooth,  radical  ;  joints  of  the  legume  obtusely-triangular,  some- 
what glabrous. — Hedysarum  nudiflorum  Linn. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  Q—  Stem  8— 10  feet  high. 
Scape  2 — 3  feet  long,  slender.     Floiccrs  purple. 

8 


86  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

14.  D.  rotund  if olium  De  Cand..:  stem  prostrate,  hirsute  ;  leaves  ter- 
nate  ;  leafets  suborbicular,  hairy  ;  stipules  roundish-cordate,  reflexed  ; 
racemes  axillary,  paniculate  ;  joints  of  the  legume  subrhomboidal,  re- 
ticulate, scabrous. — Hedysarum  rotund  if  olium.  Mich.-H.  canescens.lViUd. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  2|. — Racemes  few- 
flowered.  Flowers  purple. — The  southern  plant  seems  to  differ 
from  the  northern,  and  may  prove  distinct. 

15.  D.  humifasum  Beck :  stem  prostrate,  smooth  ;  leaves  ternate  ; 
leafets  ovate,  slightly  hairy  ;  racemes  terminal,  elongated  ;  joints  of 
the  legume  subrhomboidal. — Hedysarum  humifusum.    Muhl.    Torr.  Big. 

Hab.  Woods.  Mass.  Penn.  to  Car.  Muhl.  Aug.  H. — Resem- 
bles the  last,  but  is  smoother  and  has  the  leafets  oval  or  ovate 
and  subacute. — Perhaps  only  a  variety. 

16.     HEDYSARUM.     De  Cand. 

Calyx  5-cleft  ;  segments  linear-subulate,  nearly  equal. 
Standard  large.  Keel obliquely  truncate  ;  wings  much  short- 
er than  the  keel.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1.)  Legume 
with  many  joints  ;  joints  compressed,  roundish,   1-seeded. 

Diadelpliia.  Decandria. 

H.  boreale  Nutt.  :  stem  subdecumbent ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  (7  or 
8  pairs)  oblong-ovate,  partly  villose;  stipules  sheathing,  subulate;  ra- 
cemes on  long  peduncles  *,  legumes  with  smooth,  rugose,  roundish 
joints. — H.  alpinum  Mich.  ? 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  and  Penn.  Mich.  W.  to  Fort  Mandan, 
on  the  Missouri.  Nutt.  June,  July.  11. — Flowers  numerous, 
purple. 

17.     LESPEDEZA.     Mich. 

Calyx  with  bracts  at  base,  5-parted  ;  segments  nearly 
equal.  Corol  papilionaceous.  Keel  transversely  obtuse.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous  (9  and  1.)  Legume  lenticular,  compressed, 
flat,  not  opening,  1-seeded,   unarmed. — Leaves  ternate. 

Diadelphia.   Decandria. 

1.  L.  reticulata  Pers.  :  stem  erect,  simple,  nearly  smooth  ;  leafets 
oblong-linear,  obtuse,  mucronate,  hairy  beneath  ;  fascicles  of  flowers 
subsessile,  numerous  ;  axillary  ones  subracemose  ;  legume  ovate,  re- 
ticulate, acute,  longer  than  the  calyx. — L.  sessiliflora,  var.  Mich. — L.  an- 
gustifolia.  Raf. — Hedysarum  reticulatum  Muhl.  in  Willd. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  J.  W.  to  111.  Aug.  It-Stem  2  feet 
high,  slender,  never  branched.  Leafets  2  lines  broad.  Flowers 
violet. 

2.  L.  sessiliflora  Nutt.  :  stem  erect,  somewhat  branched ;  leaves  on 
short  petioles  ;  leafets  oblong-oval,  obtuse  ;  fascicles  of  flowers  aub- 
sessile  ;  axillary  ones  partly  racemose ;  legume  naked,  acute. — Hedy- 
sarum sessiUflorum  Lam, 


LEGUMINOS^E.  87 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  U-— Stem  2—  3 
feet  high,  slender.     Leaves  hairy  beneath.     Floicers  violet. 

3.  L.  stuvei  Nutt. :  stem  simple,  erect,  softly  and  sericeously  villous  ; 
leaves  on  very  short  petioles ;  leafets  elliptic-oval,  mucronate ;  racemes 
pedunculate,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  legumes  pubescent, 
naked,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  IX.— Stem  2— 3 
feet  high,  covered  with  a  silky  pubescence.  Peduncles  an  inch 
long.     Flowers  purple. 

4.  L.  frutcscens  Ell. :  stem  erect:  leaves  on  short  petioles;  leafets 
elliptical,  obtuse,  silky-pubescent  beneath ;  racemes  axillary,  subses- 
sile,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  calyx  shorter  than  the  corol ;  legume  pi- 
lose, shorter  than  the  calyx. — L.fnUicosa  Pcrs. — Hedysarum  fnitesccns 
Linn. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  Sept.  21. — Stem  2 — 3  feet 
high.     Flowers  white  and  red. 

5.  L.  capitata  Mich. :  stem  erect,  simple ;  leaves  on  very  short  peti- 
oles ;  leafets  elliptic,  with  close  pressed  hairs  beneath  ;  spikes  capitate, 
on  short  peduncles,  axillary  and  conglobate-terminal  ;  calyx  villous, 
as  long  as  the  corol,  with  the  legume  much  longer. — Hedysarum  con- 
glomeratum  Lam. 

Hab.  Borders  of  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July, 
Aug.  11. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Floicers  purple. — This  may 
be  only  a  variety  of  the  last,  although  it  is  not  so  considered 
by  De  Candolle. 

6.  L.  angustifolia  EU. :  stem  erect,  pubescent ;  leaves  on  very  short 
petioles  ;  leafets  oblong-eliptic  or  lanceolate,  white  pubescent  beneath; 
racemes  capitate,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  corol  longer  than  the  calyx. 
— L.  capitata,  var.  angustifolia  Pursh. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Sept.  U-— Stem  3—  4  feet 
high."  Leafets  very  narrow,  villous  beneath.  Flowers  white  and 
purple,  in  small  heads. 

7.  L.  polystachya  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  branched,  very  villous ;  leaves 
on  very  short  petioles  ;  leafets  round-oval,  obtuse  ;  spikes  oblong,  ax- 
illary, pedunculate,  twice  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  corol  and  legume 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx. — L.  hirta  Ell.  Torr. — Hedysarum  hirtum  Linn. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  U.—Stem £— 4 
feet  high.  Flowers  reddish- white,  in  dense  racemes  on  pedun- 
cles which  are  longer  than  the  leaves. 

8.  L.  ziolacca  Pers. :  diffuse,  much  branched,  somewhat  pubescent  ; 
leaves  on  long  petioles  ;  leafets  elliptic-obtuse,  somewhat  hairy  ;  ra- 
cemes subumbelled,  about  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  flowers  in  pairs,  dis- 
tinctly pedicellate  ;  legume  rhomboidal,  reticulate  and  smooth. — He- 
dysarum violaceum  Linn. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Can  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  11. — Stem 
fong,  slender.  Flowers  violet. — Lespedeza  divergens  of  Pursh,  is 
probably  only  a  variety  of  the  above,  although  Mr.  Elliott  con- 


88  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

eiders  it  very  distinct.  "It  is,"  he  says,  "distinguished  by 
much  larger  leaves  on  much  longer  petioles,  its  stem  is  much 
more  diffusely  branched,  the  peduncles  long  with  the  flowers 
scattered  and  distinctly  racemose." 

9.  L.  prociunbcns  Mich:  slender,  procumbent,  every  where  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  on  long  petioles  ;  leafets  oval,  obtuse,  mucronate  ;  pe- 
duncles very  long,  setaceous  ;  racemes  short,  subumbellate  ;  flowers 
in  pairs,  distinct ;  legume  oval,  nearly  smooth. — Hedysanim  Icspcdcza 

[MJ71. 

Hab.     Sandy  woods.       Can.  to  Car.      W.  to  Miss.     Aug.,  Sept. 
21.     Stem  2 — 3  feet  long.     FLoiccrs  purple,  with  yellow  spots. 

10.  L.  prostrata  Pursh :  smooth,  prostrate  ;  leaves  on  very  short  pe- 
tioles ;  leafets  obovate-elliptic,  obtuse;  racemes  axillary  and  terminal , 
subpaniculate ;  peduncles  very  long;  legumes  oval,  subpubescent. — 
Hedysanim  prostration  Muhl.  in  Wilid. 

Hab.     Sandy  soils.     N.  J.  to  Car.      Aug.      LL — Very  similar  to 
the  preceding  species.     Flowers  violet. 

11.  L.  repens  Bart.  :  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  roundish-elliptical  : 
emarginate  ;    racemes   axillary;    legume    repand. — Hedysarum   repens 

mud. 

Has.     Woods.     Penn.  and  Virg.     Muhl.     July.     1L — This  may 
be  identical  with  the  last. 

18.     VICIA.     Linn. 

Calyx,  tubular,  5-cleft  or  5-toothed  ;  two  upper  teeth  shorter. 
Corol  papilionaceous.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Style  filiform, 
bearded  beneath  the  stigma.  Legume  oblong,  1 -eel led,  many- 
seeded.  Diadelphia.  Decandria, 

*  Flowers  on  peduncles.  • 

1.  V.  caroliniana  Walt.  :  smoothish ;  leafets  8 — 10,  elliptical-lanceo- 
late, subalternate,  obtuse,  mucronate  ;  stipules  ovate-lanceolate,  entire; 
peduncles  many-flowered,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  flow- 
ers distant  j  teeth  of  the  calyx  short ;  style  villous  at  the  top  ;  legume 
lanceolate,  smooth,  obliquely  veined. — V.  parviflora  Mich. 

Hab.     Mountains.     Penn.  to  Car.      May,  June.     If. — Stem  long 
and  climbing.     Floicers  small,  white.     Standard  black  at  the  tip. 

2.  V.  americana  Muhl. :  leafets  8—12,  elliptical-lanceolate,  obtuse, 
smooth,  mucronate ;  stipules  semisagittate,  deeply  toothed  ;  pedun- 
cles 4 — 10-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Hab.     Shady  woods.      Penn.    W.  to   Miss.      June.     2L — Stem 
long.     Leaves  distant.     Floicers  purple.  American  Vetch. 

3.  V.  cracca  Linn.  :  stem  branching ;  leafets  numerous,  oblong,  al- 
ternate and  opposite,  mucronate,  pubescent  ;  stipules  semisagittate- 
linear  ;  peduncles  many-flowered,  as  long  as  or  longer  than  the  leaves; 


LEGUMINOSiE.  89 

racemes  crowded,  secund  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  unequal ;  upper  ones 
very  short  ;  lower  ones  shorter  than  the  tube  j  styles  hairy  at  the  top; 
legume  oblong,  coriaceous,  compressed. 

Hab.  Meadows.  N.  S.  Aug.  L£. — Stem  subpubescent.  Leaves 
pinnate.  Flowers  small,  pale  purple,  numerous,  drooping  and 
imbricated.  Tufted  Vetch. 

**  Flowers  nearly  sessile. 
4.  V.  satira  Linn.  :  leafets  10 — 12,  obovate-retuse  or  oblong-retuse, 
mucronate,  smooth  or  hairy ;  stipules  semisagittate,  toothed,  with  a 
dark  spot  beneath  ;  flowers  mostly  in  pairs,  sessile  ;  calyx  cylindric ; 
segments  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  equal ;  style  bearded  at  the  top  ; 
legume  compressed. 

Hab.  Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  ©. — Stem  1—2  feet  high. 
Floiccrs  small,  blue.     A  very  variable  species.      Common  Vetch, 

19.  ERVUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  segments  linear*  acute,  nearly  equalling  the 
corol.     Stigma  glabrous.     Legume  oblong,  2—4  seeded. 

Diadelphia.  Decandria. 

*  Legume  broad-oblong,  2-secded. 
\+  E.  hirsutum  Linn.  ;  leafets  linear,  obtuse,  mucronate  ;  stipules 
semisagittate,  narrow ;  peduncles  3 — 6-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
leaves;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate,  equal,  longer  than  the 
tube ;  legume  oblong,  compressed,  hairy,  finely  reticulate ;  seeds  glo- 
bose, variegated. —  Vicia  Michclli  Raf. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May,  June.  ^.—Stcm  2—3  feet 
long,  much  branched  and  diffuse.  Leaves  cirrose.  Floiccrs 
very  small,  bluish-white.  Hairy  Tare. 

**  Legume  oblong-linear,  4 — 6-seedcd. 
2.  E.  tctraspermum  Linn.  :  stems  cespitose,  branching  ;  leafets  4 — 6, 
oblong  mucronate  ;  stipules  lanceolate  semisagittate  ;  peduncles  1 — 4- 
flowered,  filiform  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  unequal,  broadish,  shorter 
than  the  tube  ;  legume  oblong,  compressed,  smooth ;  seeds  subglobose, 
black. —  Vicia  pusilla  Muhl. 

Hab.  Fields,  &c.  N.  S.  May,  June.  0. — Stems  very  slender. 
Floiccrs  minute,  bluish-white.  Smaller  and  slenderer  than  the 
last.  Smooth  Tare. 

20.  PISUM.     Linn. 

Segments  of  the  calyx  leafy  ;  two  upper  ones  shorter. 
Standard  large,  reflexed.  Style  compressed,  keeled,  villous 
above.  Legume  oblong,  compressed,  not  winged.  Seeds 
many,  subglobose,  with  a  roundish  hilum. 

Diadelphia.  Decandria, 
S* 


90  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

P.  viarvtimum  Linn.  :  stem  square,  compressed  ;  petioles  flat  above; 

leafets  5 — 8,  ovate  or  rounded,  often  alternate,  somewhat  pubescent ; 

stipules  ovate-semisagittate  ;  peduncles  many-flowered,    shorter  than 

the  leaves  ;  legumes  oblong,  obliquely  reticulate,  small  ;  seeds  small, 

numerous,  roundish. — Lathyrus  maritimus  Big.  ? 

Hab.  Shores  of  the  great  lakes.  Nutt.  Salt  marshes,  Boston. 
Big.  t  May,  July.  IS.. — Plant  pale  green.  Flowers  blue  and 
purple,  large,  6 — 8  in  a  raceme. — I  insert  this  plant  upon  the  au- 
thority of  Pursh,  Nuttall  and  other  authors,  but  have  no  means 
of  determining  whether  it  is  truly  a  Pisum.  Dr.  Bigelow's  plantT 
of  which  I  have  specimens  from  Dr.  C.  Pickering,  seems  to  me 
to  be  a  Lathyrus  ;  but  until  the  question  of  the  identity  of  these 
plants  is  more  satisfactorily  determined,  I  have  thought  proper 
to  leave  them  as  above.  Beach  Pea. 

21.     LATHYRUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft :  two  upper  lobes  shorter.  Ca- 
rol papilionaceous.  Stamens  diadelphous.  Style  flat,  dilat- 
ed at  the  summit,  villous  or  pubescent  on  the  upper  side.  Le- 
gume oblong,  many  seeded,  2-valved,  1-celled.  Seeds  globose 
or  angled.  Diadelphia.  Decandria. 

1.  L.  venosus  Muhl.  :  stem  square,  naked  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets 
numerous,  (about  5  pairs)  ovate,  obtuse,  subopposite,  mucronate, 
smooth,  veined  ;  stipules  semisagittate,  ovate  ;  peduncles  many-flow- 
ered, shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Hab.  Low  meadows.  N.  Y.  Penn.  July,  Aug.  11. — Leafets 
large.     Floicers  purple.  Veiny-leaved  Vetchling. 

2.  L.  palustris  Linn.  :  stem  smooth,  winged,  weak  ;  leafets  in  3-pairs, 
oblong,  mucronate ;  stipules  semisagittate,  acute  ;  peducles  3 — 5- 
flowered,  a  little  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  un- 
equal, sublinear,  as  long  as  the  tube  ;  legume  compressed. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June,  July.  Lf. — Stem 
lax.     Leafets  varying  in  width.     Floicers  pale  purple. 

3.  L.  myrtifolius  Muhl. :  stem  weak,  flexuous,  square  ;  leafets  4,  ob- 
long-lanceolate, somewhat  obtuse,  mucronate,  rigid,  smooth,  veined  ; 
stipules  semisagittate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ; 
peduncles  3 — 4-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  July,  Aug.  11. — Re- 
sembles the  former.     Floicers  smaller,  purple  and  rose-coloured. 

4.  L.  gl-aucifolius  Beck  :  stem  nearly  erect,  acute-angled  ;  leafets  in 
3-pairs,  ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  glaucous  and  reticulate  beneath  ; 
stipules  large,  semisagittate,  broad-ovate,  acuminate  ;  peduncles  4 — 10- 
flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  legume  compressed,  glabrous.  . 

Hab.  Rocky  banks  of  the  Raritan  river  near  New-Brunswick, 
N.  J.  May,  June.  U  — This  plant  appears  to  me  to  be  decid- 
edly distinct.    The  Uqfets  are  uniformly  broader  and  larger  than 


LEGUMINOS.E.  91 

in  any  American  species,  being  from  1  1-2—2  inches  long  and  1 
broad,  and  very  strikingly  glaucous  on  the  under  side.  The 
jloicers  also  are  large  and  pale  yellow.  It  was  first  noticed  by 
ray  lamented  friend,  the  late  Rev.  John  De  Witt,  D.  D.  of  Rutgers 
College,  who  was  adding  to  his  other  attainments,  a  knowledge 
of  the  botanical  productions  of  the  interesting  region  around 
New- Brunswick. 

22.     AMPHICARPA.     De  Cand. 

Calyx  campanulate,  4-toothed,  without  bracts  at  base  ; 
teeth  equal,  somewhat  obtuse.  Corol  papilionaceous.  Pe- 
tals oblong.  Standard  broad,  incumbent,  subsessile.  Sta- 
mens diadelphous.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  capitate.  Le- 
gume compressed,  stiped,  1 — 4-seeded. 

Diadelphia.  Decandria. 

A.  monoica  Ell.  ;  stem  hairy  ;  leaves  lernate  ;  leafets  ovate. 'smooth  ; 
iacemes  of  the  stem  pendulous,  bearing  petals,  sterile  ;  radical  pedun- 
cles bearing  apetalous  fertile  flowers. —  Glycine  monoica  Linn. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  2_£. — Stem  twining, 
slender.     Floiccrs  purple. 

23.     APIOS.     Pursh. 

Calyx  campanulate,  with  4  obsolete  teeth,  1  acute  and 
elongated  under  the  keel.  Corol  papilionaceous.  Keel  fal- 
cate reflecting  the  apex  of  the  standard.  Stamens  diadelphous. 
Stigma  emarginate.     Legume  coriaceous,  many-seeded. 

Diadtlphia.  Decandria. 

A.  tuberosa  Moench. — Gylcine  apios  Linn. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  Lf. — Root  tuberous. 
Stem  twining.  Leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  5 — 7.  Flowers  dark  pur- 
ple in  axillary  racemes.  Ground-nut.      Wild  Bean. 

24.     P^ASEOLUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  campanulate,  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  2-toothed  ;  lower 
one  3-parted.  Corol  papilionaceous.  Keel,  stamens  and  style 
spirally  twisted  or  rarely  incurved.  Legume  compressed  or 
cylindric,  2-valved,  many-seeded. — Leaves  ternate. 

Diadclpkia.  Decandria. 

1.  P.  pcrennis  Walt.  :  twining,  pubescent  ;  leafets  ovate,  acuminate, 
3-nerved  ;  racemes  1 — 3,  axillary,  paniculate,  longer  than  the  leaves  ; 
bracts  minute  ;  legumes  pendulous,  broad,  falcate,  mucronate. — P.  pani- 
crdatus  Mich. — Dolichos  polystachyus  Linn. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  2£.— 
Stem  long.  Panicle  G — 10  inches  long.  Floiccrs  purplish,  large. 
Standard  large.  Wild  Kidney-hean. 


92  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

2.  P.  diver sifolius  Pers. :  stem  prostrate  ;  leafets  ovate,  angular,  2 — 
3-lobed  ;  peduncles  angled,  longer  than  the  leaves  j  flowers  in  heads  ; 
bracts  ovate  ;  legumes  linear,  terete,  subpendulous,  pubescent. — P.  tri- 
lobus  Mich. — Strophoslyles  angulosa  Ell.  Torr. — Glycine  angvlosa  Muhl. 
in  If'illd. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.  ©. — Stem  prostrate  and  a 
little  scabrous.  Flowers  8 — 14  at  the  summit  of  a  peduncle  4 — 6 
inches  long,  purple.     Seeds  reniform-cylindrical. 

3.  P.  helvolus  Linn.  :  climbing  or  prostrate  ;  leafets  deltoid-oblong, 
subsinuate  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  3-flo\vered  at  the  top  ; 
wings  expanding,  very  large  ;  legume  erect. — Strophoslyles  helvola  Ell, 
Torr. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug. 
11. — Stem  branching.     Flowers  purple. 

P.  vexillatus  Linn.  :  stem  prostrate,  twining,  somewhat  hairy  ;  leaf- 
ets oblong- ovate  ;  peduncles  very  long  ;  flowers  5 — 7  in  a  head  ;  stan- 
dard large,   emarginate  ;  wings  small  ;  legume  terete,  hairy  ;   seeds 
woolly. — Stropho styles  peduncularis  Ell. — Glycine  peduncularis  Muhl. 
Hab.     Woods.     N.   J.    to   Car.      July.     If. — Stem  prostrate  or 
climbing.     Flowers  5 — 7  on  a  common  peduncle   6 — 7  inches 
long,  large,   pink  and  purple. — This  species  is  credited  to  New- 
Jersey  by  Prof  W.  P.  C.  Barton  and  to  Pennsylvania  by  Muh- 
lenberg.    It  seems  to  me  to  be  distinct  from  the  preceding. 

25.     LUPINUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  deeply  bilabiate.  Corol  papilionaceous.  Standard 
and  wings  reflexed  ;  keel  acuminate.  Stamens  monadelphous. 
Sheath  entire.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  terminal,  roundish, 
bearded.  Legume  coriaceous,  oblong,  compressed,  obliquely 
torulose.  Diadelphia.  Decandria. 

L.  percnnis  Linn. :  herbaceous, "perennial  ;  root  creeping  ;  stem  and 
leaves  smoothish  ;  leaves  digitate  ;  leafets  8 — 9,  oblong,  mucronate, 
villous  beneath  ;  flowers  alternate,  on  pedicels  ;  calyx  without  appen- 
dages ;  upper  lip  emarginate,  the  lower  entire. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June. 
2_£. — Stem  a  foot  high,  ascending,  somewhat  hairy.  Flowers  blue, 
in  a  terminal  spike  or  raceme.  Common  Lupine. 

26.     CRAFORDIA.     Rof.  DeCand, 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft ;  segments  nearly  equal.  Stan- 
dard large,  reflexed  ;  wings  appressed,  auriculate  at  base  ; 
keel  obtuse,  longer  than  the  wings.  Stamens  10,  diadelphous. 
Style  filiform.  Stigma  punctiform,  glabrous.  Legume  sub- 
dispermous,  linear,  torulose,  striate.  Seeds  oblong-reniform. 
Plant  twining.  Diadelphia.  Decandria, 


LEGUMINOS.E.  93 

C.  bracteata  Raf.  De  Cand. 
Hab.  Banks  of  the  Susquehannah.  Venn.  Raf. — Plant  twining. 
Leaves  unequally  pinnate  ;  leafets  sessile,  oblong,  mucronate. 
Peduncles  longer  than  the  leaAres,  somewhat  spiked  ;  bracts  sca- 
riose,  subulate,  persistent,  ciliate  ;  flowers  white. — This  genus 
is  said  by  De  Candolle  to  be  allied  to  Galcga  and  Coluka,  but 
differs  from  them  as  well  as  from  Teprosia,  by  its  2-seeded  legume.' 

Si-border  II.     CVESALPINEyE. 

Petals  imbricated  in  testi-vation.  Stamens  periginous, 
mostly  free. 

27.     GLEDITSCHIA.     linn. 

Flowers  by  abortion  imperfect  or  perfect.  Sepals  3-4-5, 
equal.  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  arising  from  the  tube 
of  the  calyx.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  to 
them,  or  by  abortion  fewer.  Style  short.  Stigma  pubescent 
above.  Legume  compressed,  1  or  many-seeded.  Seeds  com- 
pressed. Dioecia.  Hcxandria. 

G.  truiamthos  Linn.  :  branches  spiny  ;  spines  thick,  simple  or  triple 
and  compound,  leaves  equally  pinnate  ;  leafets  linear-oblong  ;  legume 
compressed-flat,  falcate,  many-seeded.. —  G.  triacanthos  and  brac/tu- 
carpa  Pvrsh. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  A  tree  sometimes 
attaining  the  height  of  40  or  50  feet,  with  very  long  spines. 
Flowers  in  axillary  racemes.  Legume  10 — 12  inches  long,  many- 
seeded,  the  intervals  between  the  cells  of  the  seeds  filled  with  a 
saccharine  pulp.  The  tree  is  sometimes  unarmed,  when  it  forms 
the  var.  inermis  of  De  Candolle.  Honey  Locust. 

23.     GYMNOCLADUS.     Lam. 

Flowers  by  abortion  dioecious.  Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft. 
Petals  5,  equal,  oblong,  exserted  from  the  tube.  Stamens  10, 
included.     Legume  oblong,  thick,  pulpy  within. 

Dioecia.  Decanclria. 
G.  canadensis  Mich. 
Hab.     Can.  N.  Y.    S.  W.  to  Arkansa.     May,  June.     A  middle 
sized  tree.     Leaves  very  large,  bipinnate  ;  leafets  oval,  acumi- 
nate, pubescent.     Floiccrs  white,  in   racemes.     Legume  large, 
dark  brown.  Coffee  Tree. 

29.     CASSIA.     Lin*. 

Sepals  5,  scarcely  united  at  base,  somewhat  unequal. 
Petals  5,  unequal.  Stamens  10,  free,  unequal ;  3  lower  ones 
longer  ;  4  middle  ones  short  and  straight ;  3  upper  ones  with 
abortive  anthers.     Anthers  dehiscent  at  the  apex. 

Decandria.  Monogynia. 


94  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

1.  C.  marylandica  Linn.:  nearly  smooth  ;  leafets  in  8  or  9  pairs, 
ovate-oblong,  mucronate,  equal  ;  gland  at  the  base  of  the  petiole 
ovate  ;  racemes  axillary,  many-flowered,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ; 
legume  compressed,  linear,  hispid,  at  length  smooth. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug. 
2_C. — Stem  3 — 4  feet.  Floiccrs  yellow,  large,  in  axillary  racemes, 
which  appear  paniculate  at  the  summit  of  the  stem.  Medicinal 
Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  166.  Wild  Senna. 

2.  C.fasciculata  Mich. :  nearly  smooth  ;  leafets  in  8  or  9  pairs,  ob- 
long-linear, mucronate  ;  gland  near  the  middle  of  the  petiole,  sessile  ; 
fascicles  lateral,  many-flowered  ;  petals  and  stamens  of  the  same 
colour  ;  legume  smooth,  curved,  ascending. 

Hab.  Dry  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June — Aug.  0. — Flowers 
yellow. 

3.  C.  nictitans  Linn. :  stem  erect  or  pubescent,  branched  ;  leafets  in 
16 — 20  pairs,  oblong-linear,  obtuse,  mucronate  ;  gland  on  the  petiole 
cup-shaped,  on  a  slender  foot-stalk  ;  peduncles  subaxillary,  short,  few- 
flowered  ;  flowers  pentandrous  ;  legume  pubescent. 

Hab.  Sandy  banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  #. 
— Stem  a  foot  high.  Flowers  small,  yellow.  The  leaves  are 
somewhat  irritable  like  the  mimosa  or  sensitive  plant. 

Wild  Sensitive  Plant. 

4.  C.  chamcecrista  Linn. :  smoothish  ;  leafets  in  10 — 15  pairs,  oblong- 
linear,  mucronate  ;  gland  sessile  on  the  petiole  ;  peduncles  2 — 3- 
flowered,  above  the  axils,  shorter  than  the  petiole;  2  of  the  petals 
spotted  ;  legume  pubescent. 

Hab.  Sandy  places.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.-to  Miss.  June — Aug. 
0. — Stem  a  foot  or  more  high.  Flowers  yellow,  sometimes  the 
base  of  all  the  petals  spotted. 

30.     CERCIS.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  gibbous  at  base.  Petals  5,  with  claws, 
subpapilionaceous,  all  distinct ;  wings  large.  Stamens  10, 
free,  unequal.  Legume  oblong,  compressed,  1-celled,  many- 
seeded  ;  upper  seminiferous  suture  margined.  Seeds  obo- 
vate.  Decandria.  Monogynia. 

C.  canadensis  Linn.  :  leaves  roundish-cordate,  acuminate,  villous  at 
the  axils  of  the  nerves  ;  legumes  on  short  foot-stalks  ;  flowers  in  small 
fascicles. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  April.  A  small  tree 
with  greyish  bark.  Floieers  appearing  before  the  leaves,  of  a 
dark  rose  colour.  Judas  Tree.     Red  Bud. 

Order  XXXVI.     AMYGDALE^l.     Lind. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  deciduous,  the  odd  lobe  superior.  Petals 
5.     Stamens  about  20,  in  aestivation  curved  inwards  ;  anthers 


AMYGDALEJG.  95 

erect,  2-celled.  Ton/5  lining  the  tube  of  the  calyx.  Ovary 
superior,  solitary,  simple,  one-celled  ;  styles  terminal,  with  a 
groove  on  each  side  ;  stigma  reniform.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Seeds 
usually  solitary,  suspended  from  the  funiculus,  which  arises 
from  the  base  of  the  cavity,  but  coheres  with  its  sides.  Em- 
bryo straight,  with  the  radicle  next  to  the  hilum;  albumen 
none  ;  cotyledons  thick. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  alternate,  stipulate.  Hy- 
drocyanic acid  present  in  the  leaves  and  kernel. 

1.  PRUNUS.     Linn. 

Drupe  ovate  or  oblong,  fleshy,  very  smooth,  covered  with 
greyish  dust  ;  putamen  compressed,  acute  at  both  ends,  sub- 
sulcate  at  the  margin,  elsewhere  smooth. — (Plum.) 

Icosandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  P.  maritima  Hllld.  :  peduncles  solitary  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
acuminate,  doubly  serrate  ;  fruit  dark  purple. — P.  acuminata  Mich. 

Hab.  Sea  coast.  N.  J.  to  Car.  May.  *?. — Fruit  about  the 
size  of  the  common  garden  plum,  dark  purple.  Beach  Plum. 

2.  P.  Americana  Marsh. :  leaves  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  sharply 
serrate,  veined  ;  umbel  2 — 4  flowered. — P.  nigra  Muhl.  not  of  Ait. 

Hab.  Penn.  Aug.  *?. — A  tree  8 — 15  feet  high.  Floicers  white. 
Fruit  reddish-yellow.  By  cultivation  the  fruit  becomes  large 
and  luscious.  Dr.  Darlington,  who  notices  this  species  in  his 
Florula  Cestrica,  thinks  it  has  not  been  described  by  any  one 
except  Marshall. — Abustrum  Americanum  p.  hi. — He  remarks,  "  I 
certainly  should  not  have  expected  to  find  it  under  the  specific 
name  nigra,  if  Dr.  Muhlenberg's  catalogue  had  not  directed  my 
attention  to  that  species,  by  the  subjoined  English  name  '  Yel- 
low Plum.'  I  think  it  cannot  be  the  P.  nigra  of  Aiton,  Will- 
denow.  Persoon.&c.  for  they  seem  evidently  to  refer  to  a  species 
of  cherry,  properly  so  called.  This  species,  though  clearly  dis- 
tinct, approaches  nearer  to  the  Chicasa  plum  than  to  any  other 
which  I  have  seen."  Yelloio  Plum.     Brand i/icinc  Plum. 

3.  P.  mollis  Torr. :  younger  branches  leaves  and  peduncles  pubes- 
cent ;  umbels  sessile,  2 — 3  flowered ;  leaves  ovate,  long-acuminate, 
doubly  dentate-serrate  :  stipules  setaceous,  denticulate  ;  calyx  nearly 
smooth  ;  segments  linear-lanceolate,  serrate. 

Hab.  Mass. — A  small  tree.  Flowers  large.  Fruit  oval,  nearly 
black  when  ripe. 

4.  P.  spinosa  Linn.  :  branches  spiny  ;  peduncles  solitary,  calyx 
campanulate  ;  lobes  obtuse,  longer  than  the  tube  ;  leaves  obovate-ellip- 
tic  or  ovate,  pubescent  beneath,  coarsely  and  doubly  dentate  ;  fruit 
globose. 

Hab.     Hedge  rows.     Penn.      *? . — Introduced.   Pursh. 

Black  Thorn  or  Sloe. 


96  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

2.     CERASSUS.     Juss. 

Drupe  globose  or  umbilicate  at  base,  fleshy,  very  smooth, 
destitute  of  grey  powder  ;  nucleus  subglobose,  smooth. — 
(Cherry.)  Icosandria.  Monogynia. 

*  Flowers  umbelled  ;  pedicels  1-flowercd,  arising  from  the  buds. 

1.  C.pumila  Mich.:  striate;  branches  virgate  ;  flowers  subumbel- 
led,  peduncled  ;  calyx  short,  campanulate  ;  leaves  obovate-oblong, 
erect,  glaucous  beneath,  serrulate,  smooth;  fruit  ovate. — Piiinus pu- 
mila  Lam. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Mass.  to  Virg.  May.  *>. — Shrub 
2 — 3  feet  high.     Fruit  small,  ovate,  red,  acid. 

2.  C.  pygmaxL  De  Cand.  :  unarmed  ;  umbels  sessile,  few-flowered ; 
leaves  ovate-elliptic,  somewhat  acute,  smooth  on  both  sides,  sharply 
serrate,  attenuate,  with  two  glands  at  the  base. — Primus pygmcea  Willd. 

Hab.  New-England,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  May.  T?. — Shrub  2 — 4 
feet  high.  Fruit  black,  of  an  indifferent  taste,  and  about  the  size 
of  a  large  pea. 

3.  C.pubescens  De  Cand. :  umbels  sessile,  few-flowered;  peduncles  and 
calyx  pubescent  ;  leaves  short-oval,  serrulate,  mostly  with  two  glands 
at  base  ;  fruit  globose. — Prunus  j>ubescens  Pursh. — P.  spharocarpa  Mich. 
— P.  liltoralis  Big. 

Hab.  Sandy  shores.  N.  Eng.  Penn.  May.  T?. — Shrub  2 — 4 
feet  high.  Fruit  shortly  pedunculate,  purplish,  sour  and  astrin- 
gent.— The  description  of  Dr.  Bigelow's  P.  littoralis,  does  not 
differ  materially  from  the  above,  except  in  the  fruit,  which  is 
large,  (sometimes  an  inch  in  diameter)  globular,  eatable,  with 
the  flavor  of  the  common  plum.     It  may  be  distinct. 

Sand  Cherries. 

4.  C.  nigra  De  Cand.  :  unarmed  ;  umbels  solitary,  sessile,  few- 
flowered  ;  leaves  deciduous,  ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  and  acutely 
serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  petioles  with  two  glands  ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  obtuse,  glandular  on  the  margin  ;  petals  obovate. — Prunus 
nigra  Ait. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng.  June.  T? — Shrub 
6—8  feet  high. 

5.  hyemalis  Mich. :  flowers  umbelled,  smooth  ;  segments  of  the  ca- 
lyx lanceolate  ;  leaves  oblong-oval  or  oboval,  abruptly  acuminate ;  fruit 
sub  ovate. 

Hab.  Can.  Virg.  and  Car.  May,  1?. — Fruit  small,  black,  ex- 
tremely astringent,  but  eatable  in  winter.     Pursh. 

Black  Choke  Cherry. 

6.  C.  depressa  <De  Cand.  :  branches  angular,  depressed,  prostrate  ; 
umbels  few-flowered,  sessile,  aggregated  ;  leaves  cuneate-lanceolate, 
remotely  serrate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath  ;  fruit  ovate. — C.  pumiia 
Mich,  not  Prunus  pumiia  Linn. — P.  depressa  Pursh. 


AMYGDALEJE.  97 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Virg.  May.  *>. — A  low  shrub 
with  spreading  branches.  Fruit  black,  small  and  agreeably 
tasted. 

7.  C.  borealis  Mich.  :  flowers  sub-corymbed  ;  pedicels  elongated  : 
leaves  oval-oblong,  acuminate,  membranaceous,  gjabrous,  erosely  den- 
ticulate, smooth  ;  fruit  subovate. — Primus  borealis  Pursh. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can  and  N.  S.  May.  J?. — A  small  trc<j 
with  delicate  leaves,  and  hard  and  fine  grained  wood.  Fruit 
small,  red,  agreeable  to  the  taste,  but  astringent.      Pursh. 

Choke  Cherries. 

**  Floircrs  racnnosr,  arising  from  the  branches. 

8.  C.  pcnnsylvanica  De  Cand.:  umbels  subsessile,  aggregated,  at  length 
becoming  paniculate  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth, 
with  two  glands  at  the  base  ;  branches  punctate. — Pru7ivs  Umceolata 
Willd. — P.  pcnnsylnmica  Ait. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarctic  America.  April,  May.  *?. 
— A  sizeable  tree,  resembling  Primus  cerasus.  that  small.  r<v, 
and  astringent. — Muhlengberg  and  Torrey  have,  I  think  with- 
out reason,  confounded  this  species  with  P.  borealis.  Both  are 
retained  by  De  Candolle.  and  they  are  even  arranged  by  him  un- 
der different  sections  of  his  genus  Cerasus. 

9.  C.  rirginiana  Mirk.  .«  racemes  erect,  elongated;  petals  orbicular ; 
leaves  oblong,  acuminate,  dentate,  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  petioles  with 
2 — 4  glands  ;  fruit  dark  red. — Promts  rirginiana  Linn. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer. 
May.  J?. — A  large  tree  with  blackish  rough  bark  and  very  dense 
wood,  resembling  mahogany,  which  is  much  used  by  cabinet  mak- 
ers. Floicers  white,  in  long  simple  racemes.  Fruit  purplish- 
black. 

10.  C.  scrotina  De  Cand. :  racemes  loose,  at  length  pendulous ;  leaves 
deciduous,  oval  or  obovate,  with  a  short  acumination,  opaque,  doublv 
and  very  sharply  serrate  ;  midrib  bearded  on  each  side  towards  the 
base  J  petiole  with  two  glands. — rrunus  scrotina   Willd. 

Hab.  In  woods.  N.  S.  June.  T?. — A  large  tree,  resembling 
the  preceding  in  its  bark  and  wood.  The  fruit  is  dark  red  and 
astringent.  According  to  Dr.  Torrey,  this  species  has  been  con- 
founded with  the  preceding  by  Michaux  and  other  botanists, 
and  both  are  incorrectly  described  by  Willdenow  and  Pursh. 

11.  C.  oborata  Beck  :  racemes  spreading  ;  leaves  obovate,  acute, 
mostly  obtuse  at  base  and  sometimes  cordate,  sharply  serrate,  smooth, 
except  the  axils  of  the  lower  veins  beneath  ;  petioles  mostly  with  two 
glands. — Prunus  oborata  Big. — P.  scrotina  Pursh  not  of  Willd.  ? 

Hab.  Margins  of  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  ?  May.  1?. — A  shrub 
3 — 4  feet  high,  rarely  rising  to  the  height  of  a  small  tree.  Fruit 
small,  red  and  bitter. — I  have  long  been  acquainted  with  this 
shrub  which  is  certainly  distinct  from  C.  serotina  as  above  de- 
scribed.    It  may  be  identical  with  Prunus  hirsutus  of  Elliott. 

12.  C.  canadensis  Dc  Cand.  :  flowers  in  racemes  ;  leaves  deciduous , 

9      - 


98  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

without  glands,  broad-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  rugose,  pubescent  on 
both  sides. — Prunus  ccmadensis  Jfllld. 

Hab.  In  Penn.  Muhl.  This  is  supposed  by  Pursh  to  be  a  mere 
variety  of  P.  hiemalis  of  Mich. 

Order  &XXVII.     ROSACEA,     hind. 

Calyx  4  or  5-lobed,  with  a  disk  either  lining  the  tube  or 
surrounding  the  orifice  ;  the  fifth  lobe  next  the  axis.  Petals  5. 
Stamens  indefinite  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Torus  thick,  lining  the 
tube  of  the  calyx,  bearing  at  its  margin  the  stamens  and  pet- 
als, and  on  its  surface  the  carpels.  Ovaries  superior,  solita- 
ry or  several,  1-celled  ;  ovules  2  or  more,  suspended  ;  styles 
persistent,  lateral  ;  stigmas  usually  simple  and  emarginate  on 
one  side.  Fruit  either  1-seeded  nuts,  or  acines,  or  follicles 
containing  several  seeds.  Seeds  suspended,  rarely  ascend- 
ing. Embryo  straight,  with  a  taper  short  radicle  next  to  the 
hilum,  and  flat  cotyledons  ;  albumen,   if  present,  fleshy. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple  or  compound,  with  2  sti- 
pules at  base. 

1.     SPIR^A.     Linn. 
Calyx  5-cleft,    persistent.     Petals   5.      Stamens   10 — 50. 
Carpels  1 — many,    distinct,  rarely  united   at  base,  short  api- 
culate,  sessile,  rarely  stiped.     Seeds  2 — 6. 

Icosandria.   Di-Pentagynia . 
*  Shntbby.     Leaves  lobed  and  toothed. 

1.  S.  opulifolia  var.  tomcntella  De  Cand.  :  leaves  ovate,  3-lobed, 
doubly  toothed  and  crenate,  petioled,  smooth  ;  corymbs  terminal, 
hemispherical,  peduncled  ;  flowers  numerous  (30 — 40)  trigynous  ;  pedi- 
cels pubescent  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  obtuse,  pubescent  ;  capsules 
large,  inflated,  compressed  ;  seeds  obovate,  shining,  yellow. — $.  opu- 
lifolia Pursh.  Mich.    Torr. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June, 
July.  V?~. — A  shrub  3—6  feet  high.  Floiccrs  white,  in  a  corymb. 
— According  to  De  Candolle  the  Linnaean  S.  opulifolia  has  the 
pedicels  and  calyx  smooth.  Nine-bark.     Hard-/iack. 

**  Shrubby.     Leaves  entire  or  toothed. 

2.  »?.  hypericifolia  De  Cand.  :  leaves  obovate- oblong,  3 — 4  nerved, 
entire  or  dentate,  glabrous  or  slightly  pubescent  ;  nerves  pinnate  ; 
flowers  in  peduncled  corymbs  or  sessile  umbels  ;  pedicels  smooth  or 
pubescent  ;  segment  of  the  calyx  ascending. 

b.  plukenetiana  De  Cand. :  leaves  entire,  smooth,  corymbs  sessile. 
— S.  hypericifolia  Linn.  Pursh.  Muhl. 


ROSACEA.  99 

d.  crenata  De  Cand. :  leaves  obovate,  crenulate  at  the  apex, 
somewhat  pubescent ;  corymbs-sessile  ;  pedicels  slightly  pubes- 
cent.— S.  crenata  Linn.    Muhl. 

Hab.  var.  b.  Dry  swamps.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  May.  *>. 
Pursh.  var.  d.  N.  Y.  Muhl. — This  species  according  to  De 
Candolle  is  very  variable,  and  includes  several  which  have  here- 
tofore been  considered  distinct.  It  is  sometimes  cultivated  in 
our  gardens,  and  was  formerly  known  by  the  name  of  Hypericum 
frutcx,  but  I  believe,  it  has  not  been  found  native  ;  and  the  only 
authorities  for  the  varieties  here  mentioned  as  American  plants, 
are  those  above  given. 

3.  >S*.  corymbosa  Raf.  :  leaves  oblong-obovate,  incisely  toothed, 
pubescent  beneath  ;  corymb  terminal,  pedunculate,  compound,  fasti- 
giate.  somewhat  leafy  ;  flowers  pentagynous. — 8.  corymbosa  Mxihl.  ? 
>V.  ckamadrjfolia  Pursh.  t 

Hab.  Alleghany  mountains.  Re  J.  May,  June.  ^>. — Stem  18 
inches  high,  slightly  pubescent.  Leaves  nearly  smooth  above, 
pale  beneath  Flotoers  pale  rose-colour,  in  a  compound  pedun- 
culatecorymb. — I  adopt  the  above  description,  &c.  fromTorrey's 
Flora  ;  though  De  Candolle  still  retains  Pursh' s  plant  as  a  vari- 
ety of  the  Linnacan  &  charmed rifolia. 

4.  Sf.  salicifulia  Linn.  :  stem  and  peduncles  glabrous  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acutely  serrate,  smooth  ;  racemes  in  dense  terminal  compound 
panicles  ;  flowers  pentagynous  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate,  spread- 
ing.— S.  alba  Ehrh. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  July.  ^>. — 
Stem  2 — 4  feet  high.  Flowers  white. — This  species  varies  some- 
what in  the  form  of  the  leaves. 

5.  S.  tomentosa  Linn.  :  stem  and  peduncles  reddish  tomentose  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  densely  tomentose  beneath  ; 
racemes  terminal,  compound,  crowded  ;  flowers  pentagynous  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  tomentose  on  the  outer  side,  reflexed  ;  capsules  5, 
distinct. 

Hab.  In  low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  fp. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.  Floiecrs  small,  pale  purple,  in  a  very  dense 
elongated  conical  raceme.  Hard-hack. 

***  Herbaceous.     Leaves  pinnate. 

6.  »S'.  aruncus  var.  americana  Pursh  :  leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnate, 
shining  ;  leafets  acuminate,  lateral  ones  lanceolate,  terminal  one 
ovate  ;  spikes  slender,  in  an  oblong  panicle  ;  flowers  very  numerous, 
trigynous,  perfect. — 8.  aruncus  Ell. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  U.^Stem 
4 — 6  feet  high.    Floiecrs  white,  small,  in  slender  terminal  spikes. 

Goat'  s-beard. 

7.  S.  lobata  Jacq.  :  leaves  palmate-pinnate,  smooth,  lower  ones  bipin- 
nate  ;  terminal  leafet  much  larger  and  7-lobed  ;  lateral  leafets  3-lobed  ; 


100  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

stipules  reniform  ;  corymbs  proliferous ;  flowers  with  3 — 5  short  styles  ; 
sepals  reflexed. — S.  palmata  Linn. 

Hab.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  2£. — Floioers  rose-colour,  in  a  com- 
pound cyme. 

2.     GILLENIA.    Manch.     Nutt. 

Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  contracted  at  the  mouth,  5- 
cleft.  Petals  5,  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  unequal,  coarc- 
tate  at  the  claws.  Slamejis  10 — 15,  included.  Styles  5, 
contiguous.  Stigmas  capitate.  Capsule  5-celled  ;  cells  2- 
seeded.  Icosandria.  Di-Pentagynia. 

1.  G.  trifoliata  Mctnck.  :  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  lanceolate,  serrate, 
subequal  ;  stipules  small,  linear,  entire  ;  flowers  in  loose  terminal  pa- 
nicles, large. — Spiraa  trifoliata  Linn. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  ;  rare.  June. 
11. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Floicers  white,  in  a  few  flowered  ter- 
minal panicle.  Petals  long.  Medicinal,  emetic,  &c. — Bart. 
Veg.  Mat.  Med.  i.  69.     Big.  Med.  Bot.  hi.  11. 

Indian  Physic.     Ipecac. 

2.  G.  stipulacca  Nutt.  :  radical  leaves  pinnatifid  ;  stem  leaves  ter- 
nate ;  leafets  incisely  serrate  ;  stipules  foliaceous,  ovate,  incisely  tooth- 
ed and  clasping  ;  flowers  in  loose  terminal  panicles,  large. — Spiraasti- 
pulata  Muhl. 

Hab.  Western  part  of  N.  Y.  W.  to  Miss.  S.  to  Car.  June. 
1[. — It  resembles  the  former,  but  can  readily  be  distinguished 
by  its  large  clasping  stipules.  I  have  fine  specimens  gathered 
in  the  western  part  of  N.  Y.  by  David  Thomas,  Esq. 

3.  DRYAS.     Unn. 

Calyx  8 — 9  parted,  naked  without ;  tube  somewhat  con- 
cave. Petals  8 — 9.  Stamens  many.  Carpels  many,  crown- 
ed by  a  terminal  style,  at  length  terminating  in  a  bearded  plu- 
mose awn.     Seed  ascending.  Icosandria.  Polygynia. 

D.  integrifolia  Vahl. :  leaves  very  entire,  acute  at  base. — D.  tcnclfa 
Pursk. 

Hab.  On  the  white  hills  of  N.  H.  July.  If.— Peduncles  1- flow- 
ered.— Scarcely  differs  from  D.  octopctala  found  in  the  north 
western  part  of  Canada. 

4.  GEUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  concave  ;  10-cleft ;  the  alternate  seg- 
ments smaller  (or  limb  5-cleft  and  5-bracted.)  Petals  5. 
Stamens  many.  Carpels  in  a  head,  awned  ;  awn  naked  or 
bearded,  mostly  jointed.  Icosandria.  Polygynia. 


ROSACEA.  101 

1.  G.  strictum  Ait. :  hairy  ;  leaves  all  interruptedly  pinnate  ;  the 
terminal  leafet  larger;  leafets  ovate,  dentate  ;  stipules  ovate,  incised  ; 
calyx  with  5  alternate  segments,  linear  and  short ;  flowers  erect  ;  pe- 
tals roundish,  a  little  longer  than  the  segments  ;  awns  naked,  uncinate. 
— G.  canadense  Murr. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Aug.  H. — Stem  2  feet  high. 
Flowers  large,  yellow.  Yellow  Averts. 

2.  G.virginiamim  Linn. :  pubescent;  radical  lower  stem  leaves  ter- 
nate  ;  the  upper  lanceolate  ;  stipules  ovate,  nearly  entire  ;  flowers 
erect  ;  petals  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  awns  uncinate,  naked,  hairy  and 
twisted  at  the  summit. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July. 
11.  —  Stem  2  feet  high,  erect.  Lower  leaves  large,  sometimes 
quinate.     Floicers  yellowish-white,  on  long  peduncles. 

/  irginian  Avens. 

3.  G.  album  Willd. :  pubescent ;  radical  leaves  pinnate  ;  stem  leaves 
ternate  ;  the  upper  one  simple,  3-cleft  ;  lower  stipules  incised ;  flow- 
ers erect ;  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  awns  uncinate,  naked,  hairy  at 
the  summit. — G.  canadense  Jacq. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  IX. — Stem. 
2  feet  high.  Floicers  white,  on  short  peduncles. — De  Candolle 
thinks  it  maybe  a  variety  of  the  former.  White  Avens. 

4.  G.  rivale  Linn. ;  pubescent ;  stem  simple,  1 — 4  flowered  ;  radical 
leaves  interruptedly  pinnate ;  lobes  obovate,  doubly-serrate ;  stem 
leaves  3-lobed ;  lobes  acute  ;  flowers  nodding  ;  petals  as  long  as  the 
calyx  ;  awns  plumose,  nearly  naked  at  the  summit,  minutely  uncinate. 

Hab.  Moist  places.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May,  June.  L£. — Stem 
18  inches  high.  Floicers  large,  terminal,  several  on  each  branch, 
dark  purple.  Hater  Avens. 

5.  G.  peckii  Pursk.  :  somewhat  hairy ;  stem  few-flowered  ;  radical 
leaves  reniform,  incisely  toothed  and  somewhat  lobed  ;  petioles  elon- 
gated, with  minute  leafets  ;  petals  roundish,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Hab.  White  hills,  N.  H.  July,  Aug.  U-  —  Stem  8— 10  inches 
high.  Radical  leaves  on  long  petioles.  Floicers  yellow,  middle 
sized. 

6.  G.  geniculatum  Mich.  :  stem  branched  above  ;  stem  leaves  sessile, 
3-parted  ;  stipules  entire  ;  flowers  somewhat  panicled  ;  petals  obcor- 
date-cuneate  ;  awns  hairy,  geniculate  in  the  middle. 

Hab.     Canada.     Mich.     An  obscure  species. 

5.     COMAROPSIS.     Rich. 
Calyx  with  tlve  tube  turbinate,  the  limb  5-cleft,  not  bracted. 
Petals  5,  without  claws.     Stamens  numerous.    Carpels  small, 

9* 


102  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

with  an  elongated  filiform  style  at  the  apex.     Acines  dry,  not 
united  at  base.  Icosandria.  Polygynia. 

C.fragarioides  Dc  Cand.  :  carpels  smoothish  ;  peduncles  branched, 
3-flowered  ;  petals  thrice  as  large  as  the  calyx ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets 
wedge-form,  sessile. — Dalibardafragarioides  Mich.  Pursh.   Torr. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  11. — Root  creeping.  Scapes 
3 — 4  inches  high.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  ternate,  rarely  qui- 
nate,  incisely  serrate.     Floicers  3 — 5,  yellow.       Dry  Strawberry. 

6.  RUBUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  flat  at  base,  naked,  5-cleft.  Petals  5.  Stamens 
many,  inserted  into  the  calyx.  Berry  composed  of  many  co- 
hering fleshy  carpels  or  acines.     Receptacle  nearly  dry. 

Icosandria.  Polygynia. 

*  Leaves  pinnate  or  ternate.  ichitc-doimy  beneath. 

1.  R.  strigosus  Mich. :  stem  terete,  strongly  hispid ;  leafets  in  threes, 
or  pinnate  in  fives,  oval,  obtuse  at  the  base,  marked  with  lines  and 
whitish-downy  beneath,  the  terminal  one  often  subcordate  ;  peduncles 
somewhat  3-flowered  and  with  the  calyx  hispid  ;  flowers  in  terminal 
racemes ;  petals  obovate,  longer  than  the  calyx. — R.  pennsylv aniens 
J  jam. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Virg.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  May. 
Tp. — Stem  upright,  without  prickles,  but  covered  with  stiff  bris- 
tles, of  a  reddish  colour.  Floicers  white..  Fruit  red,  richly  fla- 
voured. Red  Raspberry. 

%.  R.  occidentalis  Linn. :  somewhat  smooth  ;  stem  terete,  glaucous. 
armed  with  strong  recurved  prickles  ;  leaves  of  the  sterile  branches 
pinnate,  of  the  fertile  ones  ternate  ;  leafets  ovate,  coarsely  serrate, 
hoary-tomentose  beneath  ;  petioles  terete  ;  flowers  in  terminal  racemes; 
lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate-linear,  tomentose  at  the  apex;  petals  obo- 
vate-wedgeform,  2-lobed,  shorter  than  the  calyx*. 

Hab.  Side  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  Ma}' — 
July.  *?. — Stem  A — 5  feet  high.  Floicers  white.  Fruit  round- 
ish, black  and  reddish.  Wild  Raspberry. 

3.  R.  idmis  Linn. :  villose  ;  stem  terete,  with  slender  recurved 
prickles  ;  leaves  of  the  sterile  branches  pinnate,  of  the  fertile  ones  ter- 
nate ;  leafets  rhombic- ovate,  acuminate,  white  and  very  downy  be- 
neath ;  petioles  channelled  ;  flowers  somewhat  corymbed  ;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  ovate-lanceolate,  white-tomentose,  submucronate  ;  petals  obo- 
vate-wedgeform,  entire,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Hedges  and  woods.  Can.  to  Penn.  Pursh.  June.  fp. — Stem 
2 — 4  feet  high.  Flowers  white,  panicled.  Fruit  red.  It  is  said 
to  have  several  varieties. 


ROSACEA.  103 

**  Leaves  palmate,  icith  3 — 5  Icqfets. 
t  Fmtcsccnt. 
4.  R.  setosus  Big.  :  stem  strongly  hispid  ;  branches  setose  at  the 
apex  ;  leaves  ternate  or  quinate,  on  long  petioles  ;  leafets  obovate- 
wedgeform,  simply  serrate,  smooth,  of  the  same  colour  on  both  sides  ; 
flowers  in  racemes,  with  bristly  pedicels  ;  petals  obovate-wedgeform, 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  and  Mass.  Big.  June.  *?.— Floiccrs 
white.     Fruit  red.  Bristly  Raspberry. 

5.  R.  cuncifolius  Pursh  :  stem  petioles  and  peduncles  tomentose  ; 
prickles  few,  recurved  ;  leaves  ternate  and  quinate,  palmate  ;  leafets 
wedgeform,  ovate,  entire  at  the  base,  subplicate,  tomentose  beneath  ; 
flowers  in  terminal  panicles;  pedicels  divaricate,  nakedx  1-flowered. — ■ 
R.  parvijlorus  Walt. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June.  1?.— Stem  2—3  feet 
high.     Floiccrs  white.     Fruit  black,  ovate,  juicy,  eatable. 

G.  R.frondosus  Big.  :  stem  prickly,  erect  ;  leaves  ternate  or  quinate; 
pubescence  simple  ;  racemes  leafy,  about  ten-flowered  ;  petals  orbi- 
cular. 

Hab.  Road  sides,  near  Boston.  Big.  May,  June,  fp — Flow- 
ers white,  large.  Fruit  black,  agreeable. — Approaches  R.  tillo- 
sus,  and  has  probably  been  confounded  with  it,  but  differs,  ac- 
cording to  Dr.  Bigelow.  in  habit,  and  in  having  the  pubescence 
simple,  the  flowers  in  leafy  racemes,  and  the  petals  orbicular- 
ovate.  Leafy  Raspberry. 

7.  R.  rillosus  Ait.  :  pubescent,  hispid  and  prickly  ;  leaves  ternate. 
rarely  quinate-palmate,  villose ;  leafets  ovate,  doubly  serrate;  flowers 
in  lax  panicles  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  short-acuminate  ;  pedicels  solitary. 

Hab.  Fields  and  hedges.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  *?. — Stem  A — 6 
feet  high.  Floiccrs  white,  20  or  more  in  a  raceme.  Fruit  large, 
black.  High  Blackberry. 

8.  R.  hispidus  Linn.  :  stem  sarmentose-procumbent,  and  with  the  pe- 
tioles and  peduncles  strongly  hispid  ;  prickles  few,  recurved  ;  leaves 
in  threes  or  fives,  palmate  ;  leafets  unequally  dentate,  smoothish, 
wedgeform  at  base  ;  pedicels  solitary,  elongated  ;  petals  obovate. — R. 
trie ial is  Mich. — R.  procumbens  Muhl. — R.  flagcllaris  Willd.  (According 
to  Sprengel. ) — R.  sempcrrirens  Big.  ? 

Hab.  Barren  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  fp. — Floiccrs 
white.  Berries  large,  black  and  well  flavoured. — Sprengel's  views 
concerning  the  identity  of  the  above  supposed  distinct  species, 
appear  to  me  to  be  entirely  correct.      Loic  Blackberry.  Dewberry. 

9.  R.  canadensis  Linn.  :  stem  purple,  smoothish  ;  leaves  in  threes 
and  fives,  palmate  ;  leafets  lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  naked  on  both 
sides  ;  stipules  linear,  subaculeate;  pedicels  elongated,  1 — 3-flowered  ; 
calyx  5 — 7-cleft. — Cylactis  montana  Raf. 


104  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.     Woods  and  swamps.       Can.  to  N.  J.      June.       T> . — Stent 
creeping.     Flowers  white.     Fruit  small,  dark  red,  well  tasted. 

ft  Herbaceous. 
10.  R,  saxatilis  var.  canadensis  Mich. :  herbaceous,  pubescent;  stems 
creeping  ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  rhombic,  acute,  incisely  dentate,  na- 
ked, the  terminal  one  petioled  ;  flowers  somewhat  in  threes  ;  pedicels 
elongated. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  to  Vir.  N,  to  the  sources  of  the  Mis^- 
sissippi.     June,  July,     li. — Flowers  white.      Fruit  small,  black. 

11.  R.  acaulis  Mich. :  stem  herbaceous,  very  short,  unarmed,  1-flow- 
ered  ;  leaves  ternate-palmate  ;  leafets  ovate,  rhomboidal,  coarsely  ser^- 
rate  ;  peduncle  somewhat  pubescent ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate- 
linear,  somewhat  acute,  with  the  oblong  petals  much  shorter  ;  fila- 
ments dilated  ;  styles  subclavate,  approximate. — R.  pistillatus  Smith. 

Hab.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  W.  to  N.  W.  coast.  June,  July.2j:.— 
Flowers  rose-colour.     Fruit  red. — Resembles  R.  arcticus. 

12.  R.  agopodioides  De  Cand.  :  stem  herbaceous,  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, unarmed  ;  leaves  ternate  and  quinate,  palmate,  very  smooth  ; 
leafets  lanceolate,  acutely  and  doubly  serrate,  ciliate,  many-nerved  ; 
flowers  terminal,  in  pairs,  peduncles  elongated,  pubescent ;  lobes  of 
the  calyx  lanceolate,  acute,  shorter  than  the  corol. — R.  saxatilis  Big. 
sec.  De  Cand. 

Hab.  White  mountains,  N.  H.  June.  0. — Stem  a  foot  high. 
Flowers  white. 

13.  R.  obovalis  Mich. :  stem  becoming  a  little  woody,  hispid  with 
stiff  hairs  ;  leaves  ternate ;  leafets  obovate-roundish,  serrate,  naked  ; 
racemes  subcorymbed,  few-flowered ;  bracts  ovate  ;  pedicels  elongated. 

Hab.  Mountain  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  11. — 
Berries  with  only  a  few  large  grains,  black  and  sweet. — Allied  to 
R.  saxatilis. 

***  Leaves  simple,  lobed,  bid  neither  pinnate  nor  palmate. 

14.  R.  parviflorus  Nutt.  :  stem  suffruticose,  unarmed  ;  leaves  sim- 
ple-palmate lobed  ;  peduncles  about  3-flowered ;  lobes  of  the  calyx 
ovate,  acuminate,  villose  ;  petals  ovate-oblong,  shorter  than  the  calyx. 

Hab.     Island  of  Michilimackinac.  Nutt. — Floicers  small,  white. 

15.  R.  chamamorus  Linn. :  root  creeping ;  stem  simple,  1-flowered, 
somewhat  pubescent,  unarmed  ;  leaves  somewhat  kidney-form,  plicate, 
denticulate,  lobes  rounded  ;  flowers  monoecious  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx 
lanceolate  subentire,  longer  than  the  corol  ;  petals  obovate. 

Hab.  High  mountains.  Can.  and  N.  Eng.  N.  to  Arctic  Amer. 
May,  June.  li. — Flowers  white.  Fruit  yellow  or  amber  col- 
oured. 

16.  R.  odoratus  Linn.  :  stem  fruticose,  erect ;  petioles,  peduncles  and 
calyx  glandular-pilose  ;  leaves  5-lobed,  unequally  dentate  ;  flowers  sub- 


ROSACEA.  105 

corymbed  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  long  acuminate,  shorter  than  the 
corol  ;  petals  nearly  round. 

Hab.  Rocks.  Can.  toGeor.  June.  *?.—Stcm  3—  4  feet  high. 
Flowers  large,  purple.  Fruit  large,  yellow,  well  flavored,  but 
not  abundant.  Floicering  Raspberry. 

7.  DALIBARDA.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  short  concave  ;  limb  5 — 6-cleft,  naked 
without ;  lobes  dentate.  Petals  5.  Stamens  many,  deciduous. 
Ovaries  5 — 10,  with  short  terminal  styles.  Acmes  few,  dry, 
adhering  to  the  calyx.  Icosandria.  Polygynia. 

D.  repens  Linn. :  stem  creeping  ;  leaves  simple,  cordate,  crenate  ; 
stipules  linear-setaceous  ;  peduncles  1 -flowered  ;  calyx  smooth  with- 
out, reflexed. — F.  violotoidcs  Mich. — Rubus  dnlihnrda  Linn. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June.  If. — Stems  herba- 
ceous, rooting  and  creeping.  Leaves  on  long  petioles.  Flowers 
solitary,  white,  on  long  nearly  radical  peduncles. 

8.  FRAG  ARIA.      Town. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  concave,  5-cleft,  and  with  5  bracts 
without,  (or  10-cleft.)  Petals  5.  Stamens  many.  Carpels 
naked,  fixed  on  a  long  pulpy  deciduous  receptacle.  Style  la- 
teral. Icosandria.   Polygynia. 

1.  F.  rirginiana  Linn.  :  leafets  broad-oval,  smoothish  above,  the  la- 
teral ones  distinctly  petioled  ;  hairs  of  the  petioles  spreading,  of  the 
peduncles  appressed  ;  peduncles  and  petioles  of  the  length  of  the 
leaves  ;  receptacle  pendulous  ;  styles  long. 

Hab.  Fields.  From  Arctic  America  to  Florida,  and  W.  to  the 
Miss.     May.      IX. — Stem  short.     Flowers  white. 

Wild  Strawberry. 

2.  F.  canadensis  Mich. :  larger  ;  leafets  broad-oval,  lateral  ones  mani- 
festly petioled  ;  pedicels  long,  recurved-pendulous  ;  receptacle  of  the 
seeds  globose,  favose-scrobiculate,  villous. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  April, 
May.  21. — Much  larger  than  the  former  and  apparently  dis- 
tinct, although  generally  considered  identical.  I  have  fine  speci- 
mens from  the  vicinity  of  Little  Falls,  N.  Y. 

Mountain  Strawberry. 

3.  F.  vesca  Linn.  :  stoloniferous  ;  lobes  of  the  leaves  plicate,  thin, 
pilose  beneath  ;  fruit  pendulous  ;  sepals  reflexed  after  flowering ;  pe- 
duncles with  appressed  hairs. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  April,  May.  If.— Introduced.  There 
are  a  great  many  cultivated  varieties  of  this  species. 

Common  Strawberry. 


106  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

9.     POTENTILLA.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  concave  ;  limb  4 — 5  cleft,  4 — 5- 
bracted  without  (or  8 — 10-cleft.)  Petals  4—5.  Stamens 
many.  Carpels  many,  roundish,  rugose,  naked,  fixed  to  a 
small  dry  receptacle.  lcosandria.  Polygyria. 

*  Leaves  ternate-palmate. 

1.  P.  norrcgica  Linn. :  hirsute  ;  stem  erect,  dichotomous  above  ; 
leaves  ternate-palmate  ;  leafets  lanceolate  or  obovate,  simply  and 
doubly  serrate  ;  stipules  lanceolate  ;  flowers  numerous,  subcorymbed 
and  axillary  ;  petals  obcordate,  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  lanceolate,  acute. 

Hab.  Old  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  June — Aug. 
<p. — Stem  8 — 10  inches  high.  Flowers  jTellow.  Stipules  large. 
Perhaps  introduced.  Norway  Cinquefoil. 

2.  P.  hirsuta  Mich. :  stem  erect,  hirsute,  dichotomous  above  ;  leaves 
ternate,  petiolate  ;  leafets  obovate-wedgeform,  deeply  dentate  ;  stipules 
lanceolate,  subentire  ;  flowers  axillary,  subcorymbed  ;  petals  oblong- 
linear,  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  carpels  rugulous. — P.  morisoni  De  Canrl. 

Hab.  Western  part  of  N.  Y.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  July.  0. 
— Stem  very  hairy.  Flowers  few,  in  a  terminal  dichotomous 
panicle,  yellowish- white. — Perhaps  only  a  variety  of  the  former. 

3.  P.  tridcntata  Ait.  :  smoothish  ;  stem  ascending,  dichotomous  ; 
leaves  ternate-palmate ;  leafets  obovate-wedgeform,  coriaceous,  3- 
toothed  at  the  summit,  pubescent  beneath  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate ;  corymb  loose,  few-flowered  ;  petals  oblong-obovate,  longer  than 
the  calyx. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Arc.  Amer.  to  Car.  June,  July.  Lf.  Stem 
3 — 6  inches  high.     Floicers  white. 

**  Leaves  digitate.    . 

4.  P.  canadensis  Linn. :  silkly  villous  ;  stem  procumbent  and  ascend- 
ing, somewhat  branched  ;  leaves  quinate-palmate  ;  leafets  obovate- 
wedgeform,  acutely  dentate  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  somewhat  obtuse  ; 
peduncles  solitary,  elongated  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate, 
acute,  nearly  equalling  the  corol ;  petals  obovate,  entire. 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  April,  May.  11. — Stem 
3—8  inches  high.     Floicers  yellow.     Receptacle  hairy. 

Five-finger. 

5.  P.  simplex  Mich.  :  stem  sarmentose,  simple,  hairy  ;  leaves  qui- 
nate,  petioled  ;  leafets  ovate- lanceolate,  acutely  toothed,  a  little  hairy 
beneath  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  entire  ;  peduncles  lateral,  solitary,  elon- 
gated, 1 -flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate-linear,  mucronate,  a 
little  shorter  than  the  roundish  obcordate  petals. — P.  sarmentosa  Willd. 
—P.  caroUniana  Poir. 


ROSACEiE.  107 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May — Aug.  *>.— 'Flowers 
yellow.     Is  not  this  a  mere  variety  of  the  last  1 

G.  P.  argcntca  Linn. :  stem  ascending  or  erect,  tomentose  ;  leaves 
quinate-palmate  ;  leafets  obovate-wedgeform,  incised,  revolute  on  the 
margin,  white  and  tomentose  beneath  ;  flowers  numerous,  corymbed  ; 
lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  shorter  than  the  corol. 

b.  dentata  Dc  Cand.  :  leafets   subentire,  3 — 4  toothed  at  the  apex, 

tomentose  beneath. — P.  cincrea  Raf. 
Hab.     Fields.     Can.  and  throughout  the  N.  S.    June — Sept.     11. 
■^Sterns  4 — 10  inches  long.     Leaves  green  above.     Flowers  yel- 
low. Silvery  Cinqiufoil. 

***  Leaves  pinnate. 

7.  P.  fruticosa  Linn.  :  stem  fruticose  ;  leaves  pinnate,  hirsute  ;  leaf- 
ets oblong-lanceolate,  very  entire,  approximate  ;  stipules  lanceolate, 
membranaceous,  acute  ;  flowers  in  corymbs,  large  ;  petals  longer  than 
the  calyx. — P.  fruticosa  and  P.  floribunda  Pursh. 

Hab.  Margins  of  swamps.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  W.  to  Rocky 
mountains.  June.  T?. — A  shrub  2  feet  high,  much  branched 
and  hairy.  Flowers  large,  yellow. — P.  floribunda  of  Pursh,  dif- 
fers only  in  having  the  leaves  and  flowers  more  numerous. 

8.  P.  supina  Linn.  :  stem  decumbent,  herbaceous,  dichotomous  ; 
leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  obovate  or  oblong,  somewhat  glabrous,  more 
or  less  toothed  ;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered  ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  triangular-lanceolate  ;  petals  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Overflowed  banks  of  streams.  Can.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Miss. 
June — Aug.     0. — Flowers  small,  yellow. 

9.  P.  anserina  Linn.  :  stem  filiform,  rooting  ;  leaves  interruptedly 
pinnate  ;  leafets  ovate-oblong,  incisely  and  acutely  serrate,  smooth 
above,  silky  beneath  ;  stipules  many-cleft  ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the 
leaves,  axillary,  solitary  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate,  entire  ;  pe- 
tals obovate,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  June.  11. — 
Stems  long,  reddish.  Floicers  yellow,  on  long  axillary  pedun- 
cles. Silccr-icced.      Wild  Tanscy. 

10.  P.  pennsxjlcanica  Linn.  :  whole  plant  white  tomentose  ;  stem 
herbaceous  erect ;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate  ;  cauline  ones  3-lobed, 
lobes  oblong-ovate,  deeply  dentate  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  somewhat  la- 
ciniate  ;  flowers  in  corymbose  panicles  ;  inner  lobes  of  the  calyx  trian- 
gular-lanceolate, outer  ones  oblong-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  corol  ; 
petals  obcordate  ;  receptacle  pilose  ;  carpels  rugulous. — P.  arguta 
Lckm.  not  of  Pursh. 

Hab.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arctic  Amer.  June.  U—Stcm  1—2  feet 
high.     Floicers  pale  yellow. 

11.  P.  arguta  Pursh:  erect,  simple,  pubescent  ;  leaves  pinnate  ; 
leafets  ovate,  sharply  dentate,  outer  ones  larger  ;  stipules  rhomboidal, 


108  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

incised ',  flowers  terminal,  in  a  crowded  corymb. — P.  confcrtiflora  Torr. 

Fl.  Lehm. — P.  pennsylvanica  Torr.  in  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  ii.  197. —  Geum 

agnmonoides  Pursh. — Bootia  sylcestris  Big. 

Hab.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  June,  July.  11. — Stems  many, 
3  feet  high,  erect,  nearly  simple,  branched  above  and  with  the 
petioles,  peduncles  and  calyx  covered  with  a  Whitish  and  glandu- 
lar pubescence.  Leaves  unequally  pinnate,  with  the  leafets  un- 
equally and  doubly  serrate,  and  sometimes  lobed.  Flowers  erect, 
at  first  in  dense  corymbs,  at  length  paniculate.  Calyx  with  the 
five  alternate  segments  smaller.  Petals  pale  yellow.  Styles 
lanceolate,  naked. — Richardson's  Appendix  to  Franklin's  Jour.  p. 
20. 

12.  P.  comarum  De  Cand. :  root  creeping ;  stem  ascending,  leaves 
pinnate  ;  upper  ones  ternate  ;  leafets  lanceolate,  acutely  serrate ;  petals 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  much  shorter  than  the  calyx. — P '.  palustre  Lehm. 
Torr. — Comarum  palustre  Linn. 

Hab.  In  swamps.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arctic  America.  June.  11. — 
Stem  18  inches  high.  Floicers  large,  purple,  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  stem.  Marsh  CinquefoU. 

10.     SIBBALDIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  10-cleft,  with  the  alternate  segments  narrower. 
Petals  minute.  Stamens  and  carpels  often  5.  Styles  5,  pro- 
ceeding laterally  from  the  germ.  Seeds  5,  clustered  in  the 
bottom  of  the  calyx.  Pentandria.  ^Pentagynia. 

S.  procumbens  Linn. :  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  cuneate,  tridentate, 
smooth  above,  hairy  beneath  ;  flowers  corymbed  ;  petals  lanceolate, 
acute,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Hab.  High  mountains.  Can.  and  Ver.  T?. — A  small  procumbent 
plant  with  the  habit  of  Potentilla  tridentata.     Flowers  yellow. 

11.     AGRIMONIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  inferior,  5-cleft,  with  a  lobed  calicle  at  its  base.  Pe- 
tals 5.      Stamens  15.     Acines  2,  in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx. 

Icosandria.  Di- Pentagynia. 

1.  A  eupatoria  Linn. :  hairy  ;  leaves  interruptedly  pinnate  ;  leafets 
oblong-ovate,  crenate-dentate,  the  terminal  one  petioled ;  spike  vir- 
gate,  many-flowered,  terminal,  long  and  slender  ;  tube  of  the  calyx 
bell-shaped,  with  spreading  bristles  near  the  middle  ;  petals  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx  ;  fruit  distant,  turbinate,  hispid,  smooth  at  base. 

Hab.  Woods  and  hedges.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  11. 
— Stem  2  feet  high.  Floicers  yellow,  in  a  long  terminal  spike  or 
raceme.  Agrimony. 

2.  A.  parvijlora  Ait.  :  somewhat  hairy ;  leaves  interruptedly  pin. 
nate  ;  leafets  numerous,  linear-lanceolate,  incisely  serrate  ;  spike  vir- 
gate ;  flowers  on  very  short  pedicels  ;  petals  once  and  a  half  the  length 
of  the  calyx  ;  fruit  roundish,  divaricately  hispid. 


ROSACEA.  109 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Virg.  Pursh — Aug.  11. — Flowers 
small,  yellow. — Perhaps  a  mere  variety  of  the  former. 

12.      ROSA.     Low. 

Calyx  urceolate,  fleshy,  contracted  at  the  orifice,  5-cleft. 
Petals  5.  Stamens  numerous.  Carpels  numerous,  bony,  his- 
pid, included  in  the  fleshy  tube  of  the  calyx. 

Icosandria.   Polygynia. 

Stijlrs  colmring  in  a  column.      Fruit  orate  or  sub  globose. 

1.  7?.  rubifolia  Broirn:  stem  ascending  ;  branches  glabrous  ;  prickles 
few  falcate  ;  leaves  ternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  stipules  narrow,  entire  ;  peduncles  and  calyx  hispid  ;  flowers 
subsolitary  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  ovate,  short,  simple  ;  styles  cohering 
in  a  tomentose  club-shaped  column,  as  long  as  the  stamens  :  fruit  pisi- 
form. 

Hab.  Shores  of  the  Western  lakes,  W.  to  Mi?s.  July.  >>. — 
Flowers  very  numerous,  changing  white  to  different  shades  of 
red,  sometimes  in  a  corymb. 

**   Styles  free  mostly  included.     Fruit  globose  or  globose-dqnxssed.     Stt- 
pular  prickles  usually  in  pairs. 

2.  R.  lucida  Ehrh. :  prickles  recurved  or  none  ;  leafets  5—9.  lanceo- 
late-elliptic, coriaceous,  obtusely  serrate,  shining  ;•  stipules  dilated, 
large,  smooth,  serrulate  ,•  peduncles  somewhat  hispid  ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  entire,  appendaged.  spreading  but  not  deflexed  ;  flowers  most- 
ly in  pairs  ;  fruit  globose-depressed,  hispid  or  smooth. 

Hab.  Mountain  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  *?. — Shrub  3 — 4 
feet  high.     Flowers  large,  red.     Petals  emarginate.     Fruit  red. 

Sir amj)  Rose. 

3.  R.  nitida  Willd.  :  arms  crowded,  slender  subequal  ;  leafets  5 — 9, 
rigid,  lanceolate,  shining  ;  stipules  large,  finely  serrulate  ;  lobes  of  the 
calyx  spreading  ;  fruit  subglobose,  shining,  red. 

Hab.  In  Penn.  Muhl.  J?. — A  low  shrub. — Perhaps  a  variety  of 
the  former. 

4.  R.  parriflora  Ehrh. ;  prickles  straight,  horizontal,  needle-shaped 
or  none  ;  leafets  5 — 9,  lanceolate,  smooth,  coarsely  serrate,  flaccid ; 
stipules  large,  subdenticulate  ;  fruit  depressed-globose  and  with  the  pe- 
duncle of  the  calyx  very  long,  appendaged. — R.  caroliniana  Mich. 

Hab.  In  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Lake  Superior.  June, 
July.  *>. — Shrub  3  feet  high.  Flowers  in  pairs.  Petals  large, 
red,  broadly  obovate,  emarginate. — There  are  a  number  of  varie- 
ties of  this  species. 

5.  R.  Carolina  Linn. :  prickles  recurved,  often  wanting  ;  leafets  5—9, 
coriaceous,  lanceolate  or  obovate,  serrulate,  approximate,  glaucous  be- 
neath ;  stipules  long,  with  an  involute  margin;    flowers   mostly  in 


110  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

corymbs,  rarely  solitary ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  very  long,  appendaged, 
spreading;  fruit  depressed-globose,  hispid,  rarely  smooth. — R.  corym- 
bosa  Ehrh. — R.  pennsylvayiica  Mich. — R.  jlorida  Don. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  ^>. — 
Shrub  3—8  feet  high.  Floicers  5 — 7  in  terminal  corymbs.  Pe- 
tals large,  red,  obovate,  emarginate.  Petioles  tomentose. — A 
very  variable  species,  including  the  above  and  some  others  which 
have  been  described  as  distinct  species.  A  variety  ?  of  this 
species  occurs  on  an  Island  near  Troy,  N.  Y.  with  the  stems  uni- 
formly and  constantly  smooth,  except  very  near  the  root,  where 
there  are  sometimes  a  few  slender  prickles.  This,  and  a  slight 
difference  in  the  shape  of  the  fruit,  which  is  depressed-globose, 
led  me  to  believe  it  a  distinct  species. 

***   Styles  free.     Fruit  orate,  rarely  globose      Prickles  fcic,  not  stipular. 

6.  R.  gemella  Willd. :  stipular  prickles  uncinate,  in  pairs;  leafets 
5 — 7,  oblong,  acute,  opaque,  pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  mostly  in 
pairs  ;  fruit  depressed-globose,  and  with  the  peduncles  glabrous. 

Hab.  Dry  hills.  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  Pursh.  July.  1?.— Shrub 
low,  with  large  red  flowers. — This  species  is  considered  by  De 
Candolle  a  variety  of  the  R.  cinnamomea,  differing  from  it  only  in 
being  more  slender  and  nearly  unarmed,  and  in  having  the  sti- 
pules narrower.  But  this,  as  well  as  several  other  points  con- 
nected with  our  roses,  must  remain  doubtful  until  they  have  been 
more  attentively  studied. 

7.  R.  stricta  Muhl. :  very  branching;  branches  with  numerous  slender 
prickles  below,  naked  at  the  apex  ;  leafets  7 — 9,  ovate,  obtuse,  some- 
what rigid ;  peduncles  hispid  ;  fruit  small,   elongated. 

Hab.  N.  Eng.  and  Penn. — De  Candolle,  from  whom  the  above 
description  and  locality  are  quoted,  thinks  it  may  be  a  variety  of 
R.  alpina. 

8.  R.rubiginosa  Linn.  :  prickles  strong,  compressed,  uncinate,  rarely 
straight ;  leafets  5 — 7,  ovate  or  somewhat  rounded,  serrate,  more  or 
less,  especially  beneath  glandular  and  ferriginous  ;  fruit  elliptical, 
short,  and  with  the  peduncles  hispid. — R.  suaveolens  Pursh.  Ell. 

a.  pubera  De  Cand.  :  flowers  subsolitary  ;  fruit  ovate,  smooth  ; 
peduncles  glandular-hispid  ;  leafets  roundish,  glandular  beneath, 
and  with  the  petioles  somewhat  pubescent. — R.  micrantha 
Smith.  Big. 

Hab.  Hedges  and  hill  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  f>. — Shrub 
tall  and  slender.  Floicers  solitary,  or  2  or  3  together,  pale  red. 
Fruit  orange  red. — A  very  variable  species.  Var.  a.  is  found 
near  Boston.  Sweet-briar. 


Order  XXXVIII.     POiMACE^E.     hind. 

Calyx,  5-toothed,  the  odd  segment  superior.  Petals  5,  un- 
guiculate.  Stamens  indefinite.  Disk  thin,  lining  the  tube  of 
the  calyx,  bearing  the  petals  and  stamens  on  its  margin.   Ova- 


POiMACE^E.  Ill 

ries  1 — 5,  adhering  to  the  side  of  the  calyx  ;  ovules  ascending, 
2,  collateral,  rarely  solitary;  styles  1 — 5  ;  stigmas  simple. 
Fruit  an  apple,  1 — 5-ceIled,  or  spuriously  10-celled  ;  endo- 
carp  cartilaginous  or  bony.  Seeds  solitary,  ascending  ;  al- 
bumen none  ;  embryo  erect,  with  flat,  rarely  convolute  cotyle- 
dons^ and  a  short  conical  radicle. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  simple  or  com- 
pound.    Flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  white  or  pink. 

1.     CRATAEGUS.     Lam. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  urceolate,  and  the  limb  5-cleft.  Petals 
spreading,  orbicular.  Stamens  many.  Ovary  2 — 5-celled. 
Styles  glabrous.  Pome  fleshy  ovate,  closed  by  the  teeth  of 
the  calyx  or  incrassated  disk.     Putamen  bony. 

Icosandria.  Di-Pentagynia. 

*  Leaves  dentate  or  subentire,  not  lobed. 

1.  C.  crus-galli  Ait. :  thorny  ;  leaves  obovate-wedgeform,  subsessile, 
shining,  coriaceous  ;  corymbs  compound  ;  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceo- 
late, subserrate  ;  flowers  digynous  ;  fruit  small,  mostly  1-seeded. — C. 
lucida  liangh.  amcr. 

Hab.  Borders  of  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May, 
June  T? . — A  shrub  or  small  tree  much  branched  and  with  long 
spines.  Flmccrs  white  in  a  corymb.  Style  often  solitary.  Fruit 
red. — There  are  several  varieties  of  this  species. 

2.  C.  punctata  Jacq. :  thorny  or  unarmed  ;  leaves  obovate-cuneate, 
smooth,  somewhat  plaited,  serrate,  tapering  at  base  into  a  petiole  ; 
calyx  villous ;  lobes  subulate,  very  entire  ;  fruit  subglobose,  with  the 
summit  depressed. 

Hab.  Woods  and  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  >>. — A  small 
tree.  Leaves  sometimes  hairy  beneath.  Corymbs  many-flow- 
ered, pubescent.     Fruit  red  and  yellow. 

Common  TJiorn-trce. 

3.  C.  elliptica  Ait. :  thorny ;  leaves  elliptical,  unequally  serrate, 
smooth ;  petioles  and  calyx  glandular  ;  fruit  globose,  5-seeded. 

Hab.  Dry  swamps.  Can  to  Car.  May.  Tp. — Calyx  with  the 
segments  obtuse.     Fruit  small,  red.     Pursh. 

4.  C.  parvijlora  Ait. :  thorny;  leaves  obovate-wedgefoim,  subsessile, 
incisely  serrate,  pubescent ;  flowers  subsolitary,  pentagynous ;  lobes 
of  the  calyx  laciniate,  villous  ;  fruit  subturbinate,  with  5  bony  1-seeded 
nuts.  —  C.  tomentosa  Linn. — McspUus  laciniata  Walt. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  N.J.  to  Car.  June.  *?. — Shrub  4  feet 
high,  with  the  younger  branches  and  leaves  tomentose.  Fruit 
large  yellow. 


112  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

**  Leaves  often  incised  or  lobed. 

5.  C.  pyrifolia  Ait.  :  thorny  or  unarmed ;  leaves  ovate-eDiptic,  in* 
cisely  serrate,  somewhat  plicate  and  hairy  ;  calyx  villous  ;  segment? 
linear-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  flowers  trigynousv 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Michigan.  June. 
J?. — Leaves  large,  acute  or  acuminate  at  each  end.  Corymbs 
many-flowered.     Peduncles  and  calyx  tomentose. 

6.  C.  glandulosa  JVUld.  z  thorny  ;  leaves  obovate-wedgeform,  smooth 
and  shining  ;  petioles,  stipules  and  calyx  glandular  ;  fruit  oval,  5- 
seeded. 

Hab.  Can.  and  Alleghany  mountains.  May.  *?. — Fruit  middle 
sized,  scarlet. 

7.  C.  coccinea  Linn.  :  thorny ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  ovate,  sub- 
cordate,  incisely  lobed  and  serrate,  glabrous ;  petioles  and  calyx  pubes- 
cent and  glandular  ;  flowers  pen tagy nous  ;  petals  orbicular. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  *>. — A  large  shrub.  Leaves 
on  long  petioles,  often  subcordate.  Floicers  in  corymbs,  white. 
Fruit  large,  red,  eatable.  Thorn-bush. 

8.  C.  cordata  Ait. :  thorny ;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  pinnatifid,  lobed 
and  angled,  smooth  ;  petioles  and  calyx  without  glands  ;  flowers  pen- 
tagynous  ;   fruit  small,,  globose,  depressed — C.  populifblia  Pursh. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  May,  June.  T?. — A  large  shrub* 
Leaves  with  3,  5  or  7  lobes.     Corymb  compound*     Fiitit  red. 

9.  C.  oxycantka  Linn.  :  leaves  obovate-wedgeform^  nearly  entire, 
trifid  or  lacinate,  glabrous  or  shining;  flowers  in  corymbs,  1 — 3  gynous; 
calyx  without  glands,  acute. 

Hab.  Road  sides,  &c  N.  S.  June.  ^.— A  shrub  8—10  feet 
high.  Floicers  white.  Fruit  red,  small. — This  thorn  is  prefer- 
red in  England  for  hedging.     Introduced.     Hawthorn.   Quickset. 

2.  AMELANCHIER.     De  Cand. 
Calyx  5-cleft.     Petals  lanceolate.     Stamens  many,  rather 
shorter  than  the  calyx.      Ovary  with  10,  or  5  bipartite,  celts. 
Styles  5,   somewhat  united  at  base.      Fruit,   when  mature, 
3— 5-celled. 

1.  A.  botryapium  De  Cand. :  unarmed;  leaves  eordate,  oval,  conspi- 
cuously acuminate,  pubescent  when  young,  smooth  when  mature  ; 
flowers  in  loose  racemes,  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  calyx  pubes- 
cent ;  petals  linear-lanceolate. — Aronia  botryapium  Pers. — Ptjrus  botry- 
apium Linn.  Pursh. — Mespilus  canadensis  var.  cordata  Mich. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  *>•—  A  small  tree. 
Flowers  large,  white.     Fruit  dark  purple. 

Service-berry.     Shad-bush. 

2.  A.  ovalis  De  Cand. :  leaves  roundish-elliptical,  acute,  smooth 
when  mature  ;  flowers  in  compact  racemes  ;  petals  obovate  ;  germs 


POMACEiE.  113 

and  segments  of  the  calyx  pubescent ;  fruit  black. — Aronia  oralis  Pers. 

— Pyrus  oralis  Linn.  Pursh. — Mcspilus  canadensis  var.    oboralis  Midi. 

Hab.     In  swamps.      Can.  to  Car.     N.  to  lat.  62°.  May.      *>.— A 

small  shrub.     Supposed  by  some  botanists  to  be  a  mere  variety 

of  the  former,  but  certainly   distinct.      The  fruit  is  about  the 

size  of  a  pea  and  eatable. 

3.  A.  ?  sanguinea  De  Cand. :  leaves  oval,  obtuse  at  each  end,  mucro- 
nate,  with  very  slender  serratures,  subcordate  at  base  ;  racemes  few- 
flowered  ;  calyx  smooth  ;  petals  linear-obtuse. — Pyrus  sanguinea  Ptirsh. 
— Aronia  sanguinea  Xutt. 

Hab.  Can.  and  Mass.  W.  to  Columbia  river.  Pursh.  May.  ??. 
—A  small  tree  with  blood  red  branches.  Berries  red,  eatable. 
Pursh. 

3.     PYRUS.     Linn.  De  Cand. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  urceolate,  and  the  limb  5-lobed.  Petals 

roundish.     Styles  often  5,  rarely  2 — 3.     Apple  closed,  5-cell- 

ed,  with   a   cartilaginous  putamen.       Cells  2-seeded.      Seeds 

with  a  cartilaginous  covering.      Icosandria.  Di-Pentagynia. 

*  Petals  spreading,  flat.     Styles  IS,  nearly  united  at  base.     Leaves  simple , 
without  glands,     Mai.us. 

1.  P.  coronaria  Linn. :  leaves  broadly-oval,  round  at  the  base,  some- 
what angular,  serrate,  smooth  ;  corymbs  terminal,  few-flowered,  on 
long  peduncles  ;  flowers  large  ;  fruit  depressed. — Malus  coronaria 
Mich. 

Hab.  In  woods.  N.J.  to  Geor.  May.  J?.— A  tree  15— 20 
feet  high.     Flowers  large,  fragrant,  pale  rose-colour. 

2.  P.  angustifolia  Ait. :  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  at  base, 
slightly  crenate-dentate,  shining  ;  peduncles  corymbose. — Malus  an- 
gustifolia Mich. 

Hab.  Penn.  May.  *>.  Muhl— A  tree  15— 20  feet  high.  Leaves 
said  fruit  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. 

**   Styles  2 — 5.    Leaves  pinnate.     Sorbus. 

3.  P.  amcricana  De  Cand.  :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  somewhat  equally  serrate,  and  with  the  common  peti- 
ole very  smooth  ;  flowers  in  terminal  corymbs. — Sorbus  americana 
Pursh. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can  and  N.  S.  May.  *?. — A  shrub  or  small 
tree  with  the  younger  branches  pubescent.  Floicers  white.  Sta* 
mens  very  numerous.  Styles  mostly  3.  Fruit  globose,  fulvous, 
remaining  on  the  tree  all  winter.  Mountain  Ash. 

4.  P.  microcarpa  De  Cand,  :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  acuminate, 
acutely  and  incisely  serrate,  and  with  the  common  petiole  smooth ; 
serratures  setaceously  mucronate, — Sorbus  microcarpa  Pursh. 

Hab.  High  mountains.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Pursh.  May.  T? . — A  large 
shrub,  with  the  younger  branches  glossy.  Floicers  white.  Fruit 
small,  scarlet. 

10* 


114  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

***  Petals  spreading,  with  claws.     Styles  2 — 5.     Leaves  simple,  glandu- 
lar above  near  the  rachis.     Adenorachis. 

5.  P.  arbutifolia  Linn.  :  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  acute,  crenately 
serrulate,  tomentose  beneath  (especially  the  younger  ones  ;)  midrib 
glandular  above  ;  flowers  in  corymbs  ;  calyx  tomentose. — Aronia  pyri- 

folrn  Pers.-^A.  arbutifolia  Ell.   Nutt.    Torr. 

Hab.  Low  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  *?. — Shrub  2 — 5 
feet  high.  Flowers  reddish.  Fruit  about  the  size  of  a  large  wor- 
tle-berry,  scarlet. 

6.  P.  melanocarpa  IVilld.  :  leaves  obovate- oblong,  acuminate,  serrate, 
smooth  beneath,  midrib  glandular;  flowers  in  terminal  corymbs ;  ca- 
lyx smooth. — Aronia  arbutifolia  Pers. — A.  arbutifolia  var.  melanocarpa 
Torr. 

Hab.  Bogs.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  *>. — A  shrub  about  the 
size  of  the  preceding  and  perhaps  not  distinct. 

Order  XXXIX.     SANGUISORBEjE.     hind. 

Flowers  often  declinous.  Calyx  3 — 4 — 5-lobed,  with  a 
thickened,  afterwards  indurated  tube  ;  aestivation  valvate. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  definite,  alternating  with  the  lobes  of 
the  calyx,  (though  sometimes  fewer  than  them  by  abortion,) 
rarely  indefinite  ;  anthers  erect,  2-celled  and  bursting  longi- 
tudinally, or  1-celled  and  bursting  transversely.  Ovary  soli- 
tary, simple,  with  a  style  proceeding  from  the  apex  or  the 
base  ;  ovule  solitary,  attached  to  the  ovary  close  to  the  base 
of  the  style  ;  stigma  simple  or  compound.  Nut  solitary. 
Seed  solitary,  suspended  or  ascending  ;  embryo  without  albu- 
men ;  radicle  superior  ;  cotyledons  large,  plano-convex. 

Herbs  or  wider  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  lobed  or 
compound,  with  stipules.     Flowers  small,  often  in  heads. 

1.  ALCHEMILLA.    Linn. 

Calyx  tubular  ;  tube  somewhat  contracted  at  the  top  ;  limb 
8  parted,  the  alternate  lobes  smaller.  Petals  none.  Sta- 
mens 1 — 4.  Carpels  1 — 2,  with  a  filiform  capitate  style  on  the 
side,  at  length  dry  and  1-seeded.        Tetrandria.  Monogynia. 

A.  alpina  Linn. :  leaves  digitate  ;  leafets  5 — 7,  lanceolate-cuneate, 
obtuse,  serrate  at  the  apex,  white  and  silky  beneath. 

Hab.  High  mountains.  N.  Ham  p.  and  Ver.  June,  July.  U. — 
Flowers  white. 

2.  SANGUISORBA.     Linn. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  4-cleft,  with  two  scales  at  base 
externally.     Petals  none.     Stamens  4.     Carpels  2,  included 


f 


ONAGARIiE.  1 15 


within   the   calyx,   crowned  by  .a  style  with  a  fimbriate  apex, 
converted  into  dry  indehiscent  1-seeded  acines. 

Tetrandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  &  canadensis  Unn.  :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  ovate-oblong  sub- 
cordate,  coarsely  serrate  ;  spikes  cylindrical,  very  long  ;  stamens  long- 
er than  the  corol. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  Aug. — Oct.  If. — Stem 
2 — 4  feet  high.  Flowers  white,  in  crowded  spikes  which  are 
from  2 — 5  inches  long-  Burnet  Saxifrage. 

2.  £.  media  Linn.  :  leaves  pinnate  and  with  the  bracts  smooth ;  leaf- 
ets ovate,  subcordate,  toothed  ;  spikes  ovate-cylindric  ;  stamens  scarce- 
ly longer  than  the  corol. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows,  principally  on  the  mountains.  Can.  to  Car. 
July.  Aug.  11. — The  spikes  shorter  than  in  the  former,  and 
tinged  with  red.     Pursh. 

Order  XL.     CALYCANTHE/E.     Be  Cand.  Linn. 

Sepals  and  petals  confounded,  indefinite,  imbricated,  com- 
bined in  a  fleshy  tube.  Stamens  indefinite,  inserted  into  a 
fleshy  rim  at  the  mouth  of  the  tube,  the  inner  sterile.  An- 
thers adnate,  turned  outwards.  Ovaries  several,  simple,  1- 
celled,  with  one  terminal  style  adhering  to  the  inside  of  the 
tube  of  the  calyx.  Nuts  enclosed  in  the  fleshy  tube  of  the 
calyx,  1-seeded,  indehiscent.  Seed  ascending  ;  albumen  none  ; 
cotyledons  convolute. 

Shrubs  with  square  stems.  Leaves  opposite,  simple.  Flow- 
ers axillary,  solitary. 

1,     CALYCANTHUS.     Linn. 

Lobes  of  the  calyx  in  many  rows,  imbricate,  lanceolate, 
somewhat  coriaceous,  coloured.  Stamens  12,  unequal,  deci- 
duous ;  outer  ones  fertile.     Acines  many. 

Icosandria.  Polygynia. 

C.  larcigatus  JFdld.  :  lobes  of  the  calyx  lanceolate  ;  leaves  oblong  or 
oval,  gradually  acuminate,  somewhat  rugose,  smooth  and  green  on  both 
sides;  branches  straight,  erect. —  C.  ferax  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  May — July.  fp. — Shrub  4 — 6 
feet  high.  Leaves  opposite,  entire.  Flowers  large,  solitary,  ter- 
minal.    Calyx  brownish-purple.  Carolina  Allspice. 

Order  XLI.     ONAGRARLE.     De  Cand.    Lind.\ 
Calyx  superior,  tubular,  with  the  limb  usually  4-lobed  ;  the 
lobes  cohering  in  various  degrees,  with  a  valvate  aestivation. 


116  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Petals  generally  equal  in  number  to  the  lobes  of  the  calyx,  into 
the  throat  of  which  they  are  inserted,  regular,  with  a  twisted 
aestivation.  Stamens  definite,  inserted  into  the  calyx ;  fila- 
ments distinct ;  pollen  triangular,  usually  cohering  by  threads. 
Ovary  of  several  cells,  generally  crowned  by  a  disk;  style  fili- 
form ;  stigma  capitate  or  4-lobed.  Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule, 
many-seeded,  1 — 2 — 4-celIed.  Seeds  numerous,  without  al- 
bumen ;  embryo  straight ;  radicle  long  and  taper;  cotyledons 
very  short. 

Hei'bs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple,  alternate  or  opposite. 
Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  of  various  colours. 

1.     EPILOBIUIVL     Linn. 

Cayx  4-sepalled ;  sepals  united  into  a  long  4-sided  lube  ; 
limb  caducous.  Petals  4.  Stamens  8  ;  pollen  not  viscous. 
Capsule  linear,  obtusely  4-sided,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many- 
seeded,  united  with  the  calyx.     Seeds  crowned  with  pappus. 

Octandria.  Monogynia, 

1.  E.  sjncatum  Lam.:  stem  tali,  terete,  smooth,  branched  above ; 
leaves  scattered,  linear-lanceolate,  veined,  smooth  ;  flowers  large,  pe- 
dicelled,  in  a  terminal  spike  ;  petals  irregular :  stamens  unequal,  de- 
clined.— E.  angustifolium  Linn. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  moist  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss. 
July.  LL — Stem  3 — 5  feet  high.  Flowers  purple,  in  a  terminal 
leafless  spike  or  raceme.  Willow  Herb, 

2.  E.  color atum  Muhl.  :  stem  terete,  pubescent ;  leaves  mostly  oppo- 
site, lanceolate,  serrulate, "petiolate,  smooth,  with  coloured  veins;  upper 
ones  alternate  ;  flowers  small,  axillary,  near  the  extremity  of  the 
branches. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  U.—Stem  3—4  feet 
high,     Floioers  small. — A  very  variable  plant. 

3.  E.  squamatum  Nutt. :  pubescent  ;  root  squamous,  bulbous  ;  stem 
terete,  branching  above ;  stem  leaves  opposite  ;  those  of  the  branches 
linear  and  entire,  revolute  on  the  margin ;  flowers  pedunculate ;  petals 
bifid  ;  stamens  unequal ;  stigma  clavate,  undivided. — E.  rosmarinifb- 
Hum  Pursh.   Torr. — E.  lineare  Muhl.  Big.  ? 

Hab.  Moist  woods,  &c.  N.  S.  Aug.  11. — Stem  a  foot  high, 
slender.  Flowers  small,  terminal,  white. — E.  rosmarinifolium 
was  a  name  applied  by  Haenke  to  a  different  species,  which  is 
recognized  by  De  Candolle. 

4.  E.  palustre  Linn. :  stem  terete,  branched,  somewhat  hirsute ; 
leaves  sessle,  lianceolate,  somewhat  toothed,  opposite  and  alternate, 
smooth  ;  stigma  undivided  ;  fruit  pubescent. 


ONAGARLE.  117 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Penn.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  Aug..  Sept.  If. 
— Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.     Fkncers  pale  red. 

5.  E.  leptophyllum  Raf. :  stem  branching,  somewhat  scabrous  ;  leaves 
alternate,  subsessile,  narrow-linear,  entire,  smooth,  1-nerved,  acute, 
narrowed  at  base  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  pedunculate. 

Hab.     Moist  woods.     Penn.  and  Mar. — Raf.  in  De  Cand.  Prod. 

6.  E.  Utrmgomtm  Linn. :  stem  4-sided,  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  sessile, 
lanceolate-oblong,  denticulate,  lower  ones  opposite  ;  stigma  undivided. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  11. — Stem  2  feet 
high,  branched,  smooth.  Flowers  small,  pale  red,  in  terminal 
racemes. — Distinguished  by  its  square  stem. 

7.  E.  strictum  Mahl.  :  densely  and  softly  pubescent  ;  stem  terete  ; 
leaves  oblong-linear,  sessile,  very  entire  ;  the  lower  ones  opposite  ; 
upper  ones  alternate  ;  flowers  pedicillate,  subterminal,  regular  ;  petals 
2-lobed  ;  stigma  entire. — E.  mollc  Torr. 

Hab.  Sand  plains.  N.  Y.  Aug.  2L — Stem  18  inches  high, 
branched  above  and  covered  with  a  white  pubescence.  Leaves 
narrow,  numerous.  Flowers  small,  pale  purple. — The  name 
given  to  this  species  h7  Dr.  Tnrrpy  is  objectionable,  having  been 
previously  appropriated  to  another  specioc  found  on  the  conti- 
nent of  Europe.  My  specimens  agree  very  well  with  Sprengefs 
description  of  E.  strictum  of  Muhlenberg. 

8.  E.  afpinum  Linn.  ;  stem  simple,  subterete,  one  or  two  flowered; 
leaves  opposite,  elliptical,  entire  ;  flowers  sessile. 

Hab.  White  mountains.  N.  H.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer, — Big.  July. 
H. — The  smallest  species. — not  above  two  inches  high.  Flowers 
pale  purple. 

2.      GAURA.     Linn. 

Calyx  3 — 4  sepalled  ;  sepals  united  into  a  long  obovate 

tube  ;  limb  caducous.     CorolS — 4  petalied      Stamens  6 — 8. 

Ovary  3 — 4-sided,   united   to  the  base  of  the  calyx.     Seeds 

1 — 4,  not  crowned  with  pappus.  Octandria.  Monogynia. 

G.  biennis  Linn.  :  stem  herbaceous  erect,   hairy,   mostly   purplish  ; 
leaves  alternate,  sessile,  lanceolate,  toothed  ;  flowers  numerous,  ses- 
sile, in  terminal  spikes  ;  fruit  roundish,  slightly  4-angled,  pubescent. 
Hab.     Banks  of  streams.     N.  Y.  to  Car.     July,  Aug.     tf. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.     Flowers  dark  rose-coloured,  sessile,  in  terminal 
spikes. 

3.     CENOTHERA.     Linn. 

Calyx  4-sepalled  ;  scjjals  united  into  a  long  4-sided  or 
8-ribbed  tube  ;  limb  and  part  of  the  tube  caducous.  Petals 
4.  Stamens  8,  erect  or  declined  ;  pollen  triangular,  viscous. 
Stigma  4-cleft,  or  spherical.     Capsule  oblong-linear,  obtusely 


118  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

4-sided  or  obovate-clavate,  4-celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded, 
united  with  the  base  of  the  calyx.        Octandria.  Monogynia. 

*   Capsule  elongated,  4-sided,  sessile. 

1.  (E.  biennis  Linn.:  stem  villous  and  scabrous;  leaves  alternate, 
ovate-lanceolate,  flat,  toothed,  very  pubescent ;  lower  ones  on  short 
petioles  ;  upper  sessile  ;  flowers  sessile,  in  a  terminal  spike  ;  petals  ob- 
cordate  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  corol. 

Hab.  Fields.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June— Sept.  0  and  q*. 
— Stem  3 — 5  feet  high.  Flowers  yellow,  large,  in  a  terminal 
leafy  spike.  Scabis/i-tree.     Primrose. 

2.  <E.  mxiricata  Linn.:  stem  purplish,  muricate  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
flat ;  petals  obcordate  ;  stamens  as  long  as  the  corol. 

Hab.  Old  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  q". — Flowers  yel- 
low, smaller  than  in  the  preceding  species. — According  to  De 
Candolle  it  resembles  the  next,  but  the  margin  of  the  capsule  is 
not  8-cleft. 

3.  (E.  parviflora  Linn.  :  stem  smooth,  subvillous  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  flat  ;  stamens  longer  than  the  corol ;  capsule  crowned  with 
an  8-cleft  margin. 

Has.     Fields  and  woods.     Can.  to  Virg.     rare.     ,j". — rursh. 

4.  (E.  grandiflora  Ait.  :  stem  nearly  smooth,  branched ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mostly  smooth ;  flowers  axillary,  sessile,  large ;  petals 
deeply  obcordate  ;  stamens  declining,  shorter  than  the  corol. 

Hab.  Fields.  Penn.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  tf.—Stem  2—3  feet 
high.     Floicers  axillary,  very  large,  bright  yellow.     Introduced. 

5.  (E.  sinuata  Linn.  :  stem  diffuse,  pubescent  ;  leaves  oval-oblong, 
dentate-sinuate  or  incised  ;  flowers  solitary,  axillary,  sessile,  villous  ; 
capsule  prismatic. 

b.  minima  Nutt.  :    stem  low,  simple  1-flowered  ;   leaves  entire. — 

(E.  minima  Pursh. 
Hab.     Pine  barrens.     N.  J.  to  Geor.    W.  to  Miss.     June.     11. — 

Stem  1 — 6  inches  high.    Flowers  small,  terminal,  yellow.    Petals 

obcordate. 

**   Capsules  obovate-clavate,  angular,  mostly  pedicellate. 

6.  (E.  fruticosa  Linn. :  pubescent  ;  stem  branching  from  the  base, 
divaricate  ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  slightly  toothed,  acute,  pilose  ; 
flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  ;  petals  broad-obcordate  ;  capsule  oblong- 
clavate,  pedicellate,  angled. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  July.  U.—Stem  12—18 
inches  high,  purplish.  Flowers  pale  yellow.  Corol  larger  than 
the  stamens.  Sun-drop.     Shrubby  (Enotfiera. 

7.  (E.  ambigua  Spreng.  :  more  or  less  pilose  ;  stem  simple  ;  leaves 
lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  subdenticulate  ;  petals  obcordate, 
longer  than  broad  ;  points  of  the  calyx  very  short ;  capsule  eubsessile, 


ONAGARLE.  119 

v'ays  smooth,  oblong  and  4  winged  ;  raceme  naked  below. — (E.  fru- 
Acosa  var.  ambigua  Nutt. 

Hab.  Hills  and  dry  woods.  N.  Y.  Penn.  Bart.  July.  If. — 
Stem  a  foot  or  more  high,  simple.  Floiccrs  pale  yellow,  smaller 
than  in  CE.  friUicosa. 

8.  CE.  incana  Nutt.  :  stem  slender,  erect  ;  leaves  flat,  hoary  and  to- 
mentose,  very  entire,  elliptic-ovate,  acute  ;  raceme  few-flowered, 
naked  ;  capsule  subsessile,  oblong  and  square. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  and  Mar.  Stem  6 — 8  inches  high. 
Flowers  bright  yellow. — Dr.  Torrey  supposes  it  to  be  a  variety 
of  CE.  fruticosa. 

9.  (E.  hybrida  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  villous  ;  leaves  pubescent  on  both 
sides,  lanceolate,  remotely  toothed,  undulate  ;  capsules  somewhat 
spiked,  on  short  foot-stalks,  ovate,  4-angled. 

Hab.  Old  Fields.  Penn. — Darlington.  S.  to  Geor.  July — 
Sept.  11. — Stem  9 — 18  inches  high.  Floiccrs  pale  yellow. 
Tube  of  the  calyx  3  or  4  times  as  long  as  the  segments. 

10.  (E.  pumila  Linn.  :  stem  weak,  smooth  or  slightly  hairy  ;  leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  very  entire,  obtuse,  flat  ;  flowers  small,  in  a  termi- 
nal raceme  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the  tube  ;  capsule  sub- 
sessile,  8-angled. — (E.  chrysantlia  Mich. 

Hab.  Dry  fields.  N.  S.  to  Car.  July.  2L— Stem  8— 12  inches 
high.     Floieers  small,  bright  yellow. 

11.  (E.  pusilla  Mich.  :  subpubescent  ;  stem  nearly  simple  ;  leaves 
lanceolate-oblong,  somewhat  obtuse,  entire  ;  flowers  axillary  at  the 
summit ;  capsule  sessile,  clavate-turbinate,  almost  equally  8-angied. 

Hab.  High  mountains.  Penn.  to  Virg. — Pursh.  July,  Aug. 
It. — Stem  6 — 8  inches  high,  erect.     Flowers  small,  yellow. 

12.  (E.  chrysantha  Mich.  :  stem  slender,  minutely  pubescent  :  leaves 
lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  flat,  entire  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  as  long 
again  as  the  tube  ;  capsule  clavate-sessile,  acute,  angled. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  11.  —Stem  a  foot 
high.  Floieers  small,  bright  yellow. — I  am  induced  to  believe 
that  this  is  not  distinct  from  the  former,  but  that  CE.  chi-ysantha. 
(E.  pusilla  and  CE.  canadensis  of  Goldie,  are  all  mere  varieties  of 
the  same  species,  probably  CE.  pumila  of  Linnaeus. 

4.     ISNARDIA.     Linn. 

Tube  of  the  cahjz  ovate  or  subcylindric,  short,  adhering  to 
the  ovary  ;  limb  4-parted,  persistent.  Petals  sometimes  4, 
alternating  with  the  calyx  ;  sometimes  none.  Stamens  4. 
Style  filiform,  deciduous.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  obov*ate 
or  nearly  cylindrical,  4-sided,  4-valved,  many-seeded. 

Tetrandria.  Monogynia. 
*  Petals  4.     Ludwigia. 
1.  /.  alternifolia  De  Cand.  :    stem  erect,  branched,  nearly  smooth  ; 
leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  somewhat  scabrous  on  the  margins  and 


120  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

under  side ;  peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered  ;  capsules  obovate-globose, 
4-angled,  winged  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  large,  ovate. — Ludwigia  al- 
tenvfotia,  Linn. — L.  macrocarpa  Mich. 

Hab.     Swamps.     Can.  to  Flor.    July.  1[. — Stem  2  to  3  feet  high. 
Flowers  yellow,  on  short  peduncles. 

2.  /.  uniflora  Beck :  stem  straight,  simple  ;  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate, 
acute,  smooth  ;  flower  terminal  ;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx. — Lud- 
wigia uniflora  Raf.   Torr. 

Hab.     N.  Jersey. — This  seems   to  be  sufficiently   distinct. — Dr. 
Torrey,  however,  suggests  that  it  is  a  variety  of  the  former. 

.3  /.  hirsute,  R.  fy  S. :  stem  erect,  sparingly  branched,  hairy  ;  leaves 
alternate,  oblong,  sessile,  somewhat  hirsute ;  peduncles  1-flowered, 
axillary;  capsules  globose,  4-angled,  winged,  hairy. — Ludwigia  jnlosa 
Walt. — L.  hirsuta  Lam. 

Hab.     Ditches   and  pools.      July,  Aug.     Lf. — Stem  2  feet  high. 
Floicers  yellow,  axillary. 

**  Petals  none.     Isnardia. 
4.  /.  palustris  Linn. :  stem  prostrate,  creeping,  glabrous  ;  leaves  op- 
posite, ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  at  base,  petioled,  smooth  ;  flowers 
axillary,  solitary,  sessile  ;  capsule  subovate,  slightly  angled. — Ludici- 
gianitida  Mich.  Pursh. — L.  palustris  Ell. — L.  apetala   Walt. 

Hab.     Stagnant  waters.     Throughout  the  U.   S.     June.     If. — 
Stem  succulent.    Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  sessile.    Corol  none. 

Order  XLII.     CIRCjEACE^.     hind. 

Calyx  superior,  deciduous,  tubular,  with  a  two  parted  limb. 
Petals  2,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  2, 
alternate  with  the  petals,  inserted  into  the  calyx.  Disk  large, 
cup-shaped,  filling  up  the  whole  of  the  tube  of  the  calyx  and 
projecting  beyond  it.  Ovary  2-celled  ;  style  simple  ;  stigma 
emarginate.  Fruit  2-celled,  2-valved,  2-seeded.  Seed  sol- 
itary, erect ;  albumen  none  ;  embryo  erect ;  radicle  short. 

Herbs  with  opposite  toothed  and  petioled  leaves.  Floicers 
in  terminal  and  lateral  racemes,  covered  with  uncinate  hairs. 

1.     CIRCiEA.     Linn. 

Calyx  short  ;  limb  bipartite.  Petals  2,  obcordate.  Sta* 
tnen^  2,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Stigma  emarginate. 
Capsule  ovate,  hispid,  with  uncinate  hairs,  2-celled,  2-valved, 
2-seeded.  Diandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  C.  lutctiana  var.  canadensis  Linn. :  stem  erect  ;  leaves  petioled, 
ovate,  remotely  toothed,  opaque,  nearly  smooth. — C.  canadensis  Muhl. 
— C.  lutctiana  Big. 


HALORAGEiE.  121 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  11. — Stem  a  foot 
and  a  half  high,  smooth,  simple.  Floicers  in  long  terminal  ra- 
cemes, reddfsh- white.  Enchanter's  Nightshade. 

2.  C.  alpina  Linn. :  stem  branched,  very  smooth,  often  procumbent ; 
leaves  broad-cordate,   membranaceous,   acutely  toothed,  shining. 

Hab.  Moist  shady  places  on  mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  If. 
— Stem  6 — 8  inches  high,  somewhat  diaphanous.  leaves  very 
thin  and  delicate.  Raceme  filiform. — Many  botanists  consider 
this  a  mere  variety  of  the  preceding. 

Order  XLII1.     HALORAGE^.      Be  Cand.  Lind. 

Calyx  superior,  with  a  minute  limb.  Petals  minute,  in- 
serted into  the  summit  of  the  calyx,  or  wanting.  Stamen,* 
inserted  into  the  same  place,  mostly  equal  in  number  to  the 
petals.  Ovary  adhering  inseparably  to  the  calyx,  with  one 
or  more  cells  ;  styles  none  ;  stigmas  equal  in  number  to  the 
cells.  Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  membranous  or  bony,  with  1 
or  more  cells.  Seeds  solitary;  albumen  fleshy;  embryo 
straight,  in  the  axis  ;  radicle  superior. 

Herbs,  growing  in  wet  places,  with  alternate,  opposite  or 
whorled  leaves.  Flowers  sessile,  occasionally  monoecious  or 
dioecious. 

1.     PROSERPINACA.     Linn. 

Tube  of  the  calyx  adhering  to  the  triquetrous  ovary  ;  limb 
3-parted.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3.  Stigmas  3,  sessilo 
upon  the  top  of  the  ovary.  Carpels  3,  indehiscent,  dry,  con- 
creted into  a  3-sided  fruit.  Triandria.   Trigynia. 

1.  P.  palustris  Linn.  :  upper  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  lower 
ones  often  pinnatifid  ;  fruit  angular,  acute. — P.  palustris  var.  a.  Mirk. 

Hab.  Wet  places.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  2_f. — Stem  pro- 
cumbent. Leaves  alternate,  sessile.  Floicers  axillary,  nearly 
sessile.  Mermaid  Weed. 

2.  P.  pectinata  Lam.  :  leaves  all  pinnatifid-pectinate  ;  nut  large, 
angular,  obtuse. — P.  palustris  var.  b.  Mich. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  Aug.  2_f. — Distinguished 
from  the  former,  by  having  the  leaves  all  finely  pectinate  and  the 
fruit  with  rather  obtuse  angles. 

2.     MYRIOPHYLLUM.     Linn. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  rarely  perfect.  Sterile  Fl.  Ca- 
lyx 4-parted.  Petals  4-lobed,  alternating  with  the  calyx, 
ovate,  caducous.    Stamens  4 — 6—8.    Perfect  Fl.     Calyx 

11 


122  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

adhering  to  the  ovary  ;  limb  4-lobed.     Petals  none.     Nuts  4, 
compressed  or  subglobose,  1-seeded.  , 

Monoecia.   Polyandria* 

*  Flmccrs  octandrous. 

1.  M.  spicatum  Linn.  :  leaves  verticillate,  pinnately  divided  ;  lobes 
capillary ;  spike  terminal,  nearly  naked  ;  floral  leaves  shorter  than  the 
flower  ;  lower  ones  subserrate  and  mostly  very  entire. 

Hab.  In  water.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  If. — Stem  slen- 
der, branched.     Leaves  in  whorls,  by  fours,  pectinate. 

Water  Milfoil. 

2.  M.  verticillatum  Linn.  :  leaves  verticillate,  pinnately  divided ; 
lobes  capillary,  opposite  ;  spike  terminal,  leafy  ;  floral  leaves  all  pin- 
nately divided,  much  longer  than  the  flowers,  and  scarcely  distinct 
from  the  leaves. 

Hab.  In  water.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  11. — Upper  flowers  some- 
times perfect. 

**  Flowers  hexandrous. 

3.  M.  heterophyllum  Mich.  :  leaves  verticillate,  pinnately  divided  into 
capillary  lobes  ;  spike  terminal,  nearly  naked  ;  floral  leaves  opposite, 
ovate,  acute,  coarsely  serrate,  longer  than  the  flowers. — Potamogeton 
verticillatum  Walt. 

Hab.  In  water.  N.  S.  to  Geor.  July.  14-. — Stem  simple. 
Flowers  purple. 

***  Floicers  tetrandrous. 

4.  M.  capillaceum  Torr. :  leaves  all  capillary-pinnate  ;  flowers  axil- 
lary, opposite  and  alternate,  tetrandrous,  mostly  perfect  ;  fruit  quad- 
rangular, formed  of  4  cylindrical  seeds. 

Hab.  Ponds.  July,  Aug.  11. — Floating-stem  branched,  di- 
chotomous.     Leaves  hair-like. 

5.  M.  ambiguum  Nutt.  :  leaves  petiolate,  pinnate,  the  lowest  ones 
capillary  ;  emerging  ones  pectina'.e  ;  uppermost  nearly  entire,  subser- 
rate ;  anthers  partly  oblong  ;  fruit  quadrangular. 

b.  limosum  Nutt.  :  stem  rooting,  erect ;  leaves  rigid,  partly  entire, 
or  divided  above,  mostly  trifid  ;  segments  setaceous  and  acute. 
— Purshia  humilis  Rqf.  ? 

Hab.  Ponds.  N.  J.  July.  11. — Floating  in  extensive  masses. 
Stem  dichotomous.  Leaves  attenuated  so  as  to  appear  petioled, 
pectinately  pinnatifid.  Floicers  axillary,  solitary,  sessile. — 
var.  b.  Miry  shores  of  the  Delaware,  N.  J.  Stem  erect,  2 — 4 
inches  high,  decumbent  and  rooting.  Leaves  rigid  and  spreading, 
very  narrow,  setaceous  and  acute.  Flowers  as  in  the  preceding, 
but  the  anthers  are  roundish. 

6.  M.  tencllum  Big.  :  stem  simple,  nearly  leafless,  erect,  somewhat 
rooting  at  base  ;  leaves  in  form  of  scales,  alternate,  entire  ;  upper  ones 
bearing  flowers  in  the  axils  ;  spike  terminal,  interrupted;  flowers  alter- 
nate. 


HALORAGE.E.  123 

Hab.  Ponds.  Mass.  July.  21.. — Stem  4 — 12  inches  high. 
Flowers  alternate,  sessile.  Petals  white,  3  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx. 

7.  M.  procumbens  Big.  :  stem  procumbent,  round,  rooting,  branched ; 
leaves  pinnatifid  with  five  or  six  narrow  segments  ;  flowers  axillary, 
solitary,  sessile. 

Hah.  Ponds.  Danvers,  Mass. — Resembles  M.  scabralum  of  Mi- 
chaux. 

3.     CALLITRICHE.     Linn. 

Fh?ccrs  perfect  or  imperfect.  Bracts  2,  opposite,  petaloid. 
Calyx  (corol  of  authors)  inconspicuous.  Petals  none.  Ste- 
rile Fl.  Stamen  1,  (rarely  2)  with  the  filament  filiform  and 
exserted  ;  anthers  renilorm.  Fe utile  Fl.  Styles  2,  filiform, 
glandular.      Capsule  compressed,  2-cclled,  4-seeded. 

Monandria%  Digynia. 

1.  C.  rcma  var.  intermedin  Jlifhl.  :  upper  leaves  spatulate-obovate. 
lower  ones  linear,  obtuse  and  emarginate  ;  flowers  polygamous  ;  mar- 
gins of  the  capsule  obtuse. — C.  keterophijlla  Pnrsh. — C.  vernaMich. — C. 
oquatica  Big. 

Hab.     In  shallow  streams.     Throughout  the  U.  S.  May — Aug. 

0. — Stem  floating,  sometimes  2   or  3   feet   long.  Uppermost 

leaves  crowded  into  a  stellated  tuft,  and  3-nerved.  Floicers  soli- 
tary, axillary,  white. 

2.  C.  aulumnalis  Linn.  :  leaves  all  linear,  1-nerved,  truncate  or  emar- 
ginate ;  capsule  with  acute  margins  ;  flowers  perfect. — C.  linearis  Pursh. 

Hab.  Ponds,  &c.  N.  S.  May.  <p. — Scarcely  differing  from 
the  former,  except  in  having  the  leaves  more  generally  linear. 

3.  C.  terrcstris  Raf.  :  procumbent,  diffused  ;  leaves  oblong,  uniform, 
rather  obtuse  ;  capsule  grooved  on  the  margin. — C.  brevifolia  Pvrsh. 

Hab.  Swamps,  &c.  N?  Y.  to  Virg.  June — Aug.  0. — Stem 
creeping      Leaves    crowded,    short  obtuse.      Floicers   polygya- 


4.     HIPPURIS.     Linn. 

Tube  of  the  calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary  ;  limb  minute,  entire. 
Petals  none.  Stamen  1,  inserted  into  the  margin  of  the  calyx. 
Style  filiform,  received  into  a  groove  of  the  anther.  Nut  1- 
seeded,  crowned  with  the  margined  limb  of  the  calyx. 

Monanclria.  Monogynia. 
JI.  vulgaris  Linn.  :  leaves  whorled,  linear,  acute. 

Hab.  Ponds  and  lakes.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Aug.  If. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high,  simple,  erect.  Leaves  linear,  mostly  in 
whorls  of  eight.  Flowers  at  the  base  of  the  upper  whorls,  one 
to  each  leaf,  sessile,  minute.  Mare's  Tail. 


124  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Order  XLIV.     PODOSTEMEjE.     Lind. 

Flowers  naked,  monoclinous,  bursting  through  an  irregu* 
larly  lacerated  spathe.  Stamens  hypogynous,  varying  from 
2  to  an  indefinite  number,  monadelphous,  alternately  sterile 
and  shorter.  Ovary,  free,  spuriously  2-celled ;  ovules  nu- 
merous ;  styles  two  or  none  ;  stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  slightly 
pedicillate,  capsular,  opening  by  two  valves,  which  fall  off 
from  the  dissepiment  which  is  parallel  with  them.  Seeds 
numerous,  minute,  their  structure  unknown,  or  according  to 
Von  Martius,  entirely  simple. 

Herbs  with  floating  stems.  Leaves  capillary  or  linear,  or 
irregularly  lacerated,  or  minute  and  imbricated.  Flowers  mi- 
nute. 

1.     PODOSTEMUM.     Mick. 

Monoecious.  Calyx  and  corol  none.  Stamens  2,  affixed 
to  a  common  pedicel.  Germ  ovate.  Stigma  1,  sessile.  Cap- 
suk.  2-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.     Seeds  minute. 

Monoecia.  Diandria. 

P.  ceratophyllu7?i  Mich. 

Hab.     Rocks  in  streams.     Del.   to   Car.      July.     It. — Stem  fili- 
form, floating.     Leaves  pinnate.     Flowers  axillary. 

Order  XLV.     CERATOPHYLLE^.     De  Cand.  Lind. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Calyx  inferior,  many-parted.  Sta- 
mens 12 — 20  ;  filaments  wanting  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary 
superior,  1-celled  ;  ovule  solitary,  pendulous  ;  stigma  filiform, 
oblique,  sessile.  Nut  1-celled,  1-seeded,  indehiscent,  termi- 
nated by  the  hardened  stigma.  Seed  pendulous,  solitary  ;  al- 
bumen none  ;  embryo  with  4  cotyledons,  alternately  smaller  ; 
pfomula  many-leaved  ;  radicle  superior. 

Floating  herbs  with  multifid  cellular  leaves. 

1.     CERATOPHYLLUM.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Calyx  many-parted.  Sterile  Fl.  Corol 
none.  Stamens  16 — 20;  anthers  tricuspidate.  Fertile  Fl. 
Corol  none.     Style  1,  filiform.      Nut  1-seeded. 

Monoecia,  Polyandria* 

C.  d^cmersum  Linn.  :  fruit  armed  with  3  spines. 


SALICARIvE.  125 

Hab.  Under  water.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  July.  It-Stem  long,  slen- 
der. Leaves  verticillate,  in  eights.  Floicers  axillary,  solitary, 
very  minute.  Hornwort. 

Order  XLVI.     SALICAROS.     hind. 

Calyx  with  one  sepal,  the  lohes  with  a  valvate  or  separate 
rcstivation.  Petals  inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  calyx, 
very  deciduous,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  inserted  into 
the  tube  of  the  calyx  below  the  petals,  to  which  they  are  some- 
times equal  in  number  ;  sometimes  twice,  thrice  or  four 
times  the  number  ;  seldom  four  ;  anthers  adnate,  2-celled  ; 
ovary  superior,  2 — 4-celled  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  usual- 
ly capitate.  Capsule  membranous,  covered  by  the  calyx, 
usually  1-celled.  Seeds  numerous,  small,  without  albumen  / 
embryo  straight  ;  radicle  turned  towards  the  hilum.  Cotyle- 
dons flat  and  leafy. 

Herbs  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  seldom  alternate, 
entire.     Flowers  axillary  or  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes. 

1.     AMMANNIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  campanulate,  S-toothed.  Petals  4,  or  none.  Sta- 
mens 4.     Capsule  4-cellcd,  many-seeded,  1-celled. 

Tetrandria.   Monogynia, 

1.  A.  ramosior  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  somewhat  4-sided  ;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  dilated  at  the  base  ;  flowers  axillary,  sessile  ;  the  lower 
ones  compactly  whorled  ;  the  upper  ones  solitary  ;  petals  4,  obovate- 
roundish  ;  stamens  4. 

Hab.  Salt  meadows.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  ^. — Stem 
4 — 8  inches  high  ;  sometimes  much  higher.  Flowers  purple, 
minute. 

2.  A.  huviilis  Mich.  :  stem  procumbent  at  the  base,  square,  some- 
what branched  ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  ;  flowers 
sessile,  solitary,  axillary  ;  petals  4,  orbiculate  ;  stamens  4. — A.  ramo- 
sior Walt. 

Hab.  Damp  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  #. — Stem  4—8 
inches  high,  much  more  slender  than  in  the  former.  Floicers 
small,  blue. 

2.     LYTIIRUM.     Linn. 
Calyx  cylindric,  striate,  8—12  toothed.     Petals  4 — 6,  in- 
serted into  the  calyx.     Stamens  as   many  or   twice  as  many 
as  the  petals,  sometimes  fewer.    Style  filiform.    Stigma  capi- 
tate.    Capsule  oblong,  2-celled,  many  seeded. 

Icosandria.  Monogynia* 
11* 


126  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

1.  L.  salicaria  var.  pubescens  Pursh :  pubescent  ;  leaves  opposite  and 
ternate,  sessile,  lanceolate,  cordate  at  the  base  ;  flowers  with  12  sta- 
mens, terminal,  verticillate-spiked  ;  capsule  oblong. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  If. — Stem  2  feet 
high.    Flowers  purple,  very  showy. — Pvrsh.      Purple  Loosestrife 

2.  L.  kyssopifolia  Linn.  :  stem  sparingly  branched,  square  ;  leaves 
alternate  and  opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  somewhat  obtuse ;  flowers 
axillary,  subsessile,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  bracts  acute,  small  ;  pe- 
tals 4 — 6,  oblong  ;  stamens  5 — 8. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  Nutt.  U-—Stcm  12—18  inches 
high.  Flowers  pale  purple.  I  have  a  specimen  from  Connecti- 
cut which  agrees  exactly  with  Elliott's  L.  lanceolatum  the  L.  vir- 
gatum  of  Walter,  and  I  am  inclined  to  believe  that  these  two 
plants  have  been  confounded. 

3.     CUPHEA.     Jacq. 

Calyx  tubular,  ventricose,  6 — 12  toothed,  unequal.  Petals 
6 — 7,  unequal.  Stamens  11 — 14,  rarely  6 — 7,  unequal. 
Style  filiform.  Stigma  simple  or  sub-bifid.  Capsule  mem- 
branaceous,  1 — 2-celled,  at  length  bursting  longitudinally. 

Icosandria.  Monogynia. 

C.  viscosissima  Jacq.  :  viscous ;  leaves  opposite,  petioled,  ovate-oblong, 
a  little  rough  ;  flowers  lateral,  solitary,  on  short  peduncles  ;  calyx  6- 
toothed  ;  petals  6  ;  stamens  12. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ken.  Sept.  0.— 
Stein  12 — 18  inches  high,  erect,  branching.  Floicers  purple. — 
Dr.  Matthew  Stevenson  has  found  this  plant  on  the  wet  ground* 
near  Cambridge,  N.  Y. 

4.     DECODON.     Gmel.  De  Cand. 

Calyx  hemippheric-campanulate,  10-toothed,  5  teeth  longer 
and  spreading.  Petals  5,  undulate.  Stamens  10,  5  very 
long.  Capsule  covered  with  the  calyx,  3-celled,  3-valved. 
Seeds  minute,  apterous.  Icosandria.  Monogynia. 

D.  verticillatum  Ell. — Lythrum  verticillatmn  Linn. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug.  H-— Stem  2—3  feet  high, 
erect,  pubescent.  Leaves  opposite  and  alternate,  sometimes  by 
threes,  lanceolate,  petiolate.  Floicers  axillary,  whorled.  Pe- 
tals undulate,  purple.     Fruit  subglobose.       Swamp  Willow-herb. 

Order  XL VII.     MELASTOMACE^E.     De  Cand.  Lind. 

Calyx  with  4  or  5  teeth  or  divisions,  which  are  more  or  less 
deep,  or  are  sometimes  united  and  separate  from  the  tube  like 
a  lid.     Petals  equal  to  the  segments  of  the  calyx,  perigynous. 


CUCURBITACE^E.  '  127 

Stamens  usually  twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  sometimes  equal 
to  them  in  number  ;  anthers  long,  2-celled.  Ovary  more  or 
less  coherent  with  the  calyx,  with  several  cells,  and  indefinite 
ovules  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  simple,  either  capitate  or  minute. 
Pericarp  either  dry  or  distinct  from  the  calyx,  or  succulent 
and  combined  with  it,  with  several  cells.  Seeds  innumerable, 
minute,  without  albumen  ;  embryo  straight  or  curved,  with 
equal  or  unequal  cotyledons. 

Herbs,  trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  undivided,  usu" 
ally  entire,  with  several  ribs.. 

1.     RHEXIA.     Broicn. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  ventricose-ovate  at  base,  narrowed  at 
the  apex  ;  the  limb  4-cleft.  Petals  4,  obovate.  Anthers  8, 
attached  to  the  filaments  behind,  naked  at  base.  Capsule  free 
in  the  calyx,  4-celled.  Receptacle  lanceolate,  pedicellate. 
Seeds  cochleate.  Octandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  R.  mariana  Linn.  :  very  hairy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each 
end,  3-nerved,  subpetiolate  ;  calyx  tubular,  nearly  smooth. 

Hab.  Bogs.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  If.— Stem  1—2  feet 
high.  Leaves  sometimes  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,  ciliate.  Pe- 
tals obovate,  hairy  on  the  outer  surface,  purple. 

2.  R.  ciliosa  Mich.  :  stem  nearly  square,  smooth;  leaves  subpetiolate, 
oval,  serrulate,  ciliate,  3-nerved,  smooth  beneath,  slightly  hispid  above; 
flowers  with  an  involucre. — R.pctiolata  Walt. 

Hab.  Del.  to  Car.  July.  IS.— Stem  12—18  inches  high.  Flow- 
ers in  a  loose  dichotomous  panicle,  purple,  with  an  involucre 
of  leaves  at  the  base  of  each. 

3.  R.  virginica  Linn.  :  stem  with  winged  angles,  somewhat  hairy, 
square  ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  ciliate,  serrate,  3 — 7  nerved, 
sprinkled  with  hairs  on  both  sides  ;  corymbs  dichotomous. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  Lf. — Stem  a  foot 
high.     Floicers  large,  purple.  Deer  Grass. 

Order   XLV1II.     CUCURBITACEjE.     De  Cand.  Lind. 

Flowers  usually  declinous,  sometimes  monoclinous.  Ca- 
lyx 5-toothed,  sometimes  obsolete.  Corol  5-parted,  scarcely 
distinguishable  from  the  calyx,  very  cellular,  with  strongly 
marked  reticulated  veins,  sometimes  fringed.  Stamens  5, 
either  distinct,  or  cohering  in  3  parcels  ;  anthers  2-celled, 
very  long  and  sinuous.  Ovary  inferior,  1-celled,  with  3  pa- 
rietal placentas  ;  style  short ;  stigmas  very  thick,  velvety  or 


128  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

fringed.  Fruit  fleshy,  more  or  less  succulent,  (a  pepo.) 
Seeds  flat,  ovate,  enveloped  in  an  arillus,  which  is  either  juicy 
or  dry  and  membranous;  embryo  flat,  with  no  albumen ;  co- 
tyledons foliaceous,  veined  ;  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Stem  succulent,  climbing  by  means  of  tendrils  formed  by 
abortive  leaves.     Leaves  palmated,  or  with  palmate  ribs. 

1.     SICYOS.     Linn. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Calyx  5-toothed  ; 
teeth  subulate.  Carol  5-pnrted.  Filaments  3  ?  (or  rather  5, 
in  3  sets.)  Fertile  Fl.  Style  trifid.  Stigma  somewhat 
thick,  trifid.     Fruit  l-seeded,  often  spiny. 

Monoecia.   Monadelphia. 

S.  angulaius  Linn.  :  leaves  cordate,  5-angled,  toothed,  scabrous  ; 
lobes  acuminate  ;  tendrils  umbellate  ;  sterile  flowers  corymbose-, 
capitate,  with  the  common  peduncle  long  ;  fertile  ones  sessile. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  0. — A  small 
procumbent  vine.  Floioers  whitish  with  green.  Fruit  small, 
ovate,  hispid.  Single-seeded  Cucumber. 

2.  MOMORDICA.     Linn. 

Flowers  monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Calyx  5-cleft ;  tube 
very  short.  Carol  5-parted.  Stamens  in  3  sets ;  anthers 
connate.  Fertile  Fl.  Style  3-cleft.  Ovary  3-celled. 
Fruit  often  muricate,  bursting  elastically  when  mature. 

Monoecia.  Monodelphia. 

M.  ?  echinata  Muhl. :  leaves  cordate,  angularly  5-lobed  ;  lobes  acu- 
minate, very  entire,  glabrous,  tendrils  many-cleft;  fruit  roundish,  se- 
taceous-echinate,  4-seeded. — Sicyos  lobata  Mich. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  W.  to  Michigan.  Aug.  0. 
— Plant  climbing.     Fruit  1 — 2  inches  long.  Balsam  Apple. 

3.  MELOTHRIA.     Linn.- 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Calyx  3 — 5  toothed.  Corol 
campanulate.  Filaments  5,  in  three  sets.  Fertile  Fl. 
Calyx  and  corol  as  in  the  sterile.  Style  1.  Stigmas  3,  fim- 
briate.    Fruit  3-celled,  many-seeded. 

Monoecia.  Monadelphia. 

M.  pendula  Linn.  :  leaves  somewhat  reniform,  lobed  and  angled, 
slightly  hispid  ;  fruit  oval,  smooth,  pendulous. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  0. — A  slender 
vine  running  over  small  shrubs  and  herbs.  Stem  hairy.  Leaves 
on  petioles.  Tendrils  5 — 6  inches  long.  Flowers  axillary,  yel- 
low, the  sterile  in  small  racemes,  the  fertile  solitary. 

Small  Creeping  Cucumber, 


PORTULACE.*:.  129 

Order  XLIX.      PASSIFLOREjE.     De  Cand.    Lind. 

Sepals  5,  sometimes  irregular,  combined  in  a  tube  of  varia- 
ble length,  the  sides  and  throat  of  which  are  lined  by  filament- 
ous or  annular  processes,  apparently  metamorphosed  petals. 
Petals  5,  arising  from  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  on  the  outside  of 
the  filamentous  processes,  occasionally  wanting,  sometimes 
irregular,  imbricated  in  aestivation.  Stamens  5,  monadel- 
phous,  rarely  indefinite,  surrounding  the  stalk  of  the  ovarium  ; 
anthers  turned  outwards,  linear,  2-celled,  bursting  longitudi- 
nally. Ovary  seated  on  a  long  stalk,  superior,  1-celled  ; 
styles  3,  arising  from  the  same  point,  clavate  ;  stigmas  dilated. 
Fruit  surrounded  by  the  calyx,  stalked,  1-celled,  with  3  parie- 
tal polyspermous  placentae,  sometimes  3-valved.  Seeds  at- 
tached in  several  rows  to  the  placenta,  with  a  bristle  sculp- 
tured testa  surrounded  by  a  pulpy  arillus  ;  embryo  straight,  in 
the  midst  of  fleshy  thin  albumen  ;  radicle  turned  towards  the 
hilum  ;  cotyledons  flat,  leafy. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  usually  climbing.  Leaves  alternate,  with 
leafy  stipules. 

1.     PASSIFLORA.     Juss. 

Calyx  5-parted,  coloured,  with  the  tube  very  short.  Petals 
5,  or  none,  inserted  into  the  calyx.  Stamens  5,  monadelphous. 
Crown  of  many  filiform  rays.  Berry  often  pulpy,  rarely  sub- 
membranaceous,  pedicelled.  Monadelphia.   Pentandria. 

1.  P.  lutca  Linn.:  leaves  cordate,  3-lobed,  obtuse,  nearly  smooth  ; 
petioles  without  glands  ;  peduncles  axillary,  in  pairs  ;  petals  much 
longer  than  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Flor.  June — Aug.  21. — 
Stem  climbing,  slender.     Flowers  small,  greenish-yellow. 

Yellow  Passion-floiccr. 

2.  P.  incarnata  Linn.  :  leaves  smooth,  subcuneate  at  base,  5-nervedr 
deeply  3-cleft  ;  lobes  oblong,  acute  ;  petioles  with  2  glands  ;  involucre 
3-leaved  ;  leafets  lanceolate,  glandular-serrate  ;  ovary  villose. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Del.  to  Flor.  Sept.  11 — Stan  long, 
climbing.  Petals  white.  Nectary  purple,  longer  than  the  corol. 
Fruit  subacid  and  spongy,  eatable. 

Order  L.     PORTULACE^.     Dc  Cand.     Lind. 
Sepals  2,  seldom  3  or  5,  cohering  by  the  base.     Petals  ge- 
nerally 5,  occasionally  3,  4,  or  6,  either  distinct,  or  cohering 
in  a  short  tube,  sometimes  wanting.       Stamens  inserted  along 


130  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

with  the  petals  irregularly  into  the  base  of  the  calyx,  variable 
in  number,  all  fertile,  sometimes  opposite  the  petals  ;  filaments 
distinct ;  anthers  versatile,  with  2-cells,  opening  lengthwise. 
Ovary  superior,  l-celled  ;  style  single,  or  none  ;  stigmas  sev- 
eral, much  divided.  Capsule  l-celled,  dehiscing  either  trans- 
versely or  by  3  valves,  occasionally  1-seeded  and  indehiscent. 
Seeds  numerous,  if  the  fruit  is  dehiscent;  attached  to  a  cen- 
tral placenta  ;  albumen  farinaceous  ;  embryo  curved  round 
the  circumference  of  the  albumen,  with  a  long  radicle. 

Succulent  shrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  seldom  oppo- 
site, entire,  without  stipules,  or  sometimes  with  membrana- 
ceous ones  on  each  side  at  the  base. 

1.     PORTULACCA.     Linn. 
Calyx  inferior,  2-parted.     Petals  4 — 6,  equal,  inserted  into 
the  calyx.     Stamens  8 — 15.      Style  1,  3 — 6-cleft  at  the  apex, 
or  s/2//«  none,   and  stigmas  3 — 8-elongated.      Capsule  subglo- 
blose,  l-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  circularly. 

Polyandria.   Monogynia. 
P.  oleracea  Linn.  :  leaves  cuneiform,  fleshy,  smooth  ;  axils  genicu- 
late, naked  ;  flowers  sessile. 

Hab.  Near  gardens,  &c.  N.  S.  May — Aug.  ©. — Stem  spread- 
ing, succulent.  Floxvers  yellow.  Introduced.  According  to 
Mr.  N  uttall  it  is  indigenous  on  the  plains  of  the  Missouri. 

Purslane* 

2.  TALINUM.  Sims. 
Calyx  of  2  ovate  deciduous  sepals.  Petals  5,  distinct,  or 
somewhat  concreted  at  base.  Stamens  10 — 20.  Style  fili- 
form, cleft  at  the  apex.  Capside  l-celled,  3-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Polyandria.  Monogynia. 
T.  teretifolium  Pursh.  :  leaves  terete,  subulate,  fleshy  ;  cyme  terminal, 
dichotomous  corymbose  ;  flowers  pedunculate,  polyandrous. 

Hab.  Rocks.  Penn.  to  Virg..  July — Sept.  11. — Root  of  a  firm 
and  fleshy  consistence.  Stem  4 — 10  inches  high.  Leaves  crowd- 
ed, cylindrical,  incurved,  1—2  inches  long.  Floicers  reddish- 
purple. — A  figure  and  detailed  description  of  this  handsome  little 
plant  are  given  by  Dr,  Darlington  in  his  Florula  Cestrica. 

3,     CLAYTONIA-     Linn. 
Calyx  of  2  ovate  or  roundish  persistent  sepals.     Petals  5, 
obcordate  or  obovate,  unguiculate.      Stamens  5,  inserted  into 
the  claws  of  the  petals.     Ovary  sessile.     Style  3-cleft.     Cap* 
sule  l-celled,  3-valved,  3— 5-seeded. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia* 


ILLECEBRE.E.  131 

C.  virginica  Linn.  :  leaves  about  2,  opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  thick; 
flowers  in  a  loose  simple  raceme  ;  sepals  somewhat  acute. 

b.  latifolia   Torr.  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  sepals  obtuse. —  C.  spa- 

thuUrfulia  Nvtt.  .' 
Hab.     Wet  meadows.     N.  Y.  to  Car.     W.  to  Miss.     April,  May. 
2£ . — Stem  6 — 10  inches  high,  erect   or  procumbent.      Flowers 
rose-red,  in  a  raceme.     Varies  much  in  the  form  of  the  leaves. 
Var.  b.  often  supersedes  the  common  variety.        Spring  Beauty. 

Order  LI.     1LLECEBRE.E.     Lind. 

Sepals  5,  seldom  3  or  4,  distinct  or  more  or  less  cohering. 
Petals  minute,  inserted  upon  the  calyx  between  the  lobes,  oc- 
casionlly  wanting.  Stamens  perigynous,  exactly  opposite  the 
sepals,  if  equal  to  them  in  number,  sometimes  fewer  by  abor- 
tion ;  filaments  distinct ;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  superior  ; 
styles  2  or  3,  distinct  or  partially  combined.  Fruit  small,  dry, 
1-celled,  either  indehisccnt,  or  opening  with  3-valves.  Seeds 
either  numerous,  upon  a  free  central  placenta,  or  solitary  and 
pendulous  from  a  funiculus  originating  in  the  base  of  the  cavi- 
ty of  the  fruit ;  albumen  farinaceous  ;  embryo  lying  on  one 
side  of  the  albumen,  more  or  less  curved,  with  the  radicle  al- 
ways pointing  to  the  hilum  ;  cotyledons  small. 

Herbs  or  half  shrubby  plants.  Leaves  opposite  or  alter- 
nate, entire,  with  scarious  stipules. 

1.     ANYCHIA.     Mick. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  sepals  connivent,  subsaccate,  callous  at 
the  apex.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3 — 5  ;  filaments  distinct. 
Style  none.  Stigmas  2,  subcapitate.  Capsules  indehiscent, 
1-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  calyx. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  A.  dichotoma  Mich. :  stem  erect  or  spreading,  dichotomously 
branched,  pubescent ;  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  smooth,  acute  ; 
flowers  solitary,  terminal  and  axillary,  very  minute,  on  very  short  pedi- 
cels, about  as  long  as  the  stipules. — A.  canadensis  Ell.  —  Queria  cana- 
densit  Linn. 

Hab.  Dry  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  #.— Stem  6— 12 
inches  high,  very  pubescent.  Fluicers  solitary,  terminal,  very 
minute.  Forked  Clmkicecd. 

2.  A.  capillacca  Dc  Cand. :  stem  very  smooth  and  slender  ;  leaves 
ovate  ;  stipules  shorter  than  the  flowers  ;  flowers  remote. — A.  dichoto- 
my b.  Torr.  —  Queria  capillacca  Nutt. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  N.J.  Aug.  0.— Probably  only  a  variety 
of  the  former. 


132  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Order  LII.     SCLERANTHE.E.     Lind. 

Floicers  monoclinous.  Calyx  4  or  5-toothed,  with  an  urce- 
olate  tube.  Stamens  1 — 10,  inserted  into  the  orifice  of  the 
tube.  Ovary  simple,  superior,  1-seeded.  Styles  1  or  2, 
emarginate  at  the  apex.  Fruit  a  membranous  utricle,  enclosed 
within  the  hardened  calyx.  Seed  pendulous  from  the  apex  of 
a  funiculus,  which  arises  from  the  bottom  of  the  cell ;  embryo 
cylindrical,  curved  round  farinaceous  albumen. 

Small  herbs.     Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules. 

1.     SCLERANTHUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent  ;  tube  urceolate.  Petals  none. 
Stamens  10,  rarely  5  or  2.  Styles  2.  Capsule  very  smooth, 
without  valves,  covered  by  the  indurated  tube  of  the  calyx. 

Decandria.  Digynia. 

S.  annuus  Linn.  :  stems  spreading,  slightly  .pubescent ;  flowers  de» 
candrous  ;  calyx  of  the  fruit  spreading,  acute. 

Hab.     Sandy  fields.     N.  S.     July.     ©. — Stems  numerous,   pro- 
cumbent.    Floicers  very  small,  green,  in  axillary  fascicles. 

Knawel. 

Order  LIII.     CRASSULACE.E.     De  Cand.     Land. 

Sepals  3 — 20,  more  or  less  united  at  the  base.  Petals  in- 
serted in  the  bottom  of  the  calyx,  distinct  or  cohering  in  a  mo- 
nopetalous  corol.  Stamens  inserted  with  the  petals,  either 
equal  to  them  in  number  and  alternate  with  them,  or  twice  as 
many ;  filaments  distinct,  subulate ;  anthers  2-celled,  burst- 
ing lengthwise.  Hypogynous  scales  several,  1  at  the  base  of 
each  ovary,  sometimes  obsolete.  Ovaries  as  many  as  the 
petals,  1-celled,  tapering  into  stigmas.  Fruit  consisting  of 
several  follicles,  opening  by  the  suture  in  their  face.  Seeds 
attached  to  the  margins  of  the  suture,  variable  in  number  ; 
embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  the  albumen,  with  the  radicle 
pointing  to  the  hilum. 

Succulent  herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  entire  or  pinnatifid  ; 
stipules  none.  Flowers  usually  in  cymes,  sessile,  often  ar- 
ranged unilaterally  along  the  divisions  of  the  cymes. 


FICOIDE.E.  133 

1.  TILL^A.     Link. 

Calyx  3 — 4-parted.  Petals  3 — 4,  oblong,  acuminate. 
Stamens  3 — 4.  Scales  none  or  minute.  Carpels  3 — 4, 
somewhat  contracted  in  the  middle,   2-seeded. 

Tetrandria.    Tctragynia. 
T.  simplex  Nutt.  :  stem  erect  and  simple  ;  leaves  connate,  oblong- 
linear  and  somewhat  acute  ;  flowers  alternate,   sessile  ;  petals  erect, 
twice  as  long  as  the  cal}-x. 

Hab.  Muddy  banks  of  streams.  N.  S.  July.  Aug.  0. — Plant 
minute. — Mr.  Xuttall  has  given  a  figure  and  detailed  description 
of  this  plant  in  the  Journal  of  the  Philadelphia  Acad.  i.  114. 

2.  SEDUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted  ;  sepals  ovate,  often  turgid  and  leafy.  Pe- 
tal* 5,  often  spreading.  Stamens  twice  the  number  of  the 
petals.  Carpels  j,  with  a  nectariferous  scale  at  the  base  of 
each.  Dccandria.    Pentagynia. 

1.  S.  tcrnaUnn  Mich. :  stem  creeping,  a  little  scabrous  ;  leaves  flat, 
rounded-spathulate,  ternate  ;  cymes  mostly  3-spiked  ;  terminal  flow- 
ers decandrous  ;  the  rest  octandrous. — fif.  portulaccoides  MuhL 

Hab.  Rocks.  Penn.  to  Car.  May.  21. — Stem  4 — 6  inches 
long.  Loiccr  leaves  rounded,  the  upper  lanceolate.  Flowers 
white,  sessile.  Stone  Crop. 

2.  8.  dhpliioidcs  Mich.  :  leaves  ovate,  flat,  acute  at  each  end,  tooth- 
ed ;  corymb  fasciculate,  many-flowered. 

Hab.  Rocks.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  1[. — Stem  branching.  Leaves 
alternate,  sometimes  oval.  Corymb  terminal,  many-parted. 
Flowers  pale  purple. 

3.     PENTHORUM.     Linn. 
Calyx  5-parted.     Petals  5.     Stamens  10.     Carpels  5,  con- 
creted at  base  into  a  capsule.      Capsule  5-beaked,   5-celled, 
5-sided  at  the  apex.     Seeds  many. 

Dec  a  n  dria .  Pentagyn  ia . 

P.  sc/loulcs  Linn.  :  stem  branched,  angular  above  :  leaves  alternate, 
lanceolate,  subsessile,  unequally  serrate  ;  flowers  in  terminal  one-sided 
spikes  or  racemes  ;  seeds  numerous,  elliptical. 

Hah.  Overflowed  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  24*. — 
Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.     Flowers  white  or  pale  yellow. 

Virginian  Stone  Crop. 

Order  LI V.     FICOIDE.E.     De  Cand.    Lind. 

Sepals  definite,  usually  5,  but  varying  from  4  to  8,  more  or 
less  combined  at  the  base,  equal  or  unequal.     Petals  indefi- 

12 


134  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

rrite,  coloured,  opening  beneath  bright  sunshine,  sometimes 
wanting.  Stamens  arising  from  the  calyx,  definite  or  indefi- 
nite, distinct ;  anthers  oblong,  incumbent.  Ovary  inferior,  or 
nearly  superior,  many-celled  ;  stigmas  numerous,  distinct. 
Capsule  either  surrounded  by  the  fleshy  calyx,  or  naked,  many- 
celled,  often  5-celled,  opening  in  a  stellate  manner  at  the  apex. 
Seeds  definite  or  indefinite ;  embryo  lying  on  the  outside  of 
mealy  albumen,  curved  or  spiral. 

Shrubs  or  herbs.     Leaves  succulent,  opposite,  simple. 

1.     SESUVIUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  lobes  coloured  within.  Petals 
none.  Stamens  15 — 30,  inserted  at  the  top  of  the  short  caly- 
cine  tube.  Ovary  free,  sessile.  Style  none.  Stigmas  3 — 5. 
Capsule  3,  rarely  4 — 5-celled,  opening  circularly,  many-seed- 
ed. Icosandria.  Di-Pentagynia. 

S.  portulaca  strum  Linn. :  leaves   linear  or  lanceolate-oblong,    flat  ; 
flowers  pedicelled  or  subsessile. 

Hab.  Sea  coast.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  June — Sept.  ZL— Stem  suc- 
culent. Leaves  opposite,  entire.  Floicers  solitary,  axillary,  red- 
dish.— "  Varies  with  flowers  upon  long  pedicels,  S.  pedunculatum 
Pers.  and  with  the  flowers  subsessile,  §.  sessile  Pers." — De  Cand. 


Order  LV.     CACTE^E.     De  Cand.    Lind. 

Septals  numerous,  usually  indefinite  and  confounded  with 
the  petals,  either  crowning  the  ovary  or  covering  its  whole  sur- 
face. Petals  numerous,  usually  indefinite.  Stamens  indefi- 
nite, more  or  less  cohering  with  the  petals  and  sepals  ;  fila- 
ments longer,  filiform  ;  anthers  ovate.  Ovary  fleshy,  1-cell- 
ed  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigmas  numerous,  collected  in  a  cluster. 
Fruit  succulent,  1-celled,  many-seeded,  smooth  or  covered 
with  scales,  scars  or  tubercles.  Seeds  without  albumen  ;  em- 
bryo straight,  curved  or  spiral  ;  cotyledons  flat,  thick,  folia- 
ceous 

Succulent  shrubs,  very  variable  in  form.  Leaves  mostly 
wanting ;  when  present  fleshy,  smooth,  and  entire  or  spine- 
like. 

1.     OPUNTIA.     Tourn. 

Sepals  numerous,  leafy,  adnate  to  the  ovary  ;  outer  ones 
flat,  short ;  inner  ones  petal-like,  obovate,  rosaceous  ;   tube 


GROSSULACEvE.  135 

above  the  ovary  none.  Stamens  numerous,  shorter  than  the 
petals.  Style  cvlindric,  contracted  at  base.  Stigmas  many, 
erect,  thick.  Berry  ovate,  umbilicate  at  the  apex,  tubercu- 
late  and  often  bearing  spines.  Icosandria.  Monogynia. 

0.  vulgaris  Dc  Cand. :  stems  erect  or  procumbent,  destitute  of  pro- 
per leaves,  articulately  proliferous  ;  articulations  compressed,  ovate  ; 
spines  setaceous  ;  flowers  large,  sessile  on  the  margin  of  the  joints  ; 
fruit  succulent,  smooth. — Cactus  opuntia  Linn. 

Hab.  Dry  rocks  and  sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  and  W.  to  Miss. 
June,  July.  2f.. — Flowers  yellow,  sessile.  Fruit  pulpy  and  eat- 
able.    Seeds  numerous,  immersed  in  the  crimson  pulp. 

Prickly  Pear. 

Ordeh  LVI.  GROSSULACE/E.  Lind. 
Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  regular,  coloured.  Petals  4 — 5,  minute, 
inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  4 — 5,  inserted 
alternately  with  the  petals,  very  short.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  style 
2 — 4-cleft.  Berry  crowned  with  the  remains  of  the  flower, 
1-celled  ;  the  cell  filled  with  pulp.  Seeds  numerous,  suspend- 
ed among  the  pulp  by  long  filiform  funiculi  ;  embryo  minute, 
with  the  radicle  next  the  hilum  ;  albumen  corneous. 

Shrubs  either  unarmed  or  spiny.     Leaves  alternate,  lobed. 

1.     RIBES.     Linn. 
Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.     Petals  5.      Stamens  5,  rare- 
ly 6;  filaments  free.     Style  1 — 4  cleft.     Berry  1-celled,  ma- 
ny-seeded. Pentandria.  Monogynia. 
*  Stem  without  thorns.      Ribesia. 

1.  R.  albincrrium  Mich. :  unarmed ;  leaves  short,  acutely  lobed, 
smoothish  ;  nerves  white  ;  racemes  recurved  ;  berries  smooth. 

Hab.     Catskill  mountains.     N.    Y.      April,   May.      *?. — Floiccrs- 
small,  greenish-yellow.     Berries  red.     Pursh. 

2.  R.  trifidum  Mich. ;  unarmed  ;  leaves  moderately  lobed,  smooth 
above,  pubescent  beneath  ;  racemes  loose,  pubescent ;  flowers  rather 
flat,  with  the  segments  of  the  calyx  somewhat  3-cleft  ;  petals  spatu- 
late,  obtuse  ;  berries  hairy. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  April,  May.  Pursh.  *p. — Branches 
weak.     Leaves  with  subacute  lobes.     Corol  purple.    Berries  red. 

3.  R.  rigens  Mirh.  :  unarmed  ;  branches  straight  ;  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  acutely  lobed  and  dentate,  reticulate-rugose,  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  racemes  loose,  many-flowered,  becoming  stiffly  erect  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  obovate,  obtuse  ;  berries  hispid. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  S.  May,  June.  *?. — Racemes  few-flower- 
ed, erect.     Calyx  and  corol  purple.     Berries  red,  hispid. 

Mountain  Currant. 


136  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

4.  R.  prostratum  L'Herit. :  unarmed  ;  branches  smooth,  reclined- 
prostrate  ;  leaves  lobed,  nearly  smooth,  with  the  margin  ciliate  ;  ra- 
cemes somewhat  erect,  loose  ;  calyx  rather  flat ;  petals  deltoid  ; 
bracts  minute  ;  berries  hispid. — R.  glandulosum  Ait. 

Hab.  Mountains,  N.  H.  and  Penn.  May.  T?.— Shrub  2— 3  feet 
high.     Flowers  reddish-yellow,  in  a  loose  raceme.     Berries  red. 

5.  R.  flpridum  Ullld.  :  unarmed ;  branches  smooth,  recurved  ;  leaves 
on  long  petioles,  punctate  both  sides,  acutely  3-lobed,  pubescent ;  ra- 
cemes pendulous,  many-flowered,  white  pubescent ;  calyx  tubular  ; 
bracts  longer  than  the  pedicels  ;  berries  ovate-globose. — R.  recurvatum 
Mich. — R.  pennsyl 'rani cum  Lam. 

Hab.  Woods  and  hedges.  Can.  to  Virg.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer. 
April,  May.  Tp. — Shrub  3 — 4  feet  high.  Floicers  pale  yellow, 
12 — 15  in  a  pendulous  raceme.     Berries  black  and  insipid. 

Wild  Black  Currant. 

**   Stem  thorny.     Grossularia. 
C.  R.  hirtcllum  Mich.  :  spines  subaxillary  ;  branches  somewhat  his- 
pid ;  leaves  small,  half  3-cleft  ;  lobes  subdehtate ;  peduncles  1-flower- 
ed  ;  berries  smooth. 

Hab.  Rocks  on  the  Alleganies,  Can.  to  Vir.  May,  June.  J?. — 
Berries  red.     Pursh. 

7.  R.  gracile  Mich. :  spines  subaxillary  ;  leaves  on  slender  petioles, 
pubescent  on«both  sides  ;  lobes  acute,  dentate,  incised  ;  peduncles  slen- 
der, erect,  about  2-flowered  ;  calyx  tubular,  campanulate  ;  berries  often 
spiny. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  April — June.  ^>. — Shrub 
2 — 3  feet  high.     Petals  white.     Berries  green  becoming  purple. 

8.  R.  trijlorum  IVilld.  :  spines  subaxillary,  short,  leaves  smooth, 
3 — 5-lobed,  incisely  toothed,  on  short  petioles  ;  peduncles  about  3- 
flowered  ;  pedicels  elongated  ;  bracts  very  short  ;  petals  spatulate, 
undulate  ;  styles  hairy,  exserted,  deeply  3-cleft  j  berries  small,  smooth. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  S.  May,  June.  *?.— Shrub  3—4  feet 
high.  Petals  white.  Berries  smooth,  pale  red,  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  common  gooseberry.  Wild  Gooseberry. 

9.  R.  oxycantfwides  Linn. :  larger  spines  subaxillary  ;  smaller  ones 
scattered  over  the  stem  •,  leaves  smooth,  somewhat  3-lobed  ;  lobes  den- 
tafe  ;  peduncles  short,  about  2-flowered  ;  berries  globose,  smooth. 

Hab.  Rocks.  April,  May.  f?. — Shrub  3  feet  high.  Flowers 
pale  yellow.     Berries  purplish-blue. 

10.  R.  lacustre  rursh :  spines  subaxillary,  compound  ;  stem  on  every 
part  aculeate-hispid  ;  leaves  lobed  beyond  the  middle  ;  petioles  villous ; 
racemes  pendulous,  loose,  5 — 6-flowered  ;  berries  hispid. — R.  oxycan- 
tltoidss  var.  lacustris  Pars. — -R.  oxycantlioides  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  H.  April— June.  "*?. — Shrub  3 — 4  feet 
high.  Floicers  small,  greenish-yellow.  Benics  dark  brown,  his- 
pid. 


SAXIFRAGES.  137 

11.  R.  cynosbati  Jacq. :  subaxillary  spines  in  pairs  ;  leaves  with  short 
lobes,  incisely  toothed,  softly  pubescent ;  racemes  nodding,  few-flower- 
ed ;  calyx  erect-campanulate  ;  berries  prickly. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  H.  and  Penn.  April,  June.  *>. — Racemes 
few-flowered.  Calyx  white.  Petals  very  small.  Berry  cover- 
ed with  long  prickles.  Prickly  Gooseberry. 

Order  LVI1.     SAXIFRAGES.     De  Cand.     Lind. 

Calyx  either  superior  or  inferior,  4 — 5-cleft.  Petals  5,  or 
none,  inserted  between  the  lobes  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  5 — 1 0, 
inserted  either  into  the  calyx,  or  beneath  the  ovary.  Disk  either 
hypogynous  or  perigynous.  Ovary  inferior,  or  nearly  supe- 
rior, usually  consisting  of  two  carpels,  1  or  2-celled,  rarely  4 
or  5-celled.  Styles  none.  Stigmas  sessile  on  the  tips  of  the 
lobes  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry,  with  numerous 
minute  seeds.     Embryo  taper  in  the  axis  of  a  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs.     Leaves  simple,  alternate,  without  stipules. 

1.  HYDRANGEA.     Linn. 

Calyx  hemispheric,  adnate  to  the  germ,  5-toothed.  Petals 
5,  regular.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2,  distinct.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  crowned  by  the  styles*  and  teeth  of  the  calyx,  opening 
by  a  foramen  between  the  styles.  (Placed  under  Caprifolia- 
cecz  by  Lindley.)  Decandria.  Digynia. 

1.  H.  vulgaris  Mich.  :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  dentate,  ob- 
tuse at  base,  smooth  beneath  ;  flowers  in  terminal  naked  cymes. — H, 
arborescens  Li)in. 

Hab.  Rocky  situations.  Penn.  Pursh.  July.  Tp. — Shrub 
4 — 6  feet  high.     Floicers  white. 

2.  H.  radiata  Wait. :  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  to- 
mentose  and  white  beneath  ;  cymes  terminal,  radiate. — H.  nivea  Mich. 

Hab.  Penn.-  to  Geor.  Muhl.  July.  *?. — Shrub  6  feet  high. 
Floicers  white,  very  ornamental.  Hydrangea. 

2.  SAXIFRAGA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  entire,  with  short  claws.  Sta- 
mens  10.  Capside  with  2-beaks,  2-celled,  many-seeded,  open- 
ing between  the  beaks.  Decandria.  Digynia. 

1.  S.  virginiensis  Mich.  :  pubescent  ;  stem  nearly  leafless,  corym- 
bose-paniculate ;  leaves  oval,  obtuse,  crenate,  narrowed  at  the  base  into 
a  petiole  ;  flowers  subsessile;  petals  oval,  much  larger  than  the  calyx; 
capsule  half  inferior. — S.  zemalis  Big. — S.  nivalis  Muhl. 

12* 


138  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May. 
21. — Stem  4—12  inches  high.  Radicle  leaves  rather  spathulate. 
Flowers  crowded  near  the  extremities  of  the  branches,  white. 

Early  Saxifrage. 

2.  S.  pennsylvanica  Linn.  :  pubescent  ;  stem  naked  ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  each  extremity,  obsoletely  denticulate  ;  panicle 
oblong  ;  flowers  fasciculate  ;  petals  linear,  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  cap- 
sule superior. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  S.  May,  June.  It. — Stem  1 — 2  some- 
times 3 — 4  feet  high.  Petals  yellowish-green.  Much  larger 
than  the  preceding.     Root  very  astringent.         Large  Saxifrage. 

3.    CHRYSOSPLENIUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft,  coloured.  Corol  none.  Stamens  8 — 10. 
Styles  2.  Capsule  with  two  beaks,  2-valved,  at  length  1-cell- 
ed,  many-seeded.  Decandria.  Digynia. 

C.  oppositifolium  Linn. :  leaves  opposite,  roundish,  narrowed  into  a 
petiole,  slightly  crenate. 

Hab.  Springs  and  brooks.  Can.  to  Car.  April,  May.  11. — 
Plant  succulent,  creeping,  with  small  sessile  flowers.  Stamens 
usually  8.  Golden  Saxifrage. 

4.     MITELLA.     Linn. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  inserted  into  the 
calyx,  laciniate  or  toothed.  Stamens  10.  Styles  2,  united. 
Stigmas  scarcely  distinct.  Capsule  1-celled,  2  valved  ;  valves 
equal.  Decandria.  Digynia. 

1.  M.  diphylla  Linn. :  radicle  leaves  cordate-lobed,  toothed  and  cili- 
ate  ;  cauline  ones  2,  opposite,  smaller  ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  ; 
petals  toothed-pinnatifid ;  calyx  and  capsule  at  length  membranaceous. 

Hab.  On  wet  rocks,  &c.  N.  S.  May.  U-— Stem  8—10  inches 
high.     Flowers  small,  white,  in  a  long  terminal  spike. 

False  Sanicle, 

2.  M.  cordifolia  Linn. :  radicle  leaves  cordate,  sub-3-lobed,  doubly 
crenate  ;  scape  naked  or  with  a  single  leaf,  scaly  at  base  ;  petals  fim- 
briate-pinnatifid. — M.  nuda  Willd. — M.  reniformis  Lam.  Pursh. 

Hab.  Moist  rocks.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June.  U- — Stem  6—8 
inches  high,  sometimes  prostrate  with  creeping  suckers. 

5.     TIARELLA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  with  the  lobes  obtuse.  Petals 
5,  inserted  into  the  calyx,  unguiculate,  entire.  Stamens  10. 
Styles  2,  distinct.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved  ;  valves  une- 
qual. Decandria.  Digynia. 


UMBELLIFERvE.  139 

T.  cordifolia  Linn.  :  leaves  cordate,  acutely  lobed,  dentate  ;  teeth 
mucronate  ;  scape  racemed  ;  petals  with  long  claws. 

Hab.  Shady  rocks.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May.  li.— Scape  8 — 10 
inches  high.     Flowers  white,  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme. 

Mtrc-irort. 

6.     HEUCHERA.     Linn. 

Calyx  persistent,  5-cleft.  Petals  5,  inserted  on  the  calyx. 
Stamens  5.  Styles  2,  distinct,  as  long  as  the  stamens.  Cap- 
sules with  2-beaks,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

Pentandria.  Digynia. 

1.  H.  amcricana  Linn. :  vicidly  pubescent  ;  scape  and  leaves  some- 
what scabrous  ;  leaves  radical,  on  long  pubescent  petioles,  with  round- 
ed and  dentate  lobes  ;  flowers  in  a  long  terminal  panicle  or  thyrse  ; 
calyx  short,  obtuse  ;  petals  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  stamens 
exserted. — H.  cortusa  JSLich. — H.  viscida  Pursh. 

Hab.  Shady  rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  If.— 
Scape  2 — 3  feet  high.  Floiccrs  small,  red,  in  a  long  simple  pani- 
cle.— This  species  has  been  found  by  Dr.  Samuel  B.  Mead  near 
North  Salem,  Westchester  county,  N.  Y.  Alum-root. 

2.  H.  pubescens  Pursh:  pulverulent-pubescent  ;  scape  smooth  be- 
low ;  leaves  somewhat  acutely  lobed,  smooth  beneath,  toothed  ;  teeth 
rounded,  mucronate  ;  peduncles  short,  with  crowded  flowers ;  calyx 
large,  bell-shaped;  petals  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  stamens  scarcely 
exserted. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  and  Virg.  May,  June.  2X. — Scape 
2  feet  high.     Flowers  large,  red  with  yellow. 

7.?     ITEA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  campanulate.  Petals  5,  linear  reflexed,  in- 
serted into  the  calyx.  Stamens  5.  Style  1.  Stigma  capi- 
tate, 2-lobed.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-valved  ;  valves  bent  in- 
wards. (Placed  by  Dr.  Torrey,  with  a  mark  of  doubt,  under 
this  order  ;  by  other  botanists  under  Ericece.  Its  true  place 
does  not  appear  to  be  fully  settled.)  Pentandria,  Monogynia. 

J.  virginica  Linn. 
Hab.     Borders  of  swamps.      N.  J.  to   Car.     June.      *?. — Shrub 
4 — 8  feet  high,  branching.     Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, serrulate,  pubescent  beneath.     Flowers  white,   in  simple 
terminal  racemes. 

Order  LVIII.     UM  BELLI  FERiE.     De  Cand.    hind. 

Calyx  superior,  either  entire  or  5-toothed.  Petals  5,  in- 
serted on  the  outside  of  a  fleshy  disk.     Stamens  5,  alternate 


140  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

with  the  petals.  Styles  2,  distinct;  stigmas  simple.  Fruit 
consisting  of  two  carpels,  which  are  attached  to  a  common  axis 
by  their  face  (the  co?nmissure)  from  which  they  separate  when 
ripe ;  each  carpel  traversed  by  ribs  or  ridges,  of  which  5  are 
primary,  and  4  alternating  with  them,  secondary.  Seed  soli- 
tary, pendulous  ;  embrijo  minute,  at  the  base  of  a  horny  albu- 
men. 

Herbs  with  fistular  furrowed  stems.  Leaves  mostly  com- 
pound and  sheathing  at  the  base.     Flowers  in  umbels. 

Suborder  1.     ORTHOSPERMjE. 

Albumen  flat  or  flattish  within. 

*  Umbels  simple  or  imperfect. 
1.     HYDRQCOTYLE.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  subcompressed,  and  the  margin  of  the 
limb  obsolete.  Petals  ovate,  entire,  acute,  with  apex  straight. 
Fruit  laterally  compressed  ;  ribs  5,  filiform,  the  middle  and 
lateral  ones  often  obsolete. — Umbel  simple.  Involucre  few- 
leaved.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

1.  H.  intemtpta  Muhl.  :  stem  filiform,  creeping,  rooting  at  the  joints, 
smooth  ;  leaves  peltate,  orbicular,  doubly  crenate ;  flowers  5 — 8  in 
axillary  umbellate  heads.- — H.  vulgaris  Mich. 

Ha^.  Wet  places.  Can.  to  Geor.  Pursh.  June — Aug.  11. — 
Flowers  minute,  white,  in  small  umbels  or  bunches,  which  are 
much  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Marsh  Penny-wort. 

2.  H.  umbellata Linn.  :  stem  glabrous,  rooting  at  the  joints;  leaves 
peltate-orbicular,  doubly  crenate  ;  emarginate  at  the  base  ;  umbels 
20 — 30-flowered  ;  flowers  distinct,  pedicelled. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  June— Aug.  If. —  Umbels  on 
peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves.     Flowers  white,  minute. 

3.  H.  americana  Linn.  :  root  tuberous  ;  stem  filiform,  with  long 
creeping  suckers ;  leaves  reniform,  slightly  7-lobed,  crenate ;  umbels 
few-flowered,  axillary,  nearly  sessile. 

Hab.  Moist  places.  Can.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  11 . — Leaves 
nearly  orbicular,  9-nerved.  Umbels  4 — 6  flowered,  axillary. 
Petals  greenish- white. 

4.  H.  cymbalarifolia  Muhl. :  creeping,  glabrous ;  leaves  reniform, 
3-lobed,  the  intermediate  one  smaller,  cordate,  crenate  ;  umbels 
Few-flowered,  on  peduncles  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile. — H.  ranunculoides 
Linn.f.Torr. 

Hab.  Penn.  to  Geor.  June.  H. — Differs  from  the  former  in 
having  the  leaves  smaller,  more  coriaceous  in  their  texture,  more 


UMBELLIFERiE.  141 

distinctly  lobed,  and  in  having  the  umbel  pedunculate. — Spren- 
gel  considers  this  species  identical  with  H.  nitidula  Mich. 

2.  CRANTZIA.     Nutt. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  subglobose  ;  limb  nearly  wanting.  Pe- 
tals roundish,  entire,  obtuse.  Styles  obtuse.  Fruit  round- 
ish ;  commissure  excavated.  Carpels  (Mericarpia  D.  C.) 
unequal,  with  3  marginated  dorsal  ribs,  and  4  obtuse-angled 
grooves. — Umbel  simple.  Involucre  [5 — 6-leaved.  Flowers 
white.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

C.  lincata  Ni/t/.—Hydrocotylc  lincata  Mich.    Torr. 

Hab.  Muddy  banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  July.  If. — 
Stem  smooth,  creeping.  Leaves  about  2  at  each  joint,  11-2  inch 
long,  thick,  sessile,  linear,  cuneate,  with  transverse  lines.  Urn." 
bcls  8 — 10  flowered,  on  long  peduncles.  Flowers  pedicellate, 
white. 

3.  ERIGENIA.     Nutt. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  5,  obovate,  entire, 
equal.  Styles  persistent,  very  long,  subulate.  Fruit  oval, 
somewhat  laterally  compressed.  Carpels  gibbously  convex, 
marked  with  3  striae. — Umbel  irregular,  imperfect.  General 
involucre  none  ;  partial  one  a  few  unequal  leafets.  Petals 
white.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

E.  hulbosa  Nutt. — Hydrocotylc  composita  Pursh. — H.  bijnnnata  Mu/tl. 
— Sison  bulbosum  Mic/t. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Lancaster,  Penn.  and  W.  to  Miss.  March, 
April.  11. — Root  globose,  tuberous.  Stern  simple,  4 — 5  inches 
high,  2-leaved.  Leaves  3-parted  ;  partitions  subpinnate  ;  seg- 
ments rhomboidal,  cleft.  Umbels  terminal,  3 — 5  flowered.  Flow - 
ers  white. — The  habit  of  this  plant  is  so  decidedly  different  from 
Hydrocotylc  as  to  warrant  its  separation. 

4.     SANICULA.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  echinate  and  the  lobes  persistent.  Pe- 
tals erect  connivent,  obovate,  deeply  emarginate.  Fruit  sub- 
globose,  solid,  not  ribbed,  armed  with  uncinate  bristles. — Um- 
bels few-rayed.  Leafets  of  the  involucre  few,  often  divided. 
Flowers  polygamous.  Pentandria.  Digynia, 

S.  marilandica  Linn. :  leaves  digitate  ;  leafets  oblong,  incisely  ser- 
rate ;  flowers  in  small  head-form  umbels  ;  fertile  ones  sessile,  sterile 
ones  pedicellate. 

b.  canadensis  Torr.  :  leaves  subternate  ;  leafets  ovate,  coarsely 
toothed. — S.  canadensis  Linn. 


142  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June,  Aug.  21.— Stem 
2  feet  high,  erect,  smooth.  Flowers  greenish- white. — Var.  b.  is 
found,  according  to  Mr.  Brace,  at  Litchfield,  Conn. 

5.     ERYNGIUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted ;  tube  rough  with  scales.  Petals  erect, 
connivent,  oblong-obovate,  deeply  emarginate.  Fruit  scaly 
or  tuberculosa — Flowers  in  a  roundish  -or  oblong  head.  Low- 
er bracts  often  large  and  resembling  an  involucre  ;  the  rest 
(chaff,)  mixed  with  the  flowers.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

1.  E.  aquaticum  Linn. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  nerved,  remotely 
ciliate-spinose  ;  lower  ones  subensiform  ;  those  of  the  flowers  lanceo- 
late, dentate;  flowers  in  ovate  heads,  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches; 
leafets  of  the  involucre  8 — 9,  shorter  than  the  head  and  with  the  chaff 
entire. — E.  yuccctfolium  Mich. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  J.?  to  Geor.  Aug.  U-— Stem  2— 3 
feet  high,  smooth,  dichotomous  above.  Flowers  white  or  pale 
blue.  Leaves  12 — 18  inches  long.  Medicinal.  See  Ell.  Sk.  i. 
343.  Button  Snake-root. 

2.  E.  virginianum  Lam. :  leaves  long-lanceolate,  serrate,  tapering  at 
each  end  ;  flowers  in  large  terminal  umbels  or  corymbs  ;  leafets  of  the 
involucre  7 — 8,  longer  than  the  heads,  laciniate,  subulate,  whitish  be- 
neath ;  chaff  3-cleft.— _E.  aquaticum  Mich. 

Hab.  Marshes.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  U-Stem  3—4 
feet  high,  hollow.  Leaves  6 — 8  inches  long.  Flowers  pale  blue 
or  white. 

3.  E.  virgatum  Lam.  :  leaves  spatulate-ovate,  irregularly  toothed, 
short  petioled,  sometimes  a  little  cordate  ;  heads  of  flowers  small,  pe- 
dunculate, shorter  than  the  linear  leafets  of  the  involucre  ;  chaff  3-cleft. 
■ — E.  ovalifolium  Mich.  Ell. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  July.  21. — SCem  2—3 
feet  high,  simple,  branching  above.  Leaves  about  2  inches  long. 
Flowers  blue,  in  small  heads. 

*#  Umbels  compound  or  perfect. 

6.     CICUTA.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  5-toothed.  Petals  obcordate,  reflex- 
ed.  Fruit  roundish,  didymous,  laterally  contracted.  Carpels 
with  5  equal  flattish  ribs  ;  the  lateral  ribs  margined. — Gene- 
ral involucre  none  or  few-leaved;  partial  one  many  leaved. 
Flowers  white.  -  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

1.  C.  maculata  Linn.  :  stem  spotted ;  lower  leaves  triternate  and 
quinate;  upper  biternate  ;  segments  lanceolate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  mucronately  serrate  ;  umbels  large,  axillary  and  terminal ; 
partial  involucre  of  5—6  setaceous  leaves. 


UMBELLIFERiE.  143 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July*  Aug. 
21. — Stem  3 — 4  feet  high,  terete,  smooth.  Petals  white,  obcor- 
date.     Poisonous  and  medicinal.     Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  125. 

Water  Hemlock. 

2.  C.  bul/iift  ra  Linn. :  leaves  various,  ternate  and  biternate ;  leafets 
linear  and  linear-lanceolate,  remotely  toothed  ;  umbels  small,'  termi- 
nal, solitary;  partial  involucre  of  3 — 5  subulate  leaves;  axils  of  the 
leaves  bulbiferous. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Aug.  21. — Stem  2 — 3  feet 
high,  smooth  and  slender.      Umbels  small.     Floicers  white. 

7.     ZIZIA.     Koch.  De  Cand. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete  or  very  short,  5-toothed. 
Petals  elliptic,  attenuated  into  a  long  indexed  point.  Fruit 
laterally  contracted,  subdidymous,  roundish  or  oval.  Carpels 
with  5  prominent  equal  ribs  ;  the  lateral  ribs  margined. — Ge- 
neral involucre  none  ;  partial  one  few-leaved.  Flowers  yel- 
low, rarely  white  or  dark  purple.  Pentandria.  Digijnia. 

1.  Z  avrca  Koch:  leaves  biternate,  shining;  segments  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, attenuate  at  base,  incisely  serrate  ;  partial  involucre  3-leaved, 
unilateral. —  Siiiijmium  aurcum  Linn. — Sison  aureus  Sprcng.  Ton. — 
Thaspium  aureum  Xutf. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July. 
IT. — Stt  in  1  1-2  to  2  feet  high.  Rays  of  the  umbel  short.  Floic- 
i  rs  bright  yellow. 

2.  Z.  cordata  Koch :  radical  leaves  undivided,  cordate,  crenate,  pe- 
tiolate  ;  cauline  ones  subsessile,  ternate  ;  segments  petiolate,  ovate, 
cordate,  serrate  ;  partial  involucre  1-leaved. — Smymium  cor  datum  Walt. 
— &  trifoliatum  Xutt. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  21 . — 
Stem  12 — IS  inches  high,  smooth.    Flowers  yellow.  Fruit  black. 

3.  Z.  intcgerrima  Dc  Cand.  :  leaves  biternate,  somewhat  glaucous  ; 
segments  ovate,  very  entire  ;  partial  involucre  1-leaved,  very  short. — 
Simjrnium  infi airrinimn  Linn.  —  Sison  integerrimus  Sprcng.    Torr. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  21. — 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Umbel  with  elongated  filiform  rays.  Flow- 
ers yellow. 

8.     DISCOPLEURA.     De  Cand. 

Cahix  with  5  subulate  persistent  teeth.  Petals  ovate,  en- 
tire. Fruit  ovate,  subdidymous.  Carpels  with  5  ribs;  3 
dorsal  ribs  filiform,  exsert,  subacute  ;  2  lateral  ones  with  a 
thick  margin — Leaves  much  divided  ;  the  segments  linear. 
Partial  involucre  a  few  linear  setaceous  leafets.  Flowers 
white.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 


144  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

D.  capillacea  De  Cand. :  stem  erect  or  procumbent ;  umbels  3 — 10- 
rayed  ;  leafets  of  the  involucre  3 — 5,  mostly  3-cleft. — Ammi  majus 
Walt. — Ammi  capillaceum  Spreng. 

Hab.  Bogs.  N.  Y.  toGeor.  July— Sept.  #.— Stem  1—2  feet 
long,  geniculate,  smooth.  Leaves  many-parted,  with  the  seg- 
ments all  linear.     Flowers  white,  on  axillary  umbels. 

Bishop  Weed. 

9.     CRYPTOTiENIA.     De  Cand. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  obovate,  sub- 
entire,'  inflexed.  Fruit  laterally  contracted,  linear-oblong, 
crowned  with  straight  styles.  Carpels  with  5  equal  filiform 
obtuse  ribs. — Umbels  numerous,  arranged  somewhat  in  the 
form  of  a  panicle.  Rays  few.  General  involucre  none  ;  par- 
tial one  few  leaved.     Flowers  white.    Pentandria.  Digynia. 

• 

C.  canadensis  De  Cand.  :  leaves  ternate,  smooth ;  leafets  rhomboid- 
ovate,  acute,  incisely  toothed,  acutely  serrate;  umbels  numerous,  lower 
ones  rising  from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  ;  fruit  oblong,  rostrate 
with  the  persistent  styles. — Sison  canadense  Linn. — Clueroplujllum  cana- 
dense  Pers.  Pursh. — Myrrhis  canadensis  Nutt.   Torr. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  If. — Stem2— 3  feet 
high,  erect,  smooth.     Flowers  white. 

10.     SIUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  5  toothed,  often  obsolete.  Petals 
obovate,  emarginate,  inflexed.  Styles  divergent-reflexed,  ca- 
pitulate at  the  apex.  Fruit  compressed  or  contracted  at  the 
side,  subdidymous,  crowned  with  the  styles.  Carpels  with 
equal  filiform  and  somewhat  obtuse  ribs. — Mostly  aquatics. 
Leaves  pinnate.  Umbels  terminal.  Involucre  many-leaved, 
rarely  wanting.     Flowers  white.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

1.  &  latifolium  Linn.  :  root  creeping  ;  stem  erect,  angular  ;  leaves 
pinnate  ;  leafets  ovate-lanceolate,  unequal  at  base,  sessile,  smooth, 
equally  serrate,  sometimes  pinnatifid  ;  umbels  terminal,  large,  many- 
rayed  ;  involucres  many-leaved. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  If. — Stem  2—4  feet  high. 
Flowers  white. — When  growing  in  water  the  lower  leaves  are 
bipinnatifid,  or  have  the  leafets  laciniate.  Water  Parsnip. 

2.  S.  linear e  Mich. :  stem  erect,  smooth,  angular  and  sulcate ;  lower 
leaves  pinnate,  upper  ones  ternate ;  leafets  linear-lanceolate,  acutely 
and  finely  serrate  ;  umbel  terminal,  with  short  rays  ;  involucres  many- 
leaved,  linear. — <S.  tenujfolium  Muhl. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  S.  July.  1L — Stem  tall.  Leafets  very 
long  and  narrow.     Flowers  white. 


UMBELLIFERiE.  145 

11.     BUPLEURUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  roundish,  entire, 
involute.  Fruit  laterally  compressed  or  subdidyrnous,  crown- 
ed with  the  depressed  style.  Carpels  with  5  winged  acute, 
filiform  or  obsolete  ribs  ;  lateral  ribs  marginal. — Leaves  most- 
ly simple.  Umbel  compound.  Involucre  various.  Flowers 
yellow.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

B.  rotund  if oliii  in  Linn. :  stem  leaves  perfoliate,  roundish-ovate  :  um- 
bel 5-rayed  ;  general  involucre  none  ;  partial  one  of  5-mucronate  leaf- 
ets. — B.  pcrfoliatunt  Lean, 

Hab.  Near  cultivated  grounds.  O- — Introduced,  but  apparently 
growing  wild  near  North  Salem,  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.  Dr. 
Sa7?vucl  B.  Mead. 

12.     ^THUSA.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  obovate,  emar- 
ginate,  inflexcd.  Fruit  ovate-globose.  Carpels  with  5  ele- 
vated, thick  and  acutely  keeled  ribs  ;  the  lateral  ribs  margined 
and  a  little  broader,  and  surrounded  by  a  somewhat  winged 
keel. — Leaves  much  divided.  General  involucre  none  or  1- 
leaved  ;  partial  one  1 — 3  or  5  leaves.     Flowers  white. 

Pentandria.  Digynia. 

.£.  ajnap'.um  Linn. :  leaves  bi-  and  tri-pinnate.  dark  green;  segments 
ovate-lanceolate  ;   umbels  terminal. 

Hab.  Road  sides,  &c  Boston,  probably  introduced.  Big.  July, 
Aug.  0. — Stem  about  a  foot  high,  smooth.  Floiccrs  white,  in 
many  rayed  umbels — Said  to  resemble  Conium  maculatum,  but 
is  smaller.     Poisonous.  FooVs  Parsley. 

13.     CNIDIUM.     Cuss.     De  Cand. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  obovate,  emargin- 
ate,  reflexed.  Fruit  roundish  in  the  transverse  section.  Car- 
pels with  5  equal  winged  ribs  ;  wings  membranaceous  ;  late- 
ral ribs  margined. — General  involucre  various  ;  partial  one 
many-leaved.  Flowers  white  or  reddish.  Allied  to  Seseli, 
but  differs,  in  the  membranaceous-winged  ribs  of  the  fruit,  and 
the  obsolete  margin  of  the  calyx.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

T.  canadensis  Spreng. :  stem  angular,  flexuous ;  leaves  bipinnate, 
shining  ;  leafets  many-parted  ;  segments  lanceolate  ;  involucres  many- 
leaved. — Selinum  canadense  Mich.  Pursh. — Apium  bipinnatum  Walt. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  21. — Floiccrs 
white.     Pursh. 

13 


146  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

14.     THASPIUM.     Nutt. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  5-toothed.  Petals  elliptic,  attenu- 
ated into  a  long  inflexed  point.  Fruit  not  contracted  at  the 
side,  subelliptic.  Carpels  convex,  with  5  winged  ribs  ;  wings 
subequal  ;  intervals  grooved. — General  involucre  none  ;  par- 
tial one  about  3-leaved.  Differs  from  Cnidium  in  its  5-tooth- 
ed calyx, — petals  not  emarginate, — involucels  3-leaved — and 
in  its  habit.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

*    Umbels  opposite.     Floiccrs  dark  purple. 

1.  T.  atropurpureum  Nutt. :  stem  smooth,  dichotomously  branched  ; 
radical  leaves  subcordate,  simple,  serrate  ;  cauline  ones  ternate ;  leafets 
ovate,  acute,  subcordate.  —  Cnidium  atropurpureum  Spreng.   Torr. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds.  N.  S.  June.  11. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high. 
Petals  dark  purple.     Fruit  small,  with  membranaceous  wings. 

**    Umbels  terminal.     Floicers  yelloic. 

2.  T.  actarifolium  Nutt. :  stem  very  tall,  smooth  and  straight ;  lower 
leaves  tri-ternate  ;  upper  ones  bi-ternate  ;  leafets  oval,  coarsely  tooth- 
ed; umbels  numerous,  terminal,  somewhat  whorled  ;  partial  involucre 
setaceous. — Ligusticum  actaifolium  Mich.    Torr. 

Hab.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  U.—Stem  3—4  feet  high.  Fruit  ob- 
long-oval, with  the  ribs  somewhat  winged. 

3.  T.  barbinode  Nutt. :  petioles  and  nodes  of  the  stem  pubescent ; 
lower  leaves  tri-ternate ;  upper  ones  bi-ternate ;  segments  cuneate- 
ovate,  acute,  unequally  and  incisely  serrate,  entire  at  the  base  ;  partial 
involucre  3-leaved,  setaceous. — Ligusticum  barbinode  Mich.—Smijrnium 
barbinode  MuJil. — Thapsia  trifoliata  Spreng.    Torr. 

Hab.  Banks  of  the  Schuylkill,  near  Philadelphia.  Nutt.  Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.     Floiccrs  yellow,  in  a  terminal  umbel. 

15.     LIGUSTICUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  5-toothed  or  obsolete.  Petals  obo- 
vate,  acute,  emarginate,  inflexed  ;  claw  very  short.  Fruit 
roundish  in  the  transverse  section,  or  slightly  laterally  com- 
pressed. Carpels  with  5  equal  and  somewhat  winged  ribs  ; 
the  lateral  ones  margined. — Involucre  various — partial  one 
many-leaved.     Flowers  white.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

L.  scoticum  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  smooth  and  striate  ;  lower  leaves  bi- 
ternate  ;  upper  ones  ternate  and  nearly  sessile  ;  leafets  broadly  ovate, 
coarsely  serrate  ;  umbels  many-rayed  ;  flowers  equal }  petals  inflexed  ; 
involucres  linear-lanceolate,  5 — 7-leaved. 

Hab.  Borders  of  salt  marshes.  Salem,  Mass.  Big.  Aug.  It. 
— Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.  Flowers  white.  Identical  with  the 
foreign  plant.  Sea  Lavage. 


f 


UMBELLIFERiE.  147 

16.     ANGELICA.     Liiin. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  lanceolate,  entire 
acuminate,  with  a  straight  or  incurved  point.  Fruit  com- 
pressed on  the  back,  with  the  central  raphe  two-winged  on 
each  side.  Carpels  with  3-dorsal  filiform  elevated  ribs  ;  the 
2  lateral  ribs  dilated  into  a  membranaceous  wing. — Umbels 
terminal.  General  involucre  none  or  few-leaved;  partial  one 
many-leaved.     Flowers  white.  Pentandria.  Digynia, 

1.  A.  iriqirinafa  Mich.  :  stem  terete,  pubescent  above;  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  ternate,  the  partitions  quinate  ;  leafets  oblong-ovate,  equally 
serrate,  smooth  ;  lower  ones  2-lobed  at  the  base  ;  general  involucre 
none  ;  partial  one  of  6 — 8  subulate  leaves,  directed  to  one  side. — A. 
hirsute  MuhL — Ferula  villosa  Walt. 

Hab.  Dry  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  !(.— Stem  2—3 
feet  high,  erect  and  straight,  white,  villous  below  the  umbel. 
Leafets  ovate  or  subrhomboidal.  Umbels  mostly  3.  Floicers  nu- 
merous, white. 

2.  A.  atropurjmrca  Lam. :  stem  large,  smooth,  coloured  ;  leaves  ter- 
nate,  on  large  inflated  sheathing  petioles  ;  partitions  subquinate  ;  leaf- 
ets large,  oblong-ovate,  coarsely  serrate,  sublobed  ;  the  three  terminal 
ones  often  united  at  base  ;  general  involucre  none  ;  partial  one  of 
8 — 10  subulate  leaves. — A.  triquinata  Big. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  June.  11. — Stnn  3 — 6  feet  high,  purplish. 
(Dr.  Darlington  says  it  is  often  nearly  the  size  of  a  man's  arm 
at  base.)  Flowers  white. — This,  undoubtedly,  is  the  A.  atropur- 
jmrca of  most  of  our  American  botanists,  except  Dr.  Bigelow  ; 
but  whether  it  be  the  true  Linnsan  plant  I  have  no  means  of  de- 
termining. Our  A.  atropurpurea  is  much  larger  than  A.  triquin- 
ata, has  its  leafets  large  and  ovate-oblong,  instead  of  small  and 
ovate.     Plant  powerfully  aromatic.     Root  poisonous. 

Common  Angelica. 

3.  A.  lucida  Linn. :  stem  erect,  glabrous  ;  leaves  bi-  and  tri-pinnate  ; 
leafets  equal,  ovate,  cuneate  at  base,  incisely  serrate ;  general  involu- 
cre about  5-leaved  ;  partial  one  subulate. — Inperatoria  lucida  Nutt.  f 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Pitrsji.  June,  July.  11.— 
f<tcm  1 — 2  feet  high.     Flowers  white.     Root  aromatic. 

17.     ARCHEMORA.      De  Cand. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  5-toothed.  Petals  obcordate,  in- 
flexed.  Fruit  dorsally  compressed,  flat,  oval  or  obovate.  Car- 
pels with  5  subcarinate  equidistant  filiform  ribs  ;  lateral  ribs 
dilated  into  a  membranaceous  margin  nearly  as  broad  as  the 
seed. — General  involucre  none  or  few-leaved  ;  partial  one 
many-leaved.  Flowers  white. — Has  the  habit  of  (Enanthe 
or  Sium  ;  the  fruit  of  Pastinaca.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 


148  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

1.  A.  rigida  Be  Cartel. :  stem  erect,  rigid,  striate  ;  leaves  pinnate, 
smooth  ;  leafets  4 — 5  pairs,  large,  oblong-lanceolate,  entire  or  with 
several  remote  teeth  :  umbels  terminal,  on  long  peduncles  ;  general 
involucre  none  ;  partial  one  of  6 — 8  subulate  leaves  ;  fruit  much  com- 
pressed.— Sium  rigidius  Linn. — Sium  marginatum  Mich. — Pastinaca 
rigida  Spreng.    Torr. — (Enanthe  rigida  Nutt. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  J.  to  S.  Car.  Sept.  24..— Stem  2—4  feet 
high.  leaves  with  a  white  and  sometimes  scabrous  margin. 
Flmccrs  white. 

2.  A.  ambigua  Dc  Cand.  :  stem  erect,  slightly  angular ;  leaves  pin- 
nate, smooth ;  leafets  narrow-linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  long,  mostly 
entire,  somewhat  glaucous  beneath  ;  umbels  terminal,  subsolitary  ; 
general  involucre  none  ;  partial  one  of  3 — 5  subulate  leaves. — 
(Enanthe  ambigua  Ntitt. — Pastinaca  ambigua  Torr. — Sium  longifuliam 
Pursk. 

Hab.  Brackish  swamps.  N.  J.  Aug.  It. — Stem  3 — 5  feet 
high.  Floiccrs  white. — Dr.  Torrey  considers  this  plant  identical 
with  (Enanthe  ambigua  of  Nuttall ;  while  according  to  the  latter 
botanist  it  is  undoubtedly  Sium  lincare  of  Linnaeus.  The  prin- 
cipal difference  between  the  present  plant  as  characterized  by 
Torrey  and  Sf.  lineare,  consists  in  the  absence  of  the  general 
involucre.  Dr.  Asa  Gray  informs  me  that  this  species  has  been 
found  in  the  sandy  swamps  of  Michigan. 

18.  PASTINACA.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete  or  minutely  denticulate. 
Petals  roundish,  entire,  involute.  Fruit  dorsally  and  flatly 
compressed,  surrounded  by  a  diiated  margin.  Carpels  with 
very  slender  ribs  ;  3  intermediate  ribs  equidistant ;  2  lateral 
ones  contiguous. — Umbels'  compound.  Involucres  none  or 
few-leaved.     Flowers  yellow.  Penta?idria.  Digynia. 

P.  sativa  Linn.  :  stem  smooth,  sulcate  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  ses- 
sile, subpubescent  beneath,  oblong,  incised,  terminal  one  3-lobed  ;  um- 
bels large,  terminal ;  fruit  oval,  much  compressed. 

Hab.  Fields.  July,  Aug.  tf.—Stem  2—3  feet  high.  Flowers 
yellow.     Introduced.  Wild  Parsnip. 

19.  HERACLEUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Petals  obovate,  emarginate,  inflexed ; 
outer  ones  often  rayed,  bifid.  Fruit  dorsally  and  flatly  com- 
pressed, surrounded  by  a  membranaceous  margfn.  Carpels 
with  3  equidistant  ribs  on  the  back ;  2  lateral  ribs  with  a  di- 
lated margin. — Umbels  many-rayed.  General  involucre  ca- 
ducous, often  few-leaved  ;  partial  one  many-leaved. 

Pentandria.  Digynia. 


UMBELLIFER.E.  149 

H.  lanatum  Mich.  :  stem  sulcate,  pubescent  ;  leafets  ternate,  peti- 
oled,  tomentose  beneath  ;  leafets  petioled,  round-cordate,  lobed ;  par- 
tial involucre  5 — 6  leaved  ;  fruit  orbicular. 

Hab.  Meadows.  June.  11. —  Stem  3 — 5  feet  high.  Petioles 
very  broad  and  membranous.  Floiccrs  white,  in  very  large  ter- 
minal umbels. — One  of  our  largest  umbelliferous  plants.  Spren- 
gel  considers  it  identical  with  the  foreign  H.  panaccs  Linn. 

Coic  Parsnip. 

20.  DAUCUS.  Linn. 
Calyx  with  the  margin  5-toothed.  Petals  obovate,  emargi- 
nate,  inflexed  ;  outer  ones  often  rayed  and  deeply  bifid.  Fruit 
somewhat  laterally  compressed,  ovate  or  oblong.  Carpels 
with  ;>  primary  filiform  ribs  ;  3  intermediate  dorsal  ones,  2 
lateral  flat,  placed  on  the  commissure  ;  4  secondary  ones 
equal,  with  prominent  wings,  parted  into  a  simple  aculeate 
series. — General  involucre  with  many  pinnate  or  pinnatifid 
leaves  ;  partial  one  with  many  entire  or  trifid  leafets.  Flow- 
ers white  or  yellow.  Pcntandria.  Digynia. 

D.  carota  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  hispid  ;  leaves  tripinnate  ;  leafets  in- 
cised, linear-lanceolate,  acute  ;  umbel  at  length  concave  ;  fruit  bristly. 
Hab.     Old  fields.    June — Aug.    rf . — Stem  2  feet.    Floicers  white. 
Introduced.  JFild  Carrot. 

gi  border  II.     CAMFYLOSPERiVLE. 
Albumen  involute. 

21.  CHtEROPHYLLUM.  Linn, 
Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  obovate,  emargi- 
nate,  inflexed.  Fruit  not  beaked,  laterally  contracted  or  com- 
pressed. Carpels  with  5  obtuse  equal  ribs  ;  lateral  ribs  mar- 
gined.— General  involucre  none  or  few-leaved  ;  partial  one 
many-leaved.     Flowers  white,  sometimes  reddish. 

Fentandria.  Digynia. 

C.  procumbens  Imih.  :  stem  procumbent,  somewhat  hairy  ;  leaves 
bipinnate  ;  segments  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse  ;  umbels  terminal,  3- 
rayed  ;  partial  involucre  of  4 — 5  ovate  ciliate  leaves  ;  fruit  prismatic, 
smooth,  crowned  with  the  persistent  styles. — Scandiz  procumbens  Linn. 
— Mi/rrhis  procumbens  and  M.  Infida  Sfpreng. 

Hab.  In  shady  situations.  N.  Y.  to  S.  Cai.  May.  0. — Stem 
6—8  inches  high.  Umbel  bifid,  few-floweied.  Flowers  small, 
white. 

22      OSMORHIZA.    Rof. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  ovate,  scarcely 
emarginate,  witb  a  very  short  inflexed  point.   Fruit  elongated, 

13* 


150  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

attenuated  at  base,  solid,  acute-angled,  in  the  transverse  sec- 
tion roundish.  Carpels  with  hispid  angles  and  5  acute  ribs  ; 
commissure  sulcate. — General  involucre  2 — 3-leaved  ;  partial 
one  often  5-leaved.  Flowers  white  ;  central  ones  sterile  ;  outer 
ones  fertile.  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

1.  O.  longistylis  De  Cand.  :  stem  smooth  and  striate  ;  leaves  biter- 
nate  ;  the  lower  ones  on  short  petioles  ;  leafets  ovate,  incisely  lobed 
and  dentate  ;  umbel  3 — 4-rayed. — Myrrhis  longistylis  Torr. —  Urasper- 
mwn  claytoni  Nutt. — Scandix  dulcis  Muhl. 

Hab.     Wet  meadows.     N.  S.     June.     21.— Stem  3  feet  high.— 
Can  be  most  easily  distinguished  by  its  long  subulate  styles. 

2.  O.  brcvistylis  De  Cand. :  stem  hairy  (at  first  hoary- white)  ;  leaves 
biternate,  pubescent ;  leafets  incisely  lobed,  dentate  ;  umbel  3-rayed  ; 
styles  very  short. — Myrrhis  claytoni  Torr. — Uraspermum  hirsutum  Big.? 

Hab.     Shady  rocks.      Can.  to  Car.     May,    June.     It. — Stem  2 
feet  high.     Floicers  white.     Whole  plant  sweet  tasted. 

Sweet  Cicily. 

23.  CONIUM.  Linn. 
Calyx  with  the  margin  obsolete.  Petals  obcordate,  some- 
what emarginate,  very  short  and  inflexed.  Fruit  ovate,  late- 
rally compressed.  Carpels  with  5  prominent  equal,  undulate 
ribs  ;  the  lateral  ribs  margined. — Involucres  3 — 5-leaved  ; 
partial  one  dimidiate.     Flowers  white,  all  fertile. 

Pentandria.  Digynia. 

C.  maculatum  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  branched,  smooth  and  spotted  ; 
leaves  large,  tripinnate  ;  leafets  lanceolate,  pinnatifid ;  ultimate  seg- 
ments lanceolate,  mostly  entire  ;  general  and  partial  umbels  many- 
rayed  ;  general  involucre  of  several  short  lanceolate  leaves ;  partial 
one  few-leaved,  setaceous,  directed  to  one  side. 

Hab.     Road  sides.     Can.  and  N.  S.     July.     cf.—Stem  2—4  feet 

high.     Leaves  smooth  and  shining.     Floicers  white,  numerous. 

Probably    introduced.     Whole   plant   highly  poisonous ;    fetid 

when  bruised.     Medicinal.—^.  Med.  Bot.  i.  113.— Raf.  Med. 

Fl.  i.  118.  Hemlock. 

Order  LIX.     ARALIACEiE.     De  Cand.    hind. 

Calyx  superior,  entire  or  toothed.  Petals  definite,  5  or  6, 
deciduous.  Stamens  definite,  5  or  6  or  10  or  12,  arising  from 
within  the  border  of  the  calyx,  and  from  without  an  epiginous 
disk.  Ovary  inferior,  with  many  cells  ;  ovules  solitary,  pen- 
dulous ;  styles  equal  in  number  to  the  cells  ;  stigmas  simple. 
Fruit  succulent  or  dry,  consisting  of  several  1-seeded  cells. 
Seeds  solitary,  pendulous. 


ARALIACE.E.  151 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbaceous  plants  with  the  habit  of  umbelli- 
ferse. 

1.     ARALIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-toothed  or  entire.  Coral  5-petalled.  Stamens  5, 
often  more.  Styles  5,  spreading.  Berry  5 — 10-seeded, 
crowned  with  the  styles. — Umbels  often  with  small  involucres. 

Pentandria.  Pentagynia. 

1.  A.  nudicaidis  Linn. :  nearly  stemless  ;  leaf  mostly  solitary,  tri- 
quinate  ;  leafets  sessile,  oblong-oval,  acute,  serrate,  smooth  ;  scape 
naked,  shorter  than  the  leaf,  3-cleft  at  the  top ;  umbels  few,  small,  on 
long  peduncles,  without  involucres. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  W.  to 
Rocky  mountains.  June,  July.  U.. — Root  thick  and  creeping, 
aromatic.  Flowers  small,  3-umbelled,  greenish.    Wild  Sarsaparila. 

2.  A.  racemosa  Linn. :  stem  herbaceous,  branched  ;  petioles  3-part- 
ed  ;  divisions  ternate  and  quinate  ;  leafets  ovate,  often  cordate,  acu- 
minate, sharply  serrate,  mostly  smooth  ;  umbels  numerous,  compound, 
in  large  axillary  panicles  ;  involucre  small,  few-leaved. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Rocky  mountains.  June 
— Aug.  J?. — Stem  3 — 4  feet  high.  Floicers  white. — The  root 
is  highly  aromatic,  and  is  sometimes  used  for  medicinal  purpo- 
ses. Spikenard. 

3.  A.  hispida  Mich. :  low,  sufFruticose  ;  stem  and  petioles  hispid ; 
leavres  doubly  pinnate  ;  leafets  ovate,  sharply  serrate,  unarmed  ;  um- 
bels axillary  and  terminal,  on  long  peduncles. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  July.  *?. — Stem  a  foot 
and  a  half  high,  with  stiff  and  thick  bristles  at  the  base.  Flow- 
ers greenish-white.  Wild  Elder. 

4.  A.  spinosa  Linn.  :  arborescent;  stem  and  leaves  spinous  ;  leaves 
doubly  pinnate;  leafets  ovate-acuminate,  sessile  ;  umbels  numerous,  in. 
compound  panicles  ;  involucre  small,  few-leaved. 

Hab.  Fertile  woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug., 
Sept.  ??. — Shrub  8 — 12  feet  high,  with  the  leaves  crowded  at 
the  summit.  Flowers  white,  in  very  large  terminal  panicles. — 
A  watery  infusion  of  the  bark  is  said  to  be  both  emetic  and  ca- 
thartic.    Ell.  Sk.  i.  373.  Angelica  Tree. 

2.    PANAX.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  margin  very  short  and  obsoletely  5-toothed. 
Petals  5.  Stamens  5,  .inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  disk 
and  alternating  with  the  sepals.  Styles  2 — 3,  short.  Fruit 
fleshy,  compressed,  orbiculate  or  didymous,  2-celled  ;  cells  1- 
seeded. — Flowers  in  simple  umbels,  polygamous. 

Pentandria,  Digynia. 


152  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

1.  P.  quinquefolium  Linn. :  root  fusiform  ;  stem  angular;  leaves  ter- 
nate-quinate ;  leafets  oval,  acuminate,  petioled,  serrate ;  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  petioles  ;  styles  and  seeds  2. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  Lf. — Stem  12  inches 
high.  Flowers  greenish. — Highly  esteemed  by  the  Chinese  for 
its  supposed  medicinal  properties.-^- Big.  Med,  Bot.  ii.  82. 

Ginseng, 

2.  P.  trifolium  Linn.  :  root  tuberous,  roundish  ;  stem  simple,  smooth; 
leaves  ternate ;  leafets  subsessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  styles 
often  3  ;  berry  3-seeded. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  2L — Stem  4 — 6  inches  high. 
Leaves  ternate  or  quinate.  Dtcarf  Ginseng. 

Order  LX.  HAMAMELIDE^.  Be  Cand.  hind. 
Calyx  superior,  in  4  pieces.  Petals  4,  linear,  with  a  val- 
vular aestivation.  Stamens  8,  of  which  4  are  alternate  with 
the  petals,  anthers  turned  inwards,  2-celled,  each  all  opening 
by  a  valve  which  is  finally  deciduous,  and  4  are  sterile,  and 
placed  at  the  base  of  the  petals.  Ovary  2-celled,  inferior, 
Styles  2.  Fruit  half  inferior,  capsular,  usually  opening  with 
two  septiferous  valves.  Seeds  pendulous.  Embryo  in  the 
midst  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Shrubs,  with  deciduous  alternate  leaves  and  small  axillary 
flowers. 

1.     HAMAMELIS.     Linn. 
Calyx  4-lobed,  with  2 — 3  scales  (an  involucre)  external- 
ly at  base.      Petals  4,   long,    ligulate,   alternating  with   the 
lobes  of  the  calyx.     Stamens  4,    with  very  short  filaments. 
Capsule  coriaceous,  2-celled,  2-valved  at  the  top  ;  valves  bifid. 

Tetrandria.  Digynia. 
H.  virginica  Linn.:  leaves  ovate,  acute,   toothed,  cordate,  with  the 
sinus  small  ;  flowers  in  axillary  clusters. 

b.  parvifolia  Nutt.  :  leaves  oblong-ovate  ;  upper  part  undulately 
and  coarsely  crenate  ;  under  surface  pubescent,  somewhat  hir- 
sute ;  segments  of  the  calyx  oblong ;  stamens  and  perigynous 
filaments  often  nearly  equal. 
Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  Oct.,  Nov.  T?.— Shrub  6—12 
feet  high.  Floicers  yellow  and  continue  during  a  great  part  of 
the  winter. — Var.  b.  is  found  on  mountains  in  Penn.  and  is 
smaller  than  the  common  variety.     Nutt.  Witch-hazel. 

Order   LXI.     CORNER.     De  Cand. 

Calyx  4-lobed.  Petals  4,  oblong,  broad  at  the  base,  regu- 
lar, inserted  on  the  top  of  the  tube  of  the  calyx ;  aestivation 


CORNER.  153 

valvate.  Stamens  4,  alternate  with  the  petals,  inserted  with 
them  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  closely  cohering  with  the 
tube  of  the  calyx,  2-celled  ;  ovules  pendulous,  solitary  ;  style 
filiform  ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  fleshy,  crowned  by  the  re- 
mains of  the  calyx,  2-celled,  (or  rarely  1 -celled  by  abortion,) 
endocarp  thick  and  bony.  Seeds  solitary,  pendulous  ;  albu- 
men fleshy ;  embryo  straight ;  radicle  superior,  shorter  than 
the  oblong  cotyledons. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs.     Leaves  opposite,  rarely  alternate. 

1.      CORWUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  very 
small  and  4- toothed.  Petals  4,  oblong.  Stamens  4.  Style 
1.     Drupe  with  a  2-celled  nut.  Tctandria.    Monogynia. 

*  Floiecrs  capitate,  surrounded  by  an  involucre. 

1.  C.  canadensis  Linn.  :  herbaceous  ;  lower  leaves  opposite,  small  ; 
upper  ones  verticillate,  veined  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, white  ;  flowers  numerous,  very  small,  in  a  terminal  head  ;  drupe 
globose. 

Hab.  Woods.  Arc.  Amer.  to  Car.  May,  June.  11. — Stem 
6  inches  high.  Involucre  white.  Floiecrs  reddish- white.  Drupe 
red. 

2.  C.  Jlorida  Linn.  :  arborescent ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate-acuminate, 
entire,  ribbed  ;  leaves  of  the  involucre  4,  large,  obcordate,  nerved, 
white  ;  flowers  in  terminal  heads. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  ^ . — A  tree  15—20 
feet  high.  Flowers  greenish-yellow.  Involucre  very  large, 
white.     Drupe  scarlet.     Medicinal.     Big.  Med.  Bot.  ii.  73. 

Dog  Wood. 

**  Floiecrs  naked,  in  cymes. 
t  Leaves  opposite. 

3.  C.  circinata  V Herit.  :  branches  warty  ;  leaves  on  short  petioles, 
broad-oval,  acuminate,  white-downy  beneath;  cymes  crowded,  depress- 
ed; drupe  globose. — C.  tomentulosa  Mich. — C.  rugosa  Lam. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Virg.  June,  July.  T>. — 
Shrub  6—8  feet  high.  Leaves  broad,  waved  on  the  edges.  Flow- 
ers white.     Drupe  blue. 

4.  C.  sericea  L' Herit. :  branches  expanded  ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
the  under  surface  clothed  with  a  silky  ferruginous  down ;  cymes  de- 
pressed, woolly. — C.  lanuginosa  Mich.  —  C.  alba  Halt. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  *>. — Shrub  5 — 10 
feet  high.  leaves  oblong,  sometimes  slightly  cordate.  Drupe 
bright  blue. 


154  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

5.  C.  sanguinea  V Herit. :  branches  straight;  leaves  ovate,  green  on 
both  sides,  pubescent  beneath  ;  cymes  expanding. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  T?. — Shrub 
8 — 12  feet  high.  Branches  pubescent  when  young.  Leaves 
broad,  often  oval.     Drupe  dark  brown. 

6.  C.  stricta  L  Herit. :  branches  stiff  and  straight,  fastigiate  ;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  entire,  green  on  both  sides,  somewhat 
naked;  cymes  panicled. — C.  fasti giata  Mich. — C.  sanguinea  Walt. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  *?. — Shrub  8 — 12 
feet  high,  stoloniferous.  Cymes  naked,  sometimes  paniculate. 
Flowers  white.     Drupe  blue. 

7.  C.  alba  V Herit.  :  branches  recurved,  smooth  ;  leaves  broad- 
ovate,  acute,  pubescent,  hoary  beneath  ;  cymes  depressed,  slightly 
pubescent. — C.  stolonifera  Mich. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  May — 
July.  *?. — Shrub  6 — 10  feet  high.  Cymes  small.  Drupe  white 
or  lead-coloured. 

8.  C.  paniculata  L' Herit.  :  branches  erect  ;  leaves  ovate,  acuminate, 
sometimes  lanceolate-ovate,  hoary  beneath;  cymes  panicled. — C.  ra- 
cemosa  Lam. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  July.  >>. — Shrub  6— 10  feet  high.  Flowers 
in  compact  panicles,  white.     Drupe  white,  nearly  globose. 

tt  Leaves  alternate. 

9.  C.  alternifolia  Linn.  :  branches  warty  ;  leaves  alternate,  ovate, 
acute,  hoary  beneath  ;  cymes  depressed,  expanding. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  T>. — Small  tree, 
15 — 20  feet  high.     Leaves  on  slender  petioles.     Drupe  purple. 

Order  LXII.     LORANTHACEjE.     Be  Cand. 

Calyx  with  2  bracts  al  base.  Petals  4 — 8,  more  or  less 
united  ;  aestivation  valvate.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals, 
and  opposite  to  them.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  ovule  pendulous  ; 
style  1.  or  none  ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  fleshy,  1-celled  ;  endo- 
carp  membranaceous.  Seed  1,  pendulous;  embryo  straight 
in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  superior,  next  to  the 
hilum. 

Shrubs,  almost  parasitical.  Leaves  fleshy,  entire,  opposite, 
rarely  alternate  or  wanting. 

1.     VISCUM.     Linn. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Calyx  with  the  margin 
entire  or  a  little  prominent.  Sterile  Fl.  Petals  4,  (rarely 
3  or  5)  united  at  base.     Anthers  4,  adnate  with  the  petals. 


CAPRIFOLTACEiE.  155 

Fertile  Fl.  Petals  4,  distinct.  Germ  crowned  with  the 
margin  of  the  calyx.  Stigma  1,  obtuse,  sessile.  Berry  glo- 
bose, mucilaginous,  1-seeded.  Dioecia.   Tetrandria. 

V.  flavcsccns   Pursh :    branches    terete,    opposite   and  verticillate ; 
leaves    cuneate-obovate,    3-nerved  ;    spikes    axillary,   solitary,    about 
as  long  as  the  leaves;  sterile  flowers  mostly  trifid. —  V.  vcrticillalum  Xutt. 
Hab.     Parasitic  on  trees.     N.  J.  to  Car.  and  throughout  the  val- 
ley of  the  Mississippi.  Berries  white  and  diaphanous.    Misseltoc. 

Order  LXIII.     CAPRIFOLIACEjE.     De  Cand. 

Calyx  with  its  limb  5-  (very  rarely  4-)  lobed.  Corol  mono- 
petalous,  lobed,  sometimes  irregular,  the  divisions  alternate 
with  those  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corol,  and  (sometimes  1  abortive)  alternating  with  them  ;  fila- 
ments subulate;  anthers  ovate,  2  celled.  Ovary  cohering 
with  J  the  calyx,  3-  rarely  1 — 5-celled  ;  ovules  few  in  each  cell, 
pendulous  ;  style  1,  exserted.  Stiginas  as  many  as  the  cells. 
Fruit  crowned  by  the  limb  of  the  calyx,  fleshy,  or  rarely  al- 
most dry,  1  or  many-celled.  Seeds  solitary,  in  pairs  or  seve- 
ral ;   embryo  straight,  in  fleshy  albumen  ;   radicle  superior. 

Shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves  destitute  of  stipules.  Flowers 
terminal,  corymbose  or  axillary. 

1.     SAMBUCUS.     Linn. 
Calyx  minute,  5-cleft.      Corol  subrotate,  5-cleft,  with  the 
lobes  obtuse.     Stamens  5.     Style  none.      Stigmas  3,  sessile. 
Berry  roundish,  1-celled,  3 — 5-seeded. 

Pentandria.   Trigynia. 

1.  &.  canadensis  Linn. :  stem  frutescent ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets4or 
5  pairs,  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  smooth  and  shining ;  nerves  and  peti- 
oles smooth  ;  stipules  wanting  ;  cymes  5-parted.  lax. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  *?. — Shrub 
5  —10  feet  high.  Leaves  sometimes  bipinnate.  Floicers  white. 
Fruit  oval,  deep  purple.  Common  Elder. 

2.  S.pubcns  Mich.  :  stem  frutescent ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  in  2  or 
3  pairs,  oval-lanceolate  and  with  the  petioles  pubescent  beneath  ;  cymes 
dense,  panicled  or  racemose. — S.  pubescens  Pcrs. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  *>. — Shrub  6 — 3 
feet  high.     Flowers  white.     Fruit  small,  red. 

2.     VIBURNUM.     Linn. 
Calyx  with  the  limb  small,  5-toothed  and  persistent.     Corol 
rotate   subcampanulate  or    tubular,    5-lobed.       Stamens  5, 


1£6  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

equal.     Stigmas  3,  sessile.     Berry  ovate  or  globose,  1-seed- 
ed,  crowned  by  the  teeth  of  the  calyx. 

Pentandria.   Tryginia. 

1.  V. pninifolium  Linn.:  branches  spreading,  smooth;  leaves  obo- 
vate,  nearly  round  and  oval,  very  smooth,  acutely  serrate ;  petioles 
winged  ;  cymes  large,  lateral ;  corol  large. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  *?. — Shrub  or  small  tree. 
8 — 15  feet  high.     Floiocrs  large,  white.     Fruit  oval,  dark  blue. 

2.  V.  pyrifolium  Lam. :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  somewhat  acute,  sub- 
serrate,  smooth ;  petioles  naked ;  cymes  large,  spreading,  on  angular 
peduncles ;  fruit  ovate-oblong. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  S.  May,  June.  T?.— Shrub  5—10  feet* 
high.     Floiccrs  white,  on  large  spreading  cymes.     Fruit  red.   . 

3.  V.  lentago  Linn.  :  smooth  ;  leaves  broad-ovate  or  oval,  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate ;  petioles  with  waved  margins  ;  cymes  terminal,  ses- 
sile ;  flowers  small. 

Hab.  Rocky  banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  June.  *?. — 
Shrub  10 — 15  feet  high.     Flowers  small,  white.     Fruit  black. 

4.  V.  nudum  Linn.  :  leaves  oval-oblong,  slightly  acuminate,  smooth 
above,  veins  and  margins  pubescent  beneath,  obsoletely  crenulate  ; 
petioles  naked  ;  cymes  peduncled  ;  flowers  small,  crowded;  fruit  oval, 
dark  blue. —  V.  squamatum  R.  &  S. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  T?. — Shrub  8 — 12  feet 
high.     Floicers  white.     Fruit  black. 

5.  V.  lantanoides  Mich.  :  branches  flexuous  and  often  procumbent ; 
leaves  orbicular-cordate,  abruptly  acuminate,  unequally  serrate  ;  nerves 
and  petioles  purverulent-tomentose  ;  cymes  closely  sessile  ;  fruit 
ovate. —  V.  lantana  var.  grandiflorum  Ait. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May,  June.  ^. — Shrub 
4 — 8  feet  high.     Fruit  red,  black  when  ripe.  Hobble  Bush. 

6.  V.  dentatum  Linn.:  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  or- 
bicular-ovate, with  coarse  serratures,  plaited  ;  axils  of  the  veins  pubes- 
cent beneath  ;  cymes  large,  terminal,  peduncled  ;  fruit  nearly  globose, 
small. —  V.  dentatum  var.  glabellum  Mich. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  >>. — Shrub  8  feet 
high.  Flowers  white,  in  a  large  expanding  cyme.  Fruit  blue, 
small.  Arrow-icood. 

7.  V.  pubescens  Pursh :  pubescent  ;  leaves  on  very  short  petioles, 
ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate,  dentate- serrate,  villous  beneath  ;  cymes 
pedunculate;  fruit  oblong. — V.  dentatum  var.  semitomentosum  Mich. 

Hab.  High  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  J? . — Shrub  6  feet 
high.     Flotcers  in  a  small  cyme. 

8.  V.  acerifolium  Linn. :  leaves  subcordate,  3-lobed,  acutely  serrate, 
pubescent  beneath  ;  petioles  without  glands,  hairy  ;  cymes  on  long 
peduncles  ;  fruit  oval,  compressed. 


CAPRIFOLIACE.E.  157 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May,  June.  T?.— Shrub  4— S 
feet  high.     Flowers  white.     Fruit  black. 

9.  V.  ozycoccus  Pursh:  leaves  3-lobed,  acute  at  the  base,  3- nerved ; 
lobes  divaricate,  acuminate,  remotely  and  obtusely  toothed  ;  petioles 
glandular  ;  cymes  radiate  ;  flowers  of  the  ray  large  and  abortive.  —  V. 
opulus  var.  amcricana  Ait. —  V.  opuloidcs  Muhl. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  May,  June. 
T?. — Shrub  small,  with  spreading  branches.  Fruit  large,  sub- 
globose,  red,  of  an  agreeable  acid  resembling  that  of  cranberries. 

Tree  Cranberry. 

M),  V.  cdule  Pursh:  leaves  3-lobed,  rather  obtuse  at  the  base,  3- 
nerved ;  lobes  very  short,  with  acuminate-dentate  serratures  ;  petioles 
glandular-,  cymes  radiate.  —  V.  opulus  var.  cdulc  Mich. 

Hab.  Banks  of  rivers.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  N.  to  Aic.  Amer.  July. 
IX. — A  smaller  and  more  upright  shrub  than  the  preceding  ; 
berries  of  the  same  colour  and  size,  but  when  completely  ripe 
more  agreeable  to  eat.     Pursh. 

3.  TRIOSTEUM.     Linn. 

Calyz  5-cleft ;  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  corol. 
Corol  tubular,  subequally  5-lobed,  gibbous  at  base.  Stamens 
5,  included.  Stig?na  capitate.  Berry  3-celled,  3-seeded, 
crowned  by  the  calyx.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

T.  perfoliatum  Linn.  :  leaves  connate,  spatulate,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, pubescent  beneath  ;  margin  undulate  ;  flowers  1 — 3  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves,  sessile. —  T.  jnajus  Mich. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  U-—Stem  2—3  feet 
high.     Floiccrs  purple.     Medicinal.     Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  90. 

Fever  Root. 

4.  DIERVILLA.     Tourn. 

Calyx  oblong,  5-cleft,  bibracteate  at  base.  Corol  funnel- 
form,  5-cleft,  spreading,  much  longer  than  the  calyx.  Stamens 
5,  somewhat  exserted.  Stigma  capitate.  Capsule  oblong, 
acute,  not  crowned,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

D.  tournefortii  Mich.  :  peduncles  axillary  and  terminal,  dichotomous, 
2 — 3-flowered  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  on  short  petioles,  serrate,  acu- 
minate, smooth. — D.  lutea  Pursh. — D.  canadensis  Muhl. — Loniccra  dier- 
rilla  Linn. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June.  fp. — Shrub 
2 — 3  feet  high.     Corol  yellow. 

5.     LONICERA.     De  Cand. 
Calyz  5-toothed.     Corol  tubular,  campanulate  or  funnel- 
14 


158  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

form,  5-cleft,  often  irregularly.     Stamens  5.     Style  filiform, 
Stigma  capitate.     Berry  3-celled,  few-seeded. 

Pentandria.   Monogynia. 

*  Flowers  capitate-verticillate.     Berry  solitary,    3-celled,  crowned  by  th? 
calyx.     LoxMcera. 

1.  L.  Jlava  Sims  :  leaves  ovate,  glaucous  beneath,  with  a  cartilagin- 
ous margin  ;  upper  ones  connate-perfoliate  ;  spikes  verticillate,  termi- 
nal ;  corol  ringent  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse. — Caprifolium  flavum 
Ell. — C.  fraseri  Pursh. 

Hab.  Catskill  mountains,  N.  Y.  S.  to  Car.  June,  July.  *?. — 
Shrub  twining,  very  smooth.     Flowers  bright  yellow. 

Yelloio  Honeysuckle. 

2.  L.  hirsuta  Eat.  :  leaves  broad  ovate  and  obovate,  pubescent  and 
ciliate,  glaucous  beneath  ;  upper  ones  connate-perfoliate,  nearly 
smooth  ;  spikes  verticillate,  terminal,  subcapitate,  glandular-pubes- 
cent.— Caprifolium  pubescens  Goldie. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  S.  June.  fp. — Shrub  climbing.  Floic- 
ers yellow,  pubescent.  Berries  orange.  Distinct  from  the  pre- 
ceding. Rough  Woodbine. 

3.  L.  parviflora  Lam.  :  leaves  deciduous,  glaucous  beneath,  all  con- 
nate-perfoliate ;  spikes  verticillate,  in  heads,  subsessile  ;  corol  ringent  ; 
gibbous  at  base  ;  filaments  bearded. — Caprifolium  parviflorum  Pursh. — 
C.  bracteosum  Mich. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  June, 
July.  *?. — Shrub  twining.  Floicers  yellow,  smaller  than  in 
either  of  the  preceding. 

4.  L.  grata  Ait.  :  leaves  perennial,  obovate,  slightly  mucronate,  re- 
ticulate and  paler  beneath  ;  upper  ones  connate-perfoliate  ;  spikes  ver- 
ticillate, approximate  ;  corol  ringent,  with  the  tube  long. — Caprifolium 
gratum  Pursh. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June — Sept.  *?. — Shrub  climb- 
ing or  erect.    Floicers  scarlet. 

5.  L.  sempervirens  Ait.  :  leaves  oblong,  glaucous  beneath,  shining 
above,  the  upper  ones  connate-perfoliate  ;  spikes  verticillate,  some- 
what naked,  terminal  ;  corol  nearly  equal,  with  the  tube  ventricose 
above. — Caprifolium  sempervirens  Mich. 

Hab.  Stony  dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May— Aug.  *? . — Shrub 
climbing.     Leaves  evergreen.     Flowers  crimson. 

*v  Pedicels  axillary,  in  pairs.     Berries  in  pairs,  distinct  or  more  or  less 
connate,  2-celled,  many-seeded.     Xylosteum. 

6.  L.  ciliata  Muhl. :  stem  erect  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate  and  subcor- 
date,  ciliate  on  the  margin,  younger  ones  villous  beneath  ;  tube  of  the 
corol  calcarate  at  base,  ventricose  above  ;  segments  short,  acute  ;  style 
exserted  ;  berries  distinct. — Xylosteum  ciliatum  Pursh.  Torr. 


rubiace^:.  159 

Hab.  Hills  and  rocks.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May,  June.  ^. — Shrub 
2 — 4  feet  high.  Corol  yellow,  long,  bilabiate.  Berries  ovate, 
red.  Fly  Honeysuckle. 

7.  L.  villosa  Muhl. ;  leaves  oblong  and  oval,  obtuse  ;  the  younger 
ones  as  well  as  the  corol  villous  ;  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the 
flower  ;  berries  coadnate. — Xylostcum  villosum  Mich. — X.  solonis  Eat. 
— X.  oblongifolium  Gohl'n  . 

Hab.  Mountains.  Hudson's  bay  to  N.  J.  May.  b. — Shrub 
2 — 4  feet  high.     Floiccrs  axillary,  yellow.  Berries  red  or  purple. 

6.     SYMPHORIA.     Pcrs. 

Calyx  minute,  4 — 5-toothcd.  Corol  funnel-form,  sub- 
equally  4 — 5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  scarcely  exserted.  Stigma 
subglobose.  Berry  crowned  by  the  calyx,  4-celled,  4-seeded  ; 
2  of  the  cells  sometimes  abortive.      Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  £>.  glomerate,  Pursh:  racemes  axillary,  capitate,  glomerate  ;  leaves 
opposite,  ovate,  on  short  petioles  ;  flowers  small,  numerous. — &.  vul- 
garis Mich. — Symphoricarpos  vulgaris  De  Cand. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  Penn.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  ^>. — Shrub  3 — 4 
feet  high.      Corol  red  and  yellow.     Berries  purple. 

2.  S.  racemosa  Pursh  :  racemes  terminal  ;  corol  bearded  within  : 
leaves  elliptical  ovate,  opposite. — Si/mphoricarpos  raccmosus  Mich. 

Hab.  Niagara  Falls.  N.  Y.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  T?._ Shrub  2—  3 
feet  high.     Corol  pale  red.     Berries  large,  white. 

7.     LINN^A.      Gron. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate  ;  limb  5-parted  ;  segments  lance- 
olate-subulate. Corol  turbinate,  subcampanulate,  5-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  subdidynamous,  included.  Slig?nas  globose. 
Berry  dry,  small,  ovate-globose,  3-celled,  (one  cell  only  bear- 
ing a  perfect  seed.)  Tctrandria.  Monogynia. 

L.  borealis  Gron. 

Hab.  Woods  and  hills.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  July.  11. — 
Evergreen,  creeping.  Leaves  opposite,  on  short  petioles,  round- 
twate,  crenate,  slightly  hairy.  Pedundes  erect,  long.  Flowers 
2,  drooping,  pedicelled,  white  or  pale  red.  Twin  Flower. 

Order  LXIV.     RUB1ACE.E.     De  Cand. 

Tube  of  the  calyx  adhering  to  the  ovary  ;  the  limb  variable, 
truncate  or  lobed,  consisting  of  as  many  sepals  as  petals, 
rarely  with  accessary  intermediate  teeth.  Petals  4 — 5,  rarely 
3 — S,  united,  inserted  on  the  top  of  the  tube  of  the  calyx. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corol  and  alternate  with 
them ;  anthers  oval,  2-celled,  turned  inwards.    Ovary  2 — many 


160  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

celled,  (by  abortion  1-celled)  crowned  by  a  fleshy  urceolate 
disk  ;  style  single,  sometimes  partly  divided  ;  stigmas  usually 
2,  rarely  several.  Fruit  splitting  into  2  cocci,  or  capsular, 
or  baccate,  or  drupaceous,  2  or  many-celled.  Seeds  one  or 
many  in  each  cell.  Jllbumen  copious,  horny  or  fleshy  ;  em- 
bryo straight  or  slightly  curved  ;  radicle  turned  to  the  hilum  ; 
cotyledons  leafy. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves  simple,  entire,  opposite, 
rarely  verticillate. 

1.     HEDYOTIS.     Linn. 

Calyx  4-toothed,  or  4-parted.  Coral  tubular,  bearded  at 
the  throat,  4-parted.  Stamens  4,  somewhat  exserted.  Cap- 
sule ovate,  2-celIed,  opening  transversely  at  the  top,  manv- 
seeded  ;  dissepiment  contrary  to  the  valves. 

Tetrandria.  Monogynia. 

H.  glomerata  Ell. :  stem  procumbent,  assurgent,  pubescent  j  leaves 
opposite,  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  pubescent ;  flowers  in  clusters, 
sessile,  axillary  and  terminal. — H.  anriculata  Walt. — Oldenlandia  glome- 
rata Mich. 

Hab.  Damp  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.  0  7— Stem  1—3 
inches  high.     Floicers  white,  minute,  in  clusters  forming  whorls. 

2.     MITCHELLA.     Linn. 

Flowers  by  pairs  upon  the  same  germ,  superior.  Calyx  4- 
toothed.  Carol  funnel-form  ;  tube  cylindric  ;  limb  4-parted, 
spreading,  villous  on  the  inner  side.  Stamens  4,  adnate  to 
the  tube,  scarcely  exserted.  Stigma  4-cleft.  Berry  by  the 
union  of  2  germs,  didymous,  4-seeded. 

Tetrandria.  Monogy?iia. 

M.  repens  Linn. :  stem  branched,  smooth,  creeping  ;  leaves  opposite, 
petioled,  round  or  ovate,  cordate  at  the  base,  smooth,  very  entire  ; 
flowers  terminal,  in  pairs  on  each  germ  ;  calyx  minute. 

Hab.  Woods,  among  dried  leaves.  Can.  to  Geor.  June,  July. 
21. — A  small,  evergreen,  creeping  plant.  Floicers  white,  hairy 
within,  fragrant.     Berries  red.  Partridge  Berry. 

3.     CEPHALANTHUS.     Linn. 

Common  calyx  none  ;  proper  superior,  small  and  angular, 
4-cleft.  Corol  tubular,  slender,  4-cleft.  Style  much  exsert- 
ed. Stigma  globose.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-seeded,  (mostly  2 
partile.)  Receptacle  globose,  hairy. — Flowers  in  a  globose 
head.  Tetrandria.  Monogynia. 


RUBfACEiE.  161 

C.  occidentalis  Linn. :  leaves  opposite  or  ternate,  ovate  or  oval,  acu- 
minate ;  peduncles  much  larger  than  the  head  of  flowers. 

Hab.  Borders  of  ponds  and  streams.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss. 
July,  Aug.  *?. — Shrub  4 — 5  feet  high,  branched.  Leaves 
ovate-oblong,  petioled,  smooth.     Floiccrs  in  heads,  white. 

Button  Bush. 

4.  DIODIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate  or  obovatc,  often  8-nerved  ;  2 — 4- 
toothed.  Corol  funnel-form,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4,  exserted 
or  included.  Style  bifid  or  undivided.  Fruit  crowned  with 
the  calyx,  2-cclled,  bipartite  ;  carpels  1-seeded. 

Telrandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  D.  teres  Halt. :  stem  procumbent,  diffuse,  terete,  hairy  ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  nearly  smooth,  margin  and  keel  serrulate  ;  stipules 
with  numerous  long  bristles  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  alternate  ; 
corol  bearded  within  ;  fruit  ovate,  pubescent,  crowned  by  the  4-lobed 
calyx. — Spcrmacocc  diodina  Mich. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.  %. — Stem  6 — 8  inches 
long.     Flowers  opposite,  often  clustered,  white  or  pale  purple. 

2.  D.  virginiea  Linn. :  smooth ;  stem  procumbent,  nearly  terete;  leaves 
lanceolate,  opposite,  acute,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  corol  nearly 
smooth  within  ;   fruit  oblong,  smooth,  crowned  by  the  2-lobed  calyx, 

Hab.  Damp  soils.  Md.  to  Car.  Sept.  2L — Stem  smooth, 
slender,  purple.     Flowers  white,  solitary,  opposite, 

5.  GALIUM.     Lam. 

Calyx  with  the  tube  ovate-globose  or  oblong ;  limb  nearly 
wanting.  Corol  4-parted,  rotate,  (very  rarely  3-parted.)  Sta- 
mens  short.  Styles  2,  short.  Fruit  didymous,  roundish, 
rarely  oblong.  Tetrandria.  Monogy?iia. 

*  Fruit  smooth.     Floiccrs  yellow. 

1.  G.  verum  Linn.  :  leaves  about  8  in  a  whorl,  linear,  grooved,  entire  : 
flowers  in  dense  panicles. 

Hab.  Pastures.  N.  S.  June,  July.  H.—Stcyn  erect,  9—18 
inches  high,  slender,  branched.  Leaves  linear,  deflexed,  round- 
ish.    Floiccrs  yellow.     Introduced  ?  Yellow  Beihtraw. 

**  Fruit  smooth.     Flowers  white. 

2.  G.  trifidum  Linn.  :  stem  procumbent,  scabrous  downward  ;  leaves 
4 — 6  in  a  whorl,  linear,  obtuse,  scabrous  on  the  margin  and  midrib  ; 
peduncles  smooth,  spreading,  3-cleft  ;  corol  3 — 4-cleft. — G.  claytoni 
Mich. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  wet  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer. 
June,  July.  21. — Stems  procumbent  and  assurgent,  much  branch- 

14* 


162  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

ed.     Floicers  in  threes,  white,  very  minute. — It  varies  with  obo- 
vate-cuneate  leaves.  Small  Cleavers. 

3.  G.  tinctorium  Linn. :  stem  diffuse,  smoothish  ;  leaves  linear,  some- 
what acute  ;  those  of  the  stem  in  sixes ;  of  the  branches  in  fours ; 
peduncles  terminal,  elongated,  mostly  3-flowered. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  N.  S.  June— Aug.  If. — Stem  weak,  branch- 
ing. Leaves  very  narrow.  Corol  white,  mostly  4-cleft.  Used 
as  a  red  dye.  Dyer's  Cleavers* 

4.  G.  obtusum  Big. :  stem  smooth,  procumbent ;  leaves  in  fours,  ob- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  rough  on  the  edge  and  midrib ;  peduncles  slender, 
3-flowered  ;  lobes  of  the  corol  acute  ;  fruit  smooth,  globose. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Mass.  Big.  July.  Lf. — Stem  much 
branched,  entire,  smooth.  Leaves  very  obtuse.  Flowers  white. 
— Plant  larger  and  more  open  than  G.  tinctorium. 

5.  G.  asprcllum  Mich. :  stem  diffuse,  very  branching,  aculeate  back 
wards  ;  leaves  in  fives  and  sixes,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  their  margins 
and  nerves  aculeate  ;  pedicels  short. 

Hab.  Moist  places.  Can.  to  Virg.  June,  July.  If. — Stem  1 — 2 
feet  high.     Floicers  white,  minute. 

***  Fruit  hispid. 

6.  G.  aparine  Linn. :  stem  weak,  branching,  aculeate  backwards  ; 
leaves  6— 8  in  a  whorl,  linear-lanceolate,  mucronate,  with  the  keel  and 
margin  rough  with  reflexed  prickles  ;  fruit  with  hooked  bristles. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  N.  S.  June.  ^.^Siem  3 — 4  feet  long. 
Flowers  white,  numerous,  on  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles. 

7.  G.  micranthum  Pursh :  stem  very  branching,  divaricate,  with  re- 
flexed  prickles;  leaves  short,  lanceolate,  mucronate,  smooth,  their  mar- 
gin and  keel  aculeate ;  flowering  branches  divaricate  ;  pedicels  sub- 
2-flowered,  hispid. 

Hab.  Mountain  swamps.  Can.  and  N.  J.  July,  If — Flowers 
white,  and  very  minute.     Fruit  mostly  1-seeded.     Pursh. 

8.  G.  brachiatum  Pursh  :  stem  flaccid,  elongated,  brachiate-ramose  ; 
branches  short ;  leaves  in  sixes,  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  smooth, 
their  margin  and  keel  setaceously-ciliate  ;  flower  bearing  branches  long- 
er than  the  whorls,  divaricate  and  dichotomous  ;  pedicels  2-flowered  ,• 
fruit  with  hooked  bristles. 

Hab.  Woods  and  meadows.  N.  S.  June — Aug.  li. — Flowers 
white.     Pursh. — Perhaps  not  distinct  from  G.  aparine. 

9.  G.  triflorum  Mich. :  stem  procumbent,  smoothish  ;  leaves  in  fives 
and  sixes,  obovate-lanceolate,  mucronate,  glabrous,  margin  scarcely 
ciliate  ;  flowering  branches  long,  3-flowered  at  the  summit;  flowers  on 
short  pedicels  ;  fruit  small,  hispid. — G.  cuspidatum  Muhl.  Ell. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  li. — Stem  weak. 
3 — 5  feet  long.     Floicers  white,  very  small. 

10.  G.  puncticulosum  Mich. :  stem  erect,  very  branching,  scarcely 
pubescent  ;  leaves  in  fours,  ovate,  obtuse,  smooth,  with  pellucid  dots  ; 


VALERIANE.E.  163 

margin   and  nerves  pubescent  ;   flowering  branches   elongated  ;   fruit 
with  hooked  bristles. — G.  bcrmudianum  Pursh  not  of  Linn.  ? 

Hab.  In  wet  places.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  If. — Stem  erect, 
nearly  smooth.     Floiccrs  purple. 

11.  G.  pilosum  Ait.  :  stem  nearly  simple,  elongated,  ascending, 
with  remote  joints,  hispid  ;  leave's  in  fours,  oval,  mucronate,  very  hairy 
on  every  part,  nerveless  ;  flowering  branches  elongated,  nearly  simple, 
3-flowered  at  the  extremity  ;  fruit  hairy. —  G.  pancticulosuynxar.  pilosum 
De  Cand. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  IS. — Stem  a  foot 
high,  rough.  Flowers  purple. — Probably  not  distinct  from  the 
preceding. 

1*2.  G.  circcezans  Mick.  :  stem  erect,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent 
on  the  angles  ;  leaves  in  fours,  oval,  obtuse,  smooth  ;  margin  and 
nerves  ciliate  ;  peduncles  short,  divaricate,  few- flowered  ;  flowers  re- 
mote, subsessile,  alternate  ;  fruit  nodding,  with  hooked  bristles. —  G. 
horcalc  Wall. —  G.  hrachiaium  Muhl. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  If. — Stem 
about  a  foot  high.     Flowers  purple. 

13.  G.  lanccolalum  Torr. :  stem  erect,  very  smooth,  with  remote 
joints  ;  leaves  in  fours,  lanceolate,  generally  acute,  smooth,  3-nerved, 
margin  subciliate ;  peduncles  long,  divaricate  ;  fruit  sessile,  nodding, 
covered  with  hooked  bristles. — G.  torreyi  Big. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  S.  July.  U.—Stcm  12—18  inches 
high.  Floiccrs  purple. — De  Candolle  considers  this  a  variety  of 
the  former. 

14.  G.  septentrional^  R.  $  S.  :  stem  erect,  branched  above,  very 
smooth  ;  leaves  in  fours,  linear-acute  or  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved, 
smooth,  margin  involute  and  scabrous  ;  flowers  in  a  divaricate  termi- 
nal panicle  ;  fruit  with  minute  hooked  hairs. — G.  horcalc  Pursh.  Torr. 
— G.  strictum  Eat. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  N.  S.  Aug.  21.— Stem  1  1-2—2  feet 
high.     Floiccrs  white,  in  a  terminal  crowded  panicle. 

Order   LXV.     VALERIANE.E.     De   Cand.     hind. 

Calyx  with  a  limb  of  various  kind?,  either  membranous  or 
resembling  pappus.  Corol  inserted  into  the  top  of  the  ovary, 
3 — 5-lobed,  regular  or  irregular,  sometimes  calcarate  at  the 
base.  Stamens  1 — 5,  inserted  into  the  tube  of  the  corol  and 
alternate  with  its  lobes.  Ovary  inferior,  1 — 3-celled  ;  ovule 
solitary,  pendulous  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigmas  1 — 3.  Fruit 
dry,  indehisccnt,  with  1  fertile  cell  and  2  empty  ones.  Seed 
solitary,  pendulous  ;  embryo  straight,  destitute  of  albumen  ; 
radicle  superior. 

Herbs.     Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules. 


164  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

1.     VALERIANELLA.     Mxnch.     De  Cand. 

Calyx  with  the  limb  toothed  and  persistent.  Corol  not  cal- 
carate,  regular,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5.  Stigmas  scarcely  divided 
or  trifid.  Fruit  3-celled,  submembranaceous,  indehiscent, 
crowned  by  the  limb  of  the  catyx  ;  1  or  2  of  the  cells  only 
fertile.  Triandria.  Monogynia. 

V.  radiata  De  Cand. :  leaves  spathulate-oblong,  nearly  entire,  atten- 
uate at  base  ;  fruit  oblong,  smooth,  somewhat  4-sided. — Fedia  radiata 
Mich.  Pursk.   Torr. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  ^.—Stcm 
a  foot  high,  dichotomous.  Leaves  opposite.  Flotcers  small, 
pale  blue,  in  fastigiate  corymbs,  with  lanceolate  bracts  at  base. 

Wild  Lamb  Lettuce. 

2.     VALERIANA.     Be  Cand. 

Calyx  with  the  limb  involute,  at  length  evolved  in  a  deci- 
duous plumose  pappus.  Corol  with  the  tube  obconic  or  cy- 
lindric,  equal  or  gibbous  at  base,  limb  obtusely,  5-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 3.     Fruit  indehiscent,  l-celled,  1-seeded. 

Triandria.  Monogynia. 

V.  sylvatica  Rich,  f  :  flowers  triandrous,  perfect ;  cauline  leaves  pin- 
nate, acute  ;  radical  ones  oblong,  entire. 

Hab.  Spagnous  swamps,  near  Fairhaven,  Ver.  June,  July.  2£. 
— Root  consisting  of  numerous  long  fibres,  having  the  odour  and 
probably  the  medicinal  properties  of  V.  officinalis.  Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high,  simple,  smooth,  erect.  Radical  leaves  on  long  peti- 
oles, usually  simple,  but  sometimes  lobed  at  base,  varying  from 
lanceolate,  to  ovate  and  subcordate  ;  stem  leaves  pinnate  ;  leaf- 
ets  in  4 — 6  pairs  with  an  odd  one,  ovate  oval  or  somewhat  rhom- 
boidal,  coarsely  but  sometimes  very  sparingly  toothed.  Flowers 
numerous,  reddish- white,  perfect,  in  a  large  and  dense  dichoto- 
mous corymb.  Corol  gibbous  at  base,  5-cleft,  Stamens  and 
pistil  much  exserted.  Capsule  ribbed,  as  long  as  the  narrow  and 
hispid  bracts. — This  plant  agrees  very  well  with  the  short  des- 
cription given  by  Dr.  Richardson  ( App.  to  Frank.  Jour.)  of  V. 
sylvatica,  a  new  species  found  in  Arctic  America  and  Newfound- 
land, but  it  may  prove  distinct.  From  V.  paziciflora  it  appears 
to  differ,  although  I  have  had  no  opportunity  of  comparing  spe- 
cimens. It  was  first  discovered  by  Dr.  Robbins  at  the  above  lo- 
cality, where  I  have  since  found  it  growing  abundantly. 

Order  LXVI.     DIPSACE^.     De  Cand.     hind. 

Calyx  with  a  limb  short  or  elongated,  entire  or  toothed,  or 
pappose.  Corol  tubular,  inserted  into  the  calyx  ;  limb  oblique, 
4 — 5-lobed,  with  an  imbricate  aestivation.  Stamens  usually 
4  or  5,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of  the  corol  ;  anthers  distinct. 


COMPOSITE.  165 

Ovary  inferior,  1-celled,  with  a  single  pendulous  ovule;  style 
1  ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  1-celled,  crowned 
by  the  pappus-like  calyx  ;  embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  superior. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled.  Flow- 
ers densely  capitate  or  very  rarely  whorled. 

1.     DIPSACUS.     Linn. 

Flowers  collected  in  an  ovate  or  roundish  head.  Common 
calyx  (involucre)  foliaceous,  many-leaved  ;  proper  superior, 
of  one  leaf.  Corol  tubular,  4-cleft.  Stamens  4.  Stigma 
longitudinal.     Fruit  crowned  with  the  limb  of  the  calyx. 

Tclrandria.  Monogynia. 

D.  sylvestris  Linn.  :  leaves  opposite,  rarely  connate ;  the  many-leav- 
ed involucre  curved  upwards  ;  scales  of  the  receptacle  straight. 

II.vu.  Fields  and  waste  places.  N.  S.  July.  cf". — Stem  3 — 5 
feet  high,  strong,  angular,  prickly.  Flowers  blue,  in  dense  oval 
heads,  shorter  than  the  scales  of  the  receptacle.     Introduced. 

Wild  Teasel. 

Order  LXVII.     COMPOSITE.     Mans.     hind. 

Calyx  with  the  limb  cither  wanting  or  membranous,  and 
divided  into  bristles  palea?  or  hairs,  and  called  pappus.  Co- 
rol monopetalous,  usually  deciduous,  either  ligulate  or  tubular; 
in  the  latter  case  4 — 5-toothed  or  lobed,  with  a  valvate  aestiva- 
tion. Stamens  5,  alternate  with  the  teeth  of  the  corol  ;  fila- 
ments distinct ;  anthers  cohering  in  a  cylinder.  Ovary  inferi- 
or, 1-celled,  with  a  single  erect  ovule  ;  style  single ;  stigmas 
2,  distinct  or  united.  Fruit  a  small  indehiscent  dry  pericarp, 
(acine)  crowned  with  the  limb  of  the  calyx.  Seed  solitary, 
erect ;  embryo  with  a  taper  inferior  radicle  ;  albumen  none. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  usually 
simple,  without  stipules.  Flowers  (called  florets)  collected 
in  dense  heads  upon  a  common  receptacle,  surrounded  by  an 
involucre. 

Suborder  1.     CICHORACE.E. 

Obs.  In  the  arrangement  of  the  genera  of  this  suborder.  I  have 
adopted  Mr.  Don's  New  Classification  of  the  Cichoraceae.  Edin.  New 
Phil.  Jour.  vi.  305.  Wherever  he  has  enumerated  the  species  of  his 
new  genera,  I  have  quoted  him  as  the  authority  ;  although  he  has  not 
in  any  case  given  specific  descriptions. 


166  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

1.     HIERACIUM.     Linn.    Don. 

Involucre  imbricate.  Receptacle  subfavose.  Acines  sim- 
ple at  the  apex.  Pappus  with  the  rays  numerous,  persistent, 
setaceous-pilose,  arranged  in  one  row.— Flowers  yellow,  so- 
litary or  corymbose.  Syngenesia.    JEqualis. 

*  Steiidess.     Scape  many-flowored. 

1.  H.  vcnosnm  Linn.  :  scape  hairy  at  base,  smooth  and  branching 
above  ;  branches  1 -flowered  ;  leaves  obovate-oblong,  entire,  a  little 
hairy  above  ;  margins  ciliate  ;  veins  coloured  ;  involucre  smooth. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  14-. — Scape 
1 — 2  feet  high,  branching  towards  the  summit.  Leaves  all  radi- 
cal, spreading  on  the  ground,  coloured  with  dark  red  veins. 
Flowers  panicled,  on  slender  pedicels,  yellow.      Veiny  Haickicced. 

**   Stem  leafy,  many-flowered. 

2.  H.  gronovii  Linn.  :  radical  leaves  oblong,  obtuse,  very  entire, 
ciliate  ;  cauline  ones  ovate  and  clasping  ;  flowers  in  loose  racemes ; 
pedicels  glandular-pilose  ;  involucre  smooth. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  If. — Stem  2  feet 
high,  nearly  naked.  Flowers  yellow,  in  a  long  terminal  panicle 
or  raceme. — Both  Pursh  and  Elliott  have  probably  taken  this 
for  the  next. 

3.  H.  marianum  Willd. :  stem  erect,  villous  ;  leaves  obovate-oblong, 
strigose-villous  on  the  midrib  ;  lower  ones  slightly  toothed;  pedicels 
and  involucre  hispid. — H.  gronovii  var.  foliosum  Pursh. — H.  scabrum 
Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  2_f. — Stem  2  feet  high, 
very  rough.     Floioers  in  a  small  irregular  panicle,  yellow. 

Rough  Hawkweed. 

A.  H.  paniculatum  IVilld. :  stem  erect,  leafy,  smooth  above,  whitish 
tomentose  below ;  leaves  lanceolate,  oblong,  few-toothed,  membrana- 
ceous, naked ;  pedicels  divaricate,  capillary,  1-flowered  ;  bracts  seta- 
ceous. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  If. — Stem  slender, 
1 — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  thin,  paler  beneath.  Flowers  small,  on 
long  slender  pedicels,  forming  a  large  panicle. 

5.  H.  kalmii  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  simple,  smoothish  ;  leaves  sessile, 
obloiig-lanceolate,  acuminate,  acutely  and  divaricately  toothed;  pedicels 
tomentose,  somewhat  in  the  form  of  an  umbel;  involucre  loose. — H. 
virgatum  and  H.  fasciculatum  Pursh. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Aug.  If; — Stem  2  feet 
high.  Leaves  with  acute  diverging  teeth.  Pedicels  axillary  and 
terminal,  covered  with  down,  thick,  erect.  • 

2.     HARPALYCE.     Don. 

Involucre  cylindric,  many-leaved,  in  a  single  row,  with  a  few 
very  short  appressed  scales  at  base.     Receptacle  slightly  pit- 


COMPOSITE.  167 

ted.  Florets  indefinite.  Stigmas  filiform,  somewhat  hispid. 
.Qcines  narrow,  angled,  sulcate,  simple  at  the  apex.  Pappus 
pilose,  stiffly  erect,  fragile,  persistent  and  coloured,  with  the 
rays  crowded  in  a  double  row,  denticulate-scabrous. 

St/ngenesia.   JEqualis. 

I,  II.  altissima  Don:  stem  branching;  leaves  3-lobed,  petioled, 
angular,  denticulate,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  racemes  axillary  ;  flow- 
ers nodding  ;  involucre  about  5-flowered. — Prenanthes  altissima  Linn. 
Pursh. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  li. — Stem  4 — 6  feet  high, 
brandling,  glabrous.  Floicers  in  axillary  panicles  or  racemes, 
yellowish. 

2.  II.  cordata  Don :  stem  paniculate  above  ;  leaves  petiolate,  cordate, 
toothed,  ciliate ;  the  floral  ones  sessile,  oblong,  very  entire  ;  panicle 
loose,  with  the  flowers  somewhat  racemose  and  nodding  ;  involucre 
6-leaved,  6 — 8-flowered. — Prenanthes  cordata  Pursh. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  If.— Stem  4—6  feet  high. 
Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  cordate.  Floicers  in  long  loose  pani- 
cles, yellowish. 

3.  H.  virgata  Don :  smooth  ;  stem  simple  ;  leaves  all  lyrate  and 
jjinuate,  sessile  ;  racemes  generally  secund  ;  flowers  pendulous  ;  invo- 
lucre 8-leaved,  10-flowered. — Prenanthes  virgata  Mich. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  U.— Stem  2—5 
feet  high.     Flowers  in  a  long  terminal  raceme,  pale-purple. 

4.  H.  alba  Don  :  radical  leaves  angular-hastate,  toothed  and  some- 
what lobed  ;  stem-leaves  roundish-ovate,  toothed  and  petioled,  the 
upper  ones  lanceolate ;  panicle  loose  ;  fascicles  terminal,  nodding  ; 
involucres  8-leaved,  9 — 12-flowered. — Prenanthes  alba  Linn. 

b.  nana:  stem  low  ;  lower  leaves  3-parted  •,  middle  ones  hastate, 
upper  ones  ovate  or  lanceolate;  sometimes  all  are  entire. — P. 
alba  var.  nana  Big.  Torr. 
Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  U-—Stem  5  feet  high. 
Floicers  in  a  loose  panicle  which  is  composed  of  small  terminal 
clusters,  yellowish-white.  Var.  b.  White  mountains.  Stem 
4 — 15  inches  high.  Floicers  in  simple  or  panicled  racemes, 
purple. 

5.  H.  serpentaria  Don  :  leaves  toothed,  rough  ;  those  of  the  root  pal- 
mate ;  of  the  stem  on  long  petioles,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  somewhat  3- 
lobed,  the  middle  segment  3-parted  ;  upper  leaves  lanceolate  ;  racemes 
terminal,  paniculate,  short,  nodding;  involucre  8-leaved,  12-flowered. 
— Prenanthes  serpentaria  Pursh. 

Hab.  Mountain  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  H.—Stem2 — 4  feet 
high,  nearly  glabrous.  Floicers  in  loose  terminal  panicles,  purple. 
— Resembles  H.  alba,  and  by  Dr.  Torrey  is  placed  as  a  variety 
of  that  species.  The  whole  genus,  indeed,  is  so  liable  to  varia- 
tion, that  it  may  be  doubted  whether  many  of  the  species  usual- 
ly considered  distinct,  are  more  than  mere  varieties.     But  as 


168  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Pursh  has  apparently  investigated  it  with  more  attention  than 
any  succeeding  botanist,  I  have  preferred  adopting  his  views 
concerning  the  species.  H.  serpcntaria  is  said  to  be  a  cure  for 
the  bite  of  the  rattle  snake.     Pursh.  Lion's  Foot. 

6.  H.  racemosa  Don :  stem  simple  ;  leaves  all  undivided,  smooth  ; 
radical  ones  oval-lanceolate  ;  cauline  ones  subclasping  ;  racemes  ob- 
long, very  hairy,  in  nodding  fascicles ;  involucre  8 — 9-leaved,  9 — 12- 
flowered. — Prenanthes  racemosa  Mich. 

Hab.  Can.  Mich.  N.  S.  Ton:  Sept.  If.— Stem  2  feet  high. 
FLoxcers  purple. 

3.     LEONTODON.     Schreb. 

Involucre  imbricate,  with  a  few  loose  scales  at  base.  Re- 
ceptacle naked.     Pappus  simple,  stipitate. 

Syngenesia.  JEqualis, 
L.  taraxacum  Linn. :  outer  scales  of  the  involucre  reflected  ;  leaves 
runcinate,  smooth,  the  segments  lanceolate  and  toothed  ;  scape  1-flow- 
ered. 

Hab.  Pastures,  &c.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  April— Nov.  If. 
— Leaves  all  radical,  smooth.  Scapes  often  several  from  each 
root,  with  one  terminal  large  yellow  flower.     Introduced. 

Dandelion. 

4.  OPORINIA.     Don. 

Involucre  deeply  many-parted,  with  a  {ew  appressed  scales 
at  base.  Receptacle  dotted.  Anthers  bisetose  at  base.  Acines 
somewhat  fusiform,  compressed,  sulcate  ;  furrows  transverse- 
ly rugose.  Pappus  with  the  rays  distinct,  in  a  single  row, 
persistent,  plumose,  scariose  and  dilated  at  base. — Flowers 
pedunculate,  yellow.  Syngenesia.  JEqualis. 

0.  autumnale  Don :  scape  branching  ;  peduncles  scaly ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, toothed  or  pinnatifid,  smoothish. — Apargia  autumnale   Willd. 

Hab.  Fields  and  road  sides.  N.  S.  July — Sept.  1£. — Scape 
spreading,  branching  into  a  few  peduncles  which  are  furnished 
with  a  few  remote  scales.  Flowers  bright  yellow,  resembling 
the  Dandelion.     Introduced. 

5.  CYNTHIA.     Don. 

Involucre  many-parted  ;  segments  in  a  double  row.  Re- 
ceptacle scrobiculate.  Anthers  2-toothed  at  base,  Stigmas 
linear-ligulate,  pruinose.  Acines  oval,  complanate.  Pappus 
double  ;  outer  one  chaffy,  very  short ;  inner  pilose,  rough. — 
Flowers  yellow.  Syngenesia.  JEqualis. 

1.  C.  amplexicaule  Beck :  smooth  and  glaucous ;  scape  somewhat 
fleshy,  simple  or  bifid ;  branches  2 — 3-flowered  ;  radical  leaves  subly- 
rate,  spatulate  ;  cauline  ones  clasping,  lanceolate,  entire,  smooth. — 


COMPOSITE.  169 

Krigia  amplexicaulis  Nutt. — Trozimon  virginicum  Pursh. — Hyoscris  am- 
plexicaulis Mich. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  If.— 
Stem  a  foot  high,  resembling  a  scape,  and  divided  into  long 
slender  branches.  Floicers  solitary  at  the  extremity  of  the 
branches,  large,  orange-yellow. 

2.  C.  virginica  Beck :  glaucous  ;  primary  leaves  roundish,  entire, 
the  rest  lyrate,  nearly  smooth  ;  scape  1-flowered,  smooth,  at  length 
longer  than  the  leaves. — Krigia  virginica  Linn. — Hyoscris  virginica 
Mich. 

Hab.     Fields   and  arid  soils.     Can.  to  Flor.     May — Aug. 

Scape  2 — v  inches  high.  Floicers  small,  orange-yellow. — This 
plant  continues  in  flower  for  some  time  ;  during  which  it  varies 
greatly  in  the  length  of  the  scape.  Krigia  dichotoma  of  Nutt- 
all  can  be  nothing  more  than  a  mere  variety. 

6.     LACTUCA.     Linn. 

Involucre  imbricate,  cylindrical  ;  the  scales  membranace- 
ous at  the  margin.  Receptacle  naked.  Seeds  smooth.  Pap- 
pus simple,  stipitate.  Syngenesia.  jEqualis. 

1.  L.  clan  gain  Muhl. :  leaves  smooth  beneath  ;  the  lower  ones  runci- 
nate,  amplexicaule ;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  sessile  ;  flowers  in  corym- 
bose panicles. 

Hab.  Woods  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  Sept.  rf. — 
Stem  3 — C  feet  high.  Leaves  long,  spreading,  runcinate,  clasp- 
ing. Panicle  terminal,  composed  of  small  clusters  of  yellow 
flowers. — This  plant  appears  on  grounds  newly  burnt  over  and 
hence  called  Fire  Weed. 

2.  L.  hirsuta  Nutt.  :  lower  part  of  the  stem  and  leaves  hirsutely  pi- 
lose ;  radical  leaves  lyrate,  segments  truncate  ;  the  upper  ones  partly 
runcinate-pinnatifid  ;  flowers  in  racemes  ;  scales  subulate. 

Hab.  In  Pennsylvania.  Muhl.  Aug.  If. — Floicers  yellow  and 
purple. 

3.  L.  intcgrifolia  Big.  :  leaves  sagittate,  entire,  unarmed  and  clasp- 
ing ;  flowers  panicled. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  N.  S.  July.  $  .—Stem  3—4  feet  high, 
round,  smooth  and  striated.  Leaves  pale  beneath.  Floicers  yel- 
low, in  a  panicle  which  is  more  compact  than  that  of  L.  elongata, 
from  which  Dr.  Bigelow  thinks  it  may  be  descended.  It  should 
not  be  confounded  with  the  L.  mtegrifolia  of  Nuttall,  which  is 
now  removed  to  the  genus  Agathyrsus  of  Don. 

4.  L.  sanguinea  Big. :  leaves  clasping,  runcinate,  smooth  beneath, 
with  the  midrib  filamentous  ;  flowers  panicled. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  $  .—Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  erect  and  smooth,  mostly  of  a  reddish-purple  colour.  Floic- 
ers panicled,  with  short  acuminate  bracts.  Involucre  purple. 
Coral  crimson. 

15 


170  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

5.  L.  canadensis  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate-ensiform,  clasping,  toothed f 
raceme  compound,  terminal. — So?ichus  pallidus  Pursh.   Torr. 

Hab.  Woods  and  road  sides.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July — Sept.  11. 
— Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.     Floicers  small,  yellow. 

6.  L.  villosa  Jacq. :  radical  leaves  slightly  runcinate  ;  those  of  the 
stem,  ovate,  acuminate,  petiolate,  toothed  in  the  middle  ;  flowers  pa- 
niculate ;  peduncles  somewhat  scaly. — Sonchus  acuminatus  JVilld. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Mass.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  $  .—-Stem 
3 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  attenuated  at  base  into  a  winged  petiole, 
hairy  beneath.  Flowers  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle,  purple.  Pe- 
duncles with  a  few  ovate  ciliate  scales.  Florets  about  15.  Pap- 
pus stipitate. — Although  this  plant  differs  somewhat  in  its  habit 
from  the  other  species  of  Lactuca,  it  agrees  more  nearly  with 
this  genus,  than  with  Sonckus. 

7.     AGATHYRSUS.     Don. 

Involucre  many-leaved,  terete,  closely  imbricate  ;  the 
inner  scales  elongated  and  connivent.  Receptacle  very 
smooth.  Florets  indefinite.  Anthers  obtusely  bidentate  at 
base.  Jlcines  ancipital-compressed,  5-ribbed  on  each  side, 
transversely  rugulous,  somewhat  attenuated  at  the  summit ; 
disk  epiginous,  nearly  flat,  dilated.  Pappus  very  slender,  m- 
gaceous,  with  the  rays  very  numerous  and  arranged  in  a  triple 
row — Flowers  corymbose  paniculate,  blue. 

Syngenesia.  tMqualis. 

1.  A.  leucophctus  Don :  stem  virgate  and  panicled  ;  leaves  runci- 
nate, acuminate  ;  peduncles  scaly  ;  flowers  racemose. — Sonchus  leuco- 
phorns  Wild.  Pursh.    Torr. — S.  spicatus  Lam. 

Hab.  Woods  and  road  sides.  N.  S.  July — Sept.  $. — Stem  2 
feet  high.     Flowers  bluish- white. 

2.  A.  Jloridanus  Don  :  stem  terete  ;  leaves  petioled,  lyrate-runci- 
nate,  segments  oblong,  acuminate,  toothed  ;  flowers  paniculate  ;  pe- 
duncles somewhat  scaly. — Sonckus  jloridanus  Linn.  Pursh.   Torr. 

Hab.  Woods  and  road  sides.  N.  S.  S.  to  Car.  July — Sept. 
$. — Stem  erect,  3 — 5  feet  high.  Leaves  narrow  lanceolate, 
sometimes  with  runcinate  segments.  Flowers  in  a  long  slender 
panicle,  small,  blue. — Pursh  states  that  this  plant  is  used  as  a 
cure  for  the  bite  of  the  rattle  snake,  in  the  same  manner  as  Pre- 
nanthes  serpentaria,  and  is  called — Gall  of  the  earth. 

3.  A.  macrophyUus  Don  :  ?  leaves  lyrate,  cordate  at  base,  very  hairy 
beneath  ;  petioles  winged  ;  flowers  paniculate  ;  peduncles  hairy,  naked 
— Sonchus  macrophyUus   Willd.  and  the  American  authors. 

Hab.  Springy  ground.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  U. — Stem 
4 — 7  feet  high.  Leaves  large,  lyrate,  very  hairy  beneath.  Floio- 
ers  blue,  of  the  size  of  Cichorium  intybus.     Root  tuberous. 


COMPOSITE.  171 

8.     SONCHUS.     Lin*.     Don. 

Involucre  many-leaved,  closely  imbricate,  dilated  at  base, 
connivent  at  the  summit.  Receptacle  pitted,  scabrous,  w!th 
the  elevated  and  torn  margins  of  the  pits  slightly  dotted.  Flo- 
rets indefinite,  the  mouth  very  villous  without.  Anthers  acute- 
ly bidentate  at  base.  Stigma  hispid.  Acines  ancipital-com- 
pressed,  sulcate,  transversely  rugose,  simple  at  the  summit, 
very  soft,  capillary,  fugaceous  ;  rays  very  copious,  unequal, 
fasciculately  connate  at  base — Flowers  yellow,  corymbose, 
rarely  solitary.  Syngenesia.  JEqualis. 

L  8.  olcrdcnis  Linn.  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  clasping,  slightly 
toothed  and  sinuate  ;  involucre  smooth  ;  peduncles  somewhat  tomen- 
tose. 

IIab.  Waste  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  ©. — Stem 
2 — 4  feet  high,  hollow  and  succulent.  Peduncles  axillary  and 
terminal,  covered  with  a  cotton-like  down.  Flowers  yellow. — 
It  differs  from  the  generic  character  in  its  smooth  receptacle. 
Introduced.  Soto  Thistle. 

2.  8.  arvensis  Linn.  :  root  creeping  ;  leaves  runcinate,  denticulate, 
cordate  at  base  ;  involucre  hispid  ;  peduncles  hispid,  somewhat  umbel- 
Led. 

Hab.  Near  cultivated  grounds.  N.  S.  If. — Stem  2  feet  high. 
Flowers  large,  deep  yellow.     Introduced. 

3.  »S'.  spinulosis  Big.  :  leaves  clasping,  oblong,  waved,  prickly  ; 
riowers  somewhat  umbelled. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  Mass.  Aug.  0. — Strm  2  feet  high,  smooth 
or  slightly  hairy.  Leqfets  smooth,  with  teeth  ending  in  short 
spines.     Floiccrs  somewhat  umbelled,  small,  yellow. 

9.     CICHORIUM.     Linn. 

Involucre  surrounded  with  leafy  scales.  Receptacle  some- 
what chaffy.  Pappi  s  plumose,  sessile,  unequal,  shorter  than 
than  the  acines.  Syngenesia,   JEqualis. 

C.  intybus  Linn.  :  leaves  runcinate  ;  flowers  axillary,  sessile,  in 
pairs. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  July— Sept.  U—Stcm  2—3  feet  high, 
with  rough  branches.     Floiccrs  large,  blue.     Introduced. 

Succory. 

Suborder  II.     CARDUACE^. 

10.     ARCTIUM.     Linn. 

Involucre  globose,  each  of  its  scales  with  an  incurved  hook 

at  the  extremity.     Receptacle  chaffy.     Pappus  simple,  the 

rays  short.  t  Syngenesia.  Mqualis. 

A.  lappa  Linn  :  leaves  cordate,  petiolate, 'unarmed. 


172  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

Hab.  Waste  grounds.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  11.— Stem  3—4  feet 
high.  Leaves  very  large,  cordate  and  wavy.  Flowers  numerous, 
purple. — As  Dr.  Bigelow  remarks,  "  this  plant  intrudes  itself  on 
every  one's  acquaintance  by  the  sharp  firm  hooks  at  the  end  of 
the  calyx  scales,  which  attach  themselves  to  the  clothes,  and 
serve  as  a  remarkable  mechanism  for  dispersing  the  seeds."  In- 
troduced. Burdock. 

11.     CARDUUS.     Linn. 

Involucre  ventricose,  imbricate,  with  spinous'  scales.      i?e- 
ceptacle  hairy.     Pappus  pilose  or  plumose,  deciduous, 

Syngenesia.  JEqualis. 
*  Leaves  decurrent. 

1.  C.  lanceolatus  Linn.  :  stem  hairy  ;  leaves  decurrent,  pinnatifid, 
hispid  ;  the  segments  divaricate  and  spinous  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
lanceolate,  spreading. — Cnicus  lanceolatus  Willd. — Cirsium  lunceolatum 
Sprang. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  N.  S.  July— Sept.  tf.—Stem  2—4  feet 
high.  Leaves  woolly  beneath,  the  segments  armed  with  long 
and  acute  spines.     Flowers  terminal,  purple,  middle-sized. 

**  Leaves  sessile. 

2.  C.  altissimus  Linn.  :  leaves  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  scabrous, 
tomentose  beneath,  dentate-ciliate  ;  radical  ones  pinnatifid  ;  involucre 
ovate,  bracteate  ;  scales  ovate,  lanceolate,  spinous,  appressed. — Cnicus 
altissimus  Willd. 

Hab.  Old  fields.  Perm,  to  Car.  June— Sept.  U-—Stem  3—8 
feet  high,  and  on  the  Missouri,  according  to  Mr.  Nuttall,  12 — 18 
feet.     Floiccrs  terminal,  large,  purple. 

3.  C.  arvensis  Linn.  :  stem  paniculate  ;  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid, 
spinous  ;  involucre  ovate  or  globose  ;  scales  ovate-lanceolate,  mucron- 
ate,  appressed. — Cnicus  arvensis  Willd. 

Hab.  Fields  and  roads  sides.  N.  S.  July.  2_£. — Root  creeping. 
Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  many-flowered.  Leaves  very  thorny. 
Flowers  terminal,  small,  purple. — A  very  troublesome  weed. 
Introduced.  Canada  Thistle. 

4.  C.  muticus  Nutt.  :  leaves  all  pinnatifid,  woolly  beneath ;  segments 
spinulose,  somewhat  lanceolate,  acute  ;  branches  naked,  I-flowered  ; 
involucre  globose  ;  scales  unarmed. —  Cnicus  muticus  Fursk. — Cirsium 
muticum  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains  and  low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept. 
<£ . — Stent  2 — 4  feet  high,  branching  above.  Flowers  purple, 
middle-sized.  Lower  scales  of  the  involucre  spinous  ;  upper  ones 
simple,  acute. — C.  glaber  of  Nuttall  appears  to  be  only  a  variety 
of  this  species. 

5.  C.  virginianus  Willd. :  stem  attenuated,  mostly  1-flowered ;  leaves 
sessile,  lanceolate,  margin  revolute,   distantly  and  spinosely  serrate, 


COMPOSITE.  173 

smooth  above,  tomentose  beneath  ;  involucre  ovate  ;  scales  appressed, 
shortly  mucronate,  carinate. — Cnicus  virginianus  Pursh. — Cirsium  vir- 
ginianum  Mich. 

Hab.     Woods.      Penn.    to   Car.     July— Sept.      U.—Stem  2—3 

feet  high,  covered  with  a  white  down,  especially  towards  the 

summit.     Flowers  solitary,  terminal,  purple. 

(5.  C.  discolor  Nutt. :  stem  divaricately  branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
sessile  or  clasping,  more  or  less  deeply  pinnatifid,  smooth  above,  tomen- 
tose beneath  ;  segments  2-lobed,  ciliate  and  spinous  ;  involucre  sub- 
globose  ;  scales  ovate,  spinous.  —  Cnicus  discolor  Muhl. 

Hab.  Margins  of  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  $ . — 
Stem  3 — (3  feet  high,  hairy  and  tomentose  ;  branches  leafy. 
Leaves  long.     Flowers  solitary,  middle-sized,  purple. 

7.  C.  pumilus  Nutt.  :  stem  hairy,  few-flowered ;  leaves  clasping, 
green  on  both  sides,  oblong-lanceolate  and  pinnatifid ;  segments  irregu- 
larly lobed,  ciliate  and  spinous  ;  involucre  large,  and  somewhat  globose, 
naked  ;  scales  appressed,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  spinous. 

Hab.  Dry  fields.  N.  S.  $. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  erect  or 
subdecumbent.  Leaves  large,  the  lowest  often  12  inches  long. 
Floiccrs  few.  very  large,  purple.  Pappus  more  than  an  inch  in 
length. — Nuttall  describes  a  variety  of  this  species  with  the  stem 
simple,  1-flowered,  and  the  leaves  densely  margined  with  spines. 
It  occurs  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson  near  the  city  of  New- 
York,  and  is  called  var.  hystrix. 

8  C.  spinosissivnis  Walt.  :  leaves  sessile,  pinnatifid,  acutely  incised, 
very  spinous,  woolly  beneath  ;  flowers  crowded,  bracteate  ;  bracts  very 
spinous,  the  spines  generally  in  pairs  ;  involucre  unarmed. — Cnicus 
horridulus  Pursh. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  14.— Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  hollow.  Floiccrs  axillary  and  terminal,  large,  yellowish- 
white,  (pale  purple  Elliott.)  Bracts  20  or  30  round  the  base  of 
each  flower,  on  the  outer  ones  spines  in  pairs.  Scales  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  very  acute,  but  scarcely  spiny. 

9.  C.  glutinosus  Beck  :  leaves  pinnatifid,  with  divaricate  segments  ; 
involucre  ovate,  with  unarmed  glutinous  scales. — Cnicus  glutinosus 
Big. 

Hab.  Damp  soils.  Mass.  Aug.,  Sept.  $ — Stem  4 — 6  feet 
high,  branching.  Leaves  sessile,  somewhat  clasping.  Flowers 
small,  on  slender  stalks,  deep  purple. — Allied  to  C.  muticus,  but 
differs  by  its  leaves  and  by  the  ovate  glutinous  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre. 

12.     ONOPORDON.     Linn. 

Involucre  ventricose,  with  the  scales  spreading  and  spinous. 
Receptacle  pitted.     Pappus  deciduous,  rough. 

Syngenesia.  Mqualis. 
15* 


174  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

0.  acanthium  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  sinuate  and  spinous,  de- 
current,  woolly  on  both  sides  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  subulate,  spread- 
ing. 

Hab.  Waste  grounds.  N.  S.  July.  $. — Stem  4— 6  feet  high, 
branched  and  winged  to  the  summit  ;  wings  very  spinous.  In- 
volucre globose.     Floicers  large,  solitary,  purple.     Introduced.  » 

Cotton  Tldstfcr^ 

13.     CENTAUREA.     Linn. 

Involucre  scaly.  Receptacle  bristly.  Corol  of  the  ray  in- 
fundibuliform,  irregular,  larger  than  those  of  the  disk.  Pap- 
pus simple.  Syngenesia.  Frustranea, 

1.  C.  jacea  Linn.  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  the  lower  ones  broader 
and  toothed  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  scariose  and  torn,  the  lower  ones 
pinnatifid. 

Hab.  Penn.  Muhl.  July,  Aug.  2£. — Scales  of  the  involucre 
pale-brown  and  shining,  the  outer  ones  deeply  pinnatifid,  the  in- 
ner or  uppermost  ones  torn.     Floicers  purple.     Introduced. 

Broicn  Knapweed. 

2.  C.  nigra  Linn.  :  lower  leaves  angular-lyrate,  upper  ones  ovate  ; 
•scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  ciliated  with  capillary  teeth. 

Hab.  Mass.  and  Penn.  July,  Aug.  1£. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high. 
Leaves  scabrous.  Scales  of  the  involucre  almost  black,  the  teeth 
brown.  Floicers  solitary,  terminal,  purple.  Introduced. — Be- 
sides the  above,  C.  cyanus.  C.  benedicticta  and  C.  calcitrapa  are 
naturalized  in  some  parts  of  the  United  States.  None  of  them 
are  indigenous.  Black  Knapweed. 

14.     ELEPHANTOPUS.     Linn. 

Partial  involucre  4-flowered.  Florets  ligulate,  5-cleft,  per- 
fect.    Receptacle  naked.     Pappus  setaceous. 

Syngcnesia.   Segregata. 

E.  caroUnianvs  Willd.  :  stem  branched,  leafy,  hairy  ;  leaves  of  the 
root  and  stem  oblong,  tapering  at  base,  hairy. 

Hab.  Dry  soils.  Md.  to  Car.  Sept.  U-—Stem  2  feet  high, 
villous,  especially  near  the  base,  branching  towards  the  summit. 
Heaols  of  flowers  composed  of  four  clusters,  each  4-flowered, 
with  the  involucre  9 — 10-leaved.     Corol  purple. 

Elephant' s -foot. 

15.     VERNONIA.     Linn. 

Involucre  ovate,  imbricate.  Receptacle  naked.  Stigma 
bifid.     Pappus  double  ;  outer  short,  chaffy  ;  inner  capillary. 

Syjigenesia,  Mqualis. 


COMPOSITE.  175 

1.  V%  novtboracensis  Willd.  :  leaves  numerous,  lanceolate,  scabrous, 
serrulate  ;  corymb  fastigiate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  filiform  at  the 
summit. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept. 
11. — Stem  A — 6  feet  high,  branching  towards  the  top.  Floicers 
in  a  very  large  terminal  corymb,  purple. 

2.  V.  prealta  Willd.  :  stem  very  tall,  angular,  densely  pubescent ; 
leaves  numerous,  lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  pubescent  beneath  : 
corymb  fastigiate  :  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate,  acute,  unarmed. 

Hab.  Meadows.  N.  S.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  y.—  A  very  tall 
rough  looking  plant.     Flowers  purple. 

1C.     LIATRIS.     Linn. 

Involucre  oblong,  imbricate.  Receptacle  naked.  Pappus 
feathered,  generally  coloured.     Acines  pubescent,  obconic. 

Syngencsia.  JEquaUr. 

1.  L.  spicata  Willd.  :  leaves  linear,  entire,  smooth,  ciliate  at  base, 
nerved  and  punctate  ;  flowers  in  spikes;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear, 
obtuse. — L.  maerostackya  Mich.  Piqrsk. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  If. — Stem  3 — C 
feet  high.  Floicers  in  a  terminal  spike,  purple.  Involucres  8 — 10- 
flowered. 

2.  L.  pilosa  Willd. :  stem  simple,  pubescent ;  leaves  linear,  hairy, 
ciliate  ;  flowers  in  loose  racemose  heads  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ob- 
long, obtuse ;  pedicels  bracteate. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  Sept. — Nov.  11. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  a  little  hairy.  Leaves  long  and  linear.  Raceme 
long,  leafy.  Involucre  with  10 — 14  flowers.  Flowers  small, 
bright  purple. 

3.  L.  scariosa  Willd.  :  stem  erect,  hairy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pubes- 
cent, scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  raceme  long ;  involucre  14-flowered  ; 
scales  obovate,  nearly  glabrous,  with  the  margins  scarious  ;  the  lower 
ones  expanding. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  21. — Stem 
3 — 4  feet  high.  Loicer  leaves  very  long.  Floicers  numerous,  in  a 
terminal  raceme,  bright  purple.  A  very  variable  species.  See. 
Ell.  8k.  ii.  281. 

4.  L.  squarrosa  Willd. :  stem  simple,  pubescent ;  leaves  very  long, 
linear,  nerved,  with  the  margins  scabrous  ;  racemes  few-flowered, 
leafy ;  upper  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  rigid  and  spreading  ; 
segments  of  the  florets  linear,  villous  internally. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Sept. — Oct. 
11  • — Stem  2—3  feet  high.  Flowers  generally  4—5,  in  a  terminal 
raceme,  bright  purple.     Involucre  about  20-flowered. 

17.     BACCHARIS.     Linn. 
Involucre  imbricate,  its  scales  ovate  and  somewhat  coria- 


176  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

ceous.  Receptacle  naked.  Florets  tubular,  dioecious.  Ste- 
rile with  the  anthers  exserted,  unawned  at  base,  pappus  slight- 
ly feathered.     Fertile  filiform,  pappus  capillary. 

Syngenesia.   Superflua. 

B.  halimifolia  Linn. :  leaves  obovate  and  oval,  incisely  toothed  near 

the  summit ;  panicle  compound,  leafy  ;  heads  of  flowers  peduncled. 

Hab.     Sea  coast.    Md.  to  Geor.    Sept.,  Oct.     *?. — A  shrub  6— 12 

feet  high,  and  with  the  leaves  covered  with  a  whitish  powder  or 

dust.     Floicers  in  a  large  loose  terminal  panicle.     Pajynis  of  the 

fertile  florets  hairy,  twice  as  long  as  the  corol. 

Plough?na?l, s  Spikenard. 

18.     CONYZA.     Linn. 

Involucre  imbricate,  the  scales  appressed.  Receptacle  nak- 
ed. Marginal  florets  fertile,  3-cleft.  Pappus  simple,  ca- 
pillary.    Acines  hairy.  Syngenesia.  Superflua. 

C.  camphorata  Pnrsh  :  herbaceous,  slightly  pubescent  ;  leaves  on 
petioles,  ovate-lanceolate,  very  acute,  denticulate  ;  corymbs  terminal 
and  axillary,  shorter  than  the  leaves ;  scales  of  the  involucre  acute,  as 
long  as  the  florets. — Erigcron  camphoratum  Linn. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  Mass.  to  Geor.  Aug.,  Sept.  11. — Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high,  rather  succulent.  Floicers  in  axillary  and  terminal 
corymbs,  purple. — When  bruised,  this  plant  gives  out  a  strong 
spicy  but  somewhat  disagreeable  odour.    Big.     Marsh  Fleabane. 

19.     INULA.     Linn. 

Involucre  squarrose  or  imbricate.  Florets  of  the  ray  very 
numerous,  yellow.  Anthers  each  with  2  bristles  at  the  base. 
Receptacle  naked.     Pappus  simple.  Nutt. 

Syngenesia.  Superflua. 

I.  heler.tium  Linn.  :  leaves  clasping,  somewhat  toothed,  ovate,  ru- 
gose and  tomentose  beneath ;  scales  of  the  involucre  downy. 

Hab.  Roadsides.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  U-— Stem  3— 4  feet  high, 
branching  at  the  top.  Leaves  very  large,  those  of  the  root  petio- 
led,  of  the  stem  clasping.  Flowers  large,  solitary,  terminal, 
yellow.  Elecampane. 

20.     CHRYSOPSIS.     Nutt. 

Involucre  imbricate.  Anthers  naked  at  the  base.  Recep- 
tacle naked.  Pappus  double  ;  the  outer  chaffy  and  minute  ; 
the  inner  hairy,  scabrous  and  many  rayed.  Acines  obovate, 
villous. — Rays  of  the  corol  mostly  yellow. 

Syngenesia.  Superflua. 


COMPOSITE.  177 

1.  ft  ?naria7ia  Nutt. :  hairy;  leaves  oblong,  lanceolate,  serrate;  the 
upper  ones  sessile,  acute  ;  the  lower  ones  spathulate  and  generally  ob- 
tuse ;  corymb  simple ;  involucre  viseidly  pubescent. — Inula  mariana 
Linn. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  2_f.— Stem  1— 2 
feet  high,  clothed  with  long  hairs.  Floiccrs  in  corymbs  ;  fiords 
of  the  ray  16—20. 

2.  C.  faleata  Hick:  woolly  and  villous ;  leaves  sessile,  linear,  very 
acute,  subfalcate  and  spreading  ;  nerves  pilose  on  both  sides  ;  flower* 
in  axillary  corymbs  ;  involucre  pilose. — Inula  faleata  Pursh. 

Hab.  Pine  woods.  N.  J.  Sept.,  Oct.  2X.  —  Strm  6—12  inches 
high,  flowers  in  crowded  corymbs,  small,  bright  yellow.  Ray 
floret*  oblong,  tridentate. — Mr.  Nuttall  supposes  this  species  to 
be  a  mere  variety  of  the  preceding. 

3.  ft  gramin  folia  Nutt.  :  silky  ;  stem  leafy  towards  the  summit  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  entire,  nerved  ;  corymb  compound. — 
Inula  graminifolia  Mich. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Del.  to  Flor.  Aug.— Oct.  2|. — Stem  1—2 
feet  high  and  with  the  leaves  covered  with  a  silky  pubescence. 
Leaves  long,  linear.  Corymb  made  up  of  many  heads.  Flow- 
ers yellow. — Closely  allied  to  ft  argentea  of  Elliott,  but  the 
leaves  are  conspicuously  nerved,  the  corymbs  generally  more 
compact  and  the  heads  more  numerous — The  three  species  above 
described,  differ  so  much  in  habit  from  Inula  helenium,  as  to  war- 
rant their  separation  ;  a  suggestion  first  made  by  Mr.  Nuttall, 
and  subsequently  adopted  by  Mr.  Elliott.  But  it  is  doubtful 
whether  the  range  of  the  genus  is  so  extensive  as  we  should  be 
led  to  infer  from  the  remarks  of  Mr.  Nuttall. 

21.     ARNICA.     Linn. 

Involucre  hemispherical,  with  the  leafets  equal  and  longer 
than  the  disk.  Receptacle  naked.  Pappus  simple.  Florets 
of  the  ray  often  with  5  filaments  destitute  of  anthers,  (yel- 
low.) .  Sy  agenesia.    Superfiua. 

A.  nudicaulis  Nutt.  :  hirsute  ;  radicle  leaves  opposite,  decussate, 
broad-lanceolate,  nerved  and  toothed ;  stem  nearly  leafless,  divided 
near  the  summit  into  a  few  1-flowered  branches. — A.  claytoni  Pursh. — 
Doronicum  nudicaidc  Mich. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  Penn.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  11. — Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high,  simple,  hirsute,  somewhat  viscid.  Leaves  of  the  root 
large,  spreading,  strongly  nerved.     Floiccrs  large,  yellow. 

Leopard' s-bane. 

22.     GNAPHALIUM.  I***. 
Involucre  imbricate,  with  the  scales  membraneous  and  often 
coloured.     Receptacle  naked.     Florets   of  the  ray  subulate  ; 
some  of  the  disk  occasionally  abortive.     Pappus  rough. 

Syngenesia.  Supcrflua. 


178  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

*  Floicers  perfect. 

1.  G.pobjcephahim  Mich.  :  herbaceous,  erect ;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  glabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  pubescent  beneath  ;  stern 
paniculate,  tomentose  ;  corymbs  terminal,  clustered. 

Hab.  Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July— Sept.  0.— 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  in  thick  clusters  forming  a  large 
terminal  cotymb,  pale  yellow.  Fragrant  Life  Everlasting. 

2.  G.  pvrpweum  Linn. :  herbaceous ;  stem  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  li- 
near-spathulate,  tomentose  beneath  ;  flowers  sessile,  clustered,  axil- 
lary and  terminal. 

Hab.  Barren  soil.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July — Oct.  If. — Stem  erect 
and  assurgent,  8 — 12  inches  high.  Flowers  in  compact  axillary 
and  sessile  clusters,  purplish. 

3.  G.  syhaticum  Linn.  :  stem  herbaceous,  very  simple,  nearly  erect ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  downy  on  both  sides  ;  flowers  axillary,  form- 
ing a  distant  and  leafy  spike. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  H. — Stem  a  foot 
high.  Flowers  sessile  in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  forming  a  more 
or  less  interrupted  spike.  Scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  shin- 
ing, with  a  broad  brown  border. 

4.  G.  americanum  Linn. :  stem  herbaceous,  erect,  branching ;  leaves 
obovate-spathulate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  axillary  and  terminal, 
in  clustered  spikes. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Penn.  andVirg.  July— Sept.  ©. — Stem 
6 — 10  inches  high.     Flowers  small,  pale  yellow. 

5.  G.  uliginosum  Linn. :  stem  herbaceous,  branched,  diffuse,  woolly  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate  ;  flowers  in  terminal  crowded  clusters  which 
are  shorter  than  the  leaves. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  0. — Stem 
a  span  high,  very  much  branched.  Floicers  small,  2 — 3  togeth- 
er, forming  oblong  clusters  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches. 
Scales  of  the  involucre  yellowish-brown,  shining. 

Marsh  Cudweed. 

6.  G.  germanicum  Smith  :  stem  herbaceous,  erect,  proliferous  at  the 
summit  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  downy  ;  flowers  capitate  in  the  ax- 
ils of  the  branches  and  terminal. 

Hab.  Fields  and  pastures.  Penn.  and  Virg.  July,  Aug.  #.— - 
Ste?7i  G — 8  inches  high,  with  numerous  leaves.  Floicers  in  a 
globular  head.     Scales  of  the  involucre  yellowish,  very  acute. 

Common  Cudweed. 

7.  G.  decurrens  Ices  :  stem  erect,  much  branched ;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, very  acute,  decurrent,  white  and  woolly  beneath,  naked 
above  ;  flowers  in  dense  terminal  roundish  clusters. 

Hab.  Hills.  N.  S.  Aug.  U>~Stem  1  1-2—2  feet  high.  Flow- 
ers yellowish. 


COMPOSITE.  170 

**  Floiccrs  dioecious.     Antexxaria.      Broun. 

8.  G.  margaritaccum  Linn.  :  herbaceous ;  stem  brandling  near  the 
summit ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering,  acute;  tomentose  beneath  ; 
corymb  fastigiate  ;  flowers  on  pedicels. 

Hab.  Woods  and  mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  IX. — 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  clothed  with  a  thick  wool.  Flowers  large, 
in  terminal  corymbs.     Involucre  white.     Florets  yellow. 

Life  Everlasting. 

9.  G.  phntagineum  Linn. :  shoots  procumbent ;  stem  simple  ;  radi- 
cal leaves  ovate,  nerved  ;  corymb  clustered  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  inner 
scales  of  the  involucre  long,  obtuse,  coloured. — G.  dioicum  var.  plan- 
tugincum  Mich. 

1 1  \  i!.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  IX. — 
Stem  8 — 10  inches  high,  downy.  Radical  leans  large  and  broad, 
those  of  the  stem  lanceolate.  Flowers  in  a  small  terminal  co- 
rymb, reddish-white  ;  fertile  ones  cylindrical  and  slender. 

Suborder  III.     ASTERE^E. 

23.     ERIGERON.    Linn. 

Involucre  imbricate.  Receptacle  naked.  Florets  of  the 
ray  numerous,  very  narrow,  (mostly  of  a  different  colour  from 
the  disk.)  Pappus  double;  the  outer  very  small ;  the  inner 
hairy,  of  a  few  rays.  Synge?iesia.   Superjlua. 

1.  E.  bcllidifolivm  Linn. :  hirsute-hoary  ;  radical  leaves  obovate. 
slightly  serrate  ;  those  of  the  stem  sessile,  scattered,  oblong-lanceo- 
late ;  stem  3 — 5-flowered  ;  rays  twice  as  long  as  tiie  involucre. — E. 
pulchellum  Mich. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June — Aug. 
IX . — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.     Flowers  few,  large,  pale  purple. 

Robin's  Plantain. 

2.  E.  integrifolium  Big.  :  stem  simple,  leafy,  smooth ;  leaves  lance- 
olate, entire,  3-nerved ;  flowers  corymbed  ;  involucre  hemispheric, 
with  acute  scales. 

Hab.  Woods  and  road  sides.  N.  S.  June — Aug.  IX. — Stem 
2  feet  high,  simple.  Leaves  slightly  clasping,  lower  ones  some- 
times toothed.     Flowers  white,  on  rough  leafy  peduncles. 

3.  E.  phihidclpliicum  Linn.  :  pubescent ;  lower  leaves  cuneate,  ob- 
long, sometimes  incisely  toothed  ;  stem  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  clasp- 
ing; flowers  somewhat  corymbose  ;  florets  of  the  ray  capillary,  twice 
as  long  as  the  involucre. 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug., 
Sept.  IX. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  slender.  Floicers  in  a  loose 
corymb,  pale  purple  ;  ray  florets  very  numerous. 

4.  E.  purpureum  Linn.  :  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong,  toothed,  clasp- 
ing ;  upper  ones  very  entire  ;  peduncles  corymbed,  thick,  the  lower 


180  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

ones  elongated  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  pilose  ;  rays  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx. 

Hab.     Woods  and  pastures.      Can.  to  Virg.     N.  to  Arc.  Amer. 

July,  Aug.      If. — Stem  12 — 18  inches   high.     Floiccrs  large, 

purple. 

5.  E.  strigosum  Linn.  :  strigose  and  hairy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  atten- 
uate at  each  end,  entire  or  with  a  few  coarse  teeth  in  the  middle ;  flow- 
ers in  a  corymbose  panicle. — E.  strigosum  and  E.  nervosum  Pursh.  f 

Hab.  Fields  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July, 
Aug.  cj\ — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Floicers  white,  with  the  rays 
capillary. 

6.  E.  heterophyllum  Linn  :  radical  leaves  roundish-ovate,  deeply 
toothed,  petiolate  ;  those  of  the  stem  lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  in  the 
middle  ;  corymb  terminal. 

Hab.  Waste  grounds.  N.  S.  June — Aug.  (?. — Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high.     Floicers  white. 

Subgenus  Ceanotus.     Nutt.     Pappus  simple. 

7.  E.  canadense  Linn.  :  stem  hispid,  paniculate,  often  profusely 
branched  ;  leaves  lanceolate-linear ;  florets  of  the  ray  numerous, 
crowded,  very  short. — E.  canadense  and  E.  pusillum  Nutt. 

Hab.  Dry  fields.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July— Sept.  #. 
Stem  6  inches  to  6  feet  high.  When  small,  constituting  E.  pusil- 
lum of  Nuttall. 

24.     ASTER.     Linn. 

Involucre  imbricate,  with  the  lower  scales  often  spreading. 
Florets  of  the  ray  generally  more  than  10,  (not  yellow.)  jRe- 
ceptacle  naked.     Pappus  simple,  hairy. 

Syngenesia.  Super -flua. 

Obs.  Mr.  Elliott's  admirable  sketch  of  the  Botany  of  South  Caro- 
lina and  Georgia,  contains  detailed  descriptions  of  many  of  our  North- 
ern Asters,  and  may  be  consulted  with  much  advantage.  The  whole 
genus  is  liable  to  great  variations  ;  and  it  is  more  than  probable  that 
many  of  the  species  here  enumerated,  will  be  found,  on  more  minute 
investigation,  to  be  mere  varieties. 

*  Florets  of  the  ray  5,  white.  Scales  of  the  involucre  ivhite,  icith  the  sum- 
mits green. 
1.  A.  solidaginoides  Mich. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  scabrous 
on  the  margin  ;  branches  corymbose-fastigiate  ;  flowers  sessile,  aggre- 
gate ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong-obtuse,  appressed,  somewhat  re- 
flexed  at  the  summit. — Conyza  linifolia  Linn. 

Hab.  Dry  swamps  and  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  It. 
— Stem  2  feet  high,  smooth.  Leaves  almost  linear,  obscurely  3- 
nerved.     Flowers  in  small  clusters,  forming  a  fastigiate  corymb. 


COMPOSITE.  181 

2.  A.  conyzoides  Willi. :  stem  simple,  smooth  and  rigid  ;  leaves  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute,  serrate  towards  the  summit,  3-nerved  ;  the  lower 
ones  attenuate  at  base  ;  the  upper  entire  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval, 
obtuse,  appressed,  slightly  reflexed  at  the  summit.—.!,  marykindicvs 
Mich. 

Hab.  Woods  and  copses.  Penn.  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  21.— 
Stem  1—2  feet  high.-Var.  plantiginifol&ue  of  Nuttall,  differs  only 
in  being  smaller  and  in  having  its  leaves  cuneate-ovate. 

**  Florets  of  the  ray  numerous.     Pappus  simple. 
t  Leaves  entire. 

3.  A.  hyssopifolius  Linn. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved,  dotted, 
acute,  with  the  margin  scabrous;  branches  fastigiate,  clustered;  flo- 
rets of  the  ray  about  5  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  about  half  as  long  as  the 
disk. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  If.— Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  smooth.  Floircrs  in  small  terminal  fastigiate  corymb?. 
Florets  of  the  ray  3—7  or  more,  white  or  purplish. 

4.  A.  subulatus  Mich.  :  very  smooth  ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  acute, 
orect;  branches  many-flowered ;  involucre  cylindrical,  the  scales  sub- 
ulate ;  florets  of  the  ray  minute. 

Hab.     Salt   marshes.      Penn.  to  Car.      Aug. — Nov.      2_f.— 
erect,  2 — 3  feet  high,  smooth,  with  numerous  spreading  branches. 
Flowers  very  small,  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle,  pale  purple. 

5.  A  foliolosus  Ait. :  stem  bearing  many  branches,  erect;  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate,  attenuate  at  each  end,  acuminate,  margin  scabrous ;  those 
of  the  branches  minute  and  numerous  ;  branches  few-flowered  ;  scales 
of  the  involucre  linear-acute,  appressed. — A.  cordifulius  Mich. 

Hab.  Fields  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  11. — 
Stem  2—3  feet  high,  with  spreading  branches.  Floiccrs  in  a 
compound  panicle,  white  or  pale  purple. 

6.  A.  tenuifolius  Linn.  :  stem  smooth,  erect,  with  1-flowered  branches; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  very  entire,  slightly  sca- 
brous along  the  margin  ;   scales  of  the  involucre  acute,  loose. 

Hab.  Fields  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.— Nov.  It. — 
Stem  'J  — 3  feet  high,  with  numerous  leaves.  Flowers  numerous, 
in  racemes  along  the  main  branches,  pale  purple. — It  sometimes 
has  the  branches  paniculate,  and  at  others  the  leaves  are  quite 
linear,  constituting  in  the  former  case  A.  dumosus  Linn.,  in  the 
latter  A.  ericoides  Linn. 

7.  A.  ncmoralis  Ait. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  with 
the  margin  scabrous  and  revolute  :  branches  filiform,  naked,  1-flower- 
ed ;  involucre  loosely  imbricated,  with  the  scales  acute  and  much  short- 
er than  the  disk;  rays  numerous.  —  A.  ledifulius  Pursh. 

Hab.  Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  and  N.  J.  Sept,  Oct.  Lf. — 
Stem  simple,  12—18  inches  high,  fragile  and  thickly  set  with 
leaves  which  are  sometimes  minutely  bidentate.  Flowers  large, 
pale  violet.  — The  stem  is  sometimes  simple  and  1-flowered.— A. 
uniflorus  Mich. 

16 


182  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

8.  A.paludosus  Ait.  :  stem  simple;  leaves  sessile  or  clasping,  subu- 
late, smooth,  with  the  margin  scabrous;  peduncles  few,  1-flowered, 
axillary  and  terminal,  leafy,  pubescent ;  involucre  large  and  squarrose. 
— A.  grandiflorus  Walt.  ? 

Hab.  Borders  of  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Aug. — Nov.  If. — 
Stem  1—2  feet  high,  smooth  nearly  to  the  top,  3 — 5-flowered. 
Flowers  very  large  and  beautiful,  the  rays  bright  blue. 

9.  A.  multiflorus  Ait.  :  stem  diffusely  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves 
linear,  entire,  nearly  smooth,  slightly  ciliate  ;  involucre  and  peduncles 
squarrose,  the  scales  oblong  and  ciliate. — A.  ■multiflorus  and  A.  ciliatus 
Willd. 

Hab.  Fields  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  24..  — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  branching,  very  pubescent.  Floicers  in  crowded 
terminal  racemes,  on  horizontal  branches.  Ray  florets  nearly 
white,  disk  ones  yellowish. 

10.  A.  sparsiflorus  Mich.  :  very  smooth  ;  stem  slender,  much  branch- 
ed ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  somewhat  fleshy  and  reflexed ;  branches 
spreading,  leafy,  1-flowered;  scales  of  the  involucre  acute,  appressed. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Sept.— Nov.  Lf.— Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high.     Floicers  large ;  rays  pale  purple  ;  disk  yellow. 

11.  A.  concolor  Linn. :  stem  simple,  erect,  pubescent ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  entire,  hoary  and  pubescent  on  both  sides  ;  raceme  termi- 
nal ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  silky,  appressed. 

Hab.  Pine  woods.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Aug.  — Nov.  Lf.— Stem  2— 3 
feet  high,  sparingly  branched.  Flowers  in  a  long  terminal  ra- 
ceme, blue.     Root  often  tuberous. 

12.  A.  salicifolius  Pursh:  stem  smooth,  paniculate  at  the  summit ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  entire,  smooth  ;  involucre  lax,  with  the 
scales  acute  and  spreading  at  their  summits. — A.  prealtus  Lam. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  S.  Aug.  — Oct.  If.  —  Stem  4— 6  feet 
high.     Floicers  middle-sized,  reddish-blue. 

13.  A.  ccstivus  Ait.  :  stem  branching  from  the  base,  erect,  hispid  ; 
branches  hairy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  subclasping.  attenuate  at  the  apex, 
with  the  margin  scabrous  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  loose,  linear,  acute, 
equal. 

Hab.  Dry  swamps.  N.  S.  July— Sept.  Lf.— Stem  2  feet  high. 
Flowers  middle-sized  ;  rays  blue. 

14.  A.  noxaanglice  Linn. :  stem  erect,  hairy,  paniculate  ;  leaves  nar- 
row-lanceolate, hairy,  clasping,  auriculate,  crowded  on  the  branchlets  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  loose,  rather  longer  than  the  disk. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  Sept.— Nov.  U.—Stem  3—6 
feet  high,  almost  hispid,  with  spreading  branches.  f  Flowers 
large,  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle,  blue  or  purple. — A  very  orna- 
mental species. 

15.  A.  cyaneus  Pursh :  stem  very  smooth,  branching,  the  branches 
spreading  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  clasping,  smooth  ;  flowers  in  pani- 


COMPOSITE.  183 

culate  racemes ;  scales  of  the  involucre  loose,  lanceolate,  as  long  as 

the  disk. — A.  none  anglia  var.  b.  Ait. 

Hab.  Old  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Sept.— Nov.  If.— Stem 
3 — 4  feet  high,  smooth  or  slightly  pubescent  on  the  young 
branches.  Flowers  large,  blue  and  purple. — Said  by  Pursh  to 
be  the  handsomest  of  the  genus. 

16.  A.  phlogifolius  lirdld.  :  stem  very  simple,  pubescent ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  cordate,  clasping,  pubescent  beneath,  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gin ;  panicle  terminal,  loose,  few-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
loose,  imbricate,  lanceolate. — A.  amplexicatdis  Mirk. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds.  N.  J.  toVirg.  Aug.—  Nov.  1£. — Stem  1 — 2 
feet  high.     Flowers  middle-sized,  violet. 

17.  A.  patens  Ait.:  stem  branching,  hair}'-;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate, 
ciliate,  cordate,  clasping,  scabrous  and  hairy  on  both  sides  ;  branches 
spreading,  elongated,  few-flowered,  with  minute  leaves  ;  scales  of  the 
involucre  imbricate,  lanceolate,  spreading. — A.  diversifolius  Mich. 

Hab.  Hedges.  N.  S.  Sept.— Nov.  H.—Stem  1—2  feet  high. 
Flowers  middle-sized  ;  rays  blue  or  purple ;  disk  yellow. 

tt  Leaves  lanceolate  and  orate  ;  the  loicer  serrate. 
1.  Floiccrs  in  corymbs. 

18.  A.  nudiflorus  Nutt. :  stem  simple  and  smooth  ;  leaves  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate,  subacuminate,  sharply  serrate,  upper  surface  sca- 
brous ;  corymb  simple,  few-flowered  ;  peduncles  pubescent,  naked, 
mostly  1-flowered  ;  involucre  hemispherical,  closely  imbricated ;  scales 
linear-oblong  and  ciliate. 

Hab.     Swamps.     N.  J.     rare.  H.—Stem  2—3    feet  high. 

locates  3  inches  long,  1  inch  wide.     Flowers  on  peduncles  3—4 
inches  long,  large,  pale  purple. 

10.  A.  radula  Ait. :  stem  erect,  simple,  angular  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
serrate,  acuminate,  rugose   and  very  scabrous  ;  corymb  terminal ;  in- 
volucre imbricate  ;  scales  lanceolate,  somewhat  obtuse,  subsquarrose. 
Hab.     Nova  Scotia   and  high  mountains  in  N.  S.     Sept. — Nov. 
11. — Floiccrs  middle-sized  ;  rays  short,  white. 

20.  A.  strictus  Pursh  :  leaves  sessile,  narrow-lanceolate,  serrate,  sca- 
brous ;  stem  one  or  few-flowered  above  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbri- 
cate, appressed,  oblong,  acute,  scarcely  shorter  than  the  disk. — A.  bi- 
Jlorus  Mich. 

Hab.  High  mountains.  N.  S.  N.  to  Labrador.  Sept.,  Oct. 
K.. — Stem  4 — 6  inches  high.  Flowers  middle-sized  ;  rays  pale 
violet ;  disk  brownish-yellow. 

21.  A.  surculosus  Mich.  :  stem  simple,  low  and  slender,  minutely  pu- 
bescent ;  lower  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire  or  subserrate,  scabrous 
above  ;  upper  ones  linear,  clasping  ;  corymb  3 — 5-flowered,  somewhat 
naked  ;  involucre  imbricate,  subsquarrose  ;  scales  ciliate,  linear-ob- 
long, inner  ones  obtuse  ;  rays  about  20. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  S.  Torr.  S.  to  Car.  Sept.  Oct.  U-— Root  creep- 
ing.    Stem   12 — 18   inches  high.     Flowers  rather  large,   violet 


184  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

purple  ;  inner  scales  of  the  involucre  often  coloured. — The  habit 
of  this  species  is  very  much  like  that  of  a  corymbose  Liatris,  and 
Mr.  Nuttall  thinks  it  is  the  Ji.  clegans  of  Willdenow. 

22.  A.  spectabilis  Ait.  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  somewhat  scabrous 
and  clasping  ;  lower  ones  serrate  in  the  middle  ;  branches  corymbose  ; 
involucre  hemispherical,  somewhat  glandularly  pubescent,  foliaceous 
and  squarrose  ;  scales  ciliate,  cuneate-ovate  and  partly  acute. 

b.  bellidfolius  Nutt.  :  leaves  oblong-obovate,  serrate  ;  corymb  near- 
ly simple,  with  the  branchlets  mostly  1-flowered. — A.  bellidiflorus 
Willd.  ? 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  J.  to  Virg.  Aug. — Nov.  2£.  —  Stem  2  feet 
high ;  branches  2  or  3-flowered,  somewhat  hairy.  Floicers  10 — 15 
in  a  corymb,  large  and  blue.  Var.  b.  has  the  stem  never  hairy 
above. 

23.  A.  serotinus  Willd. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile, 
smooth,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  lower  ones  serrate  ;  branches  corym- 
bose, smooth  ;  branchlets  1-flowered  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  spreading. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  Sept. — Nov.  11. — Stem 
3  feet  high.     Flowers  large,  blue. 

24.  A.  puniccus  Linn. :  stem  hispid  ;  leaves  clasping,  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, somewhat  scabrous  ;  branches  paniculate  ;  involucre  loose,  ex- 
ceeding the  disk  ;  scales  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  equal. 

Hab.  Salt  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  Sept. — Nov.  !£• — StemG — 8 
feet  high,  purplish.     Flowers  large,  purple  or  blue. 

25.  A.  novi  belgii  Linn. :  stem  terete,  smooth  ;  leaves  subclasping? 
lanceolate,  smooth,  scabrous  on  the  margin ;  lower  ones  somewhat  ser- 
rate ;  branches  subdivided  ;  involucre  loosely  imbricated ;  scales  linear- 
lanceolate. — A.  novi  belgii  and  A.  floribvndus  Willd. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  Aug.— Oct.  U-Stcm  3  feet  high. 
Flowers  middle-sized,  pale  purple. 

26.  A.  acuminatus  Mich.  :  stem  simple,  flexuous,  angular  ;  leaver 
broad-lanceolate,  tapering  and  entire  towards  the  base,  unequally 
serrate  near  the  summit,  conspicuously  acuminate  ;  panicle  corym- 
bose, divaricate,  dichotomous  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  loose,  linear, 
shorter  than  the  disk. 

Hab.  Can.  and  mountains  in  N.  S.  Aug. — Oct.  11. — Stem  a 
foot  or  more  high.  Leaves  large.  Floicers  middle-sized;  rays 
white. 

27.  A.  dracunculoides  Willd. :  stem  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  linear, 
acuminate,  very  entire ;  lower  ones  linear-lanceolate,  subserrate ; 
branches  corymbose  ;  involucre  imbricate. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Sept.— Nov.  2L — Stem  4 
feet  high.     Floicers  small  ;  rays  white. 

2.     Flowers  in  panicles. 

28.  A.  amplexicaulis  Willd. :  stem  smooth,  paniculate  ;  leaves  ovate- 


COMPOSITE.  185 

oblong,  acute,  clasping,  cordate,  serrate,  smooth  ;  scales  of  the  invo- 
lucre lanceolate,  closely  imbricate. — A.  j)ennsylvanicus  Lam. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  'J.  to  Car.  Sept.— Nov.  U.—Stem  2—3 
feet  high.  Lower  leaves  attenuate  and  clasping,  the  upper  ones 
more  cordate.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle,  middle-sized,  blue. 

29.  A.  prenanthoides  JVdld. ;  branches  hairy ;  leaves  clasping,  spath- 
ulate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate  in  the  middle,  cordate  at  base  ; 
scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  squarrose. 

Hab.     Penn.     Muhl.     Aug. — Oct.     If. — Flowers  blue. 

30.  A.  lavigatus  Hllld. :  stem  much  branched,  smooth  ;  branches 
many-flowered ;  leaves  subclasping,  broad-lanceolate,  subserrate, 
smooth ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  loose,  as  long  as  the  disk, 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct,  y.-Stem  2 — 4 
feet  high,  profusely  branched.  Upper  leaves  narrow  and  nearly 
entire.     Flowers  numerous,  pale  purple  ;  disk  yellow. 

31.  A.  versicolor  Hllld. :  stem  much  branched,  smooth  ;  leaves  sub- 
clasping,  broad-lanceolate,  smooth,  somewhat  serrate  ;  radicle  ones 
serrate  in  the  middle  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  loose,  shorter 
than  the  disk. 

Hab.  Fields  and  Woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  U-— 
Stein  2  feet  high.  Floicers  large  and  very  numerous,  clustered 
towards  the  summits  of  the  branches;  disk  yellow;  rays  white, 
changing  to  a  deep  violet.     Pursh. 

32.  A-  mutabilis  Linn. :  stem  smooth ;  branches  virgate  ;  upper 
leaves  somewhat  clasping,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  very  entire  ;  lower 
ones  lanceolate,  narrow  at  base,  serrate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  loose, 
shorter  than  the  disk, 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  Penn.  to  Virg.  Aug. — Oct.  U- — 
Flowers  middle-sized  ;  disk  yellow  ;  rays  deep  purple,  changing 
to  purple.     Pursh. 

33.  A.  lotvis  Linn.  :  stem  smooth,  angular  ;  branches  simple,  1 -flow- 
ered ;  leaves  somewhat  clasping,  remote,  oblong,  very  entire,  shining  ; 
radical  ones  subserrate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  subcunei- 
form,  acute,  thickened  at  the  apex. 

Hab.  Woods  and  sides  of  ponds.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  Sept. — Nov. 
U- — Stem  2  feet  high.     Flowers  large,  bluish-purple. 

34.  A.  concinnus  Willd. :  stem  simple,  paniculate  at  the  summit ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  clasping  ;  lower  ones  smooth,  subserrate ; 
involucre  closely  imbricate. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Sept.— Nov.  U.—Stem  2 
feet  high.  Flowers  bluish-purple.  Leaves,  said  by  Pursh,  to  re- 
semble those  of  Phlox  maculata. 

35.  A.  tardiflorus  Linn.  :  branches  divaricate  ;  leaves  sessile,  serrate, 
smooth,  spathulate-lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  margin  reflexed  ;  in- 
volucre loose  ;  scales  linear-lanceolate,  nearly  equal,  smooth. 

Hab.  Low  ground.  N.  S.  Sept.— Nov.  U.  rare.— FUncws 
middle-sized  ;  rays  pale  blue. 

16* 


186  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

36.  A.  tradcscanti  Linn. :  stem  terete,  smooth  ;  branches  virgate  ; 
■leaves  lanceolate,   serrate,   sessile,  smooth  ;  involucre  imbricate 

Hab.  Dry  swamps.  Can.  to  Virg.  Aug. — Oct.  If. — Stem 
3 — 4  feet  high.  Floicers  very  small ;  rays  white  or  purple. — A.  rc- 
curvatus  of  Willdenow,  is  considered  by  Dr.  Torrey  as  a  mere 
variety  of  the  above.  It  has  the  leaves  narrower  and  the  panicle 
sometimes  recurved. 

37.  A.  eminens  Willd. :  stem  paniculate  ;  branchlets  1-flowered  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  margin ;  lower 
ones  subserrate ;  involucre  imbricate  ;  scales  lanceolate — and  A.  laxus. 

mm. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  J.  to  Virg.  Sept.— Nov.  U>— Floicers  middle- 
sized  ;  rays  pale,  like  ;  disk  yellow^  changing  to  red. — As  sug- 
gested by  Mr.  Nuttall,  A.  laxus  of  Willdenow  is  scarcely  to  be 
distinguished  from  this  species. 

38.  A.  simplex  Willd.  :  stem  very  smooth,  paniculate  at  the  summit : 
leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  those  of  the 
stem  serrate  at  the  apex,  of  the  branches  very  entire  ;  involucre  loose- 
ly imbricate  ;  scales  linear-subulate. 

Hab.     Penn.     Torr.     1L — Rays  white  ;  disk  yellow.     Pursh. 

39.  A.  polyphyllus  Willd. :  stem  much  branched,  pubescent  ,*  leaves 
linear,  very  entire  ;  radical  ones  oblong,  subserrate  ;  involucre  loosely 
imbricate. 

Hab.  Penn.  Torr.  IX. — Rays  white  ;  dish  yellow,  changing  to 
red  or  brown.     Pursh. 

40.  A.  junceus  Ait. :  stem  paniculate,  smooth  ;  branches  virgate  ; 
leaves  lanceolate-linear,  sessile,  smooth  ;  lower  ones  subserrate  ;  those 
of  the  branches  lanceolate  ;  involucre  imbricate. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  S.  Aug.— Oct.  U.—Stem  4—6  feet 
high.  Floicers  flesh  coloured. — A  lunceolatus  of  Willdenow,  is 
only  a  variety  with  a  branched  stem  and  smaller  flowers. 

41.  A.fragilis  Willd.:  stem  smoothish ;  branches  corymbose-pani- 
culate ;  leaves  linear,  acuminate,  very  entire  ;  radical  ones  oblong, 
serrate  ;  involucre  imbricate  ;  scales  appressed. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  -S.  Sept.  ZL— Stem  2  feet  high.  Floicers 
small,  white. 

42.  A.  miser  Linn. :  stem  villous  ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  serrate, 
smooth  ;  involucre  imbricate ;  scales  acute  ;  disk  equal  to  the  ray. 

a.  dicer  gens;  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate. — A.  diver  gens  Ait. 

b.  diffusus  ;  leaves  all  proportioned. — A.  diffusus  Ait. 

c.  pendulus ;  leaves  of  branches  rather  remote. — A.  pendulus  Ait. 
Hab.     Fields.     N.  S.     Aug. — Nov.     11. — Floicers  small,   white. 

— I  follow  Dr.  Torrey  in  uniting  the  above  species  with  A.  miser. 

3.     Leaves  cordate  and  ovate,  serrate. 

43.  A.  undulatus  Linn. :  stem  paniculate,  hispid  ;  branchlets  secund, 
leafy,  1-flowered  ;  leaves  oWong,  cordate,  clasping,  very  entire,  hairy, 


COMPOSITE.  197 

subundulate  ;  lower  ones  cordate,  ovate,  subserrate,  petiolate ;  petioles 

winged. — A.  direr?  if  alius  Mich. 

Hab.  Old  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Sept.  U-Stcm  2—3  feet 
high.  Floicers  large,  in  a  terminal  spike  ;  ray  pale  blue  ;  disk 
yellow. — According  to  Mr.  Elliott  A.  patens  of  Willdenow  and 
A.  amplejcicuidis  of  Michaux  are  identical  with  this  species. 

44.  A.  sagittifolius  Willd.  :  stem  smooth,  branched  ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate,  sessile,  serrate  in  the  middle  ;  radical  ones  ob- 
long, cordate-saggitate,  serrate,  petiolate ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
loosely  imbricate,  lanceolate. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  S.  Torr.  S.  to  Car.  Sept.  U-  — 
Stem  2 — 3Veet  high,  erect,  with  many  branches.  Floicers  mid- 
dle-sized, blue. 

45.  A.  paniculatus  Ait. :  stem  much  branched,  smooth  ;  branchlets 
hairy  ;  leaves  ovate,  lanceolate,  subserrate,  smooth,  petiolate ;  radical 
ones  ovate-cordate,  serrate,  scabrous,  petiolate  ;  petioles  naked ;  invo- 
lucre loose,  somewhat  imbricate. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  U-Stem  2—4  feet 
high.  Flowers  rather  small,  but  numerous  ;  rays  changing  from 
white  to  blue  ;  disk  from  yellow  to  purple  or  brown. — Scarcely 
different  from  A.  undulatus. 

46.  A.  cordif alius  Linn. :  stem  paniculate,  nearly  smooth ;  leaves 
cordate,  hairy  beneath,  coarsely  serrate,  petiolate  ;  petioles  winged  ; 
panicle  divaricate;  involucre  loose,  slightly  imbricate — and  A.  hetcro- 
phyllus  iVilld. 

Hab.  Mountainous  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  Sept. — Nov.  11. — 
Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  branched,  with  the  branches  pubescent. 
Floicers  small,  in  panicles  composed  of  crowded  racemes,  white 
or  pale  purple. 

47.  A.  corymbosus  Ait. :  stem  smooth  ;  branches  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate, 
sharply  serrate,  acuminate,  nearly  smooth  ;  lower  ones  cordate,  petio- 
late ;  petioles  naked  ;  corymb  fastigiate ;  involucre  oblong,  imbricate ; 
scales  obtuse,  closely  appressed. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  1£.—Stcm  2  feet 
high.  Floicers  larger  than  in  the  preceding,  in  a  fastigiate  co- 
rymb, white  tinged  with  purple. 

413.  A.  macrophyllus  Linn. :  stem  branched,  diffuse  ;  leaves  ovate, 
petiolate,  serrate,  scabrous  ;  upper  ones  cordate-ovate,  sessile  ;  lower 
ones  cordate,  petiolate  ;  petioles  somewhat  margined ;  involucre  cylin- 
drical, closely  imbricate  ;  scales  oblong,  acute. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  Sept.,  Oct.  11. — Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high.     Floicers  above  middle-size  ;  rays  white  or  blue. 

***  Pappus  double.  Floicers  generally  in  corymbs. 
49.  A.  linariifalius  Linn.  :  stem  somewhat  decumbent ;  branches  fas- 
tigiate, 1-flowered  ;  leaves  numerous,  linear,  mucronate,  without 
nerves  or  punctures,  carinate,  scabrous,  rigid  •,  those  of  the  branches 
recurved  ;  involucre  imbricate,  as  long  as  the  disk — and  A.  rigidm 
Willd.  Pursh.  —  Chrysopsis  linariifolia  Nutt. 


188  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Gravelly  and  rocky  places.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct. 
2_L — Stein  1 — 2  feet  high,  pubescent  when  young  Leaves  very 
scabrous  on  the  margins.  Branches  1-flowered,  forming  an 
umbellate  corymb.  Floicers  middle-sized ;  rays  pale  violet :  disk 
yellow. 

50.  A.  linifolius  Linn. :  stem  corymbosely  branched,  scabrous  ; 
branches  leafy  ;  leaves  linear,  without  nerves,  punctate,  scabrous, 
reflexed-spreading  ;  involucre  imbricate,  short  ;  rays  nearly  equal  to 
the  disk. — Chrysopsis  linifolia  Nutt. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  S.  Sept.,  Oct.  If.— Stem  1  1-2—2 
feet  high.  Flowers  large,  white  or  pale  purple. — Scarcely  dis- 
tinct from  the  preceding.  1 

51.  A.  humilis  Willd.;  leaves  somewhat  rhomboidal,  oval-lanceolate, 
acuminate  at  each  end,  slightly  petiolate,  smooth,  hispid  on  the  mar- 
gin ;  corymb  diverging,  dichotomous,  rather  naked,  few-flowered  ;  in- 
volucre loose,  imbricate ;  florets  of  the  ray  8 — and  A.  cornifolius  JVilld* 
— A.  infirmus  Mich. — Chrysopsis  humilis  Nutt. 

Hab.  Rocky  situations.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  1L —  Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high,  pubescent.  Floicers  in  small  terminal  corymbs, 
white  and  large  in  proportion  to  the  plant ;  ray  florets  about  8. 

52.  A.  amydalinus  Lam. :  stem  simple,  corymbose-fastigiate  at  the 
summit ;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  base,  acuminate,  scabrous  on 
the  margin  ;  involucre  loose,  imbricate  ;  scales  lanceolate,  obtuse. — A. 
umbellatus  Ait. — Chrysopsis  amygdalina  Nutt. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  11. — Stem  2  feet  high. 
Fhioers  numerous  ;  ray  florets  about  12,  narrow,  white. — Closely 
allied  to  the  former. 

25.     SOLIDAGO.     Linn. 

Involucre  imbricate,  with  the  scales  appressed.  Florets  of 
the  ray  about  5.  Receptacle  naked,  punctate.  Pappus  sim- 
ple, hairy. — Flowers  yellow.  Syngenesia.  Superflua. 

Obs.  An  excellent  monograph  of  this  difficult  genus  by  Sir  J.  E. 
Smith,  will  be  found  in  Rees'  Cyclopaedia,  art.  Solidago.  The  re- 
marks made  concerning  the  variable  character  of  the  preceding  genus 
will  equally  apply  to  this. 

*  Racemes  secund.     Leaves  with  3  combined  nerves. 

1.  &  canadensis  Linn.  ;  stem  villous ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  3- 
nerved,  scabrous  ;  racemes  paniculate,  secund,  recurved ;  rays  short. 

Hab.  Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  U-—Stem  2—5  feet 
high,  very  villous.  Leaves  large,  always  scabrous  on  the  upper 
surface.  Flowers  in  secund  racemes,  on  large  branches,  recurved 
at  the  summit.  Golden  Rod. 

2.  S.  procera  Ait. ;  stem  erect,  villous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  3- 
nerved,  scabrous,  villous  beneath;  racemes  erect,  spiciform,  before 
flowering  nodding ;  rays  short.  - 


COMPOSITE.  189 

Has.  Swamps  and  low  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  N.  to  Subarc. 
Amer.  July — Sept.  2£. — Stem  4 — 7  feet  high.  Flowers  in  a 
pyramidal  panicle  which  is  recurved  before  flowering. 

3.  <S\  serotina  Ait.  :  stem  erect,  terete,  smooth  ;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, serrate,  smooth,  3-nerved ;  racemes  paniculate,  secund  ;  pedun- 
cles pubescent. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  S.  Sept.,  Oct.  U-— Stem  4  feet  high.  leaves 
ciliate  on  the  margin  when  young. 

4.  8.  gigantca  Ait. :  stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate, 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  obscurely  3-nerved  ;  racemes  paniculate,  se- 
cund :  peduncles  hirsute  ;  rays  short. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  If. — Stem  4 — 7  feet 
high,  purplish. 

5.  S.  ciliaris  Willd.  :  stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  sub-3- 
nerved,  smooth,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  subserrate  ;  raceme  panicu- 
late, secund  ;  peduncles  smooth ;  bracts  ciliate  ;  rays  short. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  Aug.  1L — Stem  3  feet  high,  angular. 
Radical  leaves  oval,  petioled. 

6.  S.  reflcxa  Ait.  :  stem  erect,  villous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  subserrate, 
3-nerved,  scabrous,  reflexed  ;  branches  paniculate,  subsecund,  reflexed. 

Hab.  Pine  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  21. — Leaves 
narrow-lanceolate,  with  a  few  serratures  in  the  middle.  Racemes 
short. 

7.  S.  lateriflora  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  somewhat  hairy  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, sub-3-nerved,  smooth,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  the  lower  ones 
slightly  serrate  ;  racemes  paniculate,  somewhat  recurved,  secund. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  11.— Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high  j  the  lower  part  sometimes  with  lateral  flowering 
branches.  Floicers  larger  and  leaves  broader  than  in  any  of  the 
preceding  species. 

**  Racemes  secund.     Leaves  veined. 

8.  j§>.  aspcra  Ait.  :  stem  erect,  terete,  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate,  somewhat, 
elliptic,  very  scabrous,  rugose,  serrate,  without  nerves  ;  racemes  pani- 
culate, secund. 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Sept.  U-— Stem  3—  5 
feet  high,  very  hairy  and  somewhat  scabrous.  Floicers  in  along 
terminal  panicle  composed  of  secund  racemes. 

9.  S.  altissitna  Linn. :  stem  erect,  hispid ;  leaves  lanceolate,  the 
lower  ones  deeply  serrate,  very  scabrous,  rugose  ;  panicle  secund  and 
often  spreading — and  A.  rugosa  Willd. 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  If. — Stem 
3 — 7  feet  high,  robust  and  hairy,  much  branched  at  the  summit. 
Leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  acute,  rugose  and  scabrous.  Flowers 
in  large  and  almost  corymbose  panicles  composed  of  small, 
nearly  erect  recurved  branches. — A  very  variable  species. 

10.  <S.  scabra  Willd.  :  stem  erect,  hairy. sulcate  ;  leaves  oblong,    at- 


190  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

tenuate  at  both  ends,  acuminate,  glabrous  above,  rugose  and  scabrous 
beneath,  with  appressed  serratures  in  the  middle  ;  racemes  secund. 
Hab.     Old  fields.     Penn.  to  Virg.     Aug.— Oct.     If.— Stem  2— 5 
feet  high. 

11.  &  memoralis  Ait. :  stem  erect,  tomentose  ;  radical  leaves  some- 
what cuneate,  serrate ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  hispid,  very  entire  ; 
racemes  paniculate,  secund. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  Lf.— Steml— 2 
feet  high.  Flowers  in  a  small  and  somewhat  corymbose  panicle. 
— The  whole  plant  has  a  greyish  or  pulverulent  appearance. 

12.  S.  patula  IVilld, :  stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  elliptic,  serrate, 
smooth  ;  radical  ones  oblong-spathulate  ;  racemes  paniculate,  secund, 
spreading ;  peduncles  pubescent. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  S.  Sept.,  Oct.  U .—  Stem  2  feet  high, 
virgate  and  striate.  Racemes  short,  with  the  floicers  rather 
large. 

13.  &  ulmifolia  IVilld. :  stem  erect,  smooth,  striate  ;  leaves  elliptic, 
deeply  serrate,  acuminate,  villous  beneath  ;  radicle  ones  obovate ;  ra- 
cemes paniculate,  secund  ;  peduncles  villous  ;  rays  short. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  S.  Aug.— Oct.  H.—Stem  3-4  feet 
high.  Floicers  in  an  oblong  terminal  panicle  composed  of  secund 
and  recurved  racemes. 

14.  &  arguta  Ait. :  stem  erect,  smooth;  leaves  smooth,  acutely  and 
unequally  serrate ;  radical  ones  spathulate- ovate  ;  cauline  elliptic  ;  ra- 
cemes paniculate,  secund  ;  florets  of  the  ray  long. 

Hab.  Woods  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  Sept. — Nov.  24. — 
Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  smooth  or  a  little  pubescent.  Floicers  on 
recurved  racemes  forming  long  terminal  panicles. 

15.  S.  juncea  Ait. :  stem  erect,  smooth;  leaves  lanceolate,  smooth, 
scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  lower  ones  serrate  ;  racemes  paniculate,  se- 
cund. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  24-— Stem  3 
feet  high,  slender  ;  branches  when  young  pubescent.  Leaves 
long,  lanceolate.  Racemes  secund,  forming  a  scattered  terminal 
panicle. 

16.  S.  elUptica  Ait. ;  stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  elliptic,  smooth, 
serrate  ;  racemes  paniculate,  secund  ;  rays  middle-sized. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  ?  Aug— Oct.  U.—Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.     Leaves  large. 

17.  &'.  recurvata  Willd. :  stem  erect,  pubescent ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
serrate,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  racemes  elongated,  secund,  recurved, 
paniculate. 

Hab.     Shady  woods.    Penn.  and  Virg.    Sept.— Nov.   U .—  Pursh. 

18.  S.  sempervirens  Linn. :  stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  linear-lance- 
olate, somewhat  fleshy,  smooth,  very  entire,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ; 
racemes  paniculate,  secund  ;  peduncles  hairy. 


COMPOSITE.  191 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Sept. — Nov.  21 . — Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high. 

19.  S.  odora  Ait. :  stem  ertct,  pubescent ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
entire,  smooth,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  racemes  paniculate. 

Hab.  Fertile  woods.  Can.  to  Car!  Aug. — Oct.  21. — Stem  3 
feet  high,  pubescent  near  the  summit.  Racemes  recurved,  form- 
ing a  pyramidal  panicle. — The  flowers  when  dried,  form  an  ex- 
cellent substitue  for  tea,  and  have  been  exported  to  China. 
Punk.  The  leaves  yield  by  distillation,  a  fragrant  volatile  oil. 
Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  187.  Golden  Rod. 

***  Racemes  erect. 

20.  &  speciosa  Nutt. :  stem  smooth,  simple  or  virgately  branched  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  somewhat  fleshy,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ; 
the  lower  very  broad  ;  radical  ones  subserrate  ;  racemes  terminal,  erect 
and  compound,  pubescent ;  peduncles  mostly  shorter  than  the  involu- 
cre ;  rays  elongated. — S.  sempcrvirens  Mich. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct.  21.— Stem  often 
6  feet  high,  smooth  and  sulcate.  Leaves  large.  Racemes  numer- 
ous, terminal  and  erect  ;  rays  very  broad. 

21.  S.  bicolor  Linn.  :  stem  and  leaves  hairy;  leaves  elliptic,  the 
lower  ones  serrate  ;  branches  leafy  ;  racemes  erect ;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre obtuse. — Aster  bicolor  Nees  and  Sprcngel. 

Hab.  Dry  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  21-— Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  erect,  very  pubescent.  Leases  covered  with  a  whitish 
pubescence.  Floicers  numerous,  rather  large,  in  short  clusters, 
forming  a  compact  raceme  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  ; 
rays  nearly  white. 

22.  jS.  petiolaris  Ait. :  stem  erect,  villous  ;  leaves  elliptic,  somewhat 
scabrous,  petiolate  ;  racemes  erect ;  rays  elongated. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct.  21.Stem2—3 
feet  high,  very  villous.  Leaves  large,  the  upper  ones  nearly  ses- 
sile, the  lower  tapering  into  a  petiole.  Racemes  numerous,  short. 

23.  S.  stricta  Ait.  :  stem  erect,  smooth  ;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate, 
very  entire,  smooth,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  radical  ones  serrate  ; 
racemes  paniculate,  erect ;  peduncles  smooth. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  21. — Stem  2 
feet  high,  very  smooth. 

34.  Sf.  rirgata  Mich.  :  stem  smooth  and  simple,  summit  racemose  ; 
leaves  smooth,  lanceolate-oblong,  somewhat  obtuse,  appressed  to  the 
stem,  diaphanously  punctate  ;  the  upper  ones  small  and  entire  ;  branch- 
es of  the  panicle  elongate,  racemed  at  the  summit  ;  peduncles  erect, 
smooth,  filiform  and  squarrose. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  Sept.,  Oct.  If.— Stem  4 — 5 
feet  high,  much  attenuated.  Leaves  gradually  diminishing  up- 
wards ;  lower  ones  very  large,  serrulate.     Fluiccrs  small. 

23.  S.  casia  Ait  :  stem  erect,  smooth ;  leaves  lanceolate,  smooth  ; 
racemes  erect ;  rays  middle-sized. 


192  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oot.  21-— Stem  2 
feet  high,  very  smooth  and  glaucous.  Racemes  not  very  com- 
pact, sometimes  slightly  recurved.  Leaves  sometimes  scabrous 
on  the  margin,  finely  and  acutely* serrate. 

26.  &  hispida  Willd. :  stem  erect,  hispid,  scabrous ;.  leaves  lanceo- 
late, scabrous,  entire  ;  radical  ones  serrate  ;  racemes  erect  ;  rays  mid- 
dle-sized. 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  N.  J.  to  Virg.  Oct.  1[. — Resembles 
&  casia. 

27.  &  lithospermifolia  Willd.  :  stem  branched,  pubescent ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  scabrous  on  both  sides,  attenuate,  3-nerved,  very  entire ; 
racemes  erect ;  rays  elongated. 

Hab.     Sandy  woods.     N.  J.  to  Car.     Aug. — Oct.      21. — Pursh. 

23.  <!?.  laevigata  Ait  :  stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  fleshy, 
very  entire,  very  smooth  ;  racemes  paniculate,  erect ;  peduncles  scaly, 
villous  ;  rays  elongated. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  Can.  to  Virg.  Sept.,  Oct.  21-— Stem 
4—5  feet  high.     Radical  leaves  somewhat  ovate.    Rays  about  10. 

29.  (Si.  viminea  /Jit.  :  stem  erect,  subpubescent ;  leaves  linear-lance- 
olate, membranaceous,  attenuate  at  base,  smooth,  scabrous  on  the  mar- 
gin ;  lower  ones  slightly  serrate  ;  racemes  erect ;  rays  elongated. 

Hab.     Banks  of  streams.     Can.  to  Virg.     Aug. — Oct.     21. 

30.  SL  limonifolia  Ears.  :  stem  oblique,  smooth  ;  leaves"  lanceolate, 
somewhat  fleshy,  entire,  smooth  on  both  sides ;  racemes  panicled, 
erect ;  peduncles  scaly,  smooth  ;  rays  long. — <S.  mcxicana  Willd. 
Pursh. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  S.  S.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  If.— Stem  3—5 
feet  high,  generally  purple,  Leaves  sessile,  lower  ones  very 
large.     Racemes  generally  erect,  rarely  recurved.  Flowers  large. 

31.  <S>.  macrophylla  Pursh:  lower  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  attenuate, 
unequally  and  acutely  serrate,  smooth ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate,  atten- 
uate at  each  end,  nearly  sessile,  serrate  ;  racemes  axillary,  peduncu- 
late, leafy,  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  involucre  oblong,  turgid,  many-flow- 
ered ;  rays  somewhat  elongated. 

Hab.  Woods,  near  White  mountains.  Big.  Can.  Pursh.  Aug. 
21. — Stem  3  feet  high.  Flotcers  yellow,  in  short  axillary  ra- 
cemes.— This  plant,  which  is  described  by  Pursh,  from  a  speci- 
men in  the  Banksian  Herbarium,  he  thinks  intermediate  between 
this  genus  and  Aster.  According  to  Dr.  Bigelow  it  has  broader 
leaves  than  any  other  species,  sometimes  rough  beneath. 

32.  S.  flexicaulis  Linn. :  stem  flexuous,  smooth,  angled  ;  leaves  ovate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  smooth ;  racemes  erect,  axillary  ;  rays  middle-sized, 
— and  <S\  latifolia  Muhl. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  21.— Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  slender  and  flexuous.  Racemes  scattered,  as  long  as  the 
stem,  small,  axillary,  erect. 


COMPOSITE.  |  |$ 

33.  &  axillaris  Pursh  :  stem  smooth,  terete,  very  erect ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, serrate,  smooth  ;  racemes  axillary,  subglobose,  erect ;  rays- 
elongated. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  Aug.— Oct.  If-— Stan  2—3  feet 
high.  Leaves  narrow-lanceolate. — This  species,  which  is  quite 
common,  is  distinguished  from  the  former  by  its  narrower  leaves 
and  by  its  compact,  somewhat  globular  racemes,  clustered  along 
the  stem. 

34.  <S.  rigaurea  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  terete,  pubescent  and  branching 
at  the  top  ;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  attenuate"  at  each  end  ; 
lower  ones  elliptic,  somewhat  hairy  ;  racemes  erect ;  rays  elongated. 

If.  alpina  Big.  :  a  few  inches  in  height,  with  obovate  or  lanceolate, 
mostly  entire,  leaves. 

Hab.  Woods  on  the  sides  of  the  White  Mountains.  Big.  N.  to 
Labrador.  Aug.-Oct.  H. — Stem  flexuous,  1 — 3  feet  high.  Daves 
elliptic  or  lanceolate,  often  with  a  long  narrow  base,  serrate  ; 
the  upper  ones  nearly  entire.  Floiccrs  in  a  large  panicle,  yel- 
low;'rays  5 — 10. — Distinguished  from  all  other  species  by  its 
much  larger  flowers.  Common  to  Europe,  Asia  and  America. 
Var.  b.  is  found,  according  to  Dr.  Bigelow,  on  the  alpine  sum- 
mits of  the  White  Mountains. 

35.  &  rigula  Linn.  :  stem  hairy  and  scabrous  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
rough  with  minute  hairs  ;  those  of  the  stem  very  entire,  lower  ones 
serrate  ;  flowering  branches  paniculate ;  racemes  compact  ;  scales  of 
the  involucre  obtuse  ;  rays  elongated. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  1J.— Stem  3 — 4 
feet  high,  very  pubescent  when  young.  Floiccrs  large,  some- 
what clustered  near  the  summits  of  the  branches,  forming  a 
somewhat  fastigiate  corymb. 

36.  S.  novchoracensis  Linn.  :  radical  leaves  ovate-oblong,  petiolate  ; 
stem  nearly  naked,  with  fastigiate  branches. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  Muhl.  Sept.  Oct.  U.—Stem  3  feet 
high.     Leaves  rough.     Florcers  large. 

37.  S.  squarrosa  Muhl. :  stem  thick,  pubescent  above  ;  leaves  smooth, 
lower  ones  very  broad,  spathulate  oval,  serrate,  acute,  margin  scabrous: 
the  upper  sessile,  lanceolate-elliptic,  entire  ;  racemes  glomerate,  rigid 
and  pubescent ;  involucre  squarrose,  many-flowered;  rays  elongated. 
10  or  12. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Ver.  to  Geor.  Sept.  U.—Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  always  simple.  Rhcemes  axillary,  thick  and  crowded, 
forming  a  compound  spike. — Well  distinguished  by  its  squarrose. 
involucre. 

38.  S.pubcrula  Nult. :  stem  simple  and  terete,  somewhat  pubescent  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  entire,  on  each  side  minutely  pubescent,  attenuated 
at  eaeh  end  ;  radical  ones  subserrate  ;  racemes  spiked,  axillary,  erect, 
and  condensed ;  peduncles  pubescent  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute;  rays  elongated,  about  10. 

17 


194  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.     Sandy  fields.     N.  J.  Nutt.  If. — Stem  brownish, 

1 — 2  feet  high.  Racemes  shorter  than  the  lower  leaves,  collect^ 
ed  into  a  leafy  spike  ;  rays  bright  yellow. — Resembles  S.  nemo- 
ralis. 

*  Scales  of  the  calyx  agglutinated.    Ray  florets  10 — 20,  very  small,  yellow. 
Receptacle  setose.     Euthamia.     Nutt. 

39.  S.  lanceolata  Ait  :  stem  much  branched,  angular,  hairy  ;  leaves 
lanceolate-linear,  very  entire,  nearly  erect,  3 — 5- nerved,  somewhat 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  nerves  beneath  minutely  hispid  ;  corymbs  ter- 
minal, fastigiate  ;  branches  clustered  ;  rays  15 — 20,  as  long  as  the  disk. 
—  Chrysocoma  graminifolia  Linn. — Euthamia  graminifolia  Nutt. 

Hab.  Fields  and  meadows.  Can.  and  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer. 
Sept.,  Oct.  IX. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  with  the  branches  very 
numerous.     Flowers  numejous,  clustered  in  a  terminal  corymb. 

40.  fif.  tenuifolia  Pursh  :  stem  angled,  scabrous,  with  fastigiate 
branches  ;  leaves  very  narrow,  linear,  spreading,  obscurely  3-nerved, 
scabrous  on  the  margin,  the  axils  leafy  ;  corymbs  terminal,  fastigiate, 
heads  clustered  ;  rays  about  10,  scarcely  as  long  as  the  disk. — S.  lan- 
ceolata var.  minor  Mich. — Euthamia  tenuifolia  NutU 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Sept.,  pet.  Zf. — Stem  12— 18 
inches  high  Leaves  linear,  covered  with  glandular  dots.  Scales 
of  the  involucre  viscid. — Every  way  smaller  than  the  preceding. 

26.  CHRYSOCOMA.     Linn. 

Involucre  imbricate,  oblong  or  hemispherical.  Style  scarce- 
ly exserted.  Receptacle  naked.  Pappus  pilose,  scabrous. 
Kays  crowded  and  unequal.     Acincs  pubescent. 

Syngenesia.   JEtCpualis. 

C.  virgata  Nutt :  herbaceous  and  every  where  smooth  ;  stem  vir- 
gately  branched  ;  branches  corymbiferous,  fastigiate ;  leaves  all  narrow 
and  linear  ;  involucre  oblong,  3 — 4-flowered ;  scales  glutinous  and  ap- 
pressed. 

Hab.'  Swamps.  N.  J.  2X- — Stem  18  inches  high  and  branched 
nearly  from  the  base.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches  long,  smooth  and 
thickish.  somewhat  remote.     Floicers  yellow. 

27.  BOLTONIA.     D  Bent. 

Involucre  imbricate.  Rays  numerous.  Receptacle  conic, 
punctate.  Jicines  flat  and  margined.  Pappus  consisting  of 
many  minute  setae,  with  two  of  them  opposite  and  mostly 
elongated.  Syngencsia.   Superjlua. 

1.  B.  glastifolia  U Herit :  lower  leaves  serrate  ;  flowers  on  short  pe- 
duncles ;  seeds  obcordate,  conspicuously  winged,  pubescent ;  awns  of 
the  pappus  2,  nearly  of  its  own  length. 

Hab.  Banks  of  .streams.  Penn.  to  Virg.  July,  Aug.  2X- — Stem 
2  feet  high.     Leaves  linear,  alternate.     Flowers  reddish. 


COMPOSITE.  195 

2.  B.  aster oides  L'Herit:  leaves  entire  ;  flowers  on  long  peduncles  ; 
seeds  oval,  smooth,  nearly  awnless. — Chrysanthemum  carolinianum 
Walt. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  S.  to  Car.  W.  to  111.  Aug.  H.—Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high.     Leaves  lanceolate.     Rays  flesh  coloured. 

Suborder  IV.     EUPATORINE^). 

28.     KUHNIA.     Linn. 

Involucre  imbricate,  cylindric.     Receptacle  naked.     Pap 
pus  plumose.     Seed  pubescent,  many-striate. 

Syngenesia.  JEqualis, 

1.  K.  cupatorioidrs  Linn.  :  smooth  ;  leaves  petiolate,  broad-lanceo- 
late,  serrate  ;  corymb  terminal,  few-flowered,  crowded. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Virg.  Aug.,  Sept.  !(.. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.     Flowers  white.     Resembles  an  Eupatorium. 

2.  K.  cr-itonia  Linn.  :  pubescent  ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate  or  linear, 
petioled,  punctate  and  glandular  beneath  ;  panicle  terminal,  divaricate. 
—  Criton ia  hah n ia  Mich . 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  and  Virg.  Aug.,  Sept.  1£. — Floicers 
pale  yellow.     Seed  striate.     Pappus  of  24  rays. 

29.     EUPATORIUM.     Linn. 

Involucre  imbricate,  oblong.  Style  long,  deeply  cleft.  Re- 
ceptacle naked.  Pappus  hairy,  generally  scabrous.  Acines 
smooth,  5-striate  or  angled.  Syngenesia.  JEqualis. 

*  Involucre  3 — 5-flowered. 

1 .  E.  hifssopifalium  Linn.  :  stem  erect  ;  lowest  leaves  opposite,  lan- 
ceolate-linear, slightly  toothed  ;  corymb  nearly  fastigiate  ;  style  much 
larger  than  the  corol. 

Hab.  Pine  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug..  Sept.  If.—  Stem  1— 2 
feet  high.  Leaves  small,  punctate.  Floicers  in  a  terminal  co- 
rymb, white,  sprinkled  with  glandular  dots. 

2.  E.  linearifolium  Walt.  :  stem  somewhat  procumbent,  villous  to- 
wards the  summit ;  stem  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate-linear,  rarely 
toothed,  sometimes  clustered  ;   style  as  long  as  the  corol. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.— Nov.  1£. — Stem  gen- 
erally procumbent,  I — 2  feet  long,  almost  viscidly-pubescent. 
Floicers  in  an  irregular  corymb,  white. — This  species  seems  to 
have  been  confounded  with  the  preceding,  by  both  Walter  and 
Michaux.     I  have  adopted  the  characters  given  by  Elliott. 

3.  E.  lanccolaium  Willd.  :  leaves  sessile,  distinct,  oblong-lanceolate, 
scabrous,  deeply  serrate  at  base  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  similar  co- 
loured. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Penn.  to  Virg.  Aug. — Nov.  21. — Resem- 
bles the  preceding. 


196  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

4.  £.  verbenafolium  Mich.  :  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  oblong, 
notched  and  toothed,  rugose,  scabrous  ;  flowers  small — E.  teucrifolium 
JVUld.  Pursh. 

Hab.  Low  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.— Nov.  U>—Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  pubescent.  Leaves  opposite,  somewhat  deltoid,  very 
hairy  beneath.  Floicers  in  a  fastigiate  corymb,  small,  white.— 
Michaux's  name  for  this  species  has  the  claim  of  priority,  and 
as  Mr.  Elliott  remarks,  is  equally,  perhaps  more  appropriate. 

5.  E.  melissoides  Wittd.  :  leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  somewhat  obtuse, 
obtusely  serrate,  veined,  nearly  smooth. 

Hab.  Penn.  Muhl.  Aug.— Oct.  1L— Resembles  the  last,  but 
the  leaves  are  smaller,  petiolate  and  smooth.  Still  a  doubtful 
species. 

6.  E.  rotundifolium  Linn.  :  leaves  sessile,  distinct,  roundish-cordate, 
obtusely  serrate,  veined  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  acuminate. 

Hab,  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug. — Nov.  li. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high.     Leaves  large.     Flowers  subfastigiate. 

7.  E.  pubescens  Willd. :  stem  paniculate,  pubescent ;  branches  fasti- 
giate ;  leaves  sessile,  distinct,  ovate,  scabrous,  veined  :  lower  ones 
doubly  serrate  ;  upper  ones  subserrate. 

Hab,  Sandy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  li-Stem  2 
feet  high,  the  lower  branches  opposite.  Leaves  thin  and  slightly 
scabrous.     Flowers  in  a  fastigiate  corymb,  white. 

8.  E.  ceanothifolium  Willd.  :  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  -acuminate,  den- 
tate, 3-nerved,  glabrous. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  Aug. — Nov.  21. — Resem- 
bles Ceanothus  americanus  in  its  foliage  exceedingly. 

9.  E.  ovatum  Big.  :  hairy  and  scabrous  ;  leaves  opposite,  sessile, 
ovate,"  obtusely  toothed ;  corymb  fastigiate ;  involucre  about  8-flow- 
ered. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Mass.  July,  Aug.  li. — A  stout  rough 
species,  3 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  perfectly  ovate.  Flowers  white 
in  a  level  topped  corymb. 

10.  E.  altissimwn  Linn.  :  leaves  subsessile,  lanceolate,  3-nerved,  at- 
tenuate at  each  end,  pubescent  ;  lower  ones  serrate  in  the  middle. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Penn.  to  Virg.  W.  to  the  Miss.  Aug.— 
Oct,     U-—  Stem  3— 7  feet  high. 

11.  E.  amotnum  Pursh  :  leaves  on  short  petioles,  opposite  and  ter- 
nate,  lanceolate-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  serrate,  nearly  smooth, 
somewhat  rugose,  reticular-veined  beneath  ;  panicle  corymbose-fasci- 
culate, crowded  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oblong,  somewhat  acute,  col- 
oured. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  J.  Sept.,  Oct.  U.—Stem  2  feet  high, 
solid,  smooth,  purple  ;  peduncles  tomentose.  Flowers  small,  ir 
a  crowded  corymbose  panicle,  pale  purple. 

12.  E.  trifoliatum  Linn. :  leaves  petiolate,  in  threes  or  fours,  ovate, 
attenuate  at  each  end.  serrate,  somewhat  scabrous. 


COMPOSITE.  197 

IIab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug. — 
Oct.  U. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  solid.  Flowers  in  a  large  co- 
rymb, purple. 

13.  E.  scssi/ifotium  IJnn.  :  stem  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  sessile, 
clasping,  distinct,  ovate-lanceolate,  round  at  base,  serrate,  very  smooth. 

Hab.  Rocks  on  mountains.  Mass.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  11. — 
Stem  obscurely  angled.  Leaves  opposite,  but  not  connate,  mi- 
nutely dotted  beneath.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  corymb,  white. 

14.  E.  truncation  Muhl.  .•  stem  pubescent ;  leaves  sessile,  clasping, 
distinct,  lanceolate,  truncate  at  base,  serrate,  nearly  smooth. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  It. — Stem 
slightly  hairy. — Very  similar  to  E.  scssilifnUuni,  yet  sufficiently 
distinct  by  a  stem,  pubescent  ;  leaves  truncate  at  base,  the  serra- 
tures  larger  and  more  obtuse,  and  the  involucre  more  pubescent. 

mud. 

15.  E.  album  Linn.  :  leaves  nearly  sessile,  oblong-lanceolate,  some- 
what scabrous,  serrate  ;  the  inner  scales  of  the  involucre  long,  lanceo- 
late, scarious,  white. — E.  gfandulosum  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  If. — Stent  erect, 
1  1-2 — 2  feet  high,  villous.  Involucre  with  glandular  dots.  Flow- 
ers in  fastigiate  corymbs,  white. 

**  Involucre   mamj-floiccrcd. 
1C.  E.  purpura/ m  Linn.  :  stem  smooth  and  glaucous,  hollow  ;  leaves 
petiolate,   in  fours  or  fives,    ovate-lanceolate,  serrate,   rugose-veined, 
somewhat  scabrous. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  Aug. — Oct.  IX. — fifeenf 
5—6  feet  high,  purplish.  Floiccrs  in  a  large  terminal  corj'mb, 
pale  purple. 

17.  E.  maculatum  Linn.  :  stem  solid,  furrowed  ;  leaves  petiolate,  in 
fours  or  sixes,  ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  pubescent  beneath. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  11. — Stem  4 — 5 
feet  high,  furrowed  and  dotted  with  purple.  Leaves  pubescent 
and  slightly  scabrous  beneath.  Involucre  5 — 8-flowered  ;  corol 
purplish. 

18.  E.  vcrlicilhitiim  Muhl.  :  stem  solid,  smooth  ;  leaves  petiolate,  in 
threes  or  fours,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end,  unequally  ser- 
rate, nearly  smooth. — E.  purpureum  Mich. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  2L — Stem 
4 — 0  feet  high,  tinged  with  purple.  Leaves  large,  smooth,  dot- 
ted beneath.     Floiccrs  in  a  terminal  corymb,  purple. 

11).  E.  punctntuw  WiUd.:  stem  solid,  terete  ;  leaves  petioled,  in  fours 
or  fives,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  scabrous  on  both  sides. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  J.  and  Penn.  Aug. — Oct.  If. — This 
plant  is  described  by  Pursh  as  not  so  tall  as  the  preceding — 
with  the  rlowers  purple  and  very  ornamental.  It  may  be  only  a 
variety. 

17* 


198  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

20.  E.  ptrfoliatum  Linn.  :  stem  villous  ;  leaves  connate-perfoliate, 
oblong,  becoming  gradually  narrower,  serrate,  rugose,  tomentose  be- 
neath.— E.  connatum  Mich. 

Hab.  Swampy  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug., 
Sept.  11. — Stem  2—4  feet  high,  hairy,  branched  at  the  top- 
Leaves  large.  Flowers  in  large  corymbs,  white. — The  whole 
plant  is  bitter,  and  is  used  as  a  tonic.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  33.  An- 
derson's Inaugural.  BoneseU     Thoroughicort. 

***  Involucre  simple. 

21.  E.  aromaticum  Linn. :  stem  paniculate  at  the  summit ;  leaves 
petiolate,  ovate,  acute,  3-nerved,  obtusely  serrate,  smooth ;  flowers  in 
corymbs ;  involucre  simple. 

Hab.  Low  woods.  Penn.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  It. — Stem  2 
feet  high,  pubescent.  Floicers  in  small  corymbs,  large,  white 
and  aromatic. 

22.  E.  ageratoides  Linn. :  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerv- 
ed, unequally  and  coarsely  serrate,  smooth  ;  corymb  many-flowered, 
divaricate  ;  involucre  subsimple. — E.  urticafolium  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods  and  rocky  hills.  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss. 
Aug. — Oct.  11. — Stem  2  feet  high,  round  and  smooth.  Leaigs 
opposite,  the  lower  ones  on  long  petioles  and  somewhat  cordate. 
Flowers  small,  white,  in  small  panicled  corymbs. 

30.     CCELESTINA.     Cassin.     Spreng. 

Involucre  imbricate.  Receptacle  naked.  Acines  angled, 
with  a  membranaceous  crown.  Syngenesia.  JEqualis. 

C.  carulea  Cassin  :  perennial  ;  leaves  petioled,  cordate- ovate,  some- 
what obtuse,  obtusely  serrate,  3-nerved,  scabrous  ;  involucre  many- 
leared  ;  flowers  in  corymbs. — Eupatorium  calestinum  Linn. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.— Oct. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  pubescent.  Leaves  on  petioles,  opposite,  some- 
times deltoid.  Flowers  in  close  fastigiate  corymbs,  fragrant, 
light  blue.     Involucre  about  30-leaved,  40— 60-flowered. 

Suborder  V.     JACOBE^E. 

31.     MIKANIA. 

Involucre  4 — 6-leaved,  equal,  4— 6  flowered.  Receptacle 
naked.     Style  long,  deeply  cleft.     Pappus  pilose. 

Syngenesia.  JEqualis. 

1.  M.  scandens  Willd. :  stem  climbing,  smooth ;  leaves  cordate,  re- 
pand-toothed,  acuminate,  with  the  lobes  divaricate  and  unequal ;  flow- 
ers in  corymbs. — Eupatorium  scandens  Linn. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  U-— A  twin- 
ing plant.     Flowers  bluish- white,  in  axillary  corymbs. 

Climbing  Thoroughwort. 


COMPOSITE.  199 

2.  ftf.  pubescens  Nutt. :  stem  climbing,  pubescent  ;  leaves  cordate, 
acuminate,  angularly  toothed,  and  with  the  calyx  pubescent  ;  lobes  di- 
varicate, equal.  ^ 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  Sept.  L£. — Flvwers  pale 
purple,  odorous,  in  paniculate  corymbs  which  are  axillary  and 
terminal. — Nearly  allied  to  the  preceding. 

32.     CACALIA.     Linn. 

Involucre  cylindric,  oblong,  the  base  only  somewhat  scaly. 
Receptacle  naked.     Pappus  hairy.         Syngencsia.  JEqualis. 

1.  C.  suaveolcns  Linn.  :  stem  herbaceous  ;  leaves  petiolate,  hastate- 
sagittate,  serrate,  smooth,  similarly  coloured  on  both  sides  ;  flower? 
corymbed,  erect  ;  involucre  many-flowered. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  If. — Ston. 
3 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  large.  Flowers  white,  with  yellow  an- 
thers.— According  to  Mr.  JN'uttall  it  is  a  Scnccio. 

2.  C.  atriplicifolia  Linn.  :  stem  herbaceous  ;  leaves  petioled,  smooth, 
glaucous  beneath  ;  radical  ones  cordate,  toothed  ;  cauline  ones  rhom- 
boidal,  somewhat  toothed  on  each  side  ;  flowers  corymbed,  erect  ;  in- 
volucre 5-flowered. 

Hab.  Low  ground.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  Zf. — Stem  3 — 6 
feet  high.  Peduncles  almost  white.  Flowers  nearly  white,  in  a 
small  terminal  corymb. 

3.  C.  reniformis  Willd. :  stem  herbaceous  ;  leaves  petioled,  smooth, 
hairy  on  the  veins  beneath  ;  radical  ones  broad-cordate,  reniform,  re- 
pand- toothed  :  cauline  oblong,  toothed,  wedgeform  and  very  entire  at 
base  ;  corymbs  fastigiate  ;  involucre  many-flowered. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Penn.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept. 
If. — Stem  5 — 8  feet  high.     Flowers  white. 

33.     TUSSILAGO.     Linn. 

Involucre  simple,  swelling  ;  scales  equal,  even  with  the 
disk  and  submembranous.  Receptacle  naked.  Pappus  sim- 
ple. (Floicers  mostly  polygamous,  dioecious.)  Fertile 
florets  ligulate  or  tubular.  Syngenesia.   Superflua. 

1.  T.frigida  Linn.  :  scape  with  a  fastigiate  many-flowered  thyrse  ; 
flowers  radiate ;  leaves  roundish,  unequally  toothed,  tomentose  be- 
neath. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June.  If. — Stem  5 — 10 
iches  high.     Florets  of  the  ray  white  ;  of  the  disk  pale  purple. 

2.  T.  palmata  Ait. :  scape  with  a  fastigiate  thyrse  ;  flowers  obscurely 
rayed  ;  leaves  roundish-cordate,  half  7-lobed,  incisely  toothed,  tomen- 
tose beneath. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Fairhaven,  Ver.  Islands  of  Lake  Huron.  Nutt. 
N.  to  Labrador.     April,  May.     21. — The  leaves  of  this  species 


200  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

are  aptly  compared  by  Mr.  Nuttall  to  those  of  the  Podophyllum 
peltatum,  although  they  are  not  so  large. 

3.  T.  farfara  Unit.  :  scape  1-flowered,  bracteate ;  flowers  rayed  ; 
leaves  cordate,  angular,  toothed,  pubescent  beneath. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  April.  2L — Stem  6 — 10  inches  high. 
Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves.     Introduced  1       Colt's-foot. 

34.     SENECIO.    Linn. 

Involucre  cylindric,  scaly  at  base  ;  scales  withered  at  the 
points.  Receptacle  naked.  Pappus  simple,  capillary  and  co- 
pious. fSyngenesia.  Superflua. 

*  Floicers  radiate. 

1.  S.  gracilis  Pursh :  radical  leaves  on  very  long  petioles,  orbicular, 
subcordate,  crenate  ;  cauline  ones  few,  very  remote,  linear-oblong, 
dilated  at  base,  incisely  toothed  ;  peduncles  very  short,  hairy,  some- 
what umbelled  ;  involucre  smooth  ;  rays  few,  very  short. 

Hab.  Rocky  banks.  Penn.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  May — Aug. 
24. — Stem,  a  foot  high,  very  slender.     Floicers  small,  yellow. 

2.  >S".  obovatus  JVilld. :  stem  smoothish  ;  radical  leaves  obovate,  cre- 
nate-serrate,  petiolate  ;  cauline  ones  pinnatifid,  toothed;  flowers  some- 
what umbelled,  on  long  peduncles. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  June,  July.  ZL — Stem  a 
foot  high,  simple.  Flowers  in  small  terminal  panicles.  Rays 
10—12,  yellow. 

3.  &  balsa?nitte  Willd. :  stem  and  peduncles  villous  at  the  base  ;  rad- 
ical leaves  oblong,  serrate,  petiolate  ;  lower  cauline  ones  lyrate-pinnati- 
fid,  serrate  ;  upper  pinnatifid- toothed ;  flowers  somewhat  umbelled. — 
*S'.  bjratus  Mich. 

Hab.  Damp  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  June, 
July.  24-. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  smooth  except  at  the  base. 
Flowers  in  small  terminal  umbels.     Kays  10 — 12,  deeply  3-cleft. 

4.  S.  aureus  Linn.  :  radical  leaves  ovate,  cordate,  serrate,  petiolate  ; 
cauline  ones  pinnatifid,  toothed,  the  terminal  segments  lanceolate  ; 
peduncles  thickened  ;  flowers  somewhat  umbelled. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  June, 
July.  24.. — Stem  2  feet  high.  Radical  leaves  on  long  petioles. 
Flowers  in  a  simple  terminal  umbel,  yellow. 

5.  S.  dubius  Beck :  woolly  and  tomentose  ;  radical  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  spathulate-obovate  and  ovate,  somewhat  acute  and  pinnatifid  ; 
cauline  ones  2 — 3,  linear,  pinnatifid  ;  flowers  corymbed. — &  heterophyl- 
lus  Nutt.    7'orr.— -Cineraria  heterophylla  Pursh. — C.  dubia  Spreng. 

Hae.  Rocks  in  Blue  Mountains.  Penn.  Pursh.  May,  June. 
If. — Stem  about  a  span  high.  Floicers  deep  yellow. — I  have  fol- 
lowed Mr.  Nuttall  and  Dr.  Torrey  in  placing  this  plant  under 
genus  Senecio,  although  there  is  still  some  doubt  whether  it 
really  belongs  to  this  or  to  Cineraria.  Mr.  Nuttall  thinks  it  a 
variety  of  C.  intcgrifolia  of  Willdenow  and  Pursh,  a  plant  which 


COMPOSITE.  20] 

is  still  retained  under  the  latter  genus  by  Dr.  Richardson,  (App. 
to  Frank.  Jour.)  and  by  Dr.  Torrey,  in  his  account  of  plants  col- 
lected during  a  journey  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  by  Dr.  E. 
James.  I  have  changed  the  specific  name,  as  that  of  hetero 
phyllus  had  been  long  since  applied  to  another  Scnccio  from  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

**  Florets  tubular  :  those  of  the  ray  wanting. 
G.  8.  vulgaris  Linn. :  leaves  mostly  clasping,  pinnatifid,   toothed  : 
flowers  in  crowded  corymbs. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds.  N.  S.  May— Oct.  U—-Stcm  18 
inches  high.     Floiccrs  yellow.     Introduced.  Groundsel. 

7.  S.  hicracifolius  Linn. :  stem  virgate,  paniculate ;  leaves  clasping, 
oblong,  acute,  unequallj',  acutely  and  deeply  toothed ;  involucre 
smooth  ;  seeds  pubescent. 

Hab.  Road  sides,  &c.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  @. — Stem 
2 — G  feet  high,  succulent,  branching  towards  the  summit.  Floic- 
crs in  a  compound  terminal  panicle,  white.  Fire  Weed. 

8.  S.  elongatus  Pursh:  smooth;  radical  leaves  spathulate,  serrate 
attenuated  into  a  petiole  ;  cauline  ones  pinnatifid,   toothed,   very  re- 

.mote  ;  peduncles  elongated,  umbelled,  corymbed. 

Hab.  Rocks  on  banks  of  streams.  Penn.  July,  Aug.  24.. — 
Resembles  <S.  balsamite,  but  is  destitute  of  ray  florets. 

Suborder  VI.     HELIANTHEjE. 
35.     IIELENIUM.     Linn. 

Involucre  simple,  many  parted.  Rays  deeply  3-cleft.  Pap- 
pus chaffy ;  chaff  5-awned.  Receptacle  globose,  naked, 
chafTy  on  the  margin.     Acines  villous. 

Syngenesia .   Superflua . 

H.  autumnale  Linn.  :  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  decurrent  ;  flowers  in 
corymbs  ;  florets  of  the  disk  5-cleft  ;  of  the  ray  flat,  reflexed. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Sept.,  Oct, 
11. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  winged  by  the  decurrent  leaves.  Floic- 
crs in  small  corymbs,  yellow. — Whole  plant  intensely  bitter. 

American  Sn&czcicort. 

36.     HELIANTHUS.     Linn. 

Involucre  imbricate,  generally  squarrose,  leafy.  Receptacle 
chafTy,  flat.      Pappus  2-leaved,  caducous. 

Syngenesia.  Frastranea. 

*  Florets  of  dish  dark  purple. 
1.  H.  atrorubens  Linn.:  hispid;  stem  naked  towards   the   summit, 
loosely  paniculate  ;  leaves  opposite,  spathulate,  oblong-ovate,  crenate. 
3-nerved,  scabrous  on  the  upper  side  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate- 
lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  disk. 


202  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.     Gravelly  soil.     Penn.  to  Car.     W.   to  Miss.     Aug.,  Sept. 
2£. — Stem  3 — 4   feet  high,  somewhat  "branched.     Loicer  leaves 
,  very  large.     Floicers  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle.     Rays  yellow; 

disk  dark  purple. 

2.  H.  angastifolius  Linn.  :  stem  slender,  slightly  scabrous  ;  leaves 
narrow-lanceolate,  entire,  glaucous  beneath,  with  the  margin  revolute, 
the  upper  ones  alternate  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate, 
ciliate,  spreading  ;   chaff  3-toothed. — Rudbeckia  angustifolia  Willd. 

Hab.  Cedar  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Sept. — Nov.  If. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  opposite  below, 
alternate  above,  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface.  Floicers  small, 
terminal.  Rays  about  12,  yellow  ;  disk  dark  purple  at  the  sum- 
mit.— I  have  adopted  the  specific  description  of  Mr.  Elliott. 

**  Florets  of  the  disk  yclloicish. 
t  Leaves  opposite. 

3.  H.  divaricatus  Linn.  :  stem  smooth,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, 3-nerved  scabrous  above,  smooth  beneath ;  panicle  trichoto- 
mous  ;  flowers  small. 

Hab.     Woods.     Can.  to  Car.     Aug. — Oct.     IX.— Stem  5—6  feet 
high,  di-  and  tri-chotomously  divided.     Leaves  on  long  petioles, ' 
rounded  at  base,  and  tapering  to  a  long  almost  acuminate  point ; 
upper  ones  often  alternate.     Floicers  small,  in  terminal  panicles. 

4.  H.  trachelifolius  Willd.  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  ser- 
rate, 3-nerved,  very  scabrous  on  both  sides  ;  scales  of  the  involucre 
linear-lanceolate,  ciliate,  outer  ones  larger. — H.  gigas  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  Lf. — Stem  3 — 4  feet 
high,  branching  towards  the  summit,  very  scabrous.  Leaves  at- 
tenuated at  base  into  a  short  petiole.  Floicers  in  a  loose  termi- 
nal panicle.  Rays  10 — 12. — This  species  is  united  by  Sprengel 
with  H.  decapctalus. 

5.  H.frondosus  Willd.:  stem  smooth  below  ;  leaves  ovate,  acutely 
serrate,  peduncles  scabrous ;  involucre  squarrose,  undulate,  leafy,  cili- 
ate ;  rays  8-flowered. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  2X-—Stcm  4  feet 
high.  Flowers  small. — Resembles  H.  decapetalus  and  multifioriis 
in  several  respects,  but  is  distinct.     Pursh. 

6.  H.  mollis  Willd. :  stem  smooth  below,  scabrous  near  the  summit  ; 
leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  serrate,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  and 
hoary  beneath  ;  flowers-few,  terminal. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  2_f. — Stem 
3 — 6  feet  high,  purple,  smooth  except  near  the  top.  Floicers 
few,  in  a  terminal  panicle.  Rays  about  10. — This  is  the  H.  mol- 
lis of  EHjott,  which,  although  it  agrees  in  most  points  with 
Pursh's  description,  is  not  according  to  the  former  author  H.  to- 
jntntosus  of  Michaux. 

tt   Upper  leaves  alternate. 

7.  H.  giganUus  Linn. :  leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  serrate,  scabrous, 


COMPOSITE.  203 

obscurely  3-nerved,  tapering  at  each  end,  nearly  sessile,  ciliate  at  base  ; 

scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  ciliate. 

Hab.  Dry  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  Sept.  2_£. — Stem  very 
tall,  branching,  rough  near  the  summit.  Leaves  paler  and  often 
nearly  smooth  beneath.  Floiccrs  in  a  loose  terminal  panicle. 
Rays  .12 — 14,  not  large. 

8.  H.  altissimus  Linn.  :  leaves  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate, 
scabrous,  3-nerved,  tapering  towards  the  summit,  petioled  ;  petioles 
ciliate  ;   scales  of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  ciliate. 

Hab.  Mountain  meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  21. — 
Resembles  the  preceding,  but  the  stem  is  smooth  and  purple. 
Leaves  petiolate,  broader  and  almost  ovate-lanceolate.  Scales  of 
the  involucre  shorter.  Florets  of  the  ray  about  16.  Itllld. -Ynrsh 
Bays  the  chaff  of  the  receptacle  is  green  in  this  species,  but 
black  in  the  preceding. 

9.  H.  strumosus  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate,  3-nerved, 
scabrous  beneath  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate,  ciliate  at 
base. 

Hab.  Can.  and  N.  Eng.  Aug. — Oct.  11.  Pursh. — Uuder  the 
above  name  Mr.  Elliott  describes  a  plant  found  in  North-Caroli- 
na ;  but  it  seems  doubtful  whether  it  is  really  the  same.  Stem 
tall,  slender,  sparingly  branched  and  smooth.  Leaves  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  thin,  slightly  scabrous 
on  both  sides,  paler  beneath.  Ftowers  small,  few,  terminal. 
Florets  of  the  ray  8 — 10.  There  are  probably  several  species  of 
this  genus  in  the  N.  S.  not  now  credited  to  it. 

10.  If.  dccapctahis  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  remotely  serrate, 
3-nerved,  scabrous ;  scales  of  the  involucre  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly 
equal,  somewhat  ciliate. — H.  macrophyttus  Wittd.   Pi/rsh.? 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  IS. — Stem  3 — 4 
feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  alternate  above,  the  petioles  cili- 
ate at  base.     Flowers  large,  in  terminal  panicles. 

11.  //.  multijlorus  Linn.  :  leaves  3-nerved,  scabrous,  lower  ones  cor- 
date ;  upper  ones  ovate  ;  florets  of  the  ray  numerous;  scales  of  the  in- 
volucre lanceolate. 

Hab.  Mountain  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  1$. — Stem 
and  peduncles  scabrous.  Scales  of  the  involucre  40 — 50,  loosely 
imbricated,  not  squarrose. 

12.  H.  tuljcrosus  Linn. :  leaves  3-nerved,  scabrous;  lower  ones  cor- 
date-ovate ;  upper  ones  ovate-acuminate  ;  petioles  ciliate. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  July— Sept.  U-—Root  tuberous.  Stem 
4 — 8  feet  high.     Naturalized  in  various  parts  of  the  N.  S. 

Jerusalem  Artichoke. 

37.     HELIOPSIS.     Pcrs. 

Involucre  imbricate  ;  scales  subovate,  nearly  equal.  Rays 
large  and  linear.  Receptacle  chaffy,  conic  ;  chaff  lanceolate. 
Seeds  4-angled,     Pappus  none.  Syngencsia,  Superjiua. 


204  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

H.  loecis  Pers.  :  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  serrate,  3-nerved. — BuphthaU 
mum  helianthoides  Willd. — Hdianthus  lecvis  Linn. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  21. — 
Stem  3 — 5  feet  high,  dichotomously  branched  above.  Flowers 
solitary,  terminal  and  in  divisions  of  the  stem,  on  long  pedun- 
cles, large,  yellow. 

38.     RUDBECKIA.     Linn. 

Involucre  nearly  equal ;  scales  in  a  double  series.  Recep- 
tacle conic,  chaffy.      Pappus  a  4-toothed  margin. 

Syngefiesia.  Frustranea. 

*  Involucre  imbricate;  chaff  of  the  receptacle  mucronatt. 

1.  R.  purpurea  Linn.  :  very  rough  ;  lower  leaves  broad- ovate,  atten- 
uate at  base,  remotely  toothed  ;  cauline  ones  lanceolate-ovate,  acumi- 
nate at  each  end,  nearly  entire ;  ray  florets  very  long,  deflexed,  bifid. 

Hab.  High  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July— Sept. 
21. — Stem  3 — 4  feet  high,  sparingly  branched,  differing  some- 
what in  the  degree  of  roughness.  Leaves  also  varying  much  in 
length  and  breadth.  Flowers  large,  terminal ;  rays  purple  ;  disk 
brown. — This  plant  has  been  found  by  Mr  Edward  Dunn,  on 
the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  about  two  miles  below  this  city,  which 
I  believe  is  the  most  northern  station  yet  discovered.  It  differs 
considerably  in  its  generic  character  from  most  of  the  other  spe- 
cies, and  Mr.  Elliott,  indeed,  suggests  its  separation  from  them. 

**  Involucre  nearly  equal ;  chaff  unarmed. 

2.  R.  fulgida  Ait.  :  stem  hispid,  the  branches  long,  virgate  and  1- 
flowered ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  denticulate,  hispid,  narrowed  and 
slightly  cordate  at  base  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  as  long  as  the  ray  ; 
chaff  lanceolate. — R*  chrysomela  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  July — Oct.  2J.. — Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high,  branched.  Ray  florets  12 — 14,  2-clefl  at  the  summit, 
yellow,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leafy  scales  of  the  involucre. 

3.  R.  hirta  Linn.  :  very  hirsute  ;  stem  virgate,  sparingly  branched, 
1 -flowered  ;  peduncles  naked  ;  leaves  ovate-spathulate,  3-nerved,  ser- 
rate, hairy  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  imbricate,  in  a  triple  series,  shorter 
than  the  ray  ;  chaff  obovate,  acute. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  S.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept. 
21. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  scabrous  and  hairy.  Leaves  alternate, 
sessile  or  subclasping,  very  hairy.  Flowers  solitary,  terminal. 
Ray  florets  about  14,  bifid,  hairy,  yellow,  twice  as  long  as  the 
involucre. 

4.  R.  triloba  Linn.  :  hairy-hispid  ;  stem  paniculate  ;  branches  divari- 
cate, many-flowered,  leafy  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate  at  each  end, 
serrate  ;  the  lower  ones  3-lobed  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  linear,  deflex- 
ed, as  long  as  the  ray. 

Hab.     Mountains.      N.  S.  to  Car.     W.  to  Miss.     Aug.,   Sept. 


COMPOSITE.  205 

It. — Stem  4 — 5  feet  high.     Floiccrs  numerous,  on  the  summits  of 
the  branches.     Ray  florets  about  8,  yellow  :  disk  dark  purple. 

5.  R.  laciniata  Linn. :  stem  smooth  ;  lower  leaves  pinnate,  the  seg- 
ments 3-lobed  ;  upper  ones  ovate  ;  pappus  crenate. 

Hab.  Borders  of  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug., 
Sept.  If. — Stem  4 — 6  feet  high,  branching.  Leaves  rough,  the 
lower  ones  pinnate  orpinnatifid,  with  about  5  segments;  upper 
ones  nearly  sessile,  ovate  or  3-cleft.  Floiccrs  large,  yellow,  in  a 
loose  terminal  panicle.     Ray  florets  about  6,  3-toothed. 

Cone  Floiccr. 

(!.  R.  digitaia  Ait.  :  stem  smooth  ;  lower  leaves  pinnate,  the  seg- 
ments pinnatifid  ;  the  upper  ones  simple,  pinnate  ;  the  highest  3-cleft; 
pappus  crenate. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  S.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug. — Oct. 
Lf . — Stem  5 — 6  feet  high.  Leaves  thin,  the  segments  more  or 
less  toothed,  generally  lanceolate.  Flowers  terminating  the 
branches,  yellow. 

7.  R.  pinnata  Mich.  :  stem  furrowed,  hispid  ;  leaves  all  pinnate  ; 
lower  segments  sometimes  2-parted  ;  pappus  entire. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  Muhl.  W.  to  Miss.  S.  to  Geor. 
July— Oct.  If. — Floiccrs  very  large,  yellow.  Rays  long  re- 
flexed  ;  disk  ovate,  purple. 

39.     VERBESINA.     Linn. 

Involucre  many-leaved,  the  leaves  in  a  double  series.  Rays 
about  5.     Receptacle  chaffy.     Pappus  2-awned. 

Sy agenesia.  Superflua. 

V.  siegesbeckkt  Mich.  :  stem  winged  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acuminate  at  each  end,  acutely  serrate  ;  corymb  brachiate ; 
branches  irregularly  many-flowered  at  the  summit. — Sicgcshcchia  occi- 
dentqMs  Linn. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  2£. — Root 
creeping.  Stem  erect,  4 — 6  feet  high,  4- winged.  Flowers  in 
large  somewhat  fastigiate  corymbs,  yellow ;  rays  3-toothed. 

40.     CALLIOPSIS.     Reichcnhach. 

Involucre  double  ;  inner  one  many-parted,  coloured  ;  outer 
erect.     Receptacle  chaffy.     Pappus  none. 

Syngenesia.   Frustranca. 

C.  rosea  Spring.  :  small  and  very  smooth  ;  stem  mostly  simple  ; 
leaves  linear,  entire,  axils  leafy  ;  flowers  few,  on  long  peduncles,  axil- 
lary, terminal  ;  rays  unequally  3-toothed}  seeds  very  entire,  naked. — 
Coreopsis  rosea  Xntt. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  Aug.  21.— Stem  12  inches 
high,  smooth  and  generally  simple.     Leaves  '2  inches  long,  op- 

18 


206  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

posite  and  connate  at  base.     Floiccrs  small,  few,  on  peduncles 
3  inches  long,  pale  red. 

41.     COREOPSIS.     Linn. 

Involucre  double,  each  many-leaved  ;  the  inner  one  equal, 
subcoriaceous  and  coloured.  Receptacle  chaffy,  scales  flat. 
Acines  compressed,  emarginate,  bidentate ;  dentures  rarely 
awned.  Syngencsia.  Frustranca. 

*  Leaves  opposite,  divided. 

1.  C.  trichosperma  Mich. :  smooth  ;  leaves  generally  quinate,  pin- 
nate ;  segments  linear-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  flowers  in  corymbs  ;  leafl- 
ets of  the  outer  involucre  spathulate,  ciliate-serrate  ;  rays  entire ; 
acines  cuneate,  2 — 4-toothed. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  J.  and  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  $. — Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high,  branching  towards  the  top.  Flowers  peduncled,  op- 
posite and  terminal  ;  rays  about  8,  lanceolate,  yellow. 

Ticksecd  Sunfloiccr. 

2.  C.  triptcris  Linn.  :  smooth  ;  leaves  petiolate,  lanceolate,  very  en- 
tire ;  radical  ones  pinnate  ;  cauline  ternate  j  rays  entire  ;  acines  obo- 
vate,  naked  at  the  summit. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  IX. — Stem  4. — 6 
feet  high,  terete.  Flowers  rather  small,  in  a  loose  terminal  co- 
rymb ;   rays  about  8,  yellowish. 

**  Leaves  alternate. 

3.  C.  gladiata  Walt. :  stem  smooth,  dichotomous  towards  the  sum- 
mit ;  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  entire,  thick,  tapering  into  a  petiole  ; 
acines  obovate,  winged,  the  wings  serrulate  ;  pappus  2-awned,  bristly. 
—  C.  dichotoma  Mich. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  J.  and  Car.  July — Sept.  $  . — Stem  2—3 
feet  high,  simple  and  slender.  Leaves  thick,  3 — 6  inches  long. 
Flowers  terminal ;  rays  8,  dilated,  trifid-yellow ;  disk  dark  pur- 
ple. 

4.   C.  aspcra  Pursh  :  leaves  lanceolate-linear,  rough  ;    upper  ones 
alternate  ;  lower  opposite  ;  stem  1-flowered. 
Hab.     In  Maryland.     Pursh. 

42.     ACTINOMERIS.     Nutt. 

Involucre  simple,  many-leaved  ;  leaves  nearly  equal.  Rays 
remote,  elongated,  (4  to  8.)  Receptacle  small  and  chaffy, 
the  scales  embracing  the  margin  of  the  acines.  Acines  com- 
pressed and  marginated,  with  the  summit  persistently  2-awn- 
ed. Syngenesia.  Frustranca. 

A.  f  sqnarrosa  Natt.  :  stem  erect,  winged,  pubescent  towards  the 
summit ;  leaves   lanceolate,  serrate,  scabrous  ;  panicle  loose,  leafy  ; 


COMPOSITE.  207 

involucre  spreading  ;  receptacle  nearly  globose.  —  Coreopsis  alternifolia 
Linn. —  Verbesina  coreopsis  Mich.   Spreng. 

Hab.  Penn.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  If..— Stem  3—4  feet  high. 
Leaves  alternate.  Flowers  varying,  yellow  and  white. — There 
seems  to  be  still  some  doubt  with  regard  to  its  generic  character. 

43.     BIDENS.     Linn. 

Involucre  double,  the  outer  unequal.  Ray  florets  frequent- 
ly wanting.  Receptacle  chaffy,  flat.  Pappus  of  4  reflected 
or  erect  and  rctrosely  scabrous  awns.     Acines  4-angled. 

Syngenesia.  Frustranea. 

1.  B.  renin  a  Linn. :  flowers  subradiate,  cernuous;  outer  involucre  as 
long  as  the  flower  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  subconnate,  dentate. 

Hab.  Near  ponds  and  ditches.  Can.,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to 
Miss.  Aug.  —  Sept.  ©. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Ray  florets  as 
in  all  the  species,  yellow,  often  wanting. — This  plant  is  some- 
limes  not  more  than  8  inches  high,  with  very  small  erect  flow- 
ers, when  it  constitutes  the  variety  minima. 

Water  Beggar-ticks. 

2.  B.  chrysanthemoides  Mich.  :  flowers  radiate,  nodding  ;  florets  of 
the  ray  thrice  as  long  as  the  nearly  equal  involucre  ;  leaves  oblong,  ta- 
pering at  each  end,  toothed,  connate  at  base. 

I  Jar.  Wet  places.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  0.—Stem  1—3 
feet  high.  Lea  ves  glabrous.  Flmccrs  erect,  yellow.  Acines  com- 
monly with  4  awns. — From  the  remarks  of  Mr.  Elliott,  it  is  not 
improbable  that  several  distinct  species  are  covered  under  the 
above  name. 

3.  B.  frond osa  Linn. :  flowers  discoid  ;  outer  involucre  six  times  as 
long  as  the  flower,  its  leafets  ciliate  at  base  ;  lower  leaves  pinnate  ; 
upper  ones  ternate,  lanceolate,  serrate. 

Hab.  Woods  and  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  Q.— 
Mem  3 — 4  feet  high,  branching.  Floiccrs  terminal,  erect,  sur- 
rounded by  a  large  leafy  involucre.  Rays  none.  Acines  2-awned. 

Burr  Marygold. 

4.  jB.  connata  IVilld.  :  flowers  discoid  ;  outer  involucre  thrice  as 
long  as  the  flower  ;  cauline  leaves  ternate ;  lateral  ones  connate  ;  flo- 
ral oblong-lanueolate. 

Hab.  Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  0.— Stem  2  feet  high. 
Peduncles  opposite,  1-flowered. 

5.  B.  hipinnata  Linn.:  flowers  somewhat  rayed;  outer  involucre  as 
long  as  the  inner  ;  leaves  bipinnate ;  leafets  lanceolate-pinnatifid. 

Hab,  Near  cultivated  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  0. — 
Stt  m  2 — 4  feet  high.  Floicers  on  long,  mostly  terminal  pedun- 
cles.    Jiays  3,  or  none,  obovate,  yellow. 

C.  B.  heckii  Torr.  :  stem  subsimple  ;  submerged  leaves  capillaceous- 
multifid  ;  emersed  ones  lanceolate,  connate,  acutely  serrate  or  lacini- 
ate  ;  flowers  rayed  ;  the  rays  longer  than  the  involucre. 


203  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  In  water.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  July,  Aug.  11. — Sicm2—3 
feet  long,  simple  or  with  very  small  and  slender  branches  arising 
from  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Lower  leaves  very  multifid, 
capillary,  as  in  Ranunculus  aquatilis ;  upper  ones  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,  broadly  lanceolate,  attenuated  at  each  extremi- 
ty, deeply  serrated.  Floiccrs  solitary,  at  the  extremity  of  the 
stem,  rather  large,  yellow.  Rays  much  longer  than  the  involu- 
cre.— This  species  was  first  discovered  in  a  pond  near  Schenec- 
tady, N.  Y.  It  has  since  been  found  in  Canada,  by  Mr.  Goldie, 
and  more  recently  in  the  western  part  of  N.  Y.  by  Drs.  Asa 
Gray  and  William  Aikin.  Water  Marygold. 

44.  POLYMNIA.     Linn. 

Involucre  double  ;  the  outer  one  4 — 5-leaved ;  the  inner  10- 
leaved  ;  leafets  concave.     Receptacle  chaffy.     Pappus  none. 

Syngenesia.  JYecessaria. 

1.  P.  canadensis  Linn. :  viscid  and  villous  ;  leaves  denticulate,  acu- 
minate :  lower  ones  pinnatifid,  upper  3-lobed  or  entire. 

Hab.  Shady  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  Zf,— • &tetn,  2—4 
feet  high.  Leaves  thin,  slightly  scabrous.  Floiccrs  in  a  loose 
terminal  panicle,  yellow. 

2.  P.  uvedalia  Linn. :  leaves  opposite,  3-lobed,  acute,  decurrent  into 
a  petiole  ;  lobes  angled  and  sinuate  ;  rays  elongated. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  U.—Stem  3—5 
feet  high,  terete.  Leaves  opposite  or  alternate.  Flowers  in  a 
loose  terminal  panicle  ;  rays  about  10,  3-toothed,  yellow. 

45.  SILPHIUM.     Linn. 

Involucre  leafy,  squarrose.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Seeds  com- 
pressed, obcordate-marginate,  2-toothed. 

Syngenesia.  Nccessaria. 

1.  S.  perfoliatum  Linn. :  stem  4-angled,  smooth ;  leaves  opposite, 
connate,  ovate,  serrate. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug.  21. — Stem  6  feet  high, 
angled,  smooth.  Peduncles  terminal  and  from  the  axils  of  the 
highest  leaves ;  rays  24,  yellow. 

2.  S.  trifoliatum  Linn. :  stem  6-angled,  smooth ;  leaves  verticillate 
by  threes,  ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  toothed  and  serrate,  scabrous  on 
the  upper  surface  ;  upper  ones  sessile,  panicle  trichotomous. — S.  terni- 
folium  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  S.  Torr.  S.  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct.  If.— 
Stem  4—6  feet  high,  mostly  purple.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  co- 
rymb ;  rays  about  14,  long,  bright  yellow. 

3.  &  ternatum  Retz :  stem  terete,  smooth ;  leaves  verticillate  by 
threes,  petiolate,  lanceolate,  slightly  toothed,  ciliate  at  base,  somewhat 
scabrous;  upper  ones  scattered,  sessile  ;  panicle  dichotomous;  in- 
volucre ciliate. 


COMPOSITE.  209 

Hab.  Penn.  to  Car.  July.  21. — Stem  4—6  feet  high.  Flowers 
in  a  loose  terminal  corymb  ;  rays  14,  long,  yellow. — Mr.  Elliott 
doubts  whether  the  two  last  species  are  sufficiently  distinct. 

Suborder  VII.     AMBROSIACE^. 

46.     IV  A.     Linn. 

Involucre  about  5-leaved  or  5-parted.  Florets  of  the  ray  5, 
naked.  Receptacle  bristly.  Pappus  none.  Acines  obovate. 
{Anthers  approximate,  not  united.)    Syngencsia.  Necessaria. 

I.  fmtcseens  Linn.  .«  shrubby  ;  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate,  deeply  ser- 
rate, slightly  scabrous  ;   heads  globular-depressed. 

IIar.  Sea  coast.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Aug.  If.— Shrub  3—8  feet 
high,  with  numerous  opposite  branches  and  leaves.  Flowers 
small,  in  axillary  leafy  raceme,  forming  a  large  terminal  pani- 
cle. 

47.     AMBROSIA.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Involucre  1-leaved,  hemisphe- 
rical, many-flowered.  Anthers  approximate  but  not  united. 
Receptacle  naked.  Fertile  Fl.  Involucre  1-leavcd,  entire 
or  5-toothed,  1 -flowered.  Corol  none.  Styles  2.  Nut 
formed  from  the  indurated  calyx,  1-sceded. 

Monoecia.  Pcntandria. 

1.  A.  integrifoUa  Muhl. :  leaves  ovate,  sessile,  acuminate,  serrate, 
hispid  on  both  sides,  ciliate  at  base  ;  racemes  terminal  and  mostly  ter- 
nate. 

Hab.  Near  ponds  and  ditches.  Penn.  and  Virg.  July — Sept. 
@. — Pursh. 

'2.  A.  bidentata  Mich.  :  very  hairy  ;  leaves  closely  sessile,  simple, 
lanceolate,  1 — 2  toothed  on  each  side  near  the  base  ;  fruit  4-sided,  4- 
spined  below  the  summit. 

Hab.  Allegany  mountains.  W.  to  Illinois. — Perhaps  not  in  the 
limits  assigned  to  the  present  work.     July — Sept.     0. 

3.  A.  trifida  Linn.:  hirsute,  rough;  leaves  3-lobed,  serrate;  the 
lobes  oval-lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  fruit  6-spined  below  the  summit. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July- 
Sept.  #.— Stem  4— 8  feet  high.  Leaves  very  large.  Floioers 
in  large  terminal  panicles  composed  of  long  axillary  and  termi- 
nal spikes. 

4.  A.  clatior  Linn. :  stem  virgate  ;  leaves  bipinnatifid,  nearly  smooth; 
petioles  conspicuously  ciliate ;  racemes  terminal. 

Hab.  Old  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  0.—Stem  1—4 
(at  the  south  4 — 7)  feet  high.  Flowers  in  paniculate  racemes. 
Nut  with  6  spines.  Hog  Weed. 

IS* 


210  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

5.  A.  artemisifolia  Linn. :  leaves  bipinnatifid,  hoary  underneath,  the 
uppermost  pinnatifid  ;  racemes  by  threes,  terminal  ;  branches  fastigi- 
ate. — A.  absynthifolia  Mich. 

Hab.  Fields.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  #.— 
Steyn  4 — 6  feet  high.  Leaves  opposite  below,  alternate  above, 
Racemes  loosely  paniculate.     Spines  of  the  fruit  very  short. 

G.  A.  paniculata  Mich. :  stem  branching,  paniculate  at  the  summit, 
and  with  the  petioles  villous  ;  leaves  green  on  both  sides,  bipinnatifid, 
the  segments  lanceolate ;  fruit  somewhat  clustered,  small,  obovate, 
slightly  awned. — Ira  monophylla  Walt. 

Hab.  Old  fields.  Can.  to  Flor.  July— Sept.  0.  Pursh.— 
Stem  2—4  feet  high.  Flmcers  in  simple  terminal  and  axillary 
racemes. 

7.  A.  heterophylla  Muht. :  stem  paniculate ;  cauline  leaves  pinnati- 
fid, subdentate,  petiolate,  those  of  the  branches  lanceolate,  sessile  ;  pe- 
tioles with  long  ciliee  ;  racemes  terminal,  solitary. — A. peruviana  Willd, 
Hab.     Banks  of  streams.     Penn.     July— Sept.     %.     Muhl. 

48.     XANTHIUM.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Involucre  imbricate.  Anthers 
approximate,  but  not  united.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Fertile 
Fl.  Involucre  2-leaved,  1 -flowered.  Corol  none.  Drupe 
dry,  muricate,  2-cleft.     Nut  2-celled. 

Monoecia.   Ventandria. 

1.  X.  stmmarium  Linn.  :  stem  unarmed,  branching  ;  leaves  cordate, 
lobed,  serrate,  scabrous,  3-nerved ;  fruit  elliptic,  pubescent,  armed 
with  rigid  hooked  bristles. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept. 
0. — Stem  3 — 6  feet  high.     Floiccrs  in  axillary  racemes. 

Clot-weed. 

2.  X.  macrocarpon  De  Cand.  :  stem  unarmed,  spotted ;  leaves  cor- 
date, lobed,  obscurely  sinuate-toothed,  scabrous,  3-nerved  ;  fruit  oval, 
densely  armed  with  short  rigid  uncinate  bristles  ;  horns  incurved.— 
A',  orientate  Linn. — X.  maculatum  Raf. 

Hab.  Near  salt  water.  N.  S.  Aug.  0.—Stem  purple,  spotted. 
Fruit  very  large,  woolly. 

3.  A',  spinosum  Linn.  :  spines  ternate  :  leaves  3-lobed. 

Hab.  Waste  ground.  Md.  to  Geor.  Q.—Stem  3  feet  high. 
Flowers  small.  Prickly  Clot-weed. 

Suborder  VIII.    ANTHEMlDEiE. 

49.     SPARGANOPHORUS.     Mich. 

Involucre  somewhat  globose,  imbricate,  with  the  scales  re- 
curved at  the  point.  Receptacle  naked.  Jlcines  crowned 
with  a  small  cartilaginous  cup.  Syngenesia.  JEqualis. 


COMPOSITE.  211 

S.  verticillatus  Mich.  :  leaves  linear,  verticillate  )  heads  few,  termi 
nal ;  pappus  canipanulate,  5-toothed. 

Hab.  In  shallow  water.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  11. — Stem 
a  foot  high,  simple.  Leaves  linear,  an  inch  long,  0—8  in  a  whorl. 
Floicers  purple. 

50.     TANACETUM.     Linn. 

Involucre  imbricate,  hemispherical,  scales  acuminate.  Rays 
of  the  corol  obsolete,  trifid.  Receptacle  naked.  Pappus  sub- 
emarginate.  Syngencsia.   tiuperflua, 

T.  vidgarc  Linn.:  leaves  doubly  pinnate,  incisely  serrate;  corymb 
terminal. 

Hab.  Road  sides,  &c.  Aug.,  Sept.  If. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high. 
r/mrcrs  in  a  dense  terminal  corymb,  yellow. — Whole  plant 
odorous.     Naturalized.  Tansey. 

51.     ARTEMISIA.     Linn. 

Involucre  imbricate  ;  scales  round,  connivent.  Florets  of 
the  ray  none.  Pappus  none.  Receptacle  naked,  or  slightly 
villous.  Syngenesia.   Superflua. 

1.  A.  vulgaris  Linn. :  leaves  tomentose  beneath;  cauline  ones  pin- 
natifid  ;  segments  lanceolate,  subdentate,  acute;  floral  ones  undivided, 
linear,  lanceolate  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile,  oblong,  erect  ;  involucre  to- 
mentose. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  and  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer, 
Sept. — Nov.     U.— Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.    Flowers  few,  purplish. 

Mugwort. 

2.  A.  canadensis  Mich.:  stem  herbaceous  and  paniculate,  mostly  erect; 
radical  leaves  subpinnate,  somewhat  tomentose  ;  cauline  subpinnate  ; 
segments  subsetaceous,  incised,  flat,  nearly  smooth  ;  flowers  partly 
glomerate  and  sessile  ;  involucre  subglobose  ;  scales  oval,  scarious. — 
A.  campestris  Pursh. 

Hab.  Sandy  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  &c.  W.  to  Miss.  N.  to  Hud- 
son's Bay.  July,  Aug.  11. — Stem  sometimes  decumbent  at  base, 
mostly  erect,  3 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  of  linear  segments,  singly  or 
doubly  pinnatifid  or  subpinnate.  Floicers  small,  very  numerous, 
in  terminal  panicles  resembling  spikes.  Wild  Wormwood. 

3.  A.  caudata  Mich.  :  stem  herbaceous,  simple,  densely  and  pyra- 
midally paniculate ;  radical  and  lower  cauline  leaves  sub-bipinnate, 
pubescent  ;  upper  subpinnate  ;  segments  subsetaceous,  alternate,  di- 
varicate, somewhat  convex  ;  flowers  pedicillate,  erect,  globose  ovate. 

Hab.     Sea  shores.     N.  J.  to  N.  Car.     If.— Stem  2—6  feet  high, 

52.    CHRYSANTHEMUM.     Linn. 

Involucre  hemispherical,  imbricate ;  innermost  scales  scari- 
ous.    Receptacle  naked.     Pappus  none. 

Syngenesia.  Supcrflua, 


212  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

C.  leucanthcmum  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branching ;  leaves  clasping, 
.anceolate,  deeply  notched  and  toothed  at  the  base. 

Hab.  Fields,  &c.  Can.  to  Car.  June— Aug.  1L— Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  sparingly  branched.  Floiccrs  solitary  on  the  branches, 
large  ;  rays  white ;  disk  yellow.     Introduced.         Ox-eye  Daisy. 

53.  ANTHEMIS.    Linn. 

Involucre  hemispherical,  subequal.  Rays  more  than  5. 
Receptacle  chaffy  ;  chaff  flat,  with  rigid  acuminate  points. 
Pappus  none  or  a  membranous  margin. 

&y  agenesia.  Superflua. 

1.  A.  arvensis  Linn.  :  leaves  bipinnate  ;  segments  lanceolate-linear  ; 
receptacle  conic  ;  chaff  lanceolate  ;  acines  crowned  with  a  margin. 

Hab.  Waste  grounds.  Penn.  to  Virg.  Aug.,  Sept.  @. — Stem 
branched  and  with  the  leaves  hoary-pubescent.  Floicers  at  the 
end  of  each  branch,  large  ;  disk  yellow  ;  rays  broad,  white.  In- 
troduced. Common  Chamomile. 

2.  A.  cotula  Linn.  :  leaves  bipinnatifid  ;  segments  subulate,  3-part- 
ed  ;  receptacle  conic  ;  chaff  setaceous ;  pappus  none. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June— Oct. 
0. — Stem  a  foot  high,  erect,  branched.  Floicers  solitary,  termi- 
nal ;  disk  convex,  yellow  ;  rays  white. — An  exotic,  now  almost 
every  where  naturalized.  May-weed. 

54.  ACHILLEA.     Linn, 

Involucre  ovate,  imbricate.  Rays  5—10,  roundish.  Re- 
ceptacle chaffy.     Pappus  none.  Syngencsia.  8uperf.ua. 

1.  A.  ptarmica  Linn. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate,  equally 
and  acutely  serrate,  smooth. 

Hab.  Dry  swamps.  Arc.  Amer.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  Aug.,  Sept. 
11. — Pursh.  Stent  1 — 3  feet  high,  erect,  terminating  in  a  large 
corymb.     Floicers  white.     Introduced.  1  Sneeze-wort. 

2.  A.  millefolium  Linn.  :  stem  furrowed  ;  leaves  bipinnate,  slightly 
hairy  ;  segments  linear,  toothed,  acute. 

Hab.  Fields  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer. 
W.  to  Miss.  June — Aug.  1L. — Stem  erect,  branched  at  the 
top.  Flowers  in  large  dense  terminal  corymbs  ;  rays  4  or  5, 
white  or  rose  coloured, — A  powerful  astringent.     Introduced.  ? 

Yarrow. 

Order  LXV11I.     CAMPANULACE^E.     Lind. 

Calyx  superior,  usually  5-lobed,  (sometimes  3 — 8,)  persis- 
tent. Corol  monopetalous,.  inserted  into  the  top  of  the  calyx, 
usually  5-lobed,  (sometimes  3 — 8,)  withering  on  the  fruit, 
regular ;  sestivation  valvate.     Stamens  inserted  into  the  calyx 


CAMPANULACEiE.  213 

alternately  with  the  lobes  of  the  corol,  to  which  they  are  equal 
in  number;  anthers  2-celled,  distinct  ;  pollen  spherical.  Ova- 
ry inferior,  with  2  or  more  polyspermous  cells  opposite  the 
stamens  or  alternate  with  them  ;  style  simple,  covered  with 
collecting  hairs  ;  stigma  naked,  simple,  or  with  as  many  lobes 
as  there  are  cells.  Fruit  dry,  crowned  by  the  withered  calyx 
and  corol,  dehiscing  by  lateral  irregular  apertures,  or  by 
valves  at  the  apex,  always  loculicidal.  Seeds  numerous,  at- 
tached to  a  placenta  in  the  axis  ;  embryo  straight,  in  the  axis 
of  fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  inferior. 

He?-l>$  or  undershrubs  yielding  a  white  milk.  Leaves  sim- 
ple or  deeply  divided,  without  stipules. 

1.     CAMPANULA.     Linn. 

Calyx  mostly  5-cleft.  Corol  campanulate,  the  base  closed 
with  5  staminiferous  valves.  Stigma  3 — 5-cleft.  Capsule 
inferior,  3-  (rarely  5-)  celled,  opening  by  lateral  pores. 

Pentatidria.  Monogynia. 

1.  C.  ro/ioulifolla  Linn. :  glabrous  ;  stem  erect,  slender,  somewhat 
branched  at  base  ;  radical  leaves  reniform-cordate,  crenate  or  cut  ;  cau- 
line  ones  linear,  entire  ;  panicle  lax,  few-flowered. 

Har.  Rocky  banks.  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  W.  to  Rocky 
Mountains.  June,  July.  Zf . — Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Radi- 
cal leaves  cordate,  (withering  early.)  Floiccrs  few,  large,  blue, 
in  a  loose  terminal  panicle  or  raceme.  Flax  Bell-Jlower. 

2.  C.  amplexicaulis  Mich.  :  stem  simple,  erect,  angular  ;  angles  his- 
pid backwards  ;  leaves  cordate,  toothed,  clasping  ;  flowers  sessile,  1 — 5 
in  the  axil  of  each  leaf. — C.  perfoliata  Linn. 

Hah.  Fields.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May— July.  ©. — 
Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  sessile,  closely  embracing  the 
stem,  but  never  perfoliate.  Floiccrs  small,  sessile,  1 — 4  in  the 
axil  of  the  leaf,  purple.  Clasping  Bell-jloiccr. 

3.  C.  americana  Linn.  :  stem  simple,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, much  acuminate,  membranaceous,  uncinately  serrate  ;  lower  ones 
somewhat  cordate,  with  the  petioles  ciliate  ;  flowers  subsolitary,  nearly 
sessile,  in  a  terminal  leafy  raceme  ;  corol  subrotate  ;  style  exserted. — 
C.  acuminata  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains  and  rocks.  Niagara  Falls  and  S.  to  Geor. 
July,  Aug.  Tl'—Stem  2—3  feet  high.  Floicers  blue,  flat,  1—2 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 

4.  C.  aparinoides  Pursh:  stem  slender,  much  branched,  acutely 
angled  ;  angles  with  the  margin  and  nerves  of  the  leaves  aculeate 
backwards  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  sessile,  somewhat  serrate,  smooth 


214  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

above  ;  flowers  solitary,  on  terminal  filiform  flexuous  peduncles. —  C. 
erinoides  Muhl. — C.flexuosa  Mich.? 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  %. — Stem  a 
foot  high.  weak.    Flowers  small,  white.  Prickly  Bell-floicer. 

Order  LXIX.     LOBELIACEtE.     Lind. 

Calyx  superior,  5-lobed,  or  entire.  Corol  monopetalous, 
irregular,  inserted  into  the  calyx,  5-lobed,  or  5-cleft.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  into  the  calyx  alternately  with  the  lobes  of  the 
corol  ;  anthers  cohering  ;  pollen  oval.  Ovary  inferior,  with 
from  1  to  3-cells  ;  ovules  very  numerous,  attached  either  to  the 
axis  or  the  lining  ;  style  simple  ;  stigma  surrounded  by  a  cup- 
like fringe.  Fruit  capsular,  1  or  more  celled,  many  seeded, 
dehiscing  at  the  apex.  Seeds  attached  either  to  the  lining  or 
the  axis  of  the  pericarp;  embryo  straight,  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  pointing  to  the  hilum. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules.  Floiv- 
ers  axillary  or  terminal. 

1.     LOBELIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corol  monopetalous,  irregular,  cleft  on  the 
upper  side  nearly  to  its  base.  Stamens  united  into  a  tube. 
Stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  inferior  or  semisuperior,  2  or  3- 
celled,  opening  at  the  summit.     Seeds  minute,  scabrons. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  L.  dortmanna  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  2-celled,  fleshy,  obtuse  ; 
scape  nearly  naked  ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  remote,  pedicelled, 
nodding. — L.  paludosa  Nutt. 

Hab.  Ponds  and  swamps.  Mass.  to  Geor.  July.  2_£. — Scape 
18  inches  high.  Leaves  growing  in  a  single  tuft  about  the  root, 
obtuse,  spreading  and  recurved.  Flowers  3  or  4,  very  remote, 
pendulous,  pedicelled,  pale  blue.  Water  Gladiulc. 

2.  L.  kalmii  Linn.  :  whole  plant  smooth  ;  stem  erect,  branched  ; 
leaves  linear,  remotely  toothed  ;  radicle  ones  spathulate  ;  racemes  ter- 
minal, lax,  few-flowered,  leafy ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  fruit,  with 
2  minute  bracts  near  the  flower ;  capsule  tapering  at  base. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  U.—Stem  12—20  inches 
high,  slender.     Floiccrs  blue,  on  long  peduncles. 

3.  L.  nuttallii  R.  <$•  S. :  stem  erect,  minutely  scabrous,  simple,  or 
with  filiform  branches  ;  leaves  oblong-linear,  denticulate  ;  flowers  in 
slender  racemes,  distinct ;  peduncles  coloured,  shorter  than  the  flower, 
with  minute  bracts  near  the  base  ;  capsule  obtuse  below. — L  gracilis 
Nutt.—L.  kalmii  Bart.   Ell 


ERICE.E.  215 

Hab.  Margins  of  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.  & — Stem 
filiform,  erect,  2  feet  high,  often  flexuous.  Peduncles  1-4  inch 
long.  Flowers  pale  blue,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  nearly  double  the  length  of  the  capsule. 

4.  L.  claytoniana  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  simple,  pubescent ;  leaves  ob- 
long, pubescent,  obtuse,  nearly  entire  ;  radical  ones  spatulate  ;  raceme 
virgate,  naked;  segments  of  the  calyx  subulate,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
tube  of  the  corol. — L.  cluytoniana  and  L.  pallida  MuM. 

Hab.     Fields.     Can.   to  Car.      July,   Aug.     2f.— Stem  1 1-2— 2 
feet  high,  generally  simple.     Flowers  pale  blue,  as  large  as  those 
of  L.  liulini't,  from  <> — SJO  iu  a  raceme. — I  follow   Dr.  Torrey  in 
uniting  L.  pallida  of  Muhl.  with  this  species.     They  are,  how- 
ever, considered  distinct  by  Mr.  Elliott. 

.".  L  puh,  villa  Mich.  :  covered  with  silky  down  ;  stem  erect,  simple, 
slightly  angled;  leaves  oblong-oval,  obtuse,  repand-serrulate  ;  flowers 
nearly  sessile,  in  a  1  -sided  spike ;  segments  of  the  calyx  longer  than  the 
tube  of  the  corol,  ciliate  ;  margins  reflexed. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Geor.  Sept.  11. — Stem  2 'feet  high. 
Lower  leaves  obovate^  upper  lanceolate.  Flowers  large,  in  a  sc- 
cund-spike  or  raceme,  nearly  sessile,  bright  blue. — Allied  to  the 
next,  but  smaller  in  all  its  parts. 

f>.  L.  syphilitica  Liiui.  :  stem  erect,  somewhat  hairy  :  leaves  closely 
sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  unequally  serrate,  with  scattered  hairs  on  the 
tipper  surface  ;  raceme  leafy,  with  the  flowers  on  short  pedicels  ;  calyx 
hairy,  with  the  margins  reflexed. 

II  lb.  Bogs,  &c.  Can.  to  Car.  Sept.  lf.<—Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  simple,  hairy  on  the  margin.  Flowers  on  short  pedicels, 
in  a  long  leafy  raceme,  large,  blue. 

7.  L.  inflata  Linn. :  stem  erect,  hairy,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 

essile,  serrate,  hairy  ;  racemes  leafy,  somewhat  paniculate  ;  cap- 
sules inflated. 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug. 
©. — Stem  a  foot  high.  FUneers  numerous,  small,  pale  blue,  in 
leafy  spikes  or  racemes. — Plant  acrid  and  powerfully  medicinal. 
Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  177.  Indian  Tobacco. 

8.  L.  cardinalis  Linn. :  stem  erect,  simple,  smooth  ;  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  serrate  ;  lower  ones  tapering  at  base  ;  spike  1-sided,  sorne- 
what  leafy,  with  the  flowers  on  pubescent  pedicels;  stamens  longer 
than  the  corol. 

Hab.  Low  wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  2_£. — Stem 
1  1-2 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  very  large,  bright  scarlet,  in  a  termi- 
nal raceme  which  is  from  8 — 10  inches  long. — One  of  the  most 
splendid  plants  in  the  Northern  Section.  Cardinal  Flower. 

Order  LXX.     ERICE.E.     Linn. 

Calyx  4  or  5-cleft,  nearly  equal,  inferior,  persistent,  Corol 
hypogynous,  monopetalous,  1  or  5-cleft,  occasionlly  separable 
into  4  or  5  pieces,  regular   or  irregular.     Stamc?is  definite, 


21G  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

equal  in  number  to  the  segments  of  the  corol,  or  twice  as  many, 
bypogynous,  or  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  corol.  A?ithers  2- 
celled,  the  cells  hard  and  dry.  Ovary  surrounded  at  the  base 
by  a  disk  or  secreting  scales,  many-celled,  many-seeded  ;  style 
1,  straight ;  stigma  1,  undivided  or  toothed.  Fruit  capsular, 
many-celled,  with  central  placentae.  Seeds  indefinite,  minute  ; 
embryo  cylindrical,  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  op- 
posite the  hilum. 

Shrubs  or  under  shrubs.  Leaves  evergreen,  rigid,  entire, 
whorled  or  opposite,  without  stipules. 

1.     ARBUTUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  minute,  5-parted.  Corol  ovate,  diaphanous  at  the 
base  ;  border  small,  5-cleft,  revolute.  Stamens  10.  Berry 
superior,  5-celled  ;  cells  1,  or  many-seeded. 

Pecandria.  Monogynia. 

A.  uva  ursi  Linn.  :  stem  woody,  procumbent ;  leaves  petioled,  cune- 
ate-obovate,  very  entire,  coriaceous  ;  margin  convex  ;  flowers  in  a  ter- 
minal clustered  raceme  ;  berries  red,  persistent,  5-seeded. — Arctostaphy- 
los  uva  ursi  Adans.  Spreng. 

Hab.  On  mountains.  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  April,  May. 
Tp. — A  trailing  evergreen.  Floicers  pale  red.  Berries  scarlet. 
— The  leaves  are  astringent  and  medicinal.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  66. 

Bear-berry. 

2.     GAULTHERIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed,  bibracteate  at  base.  Corol  ovate ; 
border  portly  5-cleft,  revolute.  Stamens  10,  with  the  fila- 
ments hirsute.  Anthers  two  horned  at  the  summit.  Capsule 
superior,  5-celled,  invested  by  the  calyx  which  becomes  a  ber- 
ry. Decandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  G.  procumbens  Linn. :  stem  procumbent,  with  the  branchesTerect ; 
leaves  obovate,  wedgeform  at  the  base,  ciliate-denticulate  ;  flowers'  few, 
terminal,  nodding. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  S.  May— July.  21.— Stem  creeping  ; 
branches  ascending,  4 — 6  inches  high.  Leaves  evergreen  and 
shining.  Floicers  axillary,  white.  Fruit  having  the  appearance 
of  a  bright  scarlet  berry.  Spicy  Wintergreen. 

2.  G.  hispidula  Muhl. :  stem  filiform,  creeping,  hispid  ;  leaves  ovate, 
acute,  with  scattered  hairs ;  flower  solitary,  axillary,  subsessile,  oc- 
landrous  ;  corol  small,  bell-shaped. — G.  serpyllifolia  Pursh. —  Vaccinium 
hispidulum  Linn. — Arbutus  filiformis  Lam. — Oxycoccus  hispidulus  Persl 

Hab.  Alpine  swamps.  N.  S.  April,  May.  T?. — Stems  creep- 
ing.    Leaves  evergreen,  small,  ovate  or  roundish  oval.     Floicers 


ERICE.E.  217 

solitary,  on  recurved  peduncles.  Calyx  in  4  acute  segments. 
Corol  small,  white,  with  as  many  segments  as  the  .calyx.  Berry 
white.  Taste  of  the  leaves  resembling  that  of>  G.  procumhens. — 
There  is  some  doubt  with  regard  to  the  generic  character  of  this 
plant.  Dr.  Torrey  thinks  it  will  constitute  the  type. of  a  new 
genus. 

3.     ANDROMEDA.     Linn. 

Calt/z  5-parted,  minute,  inferior.  Corol  ovate  or  subcy- 
lindrical,  smooth;  border  5-cleft,  reflexed.  Stcnnens  10. 
Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved  ;  valves  producing  dissepiments 
from  the  middle  ;  margins  naked.       Dccandria.  Monogynia, 

*  Leaves  evergreen. 

1.  A.  hypnoides  Linn. :  leaves  imbricate,  subulate,  smooth  ;  pedun- 
cles solitary,  terminal,  1-flowered  ;  corol  nodding,  globose-campanu- 
late. 

Hab.  White  Hills,  N.  H.  and  N.  W.  Coast.  June.  ^>.— Shrub 
creeping,  resembling  a  moss  ;  flowering  branches  erect.  Flmn- 
crs  white,  tinged  with  red. 

2.  A.  polyfolia  Linn.  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  convex,  revolute, 
whitish-glaucous  beneath  ;  flowers  in  short  terminal  racemes. 

Hab.     Sphagnous  swamps.     N.  S.     N.  to  Arc.  Amer.    June.    T?. 
.    — Stem  a  foot   high.     leaves   varying   from  linear  to    oblong. 
Floiccrs  white,  tinged  with  red. 

3.  A.  calyculata  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  rather  obtuse,  ob- 
solete!}' serrulate,  subrevolute,  ferruginous  beneath  ;  racemes  terminal, 
leafy,  subsecund  ;  pedicels  short,  solitary,  axillary  ;  calyx  bibracteate  ; 
corol  oblong-cylindrical. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May.  h. 
— A  shrub  3 — 4  feet  high;  Leaves  coriaceous,  covered  with 
white  dots  above,  pale  beneath.  Floiccrs  white,  in  terminal 
leafy  racemes. 

**  Leaves  deciduous. 

4.  A.  mariana  Linn.  :  leaves  oval,  somewhat  acute,  very  entire, 
smooth,  subcoriaceous.  paler  beneath  ;  floweiing  branches  nearly  nak- 
ed ;  pedicels  fasciculate ;  calyx  leafy  ;  corol  ovate-cylindric  ;  anthers 
simple  at  the  summit. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  £.— Shrub  2— 3 
feet  high.  Floiccrs  white  and  pale  red,  large.  Anthers  with  two 
minute  awns  at  the  base. 

5.  A.  racemosa  Mich.  :  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  acute,  serrulate,  mem- 
branaceous, smooth  above,  somewhat  pubescent  beneath ;  racemes 
terminal,  secund,  simple  or  branched  ;  corol  oblong-cylindrical,  an- 
thers 4-awned  at  the  summit. — 4.  paniaduta  Walt. 

19 


218     ;  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.     Swamps  and  wet  woods.     Can.  to  Flor.     June,  July.     1}J 
— Shriii  4 — 6  feet  high.  Flowers  white,  in  racemes  which  are  3 
t  or  4  inchesJong.     Corol  contracted  at  the  mouth.    Anthers  cleft, 
'  4-awned. 

6.  A.  arborea  Linn.  :  branches  terete  ;  •  leaves  oblong-oval,  acumi- 
nate, sharply  serrate,  smooth  ;  panicles  terminal,  many-spiked  ;  corol 
ovate-oblong,  pubescent ;.  anthers  unawned,  linear. 

Hae.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  T?. — A  beauti- 
ful tree  40 — 50  feet  high.  Leaves  large,  shining  above,  paler  b  e- 
neath.  Flowers  white,  in  large  terminal  panicles  consisting  of 
numerous  secund  racemes  or  spikes.  Sorrel  Tree. 

7.  A.  Ugustrina  Muhl.  :  pubescent ;  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, minutely  serrulate  ;  flower-bearing  branches  terminal,  panicu- 
late, naked;  corol  nearly  globose,  pubescent;  anthers  unawned. — A. 
paniculata  Pursh. —  Vaccinium  ligustrinuvi  Linn,  not  of  Mich. — Lyonia 
paniculata  Nutt. 

Hae.  Swamps,  &c.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  "June,  July.  T?. — Shrub 
4 — 6  feet  high.  Flowers  white,  in  compound  nearly  naked  and 
erect  panicles.     Corol  small,  white,  pubescent. 

4.     CLETHRA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals  5,  Stamens  10.  Style 
persistent.  Stigma  short  and  trifid.  Capsule  3-celled,  3- 
valved,  enclosed  by  the  calyx.  Decandria.   Monogynia. 

C.  alnifolia  Linn.  :  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  acute,  serrate,  smooth, 
of  the  same  colour  on  both  sides  ;  racemes  spiked,  simple,  bracteate, 
hoary  tomentose. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Au£.  f?.  Shrub  3—  6 
feet  high.  Flowers  white,  in  long  terminal  racemes  or  spikes, 
'  with  downy  pedicels.  Sweet  Pepper-bush. 

5.     MENZIESIA.     Smith. 

Calyx  deeply  5-cleft.  Corol  ovate,  4 — 5-cleft.  Stamens 
8 — 10,  inserted  into  the  receptacle.  Capsule  4 — 5-celled, 
dissepiments  produced  by  the  inflected  margins  of  the  valves. 
Seeds  numerous,  oblong.  Oclandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  M.  cxrulca  Swartz:  stem  branched,  woody  below;  leaves  scatter- 
ed, crowded,  linear-toothed ;  peduncles  terminal,  aggregate,  1-flower- 
ed  ;  flowers  bell-shaped,  5-cleft,  decandrous  ;  cal}-x  very  acute. — An- 
dromeda cmrulsa  Linn. — Erica .carulea  Willd. 

Hab.  White  Hills,  N.  H.  N.  W.  Coast  and  Labrador.  July.  1>. 
—  An  evergreen  shrub  resembling  a  heath  in  its  foliage  and  flow- 
ers. Leaves -one  third  of  an  inch  long.  Floiccrs  large,  purple, 
on  long  red  peduncles. 

2.  M.  globularis  Salisb. :  leaves  lanceolate,  glaucous  beneath,  except 
the  nerves,  pubescent  ;  calyx  4-cleft ;  flowers  globose,  octandrous. — 
M.  smithii  Mich. 


ERICE.E.  219 

Hab.  Mountains.  Venn,  to  Car.  June.  T?. — Shrub  4  feet 
high.    Leaves  very  hairy  when  young.    Flowers  yellowish-brown. 

C.    KALMIA.     Lin*. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Carol  salver-form ;  border  on  the  under 
side  producing  10  cornute  protuberances  and  as  many  cavi- 
ties in  which  the  anthers  arc  concealed.  Capsule  j-celled, 
many-seeded  ;  dissepiments  marginal. 

Dccandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  K.  glauca  Ait. :  branchcs^ancipitous  ;  leaves  opposite,  subsessile, 
oblong,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  re  volute  on  the  margin  ;  corymbs 
terminal  and  axillary,  bracteate  ;  peduncles  and  calyx  very  smooth. 

b.    rosmarinifoUa   Pursk:    leaves  linear,  'conspicuously  revolute, 

nearly  green  beneath. 
Hab.     Spliagnous  swamps.    N.  S.    N.  to  Arc.  Amer.    June,  July. 

lp. — Shrub  12 — 18  inches  high,  with  opposite  lanceolate  leaves. 

Flowers  pale  rose  coloured,  in  terminal  corymbs  or  umbels.  Var. 

/;.  is  found  in  a  swamp  two  miles  cast  of  this  city. 

•  Glaucous  Kalmia. 

2.  K.  ang^istifulia  Linn.  :  leaves  scattered  or  tomato,  petiolate,  ob- 
long, obtuse,  slightly  ferruginous  beneath  ;  corymbs  lateral-linear  ;  pe- 
duncles and  calyx  glandular-pubescent. 

IIab:  Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  T?. — Shrub 
12 — 18  inches  high..  Leaves  entire,  somewhat  glaucous  beneath. 
Flowers  deep  rose  colour,  in  lateral  corymbs,  forming  a  kind  of 
whorl  around  the  stem.  Sheep  Laurel. 

3.  K.  lafifolia  Linn. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  scattered  and  ternate, 
oval,  coriaceous,  green  on  both  sides  ;  corymbs  terminal,  viscidly  pu- 
bescent. 

Hab.  Hills  and  mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  *?. — 
Shrub  4 — 10  feet  high,  with  large  leaves  and  flowers,  which  are' 
arranged  in  terminal  corymbs.  Carol  rose  coloured.  Medici- 
nal.    Big.  Med.  But.  i.  133."         Mountain  Laurel.     Calico  Bush. 

7.     EPIGtEA:     Linn. 

Calyx  large,  5-parted,  with  0  braoto  a*  the  base.  *  Corol 
salver-form  ;  border  5-parted,  spreading  ;  tube  villous  within. 
Stamens  10.      Capsule  5-celled.     Receptacle  5-parted. 

Dccandria.  Mo?iogy?iia. 

E.  repens  Linn. :  branches,  nerves  of  the  leaves  and  petioles  very 
hairy  ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  cordate-ovate,  very  entire  ;  corol  sub- 
cylindrical. 

Hab.  Side  hills,  roots  of  pines.  Can.  and"  N.  S.  April.  *?. 
— A  small  trailing  and  creeping  evergreen.  Floiccrs  white,  ting- 
ed with  red.  very  fragrant.  Ground  Laurel. 


220  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

8.     RHODORA.     Linn. 

Calyx  S-toothed.  Corol  3-petalled  ;  petals  unequal,  slight- 
ly united  at  the  base  ;  the  upper  one  thrice  broader  and  3- 
lobed,  (or  corol  bilabiate;  upper  lip  2 — 3- cleft";  lower  one 
2-toothed.)  Stamens  and  style  declinate.  Capsule  5-celled, 
5-valved,  opening  at  the  top ;  dissepiments  formed  of  the  in- 
flexed  margins  of  the  valves.  Decandria.  Monogynia. 

R-  canadensis  Linn. 

Hab.  Mountain  bogs.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May.  T?.— Shrub  2  feet 
high.  Leaves  alternate,  oval,  v^ry  entire,  pubescent  and  glau- 
cous beneath.  Flowers  purple,  in  terminal  clusters  or  umbels, 
appearing  before  the  leaves. 

9.     RHODODENDRON.    Linn* 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  somewhat  funnel-form,  5-cleft. 
Stamens  5—10,  declinate;  anthers  opening  by  2  terminal 
pores.     Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved,  opening  at  the  summit. 

Decandria.   Monogynia. 

Obsi  It  was  suggested  by  Pursh,  that  all  the  species  of  Azalea  which 
he  described,  except  A.  procumbens.  should  be  unitsd  with  Rhododen- 
dron.  This  view  has  been  adopted  by  Mr.  Don  and  Dr.  Torrey.  These 
genera  do  not  appear  to  differ  at  all,  except  in  the  number  of  stamens, 
which  even  in  the  true  Azalea  is  liable  to  great  variations. — See  Don's 
remarks  on  Azalea,  Rhododendron,  Ledum  and  Leiophijllum  in  Edin.  Phil. 
Jour.  vi.  47. 

*  Stamens  5 — 10. 

i.  R.  Lapponicum  IVahl.  :  leaves  elliptical,  roughened  with  excavated 
punctures  ;  flowers  in  terminal  leafy  clusters,  campanulate  ;  stamens 
'  mostly  8. — Azalea  lapponica  Linn. 

Hab.  White  Hills,  N.  H.  Big.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  July.  Tp. 
— Shrub  8 — 10  inches  high,  with  coriaceous  evergreen  leaves. 
Flowers  deep  purple,  in  terminal  clusters  or  umbels. 

2.  1}.  maximum  Linn> :  arborescent ;  leaves  rwkio^g-,  ^uie,  pafer  »e- 
neath  :  umhpls  terminal ,  augments  of  the  calyx  oval,  obtuse  ;  corol 
campanulate. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  bogs.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  ??.— 
Shrub  10—15  feet  high.  Leaves  large,  coriaceous.  Flowers  rose' 
coloured,  in  a  large  compact  cone-like  raceme,  covered  when 
young  with  large  acuminate  ferruginous  bracts.  — Several  varie- 
ties occur  in  various  parts  of  the  U.  S.  Medicinal.  Big.  Med. 
Bot.  iii.  101.  American  Rose  Bay. 

•  **  Stamens  5. 

3.  R.  nudiflorum  Torr.  :.  flowers  rather  naked  }  leaves  lanceolate-ob- 
long, nearly  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides;  the  midrib  beneath  br-ist- 


ERICEiE.  221 

ly  ;  margin  ciliate  :  flowers  not  viscous  ;  tube-longer  than  the  divisions  ; 

teeth  of  the  calyx  short,  somewhat  rounded  ;   stamens  much  exserted. 

— Azalea  nudiflora  Linn. — A.  pcrichjmcnoidcs  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  May.  fp.— Shrub  2— 6 
feet  high.  Flowers  reddish,  in  terminal  clustered  racemes,  ap- 
pearing before  the  leaves. — Of  this  species  there  are  a  number 
of  varieties.  Among  others  mentioned  by  Pursh,  is  one  which 
has  from  10 — 20  stamens.      Upright  Honeysuckle.    Pinxter  Blom. 

4.  R.  viscosum  Torr. :  flowers  leafy  ;  branches  hispid  ;  leaves  oblong- 
obovate,  acute,  smooth  and  green  on  both  sides,  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gin ;  midrib  bristly  ;  flowers  glutinous,  hairy  ;  tube  as  long  again  as 
the  segments  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  short,  rounded  ;  stamens  scarcely 
longer  than  the  corol. — Azalea  viscosa  Linn,  and  A.  glauca  Pursh. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  fp. — Shrub  6 — 8  feet 
high.  Flowers  white,  in  terminal  clusters,  sweet  scented.  Corol 
viscous  and  pubescent.  A.  glauca  of  Pursh  appears  to  be  only  a 
variety,  with  the  leaves  glaucous  beneath. 

5.  R.  calcndulaceum  Torr.  :  flowers  rather  naked  ;  leaves  oblong, 
pubescent  on  both  sides,  at  length  hirsute  ;  flowers  la\ge,  not  viscous  ; 
teeth  of  the  calyx  oblong  ;  tube  of  the  corol  hairy,  shorter  than  the 
segments. — Azalea  calendulacea  Mich. — A.  nudiflora  var.  coccinea  Ait. 

Hab.  Perm,  to  Car.  May.  Tp. — Shrub  2— G  feet  high.  Flowers 
yellow  or  flame  colour. — Said  to  be  the  handsomest  shrub  in  N. 
America. 

6.  R.  arborcscens  Torr.  :  flowers  leafy ;  leaves  obovate  ;  somewhat 
obtuse,  smooth  on  both  sides,  glaucous  beneath,  ciliate  on  the  margin  ; 
nerve  almost  smooth  ;  flowers  not  viscous ;  tube  longer  than  the  seg- 
ments ;  calyx  leafy,  with  the  segments  oblong,  acute }  filaments  ex- 
serted.— Azalea  arborcscens  Pursh. 

Hab.  Blue  Mountains,  Penn.  May— July.  V«  Pursh. — Shrub 
10—20  feet  high.  F/oiccrs  large,  reddish  ;  scales  of  the  flower- 
buds  large,  yellowish-brown,  surrounded  with  a  fringed  white 
border.     Pursh. 

7.  R.  nilidum  Torr. :  flowers  leafy  ;  branches  somewhat  smooth  ; 
leaves  oblanceolate,  submucronate,  coriaceous,  smooth  on  both  sides, 
shining  above  ;  nerve  bristly  beneath  ;  margins  revolute-ciliate  ;  flow- 
ers viscous  ;  tube  a  little,  longer  than  the  segments  ;  calyx  very  short. 
— Azalea  nitida  Pursh. 

Hab.  Mountain  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Vir.  June,  July.  *?. — 
Leaves  dark  green  and  shining,  smaller  than  in  any  other  species. 
Floiccrs  white,  with  a  reddish  tinge.     Pursh. 

8.  R.  hispidum  Torr.  :  flowers  leafy  ;  branches  straight,  very  hispid; 
leaves  long-lanceolate,  hispid  above,  smooth  beneath,  glaucous  on  both 
sides  ;  nerve  bristly  beneath  ;  margin  ciliate  ;  flowers  very  viscous  ; 
tube  scarcely  longer  than  the  segments  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  oblong, 
rounded  ;  filaments  exserted. — Azalea  hispida  Pursh. 

Hab.  Margins  of  lakes.  Blue  Mountains,  Penn.  July,  Aug.  fp. 
— Shrub  10 — 15  feet  high.     Floiccrs  white,  with  a'  red  border. 

19* 


222  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Stamens  often  10. — This  shrub  is  said  by  Pursli  to  have  a  blue- 
ish  appearance,  by  which  it  may  be  distinguished  from  all  others 
at  a  great  distance. 

10.     AZALEA.     Linn.     Don. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  short,  canipanulate,  5-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 5,  equal,  shorter  than  the  corol  ;  anthers  opening  longi- 
tudinally. Style  straight,  included.  Capsule  5-celled,  5- 
valved,  opening  at  the  top.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

A.  procumbens  Linn.  :  stems  diffusely  procumbent ;  leaves  opposite, 
elliptical,  glabrous,  revolute  on  the  margin,  included. — Loiselcicria  pro- 
cumbens R.  fy  S. 

Hab.  High  mountains.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  July.  *?.. 
— Shrub  3 — 4  inches  long,  branched,  leafless  below.  Flowers- 
small,  reddish,  in  small  terminal  umbels  or  corymbs.- 

11.     LEDUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  mitiute,  4-toothed.  Corol  5-petalled,  spreading. 
Stamens  5 — 10,  exserted  ;  anthers  opening  by  two  terminal 
pores.  Capsule  subovate,  5-celled,  5-valved,  opening  at  the 
base,  pedicellate.  Seeds  numerous,  flat,  linear,  scabrous, 
with  a  membranaceous  wing  at  each  extremity. 

Decandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  L.  latifolium  Ait. :  leaves  oblong,  replicate  on  the  margin,  ferru- 
ginous tomentose  beneath;  stamens  5,  as  long  as  the  corol. — L.  palus- 
tre  var.  latifolium  Mich. 

Hab.  Sphagnous  swamps.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  June.  *>. 
— An  evergreen  shrub,  with  the  stem  irregularly  branched  ;  the 
branches  woolly.  Leaves  alternate,  broad-oblong,  obtuse.  Floic- 
ers  large,  in  terminal  corymbs,  white.  Labrador  Tea. 

2.  L.  palustre  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  revolute  on  the  margin,  ferrugi- 
nous tomentose  beneath  ;  stamens  10,  longer  than  the  corol. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  June.  If. — A  shrub 
smaller  than  the  last  and  with  narrower  leaves. — I  have  found 
both  species  in  a  spfiagnous  swamp  near  Fairhaven,  Vt. 


Order  LXXI.     VACCINES.     Be  Cand.     hind. 

Calyx  superior,  entire,  or  with  from  4  to  6  lobes.  Corol 
monopetalous,  lobed  as  often  as  the  calyx.  Stamens  distinct, 
double  the  number  of  the  lobes  of  the  corol,  inserted  into  an 
epigynous  disk ;  anthers  with  2  horns  and  2  cells.  Ovary 
inferior,  4  or  5-celled,  many-seeded  ;  style  simple  ;  stigma 
simple.  Berry  crowned  by  the  persistent  limb  of  the  calyx, 
succulent,  4  or  5-celled,  many-seeded,     Seeds  minute;  em- 


VACCINES.  223 

bryo  straight,   in  the,  axis  of  a  fleshy  albumen;    cotyledons 
very  short ;  radicle  long,  inferior. 

Shrubs,  with  alternate  coriaceous  leaves. 

.     1.     VACCIXIUM.     linn. 

Calyx  adherent,  4 — 5-toothed.  Corol  urceolate  or  cam- 
panulate,  4 — 5-clcft.  Stamens  8 — 10.  Filaments  inserted 
on  the  germ.     Berry  globose,  4 — 5-celled,  many-seeded. 

Decandria.  Monogynia. 

*  leaves  deciduous. 
t    Curol  campanulatc, 

1.  V.  stamineum  Linn. :  much  branched  ;  the  younger  branches 
pubescent  ;  leaves  oval,  acute,  very  entire,  glaucous  beneath  ;  pedi- 
cels solitary,  axillary,  filiform,  nodding  ;  corol  campanulate,  spread- 
ing ;  segments  oblong,  acute  ;  anthers  exserted,  awned,  somewhat 
pyrifofm. —  V.  stamineum  and  V.  album  Pursh. 

Ha'b.  Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  May,  June.  fp. — Shrub  2 — ?> 
feet  high.  Floiecrs  white,  on  the  lateral  branches  of  the  stem, 
which  appear  like  leafy  racemes.     Berries  large,  greenish-white. 

DccT-bcrru. 

2.  V.  dumosum  Curt. :  younger  branches,  leaves  and  racemes  sprink- 
led with  resinous  dots  ;  leaves  obovate,  wedgeform  at  the  base,  mucro- 
nate,  entire,  (or  finely  serrulate,)  green  on  both  sides  ;  racemes  bracte- 
ate ;  pedicels  short,  axillary,  suhsolitary  ;  corol  campanulate  ;  seg- 
ments rounded;  anthers  included. — V.frondosum  Mich. 

Hab.  Pine  woods.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  June.  T?.^-Shrub  12—13 
inches  high.  Flowers  large,  white,  nodding,  in  leafy  racemes. 
Berries  large,  globular,  black  and  shining. 

3.  V.  frondosum  Linn.  :  leaves  obovate-oblong,  obtuse,  very  entire, 
sprinkled  with  resinous  dots,  glaucous  beneath  ;  racemes  lateral,  few- 
flowered,  loose,  bracteate  ;  pedicels  long,  filiform ;  corol  Ovate-cam- 
panulate  ^  anthers  included. —  V.  glaucum  Mich. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  ,June.  *  *?. — Shrub  3 — 5  feet 
high.  Raceme  lateral,  few-flowered.  Floicers  small,  white. 
Berries  large,  bluish,  sweet,  ripening  later  than  the  other  species. 

WhoriU-berry.     Blue-tangle*. 

tt   Corol  urceolate. 
a.  Floicers  racemose  or  fasciculate. 

4.  V.  resinosum  Ait.  :  leaves  petiolate,  oblong-oval,  mostly  obtuse, 
very  entire,  sprinkled  with  resinous  dots  beneath  ;  racemes  lateral,  se- 
cund,  bracteate  ;  corol  ovate,  conic,  pentangular,  contracted  at  the 
mouth. 

PLyb.  Woods  and  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  >>. — Shrub 
2—4  feet  high.  Flowers  reddish-green,,  in  short  lateral  racemes 
or  fascicles.  Berries  globular,  black,  sweet.  Black  Whortle-bernj, 


224  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

5.  V.  corymbosum  Linn. :  flower  bearing  branches  almost  leafless  ; 
leaves  oblong-oval,  acute  at  each  extremity,  nearly  entire ;  the  young 
ones  pubescent ;  racemes  short,  sessile,  bracteate  ;  corol  cylindrical- 
ovate— and  V.  fuscaium  Ait.  and  V.  arhcenum  Pursh. —  V.  disomorphum. 
Mich. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  wet  woods.  Can.  to  Virg.  June.  *?. — 
Shrub  4 — 8  feet  high,  with  a  few  straggling  branches.  Flowers 
purplish- white,  in  racemes  which  are  crowded  near"  the  summit 
of  the  naked  branches.     Berries  large,  black,  subacid. 

High  JVhortle-berry. 

6.  V.pennsylvanicum  Lam.:  branches  angular,  (green;)  leaves  ses- 
sile, ovate-lanceolate,  mucronate,  serrulate,  shining  on  both  surfaces  ; 
fascicles  of  flowers,  subterminal ;  corol  ovate. —  V.  virgatum  Ait.? — V. 
tenellum  Pursh. 

Hab.  Dry  hills.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  May,  June.  T?. Shrub 
12 — 18  inches  high,  much  branched.  Floicers  pale  red,  C — 8  hi 
a  fascicle.  Calyx  green.  Berries  large,  blue  and  somewhat 
glaucous.  Low' Blue-berry. 

7.  V.  tenellum  Ait. :  racemes  bracteate,  sessile  ;  corol^vate  cylindri- 
cal ;  leaves  oblong-elliptic,  subcuniform,  serrulate,  nearly  smooth. 

Hab.     N.  J.  and  Penn.     April.      fp.—Muhl. 

8.  V.  ligustrinum  Mich. :  branches  angular  and  erect ;  leaves  subses- 
sile,  erect,  lanceolate,  mucronate,  serrulate  ;  fascicles  gemmaceous, 
sessile  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  ;  corol  oblong-ovate. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Penn.  and  Virg.  May,  June..  ^>. — A  small 
shrub  with  straight  and  slender  branches.  Flowers  purplish-red. 
Berries  black. — It  is  said  to  vary  very  much  in  the  shape  and 
size  of  its  leaves. 

b.  Flowers  solitary. 

9.  V.  uliginosuin  Linn. ;  procumbent  ;  branches  rigid  ;  leaves  obo- 
vate,  very  obtuse,  entire,  smooth  above,  veined  and  glaucous  beneath  ; 
flowers  subsolitary,  octandrous ;  corol  short,  ovate,  4-cleft ;  anthers 
awned  at  the  base. —  V.  uliginosum  var.  alpinum  Big. 

Hab.  White  HiHs,  N.  H.  N.  to  Arc.  Araer.  April,  May.  fp. 
— A  low  procumbent  shrub.  Floicers  single  or  in  pairs,  nearly 
sessile.     Berries  oblong,  deep. blue,  crowned  with  the  style. 

"^Leaves    evergreen. 

10.  V.  vitis  idea  Linn. :  stem  oreeping ;  branches  erect ;' leaves  obo- 
vate,  evergreen,  dotted  beneath,  subentire  and  revolute  at  the  margin  ; 
flowers  in  terminal  drooping  racemes  ;  corol  oblong,  campanulate. 

Hab.     High  mountains.     N.  S.     N.  to  Arc.  Amer.    May,  June. 
T?  • — A  low  shrub,  with  a  creeping  stem  and  angular  branches. 
Leaves  small,  coriaceous.     Flowers  few,  in  a  raceme,  pale  red. 
Corol  mostly  4-cleft,  with  4  stamens.     Beiries  red,  acid. 

Cow-berry. 


PYROLACEiE.  225 

2.     OXYCOCCUS.     Pcrs. 

Calyx  superior,  4-cleft.  Corol  4-parted,  with  the  segments 
somewhat  linear  and  revolute.  Stamens  8.  Filaments  con- 
nivent  ;  anthers  tubular,  2-parted.     Berry  many-seeded. 

Octandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  O.  maerocarjms  Pursli ;  stem  prostrate,  filiform,  creeping;  leaves 
oblong-,  nearly  flat,  obtuse,  with  distant  obsolete  serratures,  glaucous 
beneath  ;  pedicels  elongated,  1-flowered  ;  segments  of  the  corol  linear- 
lanceolate. —  ().  vulgaris  var.  inacrocarpus  Pcrs. —  Vaccinium  ooycoccin- 
var.  oblongifolius  Mich. 

Hab.  Sphagnoue  swamps,  Can.  and  N.  S.  June.  *>. — Shrub 
creeping  and  throwing  up  short  erect  branches.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, small.  Flowers  white  or  pale  red,  on  slender  axillary  pe- 
dicels.    Berry  large,  bright  scarlet.  Common  Cranberry. 

2.  Q.  palustris  Pcrs. :  stem  filiform,  creeping  ;  leaves  ovate,  ever- 
green, entire,  with  revolute  margins  ;  peduncles  1-flowered,  terminal  : 
corol  4-parted  ;  segments  ovate. — O.  vulgaris  Pu'rsh. — Vaccinhirr1  oxy- 
coccus  Linn. 

Hab.  Alpine  bogs.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June.  *?. — A  small  ever- 
green creeping  plant.  Flowers  red.  Berries  bright  purple, 
smaller  than  the  former. 

Order  LXXII.     PYROLACE.E.     Lind. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  inferior.  Corol  monopetalous, 
hypogynous,  regular,  deciduous,  4  or  5-toothed,  with  an  im- 
bricated aestivation.  Stamens  hypogynous,  twice  as  nu- 
merous as  the  divisions  of  the  corol ;  anthers  2-celled,  open- 
ing longitudinally,  and  furnished  with  appendages  at  the  base. 
Ovary  superior,  4  or  5-celled,  many-seeded,  with  a  hypogyn- 
ous disk;  style  1,  straight  or  declinate  ;  stigma  simple. 
Fruit  capsular,  4  or  5-celled,  dehiscent,  with  central  placen- 
ta}. Seeds  indefinite,  minute,  winged  ;  embryo  minute,  in- 
serted at  the  extremity  of  a  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs,  rare'y  widershrubs,  sometimes  parasitica!  and  leaf- 
less. Leaves  either  wanting  or  simple.  Flowers  solitary,  or 
in  terminal  racemes. 

1.     PYROLA.     Linn. 

Calyx  minute,  5-cleft  or  5-parted.  Petals  5.  Stamens 
10,  slightly  united  at  base.  Anthers  opening  by  2  pores  at 
base.  Stigma  5-lobed.  Capside  5-celled.  Placenta  lunate. 
Seeds  invested  with  a  long  aril.  Decandria.  Monogynia, 


226  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Obs.  In  the  arrangement  and  description  of  our  species  of  Pyrola. 
I  have  mainly  adopted  the  views  expressed  by  Mr.  Don  in  his  valu- 
able monograph  of  this  genus. —  Wernerian  Transactions,  v.  220* 

'     Valves  of  the  capsules  with  their  margins  connected  by  an  intricate  fine 

tomentum,  dehiscent  at  the  base.   Leaves  alternate.  Floioers  in  racemes. 

t  Stamens  ascending.     Style  decimate,   longer* than  the  petals.     Stigma 

annulate. 

1.  P.  rotundifolia  Linn. :  leaves  roundish,  very  entire  or  crenulate, 
coriaceous,  shorter  than  the  dilated  petiole  ;  scape  triquetrous  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calvx  lanceolate,  acute  ;  stigma  clavate,  obtusely  5-tooth- 
ed.     • 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  2_£. — Leaves  all  radical, 
evergreen,  sometimes  scarcely  half  the  length  of  the  petioles. 
Scape  a  foot  or  more  high.  Floioers  cernuous,  white,  in  an  erect 
elongated  raceme,  emitting  a  fragrant  smell. — The  largest  of 
the  whole. genus.  Round-leaved  Wintergreen. 

2.  P.  asarifolia  Mich. :  leaves  reniform,  coriaceous,,  repandly  cre- 
nate,  half  as  long  as  the  dilated  petiole  ;  scape  acutely  triquetrous  ; 
raceme  many- flowered  ;  segments  of~"the  calyx  ovate,  acuminate,  ap- 
pressed  ;  stigma  clavate,  with  the  disk  elongated  and  5-lobed. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  If. — Mr.  Don  considers 
this  to  be  entirely  distinct  from  the  next,  with  which  it  is  con- 
founded by  Mr.  Nuttall. — "  The  leaves,"  he  observes,  "appear 
to  be  subject  to  some  slight  variations  ;  but  in  the  true  state  ' 
they  are  of  a  reniform  shape,  nearly  about  the  size  and  form  of 
those  of  Asarum  europeum  :  this  remarkable,  character,  if  con- 
stant, would  alone  have  been  sufficient  to  distinguish  it  from 
every  other  species.  The  plant  itself,  is  about  the  size  of  P. 
rotundifolia,  which  it  greatly  resembles  in  the  figure  and  dispo- 
sition of  its  flowers,  which  are  of  a  greenish- white  colour." 

3.  P.  chlorantha  Sioartz:  leaves  orbicular,  refuse,  obscletely  crenu- 
late, half  as  long  as  the  narrow  petiole  ;  raceme  few-flowered  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  very  short,  obtuse  ;  petals  oblong  ;  pores  of  the 
anthers  tubular  ;  stigma  clavate,  with  the  disk  elongated  and  5-lobed. 
— P.  rotundifolia  var.  mummularia  Muhl.   Cat, 

Hab.     Woods.     Can.  and  N.  S.     21- 

•  4.  P.  elliptica  Nutt. :  leaves  elliptic  or  ovate,  membranaceous,  serru- 
late, longer  than  the  dilated  petiole  ;  raceme  few  flowered  ;  bracts 
lanceolate-subulate,  recurved  at  the  summit  ;  segments  of  the  ualyx 
very  short,  with  recurved  points  ;  petals  oval ;.  stigma  clavate.  with 
the  disk  elongated  and  5-lobed. 

Hab.  Dry  w^oods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  21.— Leaves 
membranaceous,  finely  serrate, ".  oblong-oval,  sometimes  ovate, 
with  an  attenuated  base,  much  longer  than  the  petiole.  Raceme 
few-flowered.  Floioers  white,  odorous.— Allied  to  P.  rotundifo- 
lia, but  is  smaller. 

tt  Stamens  erect.     Style  straight.     Stigma  not  annulate. 
5.  P.  minor  Linn.  :  leaves  roundish  or  oval,  coriaceous,  repandly- 


PYROLACE.E.  227 

crenate,  longer  than  the  dilated  petiole  ;  racemes  spiked,  with  bracts 
much  longer  than  the  pedicels  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  very  short ; 
style  included  ;  stigma  nearly  flat,  5-lobed. 

Had.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Pursh  c\-  Muhi,  N.  to  Arc.  Amer. 
June.  11. — Resembles  P.  media,  from  which,  however,  it  is  dis- 
tinguished  by  its  straight  style,  equal  to  the  length  of  the  stamens, 
and  shorter  than  the  petals  ;  by  its  spiked  and  closer  raceme,  by 
tho  p.  dicels  being  shorter  £han  the  bracts,  and  the  petioles  shorter 
than  the  leaves,  &c.  Don  credits  this  species  only  to  Northern 
Europe  and  Asia,  and  Sprengel  unites  the  P.  minor  of  Pursh 
with  P.  chlorantha  of  Swartz. — But  it  cannot  be  mistaken  for 
the  latl 

6.  P.  scran,/, i  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  membranaceous,  sharply 
serrate,  longer  than  the  narrow  petiole  ;  raceme  secund  ;  segments  of 
the  calyx  rounded  ;  petals  oblong;  stylo  exserted;  stigma  nearly  flat, 
5-lobed. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Can.-  and  N.  S.  T?. — Stem  2 — 3  inches 
high.     Flowers  greenish-white,  in  a  one-sided  raceme. 

'*"  Fatves  of  the  capsules  with  their  margins  unconnected  by  tomentum, 
opening  from  the  top.  Leaves  in  threes  or  verticillalc.  Flowers  soli- 
tary, in  corymbs  or  umbels. 

7.  P.  uniflora  Linn. :  flower  solitary  ;  leaves  orbicular,  serrate  ;  pores 
of  the  anthers  elongated-tubular  ;  stigma  acute  ;  style  straight,  5-tooth- 
ed. 

II  \r.  Can.  and  N.  S.  rare.  July.  H- — A  small  and  very  deli- 
cate species.     Flower  terminal,  large,  white,  fragrant,  nodding. 

I  P.  umbeliatd  Linn.  :  leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  serrate,  in  fours  or 
;   peduncle  pubescent,  corymbed  ;  bracts  linear-subulate  ;  appen- 
dages of  the  filaments  ciliate ;  style  immersed  in  the  germ. — Chima- 
pkita  corymbosa  Pursh. 

Hab.  "Woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  11. — Root  woody  and 
creeping.  Stem  ascending,  somewhat  woody.  Leaves  ever- 
i.  smooth  and  coriaceous,  lower  surface  somewhat  paler. 
pe  or  peduncle  4 — 6  inches  high.  Flowers  large,  greenish- 
white  tinged  with  purple,  in  a  terminal  corymb  or  imperfect 
umbel,  on  nodding  pedicels.— It  is  known  by  the  Indians  by  the 
name  of  Pipsissatoa  or  Sipsisciva.  Medicinal.  See  Big.  Med. 
Boti  ii.  15.  *         . 

.'.    P.  in aculata  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  incisely  serrate, 
discoloured,  opposite   or  in  threes  ;   peduncles  pubescent,  corymbed  ; 
bracts  linear  ;  appendages  of  the  filaments  woolly  ;  style  very  short. — • 
Chimopktta  metadata  Pursh, 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  If. — This  species 
may  he  distinguished  by  its  varigated  leaves.  £tcm  3 — 4  inches 
high.  Flowers  large,  reddish-white,  nodding,  fragrant,  2  or  3  in 
a  corymb  or  umbel.  Spotted  Winter  green. 

2.     MQNOTROPA.     Linn. 
Cahjz  4— 5-parted,  or  none.     Covol  5-petalled,  cucullate 


228  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

at  base.  Anthers  2-celled,  with  two  obtuse  horns  at  their 
base.  (Dun.)  Capsule  5-celled,  5-valved.  Seeds  numerous, 
surrounded  by  a  membrane.  Decandria.  Monogynia, 

*  Scape  many-fioxcered.     Htpopithys.     Nutt. 

1.  M.  lanuginosa  Mich. :  scape  bearing  the  flowers  in  a  spike  ;  bracts 
and  flowers  woolly. — Hypopithjs  lanuginosa  Nutt. 

Hab.  Roots  of  trees.  Can.  to*Car.  Aug.  If. — Scape  4 — 6 
inches  long.  Leaves  merely  scales,  lanceolate,  obtuse,,  crowded 
at  base  and  a  little  hairy.  Floicers  white',  in  a  terminal  spike,  on 
ghort  peduncles. — Whole  plant  of  a  clear  white,  turning  black  by 
decay  or  by  drying.  Tobacco-pipe. 

2.  M.  hypopithjs  Linn.  :  scape  bearing  the  flowers  in  a  spike ;  scales 
and  flowers  smooth  externally  ;  lateral  flowers  with  8  stamens. — Hy- 
popithys  europea  Nutt. 

Hab.  '  Roots  of  trees.  Can.  Perm.  andN.  Car.  June,  July.  If. 
— The  whole  plant  is  of  a  brownish-yellow  colour.  There  is 
still  some  doubt  whether  this  is  a  plant  of  the  Northern  States  ; 
what  lias  been  called  by  that  name  here  being  merely  a  smooth 
variety  of  the  preceding.  According  to  Sprengel,  the  Monotropsis 
odorata  of  Elliott  is  identical  with  this  species. 

**  Scape  l-flowered.     Monotropa.     Nutt. 

3.  M.  uniflora  Linn  :  scape  straight,  elongated,  1 -flowered  ;  flowers 
with  10  stamens,  erect,  or  cernuous. 

Hab.  •  Shady  woods.  June.  11. — Scape  5 — 8  inches.  Floicers 
large,  mostly  nodding,  but  sometimes  erect.  Whole  plant  white. 

3.     PTEROSPORA.     Nutt. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Carol  monopetalous,  ovate;  margin  5- 
toothed,  reflexed.  Anthers  excentrically  peltate,  2-celled,  ad- 
na'te  to  the  filaments  by  the  margin,  bisetose.  ■  Capsule  5-cell- 
ed, imperfectly  5-valved  ;  dissepiments  from  the  middle  of  the 
valves  ;  septa  and  valves  uniting  towards  the  base,  and  coa- 
lescing with  the  receptacular  axis  ;  receptacle  5-lobed.  Seeds 
very  numerous  and  minute,  each  furnished  with  a  terminal 
wing.  *  Decandria.  Monogynia. 

P.  andromeda  Nutt. 

Hab.  Clay  soils*  Can.  Banks  of  the  Seneca  Lake.  Gray  ;  and 
near  Albany,  N.  Y.  July.  %. — Plant  covered  with  brownish  viscid 
hairs.  Stem  1  1-2—2  feet  high,  simple,  brownish-red  or  purple, 
clothed  at  base  with  lanceolate  bracts.  Flowers  very  numerous, 
irregularly  disposed  in  a  long-terminal  raceme,  red  and  white. 
Peduncles  filiform,  nodding,  longer  than  the  flowers. 

Subclass  III.     COROLLIFLORjE. 

Petals  united  in  the  form  of  a  hypogynous  corol,  which  is 
not  attached  to  the  calyx.     Stamens  inserted  into  the  coro\ 


ILICINEiE.  229 

Order  LXXIII.     EBENACEiE.      Vent.     Lind. 

Flowers  polygamous  or  dioecious,  rarely  perfect.  Calyx 
3 — 6-divided,  nearly  equal,  persistent.  Carol  monopetalous, 
regular,  deciduous,  somewhat  coriaceous,  3 — 6-divided ;  aesti- 
vation imbricated.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  corol,  or  hypogy- 
nous,  definite  ;  filaments  usually  in  two  rows  ;  anthers  erect, 
linear-lanceolate,  2-celled,  bursting  longitudinally.  Ovary 
tree,  sessile,  many-celled  ;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cell,  pendu- 
lous ;  style  divided,  rarely  simple  ;  stigmas  simple  or  bifid. 
Fruit  fleshy,  round  or  oval,  the  pericarp  sometimes  opening 
regularly.  Seeds  few,  with  a  membranous  coat ;  embryo 
straight;  albumen  cartilaginous ;  radicle  next  the  hilum  ;  co- 
tyledons foliaceous. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  without  milky  juice.  Leaves  coriaceous, 
alternate,  without  stipules. 

1.     DIOSPYROS.     Linn. 

Dioecious.  Calyx  4 — 6-cleft.  Corol  urceolate,  4 — 6-cleft. 
Sterile  Fl.  Stamens  S — 16,  often  producing  2  anthers. 
Fertile  Fl.  Style  1.  Stigmas  4 — 5.  Berry  8 — 12-cell- 
ed.  Dioecia.   Octandria. 

D.  virghvana  Linn. :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  reticulately 
veined,  nearly  smooth  ;  petioles  pubescent  ;  buds  smooth. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  and  throughout  the  Western  States. 
May.  T?. — A  small  tree,  seldom  more  than  30—40  feet  high. 
f^cares  alternate.  Flou'crs  solitary,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles, 
greenish-yellow.  Fruit  as  large  as  a  common  plum,  golden-yel- 
low, well  flavored  when  fully  ripe,  but  very  astringent  before 
that  time.  Persimmon. 

Order  LXXIV.     ILICINEiE.     Lind. 

Sepals  4 — 6  ;  aestivation  imbricated.  Corol  monopetalous, 
4 — 5-parted,  hypogynous  ;  asstivation  imbricated.  Stamens 
inserted  into  the  corol,  alternate  with  its  segments  ;  filaments 
erect ;  anthers  adnate.  Disk  none.  Ovary  fleshy,  superior, 
somewhat  truncate,  2 — 6-celled  ;  ovules  solitary,  pendulous 
from  a  cup-shaped  funiculus  ;  stigma  subsessile,  lobed.  Fruit 
fleshy,  indehiscent,  with  from  2  to  6  stones.  Seed  suspended, 
nearly  sessile ;  albumen  large,  fleshy  ;  embryo  small,  2-lobed, 
lying  next  the  hilum,  with  minute  cotyledons  and  a  superior  ra- 
dicle. 

20 


230  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Trees  or  shrubs*     Leaves  alternate  or  opposite,  coriaceous. 

1.     ILEX.     Linn. 

Calyx  4 — 5-toothed,  persistent.  Corol  4 — 5-parted.  Sta- 
mens 4 — 5,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Ovary  sessile,  4- 
celled.  Stigmas  subsessile,  4 — 5,  sometimes  distinct,  some- 
times united.     Berry  4 — 5-seeded. 

Tetrandria,   Tetragynia. 

I.  opaca  Ait.  :  leaves  ovate,  flat,  coriaceous,  acute,  smooth,  their 
margins  with  sharp  spines  ;  flowers  scattered  at  the  base  of  the  young- 
er branches  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  acute. — I.  aquifolium  Walt. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Arkansas.  June  fp. 
— An  evergreen  tree  10 — 15  feet  high.  Leaves  tough,  smooth 
and  shining,  with  rigid  spines  at  the  edges.  Flowers  growing 
in  bunches  around  the  branches,  small,  white. — It  is  stated  by 
the  younger  Michaux,  that  birdlime  may  be  extracted  from  the 
bark.  The  wood  is  fine  grained  and  compact,  and  is  employed 
by  cabinet  makers  and  turners.  American  Holly. 

2.     NEMOPANTHES.     Raf.' 

Flowers  by  abortion  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx 
small,  scarcely  conspicuous.  Veials  5,  distinct,  oblong-linear, 
deciduous.  Stamens  5,  alternating  with  the  petals.  Ovary 
hemispheric.  Style  none.  Stigmas  3 — 4,  sessile.  Berry 
subglobose,  3— 4-celled,  3 — 4-seeded. 

Fentandria.   Tetragynia. 

N.  canadensis  De  Cand.  :  leaves  deciduous,  ovate-oblong,  very  entire, 
smooth,  mucronate  ;  peduncles  subsolitary  (or  fasciculate)  very  long, 
1 -flowered  ;  fruit  obtusely  quadrangular. — A7",  fascicularis  Raf. — Rex 
canadensis  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  T?. — A  shrub  3 — 6 
feet  high.  Leaves  smooth,  oval,  entire  or  slightly  toothed.  Flow- 
ers small,  green,  on  long  slender  peduncles.     Berries  deep  red. 

Canadian  Holly. 

3.     PRINOS.     Linn. 

Characters  same  as  Ilex,  but  the  flowers  are  often  by  abor- 
tion dioecious  or  polygamous,  6-cleft,  6-stamened,  and  the 
berry  6-seeded.  Hezandria.   Monogynia. 

1.  P.  verticillatus  Linn. :  stem  much  branched  ;  leaves  deciduous, 
oval,  serrate,  acuminate,  pubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  dioecious,  6-cleft ; 
sterile  ones  axillary,  subumbellate  ;  fertile  ones  aggregated  ;  berries 
globose. — P.  gronovii  Mich. 

b.  dubius  De  Cand.  :  flowers  4 — 5-cleft. — P.  ambiguus  Pursh. — P. 
verticillatus  var.  tenujfolius  Torr.  ? 


OLEACE/E.  231 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  *?. — Shrub  6 — 8 
feet  high.     Flowers  small,  white.     Berries  bright  scarlet. 

Winter  Berry. 

2.  P.  ambiguus  Mich. :  leaves  deciduous,  oval,  entire,  acuminate  at 
each  end  ;  flowers  4-cleft ;  sterile  ones  crowded  on  the  lower  branch- 
lets  ;  fertile  onea  solitary,  on  long  peduncles. 

Hab.  Wei  woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  1  July.  *?. — A  small  tree, 
with  whitish  bark.  Leaves  1  1-2  inch  long,  and  1  inch  wide, 
petiolatc. 

3.  P.  faoigatUM  Pttrsh  :  leaves  deciduous,  lanceolate,  with  appressed 
serratures,  smooth]  on  both  sides,  shining  above ;  nerves  beneath 
scarcely  pubescent  ;  flowers  0-r.left  ;  fertile  ones  axillary,  subsessile  ; 
sterile  scattered,  pedunculate. 

II  vt?.  In  swamps.  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  "*?. — A  shrub 
<>— 8  feet  high.     Leaves  2  1-2  inches  long.     Berries  large,  red. 

4.  P.  glaber  Linn.  :  leaves  evergreen,  wedge-form,  lanceolate,  coria- 
ceous, smooth  and  shining,  somewhat  toothed  at  the  extremity  ;  pedi- 
cels axillary,  subsolitary,  mostly  3-flowered. 

IIar.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  £.— ShruB  3—4  feet  high. 
Flowers  white.     Berries  globose,  black  and  shining.     Ink  Berry. 

Order  LXXY.     OLEACE.E.     Lind. 

Flmncrs  inrmoclinous,  sometimes  dioecious.  Calyx  mono- 
pliyllous,  divided,  persistent.  Covol  hypogynous,  monopeta- 
lous,  4-clcft,  sometimes  of  4  petals,  connected  in  pairs  by  the 
intervention  of  the  filaments,  rarely  wanting ;  aestivation  some- 
what valvate.  Stamens  2,  alternate  with  the  segments  of  the 
corol ;  anthers  2-celled,  bursting  longitudinally.  Ovary  free, 
2-celled  ;  ovules  in  pairs,  collateral,  pendulous ;  style  1,  or 
none ;  stigma  entire  or  bind.  Fruit  drupaceous,  baccate  or 
capsular.  Seeds  often  by  abortion  solitary  ;  albumen  dense, 
ileshy,  abundant ;  embryo  straight,  about  half  the  length  of 
the  albumen  ;  radicle  superior ;  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  opposite,  simple,  sometimes  pin- 
na ti  fid. 

1.     LIGUSTRUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  minute,  4-toothed.  Co rol  with  the  tube  short ;  the 
limb  4-cleft,  spreading.  Stamens  2.  Berry  1-celled,  2 — 4- 
seeded.  Diandria.  Monogynia. 

L.  vulgarc  Linn.  :  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate,  somewhat  acute, 
smooth  ;  panicle  terminal,  compact. 


232  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  toVirg.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  *?• 
— Shrub  4 — 6  feet  high.  Leaves  dark  green,  opposite,  entire, 
with  a  small  point.  Flowers  white,  in  dense  terminal  panicles. 
Berrks  purplish-black.  Privet  or  Prim. 

2.     CHIONANTHUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  4-parted.  Corol  deeply  4-parted  ;  segments  long 
and  linear.  Stamens  2  ;  anthers  nearly  sessile,  on  the  tube. 
Drupe  1-seeded.     Nut  striate.  Diandria.  Monogynia. 

C.  virginka  Linn.  :  panicle  terminal ;  peduncles  3-flowered  ;  leaves 
acute. 

a.  montana  Pursh  :  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  smooth  ; 
panicles  dense  ;  drupe  oval. 

b.  maritima  Pursh:  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  membranaceous,  pu- 
bescent ;  panicles  very  loose  ;  drupe  elliptical. 

Hab.  a.  on  mountains;  b.  on  the  sea  coast.  Penn.  to  Car.  May, 
June.  T?. — A  small  tree,  6 — 10  feet  high,  with  opposite  branch- 
es. Floicers  whiteJin  pendulous  panicles.^  Drupe  purple.  The 
corol  is  sometimes  5" or  6-cleft.  Fringe  Tree. 

3.     FRAXINUS.    Linn. 

Calyx  none,  or  3 — 4-cleft.  Corol  none  or  deeply  4-parted, 
Stamens  2.  Capsule  2-celled,  2-seeded,  compressed  and  foli- 
aceous  at  the  extremity.  Seed  solitary,  pendulous. — Polyga- 
mous. Vioecia.  Diandria, 

*  Flowers  naked,  never  perfect.     Anthers  sessile. 

1.  F.  sambuctfolia  Willd. :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  sessile,  ovate- 
ianceolate,  rugose  and  shining,  rounded  and  unequal  at  base ;  axils  of 
the  veins  villous  beneath  ;-  flowers  naked. 

Hab.  River  banks.  Can.  and  N.  S.  April.  *?. — A  large  tree, 
with  the  buds  deep  blue  ;  young  shoots  dotted,  green.  Leafets 
in  5  pairs.  Black  Ash.     Water  Ash. 

**  Floicers  calyculate,  apetalous. 

2.  F.  acuminata  Lam. :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  petiolate,  oblong, 
shining,  acuminate,  very  entire  or  slightly  toothed,  glaucous  beneath; 
flowers  calyculate. — F.  americana  Willd. — F.  concolor  Mich.  f. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  ^>. — A  large  tree  50 — 60 
feet  high.  Leaves  at  first  downy,  at  length  green  above  and 
white  beneath.  Leafets  in  3 — 4  pairs. — The  wood  is  valuable 
in  many  of  the  arts.  White  Ash. 

3.  F.  pubescens  Walt.  :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  petiolate,  elliptical- 
ovate,  serrate  ;  the  under  surface,  petioles  and  young  branches  tomen- 
toae  ;   flowers  calyculate. — F.  tomentosa  Mich.  f. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  April,  May.  fp. — A  large  tree. 
Leafets  in  3 — 4  pairs,  acuminate,  with  a  long  summit,  often  near- 
ly entire,  very  long.  Red  Ash. 


APOCYNE^.  233 

4.  F.  juglandifolia  Lain.:  leaves  pinnate;  leafets  petiolate,  ovate, 
opake,  serrate,  glaucous  beneath  ;  axils  of  the  veins  pubescent ;  branch- 
es smooth  ;  flowers  calyculate. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  J?. — A  small  tree. 
Leafets  in  3  pairs.  Sicamp  Ash. 

***  Flowers  calyculate,  4-petalled.     Anthers  pedicellate.     Ornus.  Pers. 

5.  F.  ornus  Linn.  :  ?  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  broad-ovate,  serrate,  the 
terminal  one  obcordate. — Ornus  curopea  var.  amcricana  Pcrs. — O.  ante- 
ricana  Fursh. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Md.  and  Virg.  ;  rare.  May.  *?.  Pursh. 
— A  tree  with  opposite  and  unequally  pinnate  leaves.  Flowers 
in  panicles  resembling  those  of  Chionanthus.  Fruit  small  and 
winged. — A  very  obscure  plant,  concerning  which  so  little  is 
known,  that  it  is  impossible  to  determine  whether  it  is  distinct 
from  the  foreign  F.  ornus,  or  a  mere  variety.  It  is  certain,  how- 
ever, that  the  genus  Ornus  of  Persoon  is  not  sufficiently  distinct 
from  Fraxlnus.  Floicering  Ash. 

*  Orper  LXXVI.     APOCYNE^.     Jus*.     Land. 

Calyx  divided  in  5,  persistent.  Cordl  monopetalous,  hypo- 
gynous,  regular,  5-lobed,  deciduous ;  aestivation  contorted- 
imbricate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corol,  alternate  with 
its  lobes  ;  filaments  distinct ;  anthers  2-celled,  bursting  lon- 
gitudinally ;  pollen  granular,  globose,  or  3-lobed,  immediately 
applied  to  the  stigma.  Ovaries  2,  or  1 — 2-celled,  many- 
seeded  ;  styles  2  or  1  ;  stigma  1.  Fruit  a  follicle,  capsule,  or 
drupe  or  berry,  double  or  single.  Seeds  indefinite  or  rarely 
definite  ;  albumen  fleshy,  cartilaginous,  or  horny,  rarely  want- 
ing ;  embryo  foliaceous  ;   radicle  turned  totfie  hilum. 

Plants  with  usually  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  entire,  general- 
ly opposite. 

1.     APOCYNUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  very  small,  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corol  campanulate  ; 
border  with  j  short  spreading  or  revolute  lobes ;  the  base  fur- 
nished with  5  glandular  teeth  alternating  with  the  stamens. 
Stamens  5,  included.  *  Anthers  sagittate*  connivent,  cohering 
to  the  stigma  by  the  middle.  Ovaries  2  ;  style  obsolete;  stig- 
mas dilated,  conic  at  the  apex.     Follicles  long,  distinct. 

Peniandria.  Digynia. 

1.  A.  androseemifolium  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate,  smooth  onboth  sides : 
cymes  lateral  and  terminal,  smooth;  tube  of  the  corol  longer  than  the 
calyx. 

20* 


234  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Has.  Fields,  &c.  Subarc.  Amer.  to  Car.  June;  July.  1[. — 
Stem  3 — 5  feet  high,  erect,  with  spreading  brandies.  Flowers 
pale  red,  with  the  border  spreading.  Medicinal.  Big.  Med  Boi. 
ii.  148.  Dog's  Banc. 

2.  A.  cannab'mum  Linn.  :  leaves  on  short  petioles,  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  cymes  paniculate  ;  calyx  as  long 
as  the  tube  of  the  corol. 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June. 
July.  2_f. — Stem  erect,  branched.  Flowers  small,  greenish- 
white,  in  terminal  cymes. — Has  the  leaves  narrower  and  the 
flowers  smaller  than  in  the  preceding.  Indian  Hemp. 

3.  A.  hypericifolium  Ait.  :  leaves  oblong,  smooth,  on  very  short  pe- 
tioles, mucronate,  obtuse  and  subcordate  at  base  ;  cymes  shorter  than 
the  leaves  ;  calyx  nearly  as  long  as  the  tube  of  the  corol. 

Hab.  Gravelly  banks  of  streams.  N.  S.  June,  July.  11. — Stem 
2  feet  high,  erect.  Floiccrs  small,  greenish- white. — Plant  small- 
er than  the  former. 

4.  A.  pubescens  Brown :  leaves  on  short  petioles,  ovate-oblong,  mu- 
cronate, hoary-pubescent  beneath ;  cymes  short,  pubescent;  corol  long- 
er than  the  calyx. — A.  cannabinum  Mich.  Pursh. 

Hab.'  Fields.  N.  S.  June,  July..  U-—Stem  2—3  feet  high. 
Flowers  small,  greenish-white. — Can  be  distinguished  by  the 
pubescence  of  its  leaves  and  cymes. 

"  Order  LXXVII.     ASCLEPIADE^.     Brown.     Ldhd. 

Calyx  5-divided,  persistent.  Corol  hypogynous,  monope- 
talous,  5-lobed,  regular  deciduous ;  aestivation  contorted- 
imbricate,  rarely  valvate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the 
base  of  the  corol,  and  alternate  with  its  segments  ;  filaments 
usually  connate  ;  anthers  2-celled,  each  cell  sometimes  divid- 
ed by  incomplete  septa ;  pollen,  when  the  anther  bursts,  coa- 
lescing into  masses  which  are  as  numerous  as  the  cells,  or 
sometimes  confluent  by  pairs,  and  sticking  to  the  5  processes 
of  the  stigma,  either  by  twos,  by  fours,  or  singly.  Ovaries 
2  ;  ovules  indefinite  ;  styles  2,  close  to  each  other,  often  very 
short ;  stigma  1,  common  to  both  styles,  dilated,  with  5  cor- 
pusculiferous  angles.  Placenta  attached  to  the  suture,  at 
length  separating.  Follicles  2,  1  of  which  is  sometimes  abor- 
tive. Seeds  indefinite,  imbricate,  pendulous,  usually  with  a 
conja  at  the  hilum  ;  albumen  thin  ;  embryo  straight ;  radicle 
superior  ;  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

Plants,  with  usually  a  milky  juice,  often  twining.  Leaves 
entire,  usually  opposite,  with  interpetiolar  cilia?,  instead  of  sti- 
pules. 


ASCLEPIADE^E.  235 

1.     ASCLEPIAS.     Linn. 

Calyx  small,  5-parted.  Corol 5-parted,  reflexed.  Stamineal 
crown  (nectary)  5- leaved  ;  leafets  opposite  the  anthers,  each 
producing  from  its  base  a  subulate  averted  process.  Stigma 
with  5-angles,  opening  by  longitudinal  chinks,  depressed. 
Pdllinia  5  distinct  pairs.  Follicles  2,  ventricose,  smooth  or 
muricate.     Seeds  comosc.  Pcntandria.   Digynia. 

*    Leaves  opposite.     Nectaries  with  horns. 

1.  A,  syriaca  Linn. :  stem  simple  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  petio- 
late,  tomentose  beneath  ;  umbel  subterminal,  many-flowered,  nodding  ; 
llowers  large;  nectary  2-toothcd  ;   follicles  muricate. 

Hab.  Fields  and  road  sides.  N.  S.  W.  to  .Miss.  July,  Aug. 
H. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high.  Umbels  lateral  and  terminal,  15—20 
flowered.     Floiccrs  large,  pale  purple.     Nectaries  red. 

Common  Milk-wccd. 

2.  A.  phytolnccoidcs  Pursh  :  stem  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  broad-lance- 
olate, acuminate,  smooth,  pale  beneath;  umbels  many-flowered,  late- 
ral and  terminal,-  solitary,  on  long  peduncles,  nodding ;  nectary  2- 
toothed. — Ji.  cxaltata  and  acuminata  Nuhl. 

Hab.  Wet  rocky  grcjunds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June. 
July.  If.  —  Stem  3  —  4  feet  high.  Leaves  large.  Umbels  few- 
flowered,  on  long  peduncles.  Floiccrs  large,  greenish-purple. 
— A  more  delicate  species  than  the  preceding. 

3.  A.  dchilis  Mich. :  smooth  ;  stem  erect,  weak,  simple  ;  leaves  peti- 
oled,  oval-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  membranaceous  ;  umbels  ter- 
minal, loose  ;  pedicels  capillary. — A.  parvi flora  Linn.  ? 

Hag.  Rocks  near  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  11. — 
Leaves  large.     Flowers  white.     Pursh. 

4.  A.  incarnaia  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  tomentose,  branched  above  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  subsessile,  somewhat  tomentose  ;  umbels  erect, 
mostly  in  pairs  ;.  nectary  entire  ;  horns  subulate,  exserted. 

b.  pulchra  rcrs. :  stem  and  leaves  very  hairy. — A.  pulchra  Willd. 
Hab.     Banks  of  streams.    Can.  to  Car.    W.  to  Miss.    July,  Aug. 

2_f . — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high.    Umbels  numerous,  generally  in  pairs. 

Flowers  pale  purple.     Var.  b.  differs  only  in  its  pubescence. 

5.  A.  amctna  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  branched  above,  with  2  longitudi- 
nal pubescent  lines  ;  leaves  subsessile,  oblong-oval,  acute,  pubescent 
beneath  ;  umbels  terminal,  erect,  many-flowered  ;  nectary  entire  ; 
horn  subulate,  exserted. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  wet  grounds.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  11. — Stem 
3  feet  high.      Umbels  many-flowered.     Floiccrs  purple. 

6.  A.  purpurascens  Linn. :  stem  erect,  nearly  simple  ;  leaves  ovate, 
subsessile,  nearly  smooth  above,  white,  downy  beneath,  with  the  mid- 
rib broad  and  purple  ;  umbels  erect  ;  horns  of  the  nectary  resupinate. 

Hab.     Near  Boston.     Big.     July.      U.—Stem  3—4  feet  high. 


236  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

Umbels  terminal,  on  short  peduncles.  Flowers  dark  purple,  about 
the  size  of  A.  syriaca. — Well  defined  by  the  peculiar  curvature 
of  the  horn. 

7.  A.  obtusifolia  Mich. :  stem  simple,  erect ;  leaves  closely  sessile  or 
clasping,  oblong-obtuse,  undulate  on  the  margin,  very  smooth,  glauc- 
ous beneath  ;  umbel  terminal,  long  peduncled,  generally  solitary  ;  nec- 
tary slightly  2- toothed  ;  horns  exserted. — A.  purpurascens  Walt. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  21.— Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  erect,  simple,  very  smooth.  Umbels  1 — 3,  terminal,  on 
long  peduncles.  Leaves  much  waved  on  the  margin.  Floicers 
large,  pale  purple, 

8.  A.  variegata  Linn.  :  stem  simple,  erect  ;  leaves  ovate,  petiolate, 
smooth,  somewhat  glaucous  beneath  ;  umbels  lateral  and  terminal,  on 
short  peduncles,  crowded  ;  pedicels  tomentose  ;  horn  broad-falcate. — 
A.  hybrida  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  21.— Stem  3—4  feet 
high,  pubescent  above.  Leaves  slightly,  acuminate,  on  pubescent 
petioles.      Umbels  2—6,  densely  flowered.     Floicers  white. 

9.  A.  acuminata  Fursh :  stem  erect,  very  smooth,  simple  ;  leaves 
ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate,  subsessile ;  umbels  lateral,  solitary, 
erect  ;  nectary  acute  ;  horns  scarcely  exserted. — A.  periploca folia  Nutt. 
— A.  cordata  Walt. 

Hab.  Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.  21. — Root  large 
and  tuberous.  Stem  18  inches  high.  Leaves  smooth  on  both 
sides.      Umbels  about  2,  dense.     Floicers  purple  and  green. 

10.  A.  laurifolia  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  nearly  sessile, 
oval-lanceolate,  tapering  at  the  summit,  very  acute,  smooth,  margins 
somewhat  rough  ;   umbels  on  long  peduncles,  terminal  and  axillary. 

Hab.  Penn.  Muhl.  Aug.  If- — Stem  2  feet  high,  pubescent 
near  the  top.  Leaves  sessile,  obtuse  at  base.  Umbels  few,  near 
the  summit.  Corol  3  or  4  times  as  the  long  as  calyx,  green  and 
purple.  .  : 

11.  A.  quadrifolia  Jacq.  :  stem  erect,  simple,  smooth  ;  leaves  in 
fours,  ovate,  acuminate,  membranaceous,  petiolate,  smooth  ;  umbels 
2,  terminal,  erect,  loose  ;  pedicels  capillary  ;  nectary  2-toothed  ;  horn 
very  short. 

Hab.  Stony  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  21.— 
Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  slender,  pubescent  towards  the  top.  Leaves 
in  fours ;  the  upper  and  lower  ones  often  opposite.  Umbels  few, 
on  long  peduncles.     Flowers  small,  white. 

12.  A-  verticillata  Linn.  :  stem  simple,  marked  with  pubescent  lines  ; 
leaves  mostly  whorled,  narrow-linear,  revolute  ;  nectaries  short,  biden- 
tate  ;  horns  falcate,  much  exserted. 

Hab.  Dry  hills.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  21- 
— Stem  3  feet  high,  very  slender.  Leaves  generally  in  whorls  of 
5  or  6,  2 — 3  inches  long,  very  narrow.  Umbels  numerous.  Flow- 
ers small,  yellowish- white. 


ASCLEPIADEiE.  237 

**  Leaves  opposite.     Nectary  icithout  horns.     Acerates. 

13.  Ji.  triridiflora  Raf.  ;  stem  erect,  simple,  hairy  ;  leaves  oblong,  on 
short  petioles  ;  tomentose-pubescent  on  both  sides,  obtuse  ;  umbels  la- 
teral, solitary,  subsessile,  nodding,  dense  ;  pedicels  tomentose  ;  horns 
of  the  nectary  wanting. — A.  nutans  Muhl. 

b.  obovata  Torr.  :  leaves  obovate. — A.  obovata  Ell. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  If.— Stem  2 feet 
high,  very  pubescent.  Leaves  thick,  nearly  sessile,  varying  in 
in  form,      i  mbcls  about  3,  on  long  peduncles.     Floiccrs  green. 

14.  A.  lanceolate  Ires  :  stem  decumbent,  hirsute  ;  leaves  opposite, 
lanceolate,  acute,  subsessile,  hirsute  ;  umbels  lateral,  solitary,  sessile, 
nodding,  subglobose,  dense  flowered  ;  horn  of  the  nectary  wanting. — 
A.  riridifora  var.  lanceolata  Torr. 

Hab.  Near  New  Haven.  Conn.  Ives.  July.  11. — Certainly  dis- 
tinct from  the  preceding.  • 

***  Leaves  alternate. 
1").   A.  tuberosa  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  hairy,  with  spreading  branches  ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,    alternate,  somewhat  crowded;  um- 
bels numerous,  forming  terminal  corymbs. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug. 
11. — Root  large,  tuberous.  Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  with  spreading 
branches  above.  Floicers  large,  in  numerous  erect  umbels, 
bright  orange.     Medicinal.     Big.  Med.  Bot.  ii.  59. 

ricuriay  Root. 

2.     GONOLOBUS.     Mich. 

Corol  rotate,  5-parted.  Stamineal  crown  scutelliform, 
lobed.  Anthers  opening  transversely,  terminated  by  a  mem- 
brane. Pollinia  5  pairs,  not  separating  into  grains.  Stigma 
flattish-depressed.     Follicles  2,  ventricose.     Seeds  comose. 

Pentandria.  Digynia. 

1 .  G.  olliquus  Broicn :  stem  climbing,  hairy  ;  leaves  ovate-cordate. 
villous,  acute;  corymbs  axillary  ;  segments  of  the  corol  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, oblique,  revolute  ;  calyx  small. — Cynanchum  obliquum  Muhl. 

Hab.  Near  Philadelphia,  Penn.  Bart.  July.  11. — Stem  4 — 5 
feet  long.  Leaves  veined  on  both  sides.  Umbels  axillary,  much 
shorter  than  the  leaves.     Flowers  fetid,  dark  purple. 

2.  6'.  hirsutus  Mich. :  stein  twining  ;  younger  branches  very  hairy  ; 
leaves  cordate-oval,  acuminate,  pubescent  on  both  sides  ;  segments  of 
the  corol  linear-oblong  ;  follicles  oblong,  muricate. — Gonolobium  hir- 
sntum  Pursh. 

Hab.  Hedges  near  streams.  Penn.  to  Car.  Pursh.  June,  July. 
If.. — Stem  trailing  and  climbing,  3 — 4  feet  long,  pubescent. 
Leaves  slightly  auriculate  at  base.  Umbels  axillary,  3 — 4-flow- 
ered.     Floicers  dark  purple. 


238  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

3.     PERIPLOCA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corol  rotate,  flat,  5-pa'rted  ;  orifice  surround- 
ed with  an  urceolate  5-cleft  crown,  terminating  in  5  filiform 
awns.  Filaments  distinct.  Jfnthers  cohering,  bearded  on  the 
back.  Pollinia  dilated  at  the  apex  and  united  to  the  corpus- 
cules  of  the  stigma,  solitary,  composed^c-f.4  confluent  grains. 
Follicles  2,  smooth,  divaricate.     Seeds  comose. 

Pentandria.  Digynia. 

P.  graca  Linn. :  climbing ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate  ;  flow- 
ers hairy  within,  and  terminal. 

Hab.      Western     part   of   N.  Y.      Aug.       £.— Shrub   climbing. 
Leaves  on  short  petioles.     Corymbs  axillary,  on  long  peduncles. 
.  Flowers  dark  purple. — It  has  been  found,  and  I  believe  growing 
wild,  near  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  by  my  friend  Dr.  Samuel  B.  Brad- 
ley. 

Order  LXXVIII.     SPIGELIACEjE.     hind. 

Calyx  inferior,  regularly  5-parted.  Corol  hypogynous,  5- 
lobed  ;  aestivation  valvate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the  corol ; 
pollen  triangular,  the  angles  globular.  Ovary  free,  2-celled  ; 
ovules  few ;  style  articulated  with  the  ovary  ;  stigma  simple. 
Fruit  capsular,  2-celled,  2-valved,  the  valves  turned  inwards 
at  the  margin,  and  separating  from  the  central  placenta.  Seeds 
several,  small ;  albumen  copious,  fleshy ;  embryo  very  mi- 
nute ;  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Leaves  entire,  opposite,  with  stipules,  or  a  tendency  to  pro- 
duce them. 

1.     SPIGELIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  funnel-form  ;  border  5-cleft,  equal. 
Stamens  5.  Jlnthers  convergent.  Capsule  didymous,  2- 
celled,  4-valved,  many-seeded.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

8.  marilandica  Linn.  :  stem,  simple,  square,  smooth  ;  leaves  all  op- 
posite. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Arkansa.  U.—Stem  6—18 
inches  high.  Leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate.  Flowers  in  a  sim- 
ple secund  terminal  raceme,  large,  crimson.  Medicinal.  Big. 
Med.  Bot.  i.  142.  Pink-root.      Worm-grass. 

Order  LXXIX.     GENTIANE^.     Juss.     Lind. 

Calyx  monophyllous,  5 — 10-divided,  inferior,  persistent. 
Corol  hypogynous,  monopetalous,  usually  regular,   withering 


GENTIANE.E.  239 

or  deciduous  ;  limb  divided  into  as  many  lobes  as  the  calyx  ; 
aestivation  imbricatc-twisted.  Stamens  inserted  upon  the 
corol,  alternate  with  the  segments  and  equal  to  them  in  num- 
ber, some  occasionally  abortive  ;  pollen  3-lobed  or  triple. 
Ovary  single,  1 — 2-cellecl,  many-seeded  ;  style  1,  continuous; 
stigmas  1  or  2.  Fruit  capsular  or  fleshy,  1-celled,  usually  2- 
valved,  the  margins  of  the  valves  turned  inwards,  and  in  the 
genera  with  1-ccll  bearing  the  seeds  ;  in  the  2-celled  genera 
inserted  into  a  central  placenta.  Seeds  small ;  embryo  straight, 
in  the  axis  of  soft  fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  opposite  the  hilum. 
Herbs,  rarely  shrubs.     Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules. 

1.     GENTIAN  A.     IJnn. 

Calyx  4 — 5-cleft.  Corol  tubular  at  base,  campanulate, 
or  funnel-form,  4 — 5-cleft,  with  the  orifice  naked.  Stamens 
4 — 5,  included.  Stigma  2-lobea.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved. 
Seeds  without  any  margin.  Pcntandria.  Digynia. 

*  Corol  5 — 10-chft,  campanulate,  or  funnel-form. 
L  G.  saponaria  Linn.  :  stem  terete,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceo- 
late, acute,  3-nerved  ;  flowers  axillary  and  terminal,  sessile,  capitate- 
verticillate  ;  corol  ventricose,  closed,  5-cleft ;  inner  segments  unequal- 
ly 2-cleft,  as  long  as  the  outer  ones;  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate, 
shorter  than  the  tube. — G.  catcsucei  Walt. 

llw..     Woods  and  meadows.     Can.  to  Car.     Sept.,  Oct.     If. — 

f    high.     Leaves  opposite,  sessile.     Floiccrs  very 

large,  bright  blue.  Soap  Gentian. 

2.  G.  ochroleuca  WiUd.  :  stem  subangular  ;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ;  flowers  in  terminal  subsessile  fascicles  ; 
segments  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceolate  ;  corol  campanulate-ventri- 
cose,  5-cleft ;  segments  acute,  slightly  connivent  ;  inner  ones  short 
toothed. — G.  saponaria  Walt.  —  G.  villa sa  Linn. 

Has.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  IS. — titan  a 
foot  high,  a  little  scabrous.  Floiccrs  yellowish- white,  inside 
striped  with  blue  and  purple,  large. 

3.  G.  pncunionanthe  Linn.  :  stem  terete,  smooth  ;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate, obtuse ;  terminal  flowers  fascicled  ;  lateral  ones  solitary,  pe- 
duncled  ;  corol  campanulate,  5-cleft  ;  segments  rounded  ;  inner  folds 
1-toothed,  short.  —  G.  pseudd  pneumonantke  R.  <$•  S. 

II  lb.  Swamps,  &e.,  near  Portland,  Maine.  Big.  Aug.,  Sept. 
H. — Stem  a  foot  high?  Flowers  large,  blue. — Allied  to  G.  sapo- 
naria, but  much  more  slender  in  all  its  parts. 

4.  G.  qnini/uijlura  Willd.:  stem  square,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, subclasping,  acute,  3-nerved  ;  flowers  somewhat  in  fives,  ax- 
illary and  terminal,  pedicellate  ;    corol  tubular-campanulate,   5-cleft .- 


240  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

segments  lanceolate,   mucronate  ;  calyx  very  short. — G.  amarelloides 
Mick.  Pursh. 

Hab.     Woods.     N.  Y.  to  Car.     W.  to  Miss.     July,  Aug.      $  .— 

Stem  12—18  inches  high.     Flowers  small,  pale  blue,  generally 

3 — 5  on  the  summit  of  the  branches. 

5.  G.  angustifolia  Mich.  :  stem  terete,  smooth,  simple,  slender,  1- 
flowered  ;  leaves  linear,  spreading,  smooth,  the  lower  ones  somewhat 
wedge-shaped  ;  corol  funnel-form,  5-cleft;  inner  segments  lacerate. — 
A.  purpurea  Walt. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  11. — Stem  a 
foot  high.     Floioers  large,  sky  blue,  terminal. 

6.  G.  linearis  Willd. :  stem  simple,  somewhat  scabrous  ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  undulate,  and  with  the  segments  of  the  calyx  ciliate  ; 
flowers  sessile,  in  crowded  terminal  fascicles  ;  corol  campanulate,  5- 
cleft  ;  segments  obtuse,  with  the  inner  folds  toothed. — G.  pubcnda 
Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  Pursh.  Aug.  24.. — Flowers  blue,  mid- 
dle-sized. 

**   Corol  4t-cleft. funnel-form  ;  segments  ciliate.     Crossopetalum. 

7.  G.  crinita  Willd.  :  stem  smooth,  terete,  below,  square  above  ; 
branches  elongated,  1-flowered  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute;  corol  4- cleft; 
segments  obovate,  fringed  at  the  top  ;  inner  folds  simple. 

Hab.  Pastures  and  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Oct.,  Nov.  $ . — 
Stem  18  inches  high.  Flowers  large,  sky  blue,  fringed  on  the 
edges,  tetrandrous.  Fringed  Gentian. 

2.     SWERTIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  flat,  4 — 5-parted.  Corol  rotate ;  tube  very  short ; 
border  4 — 5-parted  ;  segments  lanceolate,  with  2  nectariferous 
ciliate  pores  at  the  base  of  each.  Stamens  4 — 5.  Style 
short,  terminated  by  2  stigmas.     Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved. 

Tetrandria.   Monogynia. 

1.  &  deflexa  Smith:  stem  4-sided  ;  branches  short;  leaves  opposite, 
sessile,  ovate  ;  corol  campanulate,  with  deflexed  horns  at  the  base. — 
S.  corniculata  Pursh. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  Aug.  <£ . — Stem  18  inches 
high.  Floioers  axillary  and  terminal,  greenish-yellow. — Plant 
almost  black  when  dried.  It  has  been  found  in  Canada  by  Mr. 
Goldie,  and  near  Fairfield,  N.  Y.  by  Prof.  Hadley.  Fehcort. 

2.  S.  pusilla  Pursh:  stem  simple,  1-flowered;  leaves  few,  small,  ob- 
long ;  corol  rotate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  segments  oblong,  acu- 
minate. 

Hab.  White  Hills,  N.  H.  June.  If.  Pursh.— Stem  an  inch 
high.     Leaves  1  or  2  pairs,  small.     Flowers  large,  blue. 


GENTIAN  E.E.  241 

3.     FRASERA.      Wait, 

Calyx,  deeply  4-parted.  Carol  4-parted,  spreading  ;  seg- 
ments oval,  with  a  bearded  orbicular  gland  in  the  middle  of 
each.  Stamens  4.  Capsule  compressed,  partly  margined, 
1-celled.  Seeds  few,  imbricate,  large,  elliptic,  with  a  mem- 
branaceous margin.  Tctrandria.  Monogynia. 

F.  tcaltcri  Mich. — F.  carolinicnsis  Walt. — F.  verticUlata  Mitht. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  $  —  Stem  3—6  feet  high, 
nearly  square,  branched,  furrowed.  locates  smooth,  usually 
whorled,  sometimes  opposite,  oblong-lanceolate.  Flowers  on 
whorled  peduncles,  greenish-yellow.  Peduncles  1-flowered. — 
This  rare  and  interesting  plant  has  been  found  by  Prof.  Ha'dlev 
in  the  vicinity  of  Fairfield,  N.  Y.     Medicinal. 

American  Columbo. 

4,     SABBATIA.     Adans. 

Calyx  5 — 12-parted.  Corol  rotate,  5 — 12-parted.  Sta- 
mens 5.  Anthers  at  length  revolute.  Stigmas  2,  spiral. 
Capside  1-celled,  2-valved.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  8.  campamdata  Ton-.:  stem  terete;  leaves  linear-lanceolate, 
smooth  ;  calyx  as  long  as  the  corol. — Chironia  campamdata  Linn. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  cf« — Stem  a  foot 
high,  terete,  with  long  branches.  Flowers  terminal,  subsolitary, 
purple,  on  long  peduncles. 

2.  S.  stcllaris  Pursh  :  stem  terete,  dichotomously  branched  ;  branch- 
es elongated,  1-flowered  ;  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate,  acute  ;  segments 
of  calyx  subulate,  half  as  long  as  the  corol ;  segments  of  the  corol  ob- 
ovate. — 8.  gracilis  Ell. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  $  .—Stem  12—18 
inches  high.  Leaves  somewhat  fleshy,  obscurely  3-nerved.  Flow- 
ers solitary,  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches,  forming  a  small 
corymb,  rose  coloured. 

3.  S.  annularis  Pursh :  stem  erect,  square,  somewhat  winged  ;  leaves 
ovate,  clasping  ;  peduncles  elongated,  corymbed  ;  segments  of  the  ca- 
lyx lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  corol.  —  Chironia  annularis  Linn. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  0  and  $ . — Stem 
1—2  feet  high,  with  opposite  branches.  Leaves  obscurely  5- 
nerved.     Flowers  rose  coloured.  American  Centaury. 

4.  S.  calycosa  Pursh :  stem  erect,  leafy,  few-flo wered ;  leaves  ob- 
long, 3-nerved  ;  flowers  solitary,  7—  9-parted ;  calyx  leafy,  longer 
than  the  corol ;  segments  oblanceolate. — Chironia  calyculosa  Mich. — 
( '.  dichotoma  Walt. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  £ . — Stem  a  foot 
high,  slightly  angled,  with  few  branches.  Leaves  sessile,  oval, 
thin.     Flowers  terminal,  often  solitary. 

21 


242  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

5.  &  chloroides  Pursk :  stem  weak,,  somewhat  angled  ;  leaves  lan- 
ceolate, erect;  branches  few,  1- flowered  ;  flowers  7 — 12-parted ;  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  linear,  shorter  than  the  corol. — Chironia  chloroides. 
Mich.  —  C.  dodccandra  Walt. — Chlora  dodecandra  Linn. 

Hab.  Salt  bogs.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  $  .—Stem  2—3  feet  high. 
Leaves  closely  sessile,  acute,  without  nerves.  Floicers  solitary, 
terminal,  bright  rose  coloured. — This  and  the  preceding  are  very 
variable. 

6.  S.  corymbosa  Bald.:  stem  erect,  nearly  square;  leaves  ovate,  close- 
ly sessile  ;  flowers  corymbed  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  subulate,  much 
shorter  than  the  corol. —S.  paniculata  var.  a.  Pursh. — Chironia  lanceolata 
Walt. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.J.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  2/. — Stem  a  foot 
high,  branched  near  the  summit.  Leaves  somewhat  clasping. 
Corymb  few-flowered.     .Corol  white,  4 — 6-parted. 

5.     ERYTHRiEA.     Rich. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corol  funnel-form ;  limb  short,  5-cleft, 
spreading.  Stamens  5.  Anthers,  after  flowering,  spiral. 
Style  erect.     Stigmas  2,  roundish.     Capsule  1-celled,  linear. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 
E.  centaurium  Pers. :  stem  erect,  nearly  simple  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
nerved ;  flowers  subsessile,  fasciculate-paniculate  ;  calyx  half  as  long 
as  the  tube  of  the  corol. — Chironia  centaurium  Willd. 

Hab.  Dry  grounds.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  #.— Stem  8— 12  inches 
high.  Leaves  variable  ;  the  lower  ones  broader  than  the  upper. 
Floicers  in  fascicles,  near  the  top  of  the  stem.— I  have  specimens 
of  this  plant  which  were  found  near  Oswego,  N.  Y.  by  the  Rev. 
David  Brown  of  Lockport.     It  is  apparently  indigenous. 

6.     EXACUM.     Linn. 
Calyx  deeply  4-parted.      Corol  4-lobed,  with  the  tube  glo- 
bose.    Stamens  4.     Style  1 .     Stig?na  2-cleft.      Capsule  bi- 
sulcate,  2-celled,  many-seeded.  Tetrandria.  Monogynia, 

E.  pulchellum  Pursh :  calyx  4-parted ;  corol  4-cleft,  segments  subu- 
late ;  panicle  corymbed ;  peduncle  filiform. 

Hab.  Sea  Coast.  N.  J.  rare.  Aug.  Q. — Floicers  rose  co- 
loured. 

7.  HOUSTONIA.     Linn. 
Calyx  4-cleft.      Corol  funnel-form,    4-cleft.     Stamens  4. 
Stigma  simple.     Capsule  half  superior,   2-celled,  .2-valved, 
many-seeded,  opening  transversely. 

Tetrandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  H.  cxrulea  Linn. :  stem  erect,  setaceous,  dichotomous  ;  radical 
leaves  spatulate-oval ;  stem  leaves  lanceolate  ;  peduncles  solitary,  ax- 


GENTIAN  EJE.  243 

illary,  very  Ions,  1- flowered  ;  segments  of  the  corol  acute. — H.  linncci 
Mich. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  April,  May.  U-Stem  4—8 
inches  high.      Floiccrs  blue,  sometimes  nearly  white. 

2.  H.  longifotia  JJllld.  :  stem  branched,  smooth  ;  leaves  narrow-lan- 
ceolate, tapering  at  each  extremity,  very  smooth  ;*  flowers  mostly  in 
threes,  terminal,  nearly  sessile. — H.  angustifolia  Midi. 

Hab.  Hills  and  mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  June. 
11. — Stem  6 — 10  inches  high,  branched  at  the  top.  Leaves  about 
an  inch  long.     Floiccrs  often  by  threes,  purple. 

3.  H.  purpurea  IVilld.  :  stem  erect,  branched  above,  pubescent  at  the 
joints  ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base  ;  flowers  in 
terminal  corymbs. — H.  varians  Mich. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  Pursh.  June— Aug.  2_f. — 
Stem  erect,  with  the  angles  ciliate.  Leaves  broad,  3-nerved. 
Floiccrs  purple,  in  terminal  corymbs. 

4.  H.  ciUolata  Torr.  :  smooth,  branched  above,  with  remote  joints  ; 
radical  leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  tapering  at  base  ;  margin  ciliate  ;  stem 
ieaves  ovate-spathulate,  sessile  :  flowers  in  terminal  corymbs ;  pedi- 
celled  ;  peduncles  trichotomous  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear-lanceo- 
late. 

Hab.  Wet  rocks.  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.  W.  to  Michigan.  July. 
IX' — Stem  4—6  inches  high.     Floiccrs  terminal,  blue. 

5.  H.  pubescens   Raf.:  leaves   wedge-form,    acute,    pubescent;  the 

lower  ones  somewhat  petioled,    lanceolate  ;  upper  ones  semi- 
oval,  sessile  ;  panicle  trichotomous,  terminal. 
Hab.     Penn.  and  Ohio.     Raf. 

8.     CENTAURELLA.    Mich. 
Calyx  4-parted,  oppressed.     Corol  subcampanulate,  depart- 
ed ;  segments  somewhat  erect.      Stamens  4.      Stigma  thick, 
glandulous   and     partly   bifid.       Capsule   1-celled,    2-valved, 
many-seeded,  surrounded  by  the  persistent  calyx  and  corol. 

Tetrandria.  Monogynia. 

C.  paniculata  Mich.  :  stem  somewhat  branched,  smooth  ;  peduncles 
opposite,  the  lower  ones  branched  ;  leaves  minute,  subulate,  alternate 
below,  nearly  opposite  above;  flowers  in  panicles;  corol  as  long  as 
the  calyx  ;  style  very  short.  —  C.  autumnalis  Pursh. — Bartonia panicula- 
ta Muhl.    Torr.—S(i^inarirLrinica  Willd. 

Hab.  Damp  grounds.  Mass.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  0. — Stent 
4 — 8  inches  high,  square,  often  twisted.  Floiccrs  small,  green- 
ish-white, on  the  ends  of  the  branches. 

0.  YILLARSIA.     Vent. 
Calyx,  5-parted.     Carol  rotate  ;  tube  short ;  limb  spread- 
ing, 5-lobed,  ciliate  on   the  margin.     Siajnens  5.     Style  1. 


244  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS* 

Stigma  2-lobed.     Glands  5,   alternating  with  the  stamens. 
Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

V.  lacunosa  Pursh :  leaves  reniform,  subpeltate.  slightly  crenate,  la- 

cunose  beneath;,  petioles  bearing  the   flowers;    corol   smooth.—  V. 

aquatica  R.  $  S. —  V.  frachysperma  Ell. — Menyanthes  trachysperma  Mich. 

Hab.     P,onds  and  lakes.     N.  Y.  to  Car.     Aug.     2L — Stem  long, 

filiform,    floating.      Leaves   on   long   petioles.     Flotocrs   white, 

somewhat  umbelled. — Abundant  in  Sand  Lake,  N.  Y. 

10.     MENYANTHES.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  funnel-form ;  limb  spreading,  5- 
lobed,  equal,  hairy  within.  Stamens  5.  Style  1.  Stigma 
capitate.  Capside  1-celled,  with  the  axis  of  the  valves  semi- 
niferous. Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

M.  trifoliata  Linn.  :  leaves  ternate,  petioled,  sheathing,  smooth. 
Hab.     Marshes.     Subarc.  Amer.  to  Virg.  May.   2L — Stem8—12 
inches  high.     Flowers  pale  red,  in  a  terminal  raceme. 

Buck-bean. 

11.     OBOLARIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  2-parted,  in  the  form  of  bracts.  Corol  campanulate, 
4-cleft ;  segments  entire,  sometimes  crenulate.  Stamens  4, 
subdidynamous,  proceeding  from  the  clefts  of  the  corol.  Stig- 
ma emarginate.  Capsule  ovate,  1-celled,  2-valved,  many- 
seeded.  Tetrandria.  Monogynia, 

O.  virginica  Linn. 
Hab.     Woods.     Penn.   to  Car.     April,    May.     U-  1—Stem  4—6 
inches  high,  cespitose,  nearly  simple,  smooth.     Leaves  opposite, 
obovate,  sessile,  glaucous.     Flowers  in  pairs  or  threes,  towards 
the  top  of  the  stem,  white  or  pale  red. 

Order  LXXX.     BIGNONIACEtE.     Brown,     hind. 

Calyx  divided  or  entire,  sometimes  spathaceous.  Corol 
liypogynous,  monopetalous,  usually  irregular,  4 — 5-lobed. 
Stamens  5,  unequal,  always  1,  sometimes  3,  sterile;  anthers 
2-celled.  Ovary  seated  in  a  disk,  2-celled,  or  spuriously  4- 
celled,  many-seeded.  Style  1  ;  stigma  of  2  plates.  Capsule 
1  or  2-celled,  sometimes  spuriously  2  or  4-celled,  2-valved. 
Seeds  transverse,  compressed,  often  winged  ;  albumen  none : 
embryo  straight,  foliaceous;  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Trees  or  shrubst  often  twining  or  climbing.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, or  rarely  alternate,  without  stipules. 


PEDALLNE^E.  245 

1.  BIGNONIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-toothcd,  cyathiform,  partly  coriaceous.  Corol  5- 
lobed,  campanulate,  ventricose  on  the  under  side.  Stamens 
didynamous.  Pod  2-celled.  Seeds  membranaceously  wing- 
ed. Didynamia.  Angiospcrma. 

B.  radicans  J  Ann.  :  stem  creeping  ;  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  ovate, 
toothed,  acuminate  ;  corymb  terminal  ;  tube  of  the  corol  three  times 
as  long  as  the  calyx'. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July, 
Aug.  fp. — Creeping  on  trees  and  rocks.  Flowers  very  large, 
scarlet.  Trumpet  Flower. 

2.  CAT  A  LP  A.     Juss. 

Calyx  2-parted.  Corol  campanulate  ;  tube  ventricose  ; 
border  4-lobcd,  unequal.  Stamens  2,  fertile  ;  2 — 3  sterile. 
Stigma  in  2  plates.  Capsule  pod-form,  long,  cylindric,  2- 
valved.  Dissepiment  opposite  to  the  valves.  Seed  membra- 
naceously margined.  Diandria.  Monogynia. 

C.  cordifolia  Ell.  :  leaves  simple,  cordate,  entire  ;  flowers  panicled. 
—  C.  bipnonioides  Walt. — C.  syringafolia  Sims.  Pursh, — Bignonia  Ca- 
talpa  Linn. 

Hab.  Fields,  about  habitations.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  throughout 
the  Western  and  Southwestern  States.  July.  fp. — A  large 
tree  with  irregular  branches.  Leaves  round,  cordate,  whorled  in 
threes,  largp.  Flowers  white,  yellow  and  purple,  in  large  pyra- 
midal terminal  panicles.  Probably  introduced,  as  it  is  generally 
found  in  the  vicinity  of  habitations,  Indian  encampments,  &c. 

Order  LXXXI.     PEDALINE^.     Brown,     hind. 

Calyx  divided  into  5  nearly  equal  pieces.  Corol  monopeta- 
lous,  hypogynous,  irregular  ;  tube  ventricose,  the  limb  5-Iob- 
ed,  bilabiate.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  (2  sometimes  sterile,) 
with  the  rudiment  of  a  fifth.  Ovary  seated  in  a  glandular 
disk,  1 — 2-celled,  of  2  carpels,  the  introflexed  margins  of 
which  by  splitting  and  diverging  constitute  several  cells  ; 
ovides  few  in  each  spurious  cell  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  divided. 
Fruit  drupaceous,  or  rarely  capsular  and  2-valved,  spuriously 
many-celled.  Seeds  few,  large,  pendulous  ;  albumen  none  ; 
embryo  straight. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  axillary  flowers. 

1.     MARTYNIA.     Linn. 
Calyx  5-cleft.     Corol  ringent.     Capsule  ligneous,  corticate, 
4-celled,  2-valved  ;  each  of  the  valves  terminating  in  a  long 
hooked  beak.  Didynamia.  Anginspermia. 

21* 


246  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

M.  j)roboscidea  Linn. :  stem  viscid,  pubescent,  branched,  mostly  de- 
cumbent ;  leaves  alternate,  cordate,  nearly  round,  very  entire,  villous; 
flowers  axillary,  on  long  peduncles. 

Hab.  River  banks.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept. 
#. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  long.  Floicers  dull  yellow,  large,  spotted. 
Whole  plant  fetid.  Unicom  Plant. 

Order  LXXXII.     POLEMONIACE^.    Lind. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent,  sometimes  irregular.  Carol  re- 
gular, 5-lobed.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  middle  of  the  tube 
of  the  corol  and  alternate  with  its  segments.  Ovary  superior, 
3-celled  ;  ovules  ascending  ;  style  simple ;  stigma  trifid.  Cap- 
sule 3-celled,  or  spuriously  so,  3-valved,  with  a  loculicidal  de- 
hiscence ;  the  valves  separating  from  the  axis.  Seeds  angular 
or  oval,  often  enveloped  in  mucus,  ascending  ;  embryo  straight 
in  the  axis  of  horny  albumen  ;  radicle  inferior,  next  the  hilum  ; 
cotyledons  elliptical,  foliaceous. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  or  alternate,  simple  or  variously  divid- 
ed leaves. 

1.     PHLOX.     Linn. 

Calyx  prismatic,  deeply  5- cleft ;  segments  connivent.  Corol 
salver-form  ;  border  5-lobed,  flat ;  lobes  cuneate.  Stamens 
inserted  above  the  middle  of  the  tube  of  the  corol,  very  un- 
equal.     Capsule  roundish,  ovate,  3-celled  ;  cells  1-seeded. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  P.  paniculata  Linn. :  stem  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  flat, 
the  margin  scabrous  ;  corymb  panicled ;  segments  of  the  corol  round- 
ed ;  calyx  tapering  to  an  awn. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  21. — Stem  2—3 
feet  high.  Leaves  opposite.  Floicers  in  opposite  corymbs,  some- 
what paniculate,  purple ;  tube  of  the  corol  pubescent,  much  long- 
er than  the  calyx. 

2.  P.  pyramidalis  Smith  :  erect,  smooth ;  stem  scabrous  ;  leaves  cor- 
date-ovate, acute ;  panicle  fastigiate,  pyramidal  ;  segments  of  the 
corol  cuneate,  truncate  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  somewhat  erect,  lanceo- 
late, acute. 

Hab.  Mountain  meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug.  21.  Pursh. — 
Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  very  entire. 
Corol  beautiful  purple. 

3.  P.  maculata  Linn. :  stem  erect,  scabrous  and  spotted ;  leaves  ob- 
long-lanceolate, smooth,  with  the  margin  scabrous  ;  panicle  oblong, 


POLEMONlACEiE.  247 

many-flowered  ;  segments  of  the  corol  rounded  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx- 
acute,  recurved. 

b.  suavcolcns  Nutt.  :  stem  without  spots  ;  corol  white. — P.  suareo- 

lens  Ait. — P.  macnhita  var.  Candida  Mich. 
Hab.     Moist  meadows.     N.   J.  to  Car.     June.     21. — Stem  2—3 
feet  high,  simple.     Corymbs  few-flowered.     Corol  pale  purple. 
Var.  b.  according  to  Mr.  Nuttall  is  only  a  white  flowered  varie- 
ty, raised  from  seed. 

4.  P.  aristala  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  weak,  viscid-pubescent ;  leaves 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate  ;  panicle  lax,  fastigiate  ;  segments  of  the 
corol  obovate  ;  tube  curved,  pubescent ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  very  long, 
subulate. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  21. — 
Stc?n  18  inches  high,  simple.  Leaves  sometimes  nearly  linear, 
with  the  margins  revolute.  Teeth  of  the  calyx  awned.  Corol 
pale  purple  or  white.— -P.  pilosa  is  not  distinct  from  this  species. 

5.  P.  divaricata  Linn.  :  stem  low.  pubescent,  decumbent ;  leaves 
oval-lanceolate,  the  upper  ones  alternate  ;  branches  divaricate,  loose, 
few-flowered;  segments  of  the  corol  slightly  obcordate  ;  teeth  of  the 
calyx  linear,  subulate. 

Hab.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  June.  Lf. — Stems  numerous,  9 — 12 
inches  high.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  panicle,  blue.  —Dr.  Gray  in- 
forms me  that  this  species  is  very  abundant  near  Utica,  N.  Y. 

6.  P.  reptans  Mich. :  pubescent,  with  creeping  suckers  ;  radical  leaves 
spatulate-obovate  ;  stem  leaves  oval-lanceolate  ;  corymb  few-flowered, 
divaricate  ;  segments  of  the  corol  obovate  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  subu- 
late, reflexed. — P.  stolonifcra  Pursh. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  If. — Stem  6—8  inches 
high.     Floiccrs  in  a  small  corymb,  blue,  with  a  purple  centre. 

7.  P.  subulata  Linn.  :  procumbent,  cespitose,  pubescent ;  leaves 
linear-subulate,  rigid,  ciliate  ;  corymb  few-flowered ;  segments  of  the 
corol  wedgeform,  emarginate  ;  calyx  with  subulate  teeth  shorter  than 
the  tube  of  the  corol. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  N.  J.  to  Car.  April,  May.  21-— Stem  3—4 
inches  high.  Flowers  pink,  with  a  purple  centre. — Very  abun- 
dant near  New-Brunswick,  N.  J.  Mountain  Pink. 

8.  P,  setacca  Linn. :  procumbent,  cespitose,  hairy  ;  leaves  fascicu- 
late, subulate,  ciliate,  rigid';  pedicels  few-flowered,  terminal,  somewhat 
umbelled  ;  segments  of  the  corol  wedgeform,  emarginate  ;  teeth  of  the 
calyx  subulate,  much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corol. 

Hab.  Penn.  to  Car.  May.  21. — Floicers  large,  reddish,  with  a 
purple  star  in  the  centre. — Resembles  the  preceding,  but  the 
leaves  are  longer  and  more  hairy. 

2.     POLEMONIUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-cleft.     Corol  rotate;  limb  5-lobed, 
erect.     Stamens  5  ;  filaments  broader  at  the  base,  inserted 


248  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

upon  the  5  teeth  or  valves  which  close  the  orifice  of  the  corol. 
Anthers  incumbent.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

P.  repians  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branched,  -smooth  ;  leaves  pinnate, 
mostly  by  sevens  ;  leafets  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  ;  flowers  terminal 
nodding. 

Hab.     Hills.     N.  Y.  to  Car.     W.  to  Miss.     May.     U<  —  Stcm 
foot  high.     Flowers  blue,  somewhat  corymbose. 

Jacob's  Ladder 

Order  LXXXIII.     CONVOLVULACE^.     Lind. 


Calyx  5-divided,  persistent.  Corol  deciduous,  regular,  5- 
lobed  ;  aestivation  usually  plicate.  Stamens  5,  inserted  into  the 
base  of  the  corol,  alternate  with  its  segments.  Torus  discoid. 
Ovary  free,  with  2 — 4-cells,  seldom  with  1  ;  ovules  erect, 
definite,  when  more  than  1  collateral;  style  ],  sometimes  en- 
tire, usually  bifid,  rarely  2;  stigmas  obtuse  or  acute.  Cap- 
side  with  from  1 — 4-cells  ;  the  valves  fitting  at  their  edges  to 
the  angles  of  a  loose  dissepiment,  bearing  the  seeds  at  the 
base,  sometimes  valveless  or  dehiscing  transversely.  Seeds 
at  the  base  of  the  placentae  ;  albumen  mucilaginous  ;  embryo 
curved  ;  cotyledons  shrivelled  ;  radicle  inferior. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  twining  and  with  a  milky  juice. 
Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules, 

1.     CONVOLVULUS.     Linn.     Sprcng. 

Calyx  5-parted,  naked  or  with  2  bracts  at  base.  Corol  fun- 
nel-form or  campanulate,  with  5  plaits.  Stamens  5,  shorter 
than  the  limb.  Ovary  2 — 3-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded.  Style 
undivided.  Stigma  capitate,  lobed  or  divided.  Capsule 
valved,  1 — 4-celled.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

Obs.  I  concur  with  Sprengel  in  uniting  Jpomoza  with  this  genus  ; 
which  can  scarcely  be  distinguished,  except  perhaps,  by  its  simple 
etigma — a  character  too  unimportant  for  the  basis  of  a  generic  dis- 
tinction. 

1.  C.  arvensis  Linn. :  stem  climbing  ;  leaves  saggitate,  with  acute 
lobes  ;  peduncles  mostly  1-flowered ;  bracts  minute,  remote  from  the 
flower. — C.  sagittifolius  Mich.  ? 

Hab.  Fields.  Maine  to  Car.  rare.  June,  July.  ZL — Stem 
hairy,  often  prostrate.  Leaves  rather  hastate.  Flowers  white, 
an  inch  long,  on  axillary  peduncles  ;  which  are  longer  than  the 
leaves  —This  plant  has  been  found  on  the  banks  of  the  canal 
near  this  city. 


CONVOLVULACE.E.  249 

2.  C.  septum  Linn.  :  stem  climbing,  angular,  twisted  :  leaves  sagi- 
late,  very  acute,  with  the  lobes  truncate  ;  peduncles  square,  1-flower- 
ed  ;  bracts  large,  cordate,  close  to  the  flower. — Cahjstcgia  upturn 
Broirn. 

II  ib.  Hedges  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  July.  T£. — Stem 
climbing  or  trailing,  pubescent.  Flowers  large,  white,  on  pe- 
duncles which  are  longer  than  the  leaves.  Gn  at  Bind-weed. 

3.  C. pandurotus  Linn.  :  stem  climbing,  pubescent ;  leaves  cordate, 
entire  or  lobed  and  panduriform  ;  peduncles  long  ;  flowers  in  fascicles  : 
calyx  smooth  ;  corol  tubular-campanulate. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  If.— Root  very  large 
and  thick.  Stems  numerous,  trailing.  Peduncles  1 — 4.  Flowers 
large,  purple. — Found  in  Orange  co..  N.  Y.,  by  Dr.  W.  Hor- 
ton.  Jun.     Medieinal.  Man  of  tin 

4.  C.  spithamaus  Linn.  :  stem  erect  or  trailing ;  leaves  oval  or  ob- 
long, subcordate.  pubescent,  hoary  ;  peduncles  1-flowered.  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves  ;  bracts  much  longer  than  the  calyx. — C.  stans  Muh. 
—  Cahjstcgia  tomentosa  and  spithanuc  i  Pursh. 

11  u:.  Sandy  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June.  11. — Stem  erect 
or  spreading.  Flowers  white,  on  peduncles  which  are  about  as 
long  as  the  leaves. 

5.  C.pvrpureus  linn.  :  stem  twining  and  climbing:  leaves  cordate. 
acuminate,  undivided,  entire;  peduncles  2 — 3-flowered  ;  pedicels 
thickened,  nodding;   capsule  smooth. — Ipomcta  purpurea  Pursh.    Torr. 

Hab.  Fields,  &c.  July.  Aug.  — Stem  hairy,  climbing  to  a 
great  height.  Flowers  large,  blue,  purple  or  nearly  white.  In- 
troduced. Common  Morning  Glory. 

G.  C.  lacunosus  Sprcng.  :  stem  smooth  ;  leaves  cordate,  acuminate, 
angled  at  base  ;  peduncles  short,  generally  1-flowered  ;  calyx  hairy  ; 
corol  tubular,  short ;  capsule  hairy. — Ipomcta  lacunosa  Linn.  Pursh. 
Torr. 

Hab.  Penn.  Muld.  S.  to  Flor.  Aug.,  Sept.  g.— Flowers 
white  with  a  purple  rim. 

7.  C.  nil  Linn.:  stem  hairy,  twining;  leaves  cordate,  3-lobed  ;  pe- 
duncles short,  1 — 3-flowered  ;  calyx  very  villous  ;  segments  acuminate, 
subulate  ;  corol  funnel-form. — Ipomcta  nil  Pursh.    Torr. 

Hab.  Penn.  Muld.  S.  to  Car.  Aug.  0. — Floicers  1 — 2.  on 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles.  Corol  white  at  base,  blue 
near  the  border.  Morning  Glory. 

2.     CUSCUTA.     Linn. 

Cahjz  5-  rarely  4-cleft.  Corol  globose-urceolate  ;  limb 
\ — 5-cleft,  marcescent.  Stamens  4 — 5,  inserted  into  the 
corol.  Stigmas  2.  Capsule  2-ceIled,  opening  all  round 
transversely;  cells  2-seeded.  Fentandria.  Digynia. 

1.   C.  amcricana  Linn.  :  flowers  in  umbellate  clusters,   pedunculate, 


250  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

5-cleft  ;  stigmas  capitate  ;  corol  tubular-bell-shaped,  with  the  border 

small  and  spreading. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July. 
0. — Stem  filiform,  twining  around  other  plants ;  parasitic.  Flow 
ers  small,  white.  American  Dodder. 

2.  C.  europea  Linn. :  flowers  in  sessile  clusters  ;  corol  4 — 5-cleft, 
without  scales  at  the  base  of  the  stamens  ;  stamens  4 — 5 ;  stigmas  sim- 
ple. 

Hab.  Parasitic  on  flax,  &c.  Sch'y,  N.  Y.  July.  -%.—Stem 
filiform,  long  and  climbing,  leafless.  Flowers  clustered,  pale 
yellow  or  rose  coloured.     Introduced.  Dodder. 

Order  LXXXIV.     HYDROLEACE^.     Kunth.     hind. 

Calyx  5-parted,  persistent ;  aestivation  imbricated.  Corol 
regular,  monopetalous,  not  always  agreeing  with  the  calyx  in 
the  number  of  its  divisions.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corol, 
equal ;  anthers  deeply  lobed  at  the  base,  2-celled.  Ovary  su- 
perior, surrounded  by  an  annular  disk,  2 — 3-celled  ;  ovules  in- 
definite ;  styles  2  or  3  ;  stigmas  thickened.  Fruit  capsular, 
2 — 3-celled,  splitting  through  the  middle  of  the  cells.  Seeds 
indefinite,  very  small ;  embryo  straight  in  the  axis  of  a  fleshy 
albumen  ;  radicle  next  the  hilum  ;  cotyledons  flat. 

Herbs,  or  undershrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  lobed, 
without  stipules. 

1.     DIAPENSIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted,  subtended  by  3  bracts.  Corol  salverform  ; 
border  5-cleft,  flat.  Stamens  5,  from  the  summit  of  the  tube, 
alternating  with  the  segments  of  the  corol.  Stigmas  3.  Cap- 
side  3-cellpd,  3-valved,  many-seeded. 

Pentandria.   Monogynia. 

1.  D.  lapponica  Linn. :  cespitose  ;  leaves  spatulate,  smooth  ;  flower 
terminal,  solitary,  on  short  peduncles  }  anthers  simple. — D.  obtusifolia 
Pursh. 

Hab.  Summits  of  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  June.  If. — 
Stems  short,  diffuse.  Leaves  crowded,  fleshy,  evergreen,  very 
entire.     Floicers  white. 

2.  D.  barbulata  Ell.  :  leaves  lanceolate-wedgeshaped,  pubescent  at 
base  ;  flower  solitary,  terminal,  sessile  ;  anthers  horizontal,  beaked  at 
base. — D.  cuneifolia  Pursh. — Pyxidantliera  barbulata  Mich. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Car.  May,  June.  Lf. — Plant  small, 
creeping,  forming  dense  mats  ;  branches  assurgent,  1-flower- 
ed.  Upper  leaves  crowded  near  the  base  of  the  flower  which  is 
small  and  white. — Very  abundant  in  New- Jersey. 


BORAGINE.^.  251 

Order  LXXXV.     BORAGINE.E.     Juss.     Land. 

Calyx  5-divided,  persistent.  Corol  hypogynous,  monopcta- 
lous,  regular,  5-cleft ;  aestivation  imbricate.  Stamens  insert- 
ed into  the  corol,  alternate  with  its  segments  ;  anthers  erect. 
Ovary  4-lobed,  4-celled  ;  ovules  4,  each  suspended  from  the 
inner  angle  near  the  summit  of  the  cell ;  style  simple,  arising 
from  the  base  of  the  lobes  of  the  ovary ;  stigma  simple  or 
bifid.  Nuts  1,  distinct.  Seed  separable  from  the  pericarp, 
destitute  of  albumen  ;  embryo  with  a  superior  radicle;  coty- 
ledons plano-convex. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  round  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  sca- 
brous, without  stipules. 

1.     LITHOSPERMUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  funnel-form,  small,  5-lobed.  Sta- 
mens included.  Nuts  imperforate  at  base,  shining,  smooth  or 
rugose.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  L.  arvensc  Linn. :  stem  erect,  branched  ;  leaves  sessile,  linear- 
lanceolate,  rather  acute,  veinless,  rough,  hairy  ;  calyx  a  little  shorter 
than  the  corol ;  segments  spreading  ;  nuts  rugose. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  April,  May.  0.— Plant  hispid-pilose. 
Flowers  solitary,  axillary,  white.  Calyx  with  the  segments 
thrice  as  long  as  the  fruit.     Introduced.  Corn  Gronucdl. 

2.  L.  officinale  Linn. :  stem  erect,  much  branched,  covered  with  rigid 
hairs  :  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  acute,  nerved,  rough  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, hairy  on  the  lower ;  tube  of  the  corol  as  long  as  the  calyx  ; 
nuts  smooth. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  May.  U — Stem  1—2  feet  high.  Flowers 
axillary,  pale  yellow.  Nuts  whitish-brown,  highly  polished. 
Introduced.  Common  Gronucdl. 

3.  L.  dcnticulatum  Lchm. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  nerved,  subglabrous, 
acute  ;  margin  scabrous,  with  minute  teeth  ;  radical  ones  ovate  ;  those 
on  the  stem  oblong  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  denticulate  on  the  margin. 
— Pulmonaria  sUnriea  Pursk.  App. 

Hab.  New-York.  June.  If.  Muhl—Stcm  6—10  inches  high. 
Peduncles  many-flowered.     Corol  purple. 

4.  L.maritimum  Ldirn. :  very  smooth  ;  stem  procumbent,  branched; 
leaves  ovate,  obtuse,  fleshy,  glaucous. — Pulmonaria  mariti ma  Linn. 

Hab.  Sea  shore.  New-Eng.  Purs/i.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  July. 
It- —  Stem  diffuse,  much  branched.  Lower  leaves  on  petioles, 
and  acute  ;  upper  ones  sessile.  Flowers  somewhat  racemed, 
purplish-blue;  tube  short.  Seaside  Gromwill. 


252  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

2.  BATSCHIA.  Gmel. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  salver-form,  rather  large ;  tube 
straight,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  closed  at  the  base  by  a 
bearded  ring  ;  orifice  naked  or  partially  closed  ;  border  orbi- 
culate,  nearly  flat,  segments  rounded.  Nuts  shining. — Flow- 
ers yellow.  Peniandria.  Monogynia, 

1.  B.  cancsccns  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  simple,  villous;  leaves  oblong, 
obtuse,  slightly  mucronate,  silky  above,  subvillous  beneath  ;  flowers 
axillary,  crowded  near  the  top  of  the  stem  ;  tube  of  the  corol  as  long 
again  as  the  calyx. — Anchusa  canescens  Muhl. — Lithospermum  canescens 
Lchm.   Torr. 

Hab.  Hills.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  W.  to  Miss. 
June,  July.  2_£. — Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Ftoiccrs  axillary, 
crowded  near  the  top  of  the  stem,  bright  orange. — Found  near 
Fairfield,  N.  Y.  by  Prof.  Hadley.  Used  by  the  Indians  as  a  red 
dye.  Puccoon. 

2.  B.  gmclini  Mich.  :  plant  hirsute  ;  stem  simple  ;  floral  leaves 
ovate  ;  those  of  the  stem  oblong;  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  ;  calyx 
with  long  lanceolate  segments. — Batschia  caroliniensis  Gmel. — Jlnchasa. 
hirta  Muhl. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  11.  — Stem  8 — 12 
inches  high.     Floicers  in  a  terminal  raceme,  orange. 

3.     ONOSMODIUM.     Mich. 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted  ;  segments  linear.   Corol  somewhat 
tubular-campanulate  ;  border  ventricose,  half  5-cleft ;  segments 
connivent,  acute.      Anthers  sessile,  included.     Style  much 
exserted.     Nuts  imperforate,  shining. 

Pentandria .  Monogynia . 

1.  O.  hispidum  Mich. :  stem  hispid,  branched  ;  leaves  obovate-lan- 
ceolate,  hairy,  papillose-punctate  ;  segments  of  the  corol  subulate. — 
Lithospermum  rirginianum  Linn. — Purshia  hispida  Lehm. 

Hab.  Hills.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  U-Stem  1—2  feet  high. 
Flowers  white,  in  simple  leafy  secund  racemes  which  at  first  are 
recurved  and  afterwards  straight. 

2.  O.  molle  Mich. :  whole  plant  white-villous  ;  leaves  oblong- oval, 
somewhat  3-nerved;  segments  of  the  corol  semi-oval.— Lithospermum 
molle  Muhl. — Purshia  mollis  Lehm. 

Hab.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  S.  W.  to  Tenn.  July,  Aug.  Z/.— Dif- 
fers from  the  former  in  its  soft  white  pubescence,  and  in  the 
broader  segments  of  its  corol.  It  has  been  found  by  Mr.  George 
W.  Clinton,  in  the  sand  plains  near  Albany. 

4.     SYMPHYTUM.     Linn. 
Calyx  5-parted.      Corol  ventricose,  its  orifice  closed  with 
connivent  subulate  scales.     Nuts  imperforate  at  base. 

Peniandria.  Monogynia. 


BORAGINE^.  253 

5.  officinale  Linn.  :  stem  hispid;  radical  leaves  on  long  petioles, 
rough  ;  those  of  the  stem  ovate-lanceolate  below,  lanceolate  above, 
sessile,  very  decurrent  and  winging  the  upper  part  of  the  stem. 

Hab.  Springy  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  June.  11. —  Stan 
1—3  feet  high,  branched  above.  Racemes  in  pairs,  secund, 
drooping.  Corol  large,  yellowish-white. — Apparently  native 
near  Fairfield,  N.  Y.  Comfrey. 

5.     ECHIUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  subcampanulate  ;  tube  very  short  ; 
border  broader,  unequally  and  obliquely  5-lobed.  Nuts  im- 
perforate at  base,  tuberculate.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

E.  vulgnrc  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  bristly  and  tuberculate  ;  leaves  lance- 
olate, very  hispid,  radicle  ones  petiolate,  spreading,  very  long;  flow- 
ers in  lateral  spikes  ;  stamens  longer  than  the  corol. 

IIab.  Hills.  N.  S.  June,  July.  $  .—Stem  2—3  feet  high. 
Floicers  large,  blue,  in  lateral  spikes,  which  are  at  first  recurved 
but  gradually  become  erect.     Introduced.  Viper's  Bugloss. 

C.     LYCOPSIS.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleff.  Corol  funnel-form,  with  an  incurved  tube; 
orifice  closed  with  convex  connivent  scales.  Nuts  perforate  at 
the  base.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

L.  arvensis  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  repand-denticulate,  very  hispid  ; 
lower  ones  tapering  into  a  petiole ;  upper  ones  sessile,  subclasping  j 
racemes  leafy ;  calyx  erect  while  in  flower,  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the 
corol. — Anckusa  arvensis  Lelnn. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  S.  June,  July.  f^.—  Stcm  12— 18  inches 
high.     Floicers  bright  blue,  in  a  leafy  raceme.     Introduced.  ? 

Small  Bugloss. 

7.     MYOSOTIS.     Linn. 

Calyx  5  cleft.  Corol  salver-form  ;  tube  short ;  limb  flat, 
with  5  emarginate  lobes  ;  orifice  closed,  with  short  connivent 
scales.  Nuts  smooth  or  scabrous.     Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  M.  palustris  Roth.  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  rough,  with  short 
mostly  appressed  hairs ;  racemes  rather  short  ;  peduncles  when  in 
fruit  divergent,  twice  as  long  as  the  5-clefl  spreading  calyx  ;  border 
of  the  corol  expanded,  longer  than  the  tube. — M.  scorpioides  WUld. — 
M.  scorpioides  var.  palustris  Linn. 

Hab.  Ditches  and  wot  grounds.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May — July. 
It.— Stem  12—18  inches  high,  Flowers  very  small,  bright  blue, 
in  secund  racemes. — Our  plant  differs  from  the  foreign  one,  in 
having  the  flowers  very  small.  Marsh  Scorpion  Grass. 

2.  M.  arvensis  Sibth. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  hairy  ;  racemes  very 
long  ;  pedicels  when   in  fruit  spreading,  twice  as  long  as  the  5-cleft 

22 


254  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

and  closed  calyx  ;  limb  of  the  corol  erect-spreading,  about  as  long  as 
the  tube. — M.  scorpioides  var.  arvensis  Linn. — M.  verna  Nutt. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  #. 
— Plant  gray,  pubescent.  Stem  4 — 10  inches  high.  Floicers 
very  small,  white,  on  long  pedicels.  Field' Scorpion  Grass. 

8.     ECHINOSPERMUM.     Lehm. 
Calyx  5-parted.     Corol  salver-form,  closed  by  connivent 
scales.    Nuts  fixed  to  a  central  column,  echinate,  compressed. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  E.  lappula  Lehm. :  stem  branched  above  ;  leaves  lanceolate  or  li- 
near-lanceolate, hairy  ;  ccrol  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  border  erect, 
spreading  ;  nuts  with  2  rows  of  hooked  prickles  on  the  margin. — Myo- 
sotis  lappula  Linn. — Rochelia  lappula  R.  4*  $•   Torr. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  Can.  and  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  July. 
0. — Stem  a  foot  high,  branched  above.  Flowers  minute,  blue, 
erect  when  in  fruit. 

2.  E.  virginicum  Lehm. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  sca- 
brous above  ;  racemes  divaricate,  dichotomous  ;  nuts  densely  covered 
with  hooked  prickles. — Myosotis  virginiana  Linn. — Rochelia  virginiana 
R.  S?  S.   Torr. 

Hab.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  $. — Stem  2  feet  high.  Leaves  very 
large.     Floicers  minute,  pale  blue,  in  dichotomous  racemes. 

9.  CYNOGLOSSUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  short,  funnel-form,  5-lobed  ;  ori- 
fice closed  with  convex  connivent  scales.  Nuts-  depressed, 
affixed  to  the  styles  by  their  inner  margin. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  C.  officinale  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate  at  the  base,  ses- 
sile, downy  ;  lower  ones  large,  petiolate  ;  upper  onee  subclasping ; 
flowers  in  terminal  racemes  ;  stamens  shorter  than  the  corol. 

Hab.  Road  sides,  &c.  N.  S.  June,  July.  $. — Plant  dull 
green,  soft  and  downy,  fetid.  Floicers  purplish-red.  Fruit  rough. 
Introduced.  Hound's  Tongue. 

2.  C.  virginicum  Linn.  :  leaves  oval-oblong,  acute,  hairy  ;  lower 
ones  long,  petiolate  ;  upper  ones  cordate  and  clasping  at  the  base  ;  co- 
rymb on  a  large  almost  naked  panicle. — C.  amplexicaule  Mich. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  U.—Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  very  hispid.  Leaves  less  hairy  than  in  the  former.  Flowers 
in  a  small  terminal  corymb,  blue. 

• 

10.  PULMONARIA.    Linn. 

Calyx  prismatic,  5-sided.  Corol  funnel-form,  somewhat 
5-lobed  ;  orifice  naked.     Nuts  imperforate  at  base. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 


HYDROPHYLLE^E.  255 

P.  rirginica  Linn. :  smooth ;  stem  erect  ;  radical  leaves  obovate- 
oblong,  obtuse  ;  stem  leaves  narrower  ;  flowers  in'  terminal  racemes 
or  fascicles  ;  calyx  much  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corol  ;  seg- 
ments lanceolate,  acute. — Litlwspcrnvim pulchrum  Lehrn. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  U-— 
Stem  6—12  inches  high.  Leaves  smooth  and  a  little  glaucous. 
Flowers  large,  bright  blue,  in  terminal  racemes.  Plant  turning 
black  by  drying.  Lungicort. 

Order  LXXXVI.     HYDROPHYLLE.E.     Lind. 

Calyx  5 — 10-divided,  persistent.  Corol  monopetalous, 
regular,  or  nearly  so,  5-lobed,  with  2  lamella)  towards  the 
base  of  each  constituent  petal.  Stamens  alternate  with  the 
lobes  of  the  corol ;  anthers  ovate,  2-celled,  versatile,  bursting 
longitudinally.  Ovary  free,  simple,  1-celled  ;  ovules  definite 
or  indefinite,  suspended  ;  style  terminal,  bifid  ;  stigmas  2. 
Placenta  2,  parietal,  or  on  stalks  from  the  base  of  the  cavity. 
Fruit  capsular,  few,  or  many-seeded,  invested  with  the  per- 
manent calyx.  Seeds  definite  or  indefinite;  embryo  taper,  ly- 
ing at  the  end  of  a  copious  cartilaginous  albumen  ;  radicle  su- 
perior. 

Hispid  herbs.     Leaves  opposite,  or  alternate  and  lobed. 

1.  HYDROPHYLLUM.  Linn. 
Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  campanulate,  5-cleft,  with  5  longi- 
tudinal margined  melliferous  grooves  on  the  inside.  Stamens 
5,  exserted  ;  filaments  bearded  in  the  middle.  Stig?na  bifid. 
Capsule  globose,  1-celled,  2-valved,  1-seeded,  3  other  seeds 
mostly  abortive.  Pentandrta.  Monogynia. 

1.  11.  xirgim cum  Linn. ;  stem  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  pinnatifid  and 
pinnate  ;  segments  oval-lanceolate,  with  deep  serratures  ;  clusters  of 
flowers  crowded  ;  peduncles  larger  than  the  petioles. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  H. — Stem  13  inches  high. 
Flowers  white  and  blue,  in  compact  lateral  and  axillary  clusters. 

Water-leaf. 

2.  H.  canadensc  Linn.  :  somewhat  hairy  ;  leaves  angularly  sub-5- 
lobed,  cordate  at  base  ;  remotely  serrate  ;  flowers  in  crowded  fascicles  ; 
peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles. 

IIab.  Mountains.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June.  11.— -Stem  18  inches 
high.  Leaves  large  and  broad,  somewhat  palmate,  about  5 — 7- 
lobed.     Flowers  blue  and  white,  in  clusters. 

2.     NEMOPHILA.    Nutt. 
Calyx  10-parted  ;  alternate  lobes  reflexed.      Corol  subcam 


256  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

panulate,  5-lobed  ;  the  lobes  emarginate,  with  margined  nec- 
tariferous cavities  at  base.  Stamens  5,  shorter  than  the  corol ; 
filaments  naked.  Style  2-cleft.  Capsule  fleshy,  1-celled,  2- 
valved,  4-seeded.  Feniandria.  Monogynia. 

N.  panicvlata  Spreng. :  very  hairy  ;  radical  leaves  subpinnatifid  ; 
cauline  ones  angularly  lobed  ;  sinuses  of  the  calyx  with  minute  oval 
appendages. — Hydrophyllum  appendiculatum  Mich. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Penn.  and  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  $ . 
— Stem  a  foot  high.  Flowers  blue,  on  short  peduncles,  some- 
what paniculate. — Very  properly  separated  from  the  preceding 
genus. — See  Nutt.  in  Jour.  Phil.  Acad.  ii.  179. 

3.     PHACELIA.     Juss. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  subcampanulate,  5-cleft,  with  5 
longitudinal  margined  melliferous  grooves  on  the  inside.  Sta- 
mens 5,  exserted.  Style  filiform.  Stigmas  2.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  2-valved,  4-seeded,  each  of  the  valves  septilerous  in 
the  centre.  Ventandria.  Monogynia, 

1.  P.  fimbriata  Mich.:  whole  plant  hairy;  stem  ascending  ;  leave* 
pinnatifid  with  undivided  lobes  ;  flowers  in  a  simple  terminal  raceme  ; 
segments  of  the  corol  fimbriate. 

Hab.  Alluvial  soil.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June. 
2£.  1 — Stem  a  foot  high.  Flowers  blue,  in  a  terminal  raceme,  at 
first  revolute,  afterwards  erect. 

2.  P.  bipinnatifida  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  hairy ;  leaves  pinnatifid,  seg- 
ments incisely  lobed  ;  racemes  mostly  bifid,  oblong,  many-flowered ; 
divisions  of  the  corol  entire. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  21.  ?  — 
Stem  a  foot  high.     Flowers  blue,  in  terminal  racemes. 

3.  P.  parviflora  •  Pursh :  stem  diffuse,  pubescent;  leaves  subsessile, 
pinnatifid  ;  segments  oblong,  rather  obtuse,  entire  ;  racemes  solitary  ; 
pedicels  short ;  segments  of  the  corol  round,  very  entire. — Polemoniwm. 
dubium  WiUd. 

Hab.  Penn.  May.  ©. — Stem  C — 8  inches  high.  Flotcers  pale 
blue,  much  smaller  than  in  the  preceding. — May  belong  to  a  dif- 
ferent genus. 

Order  LXXXVII.     SOLANEjE.     Juss.     hind. 

Calyx  5-  rarely  4-parted,  persistent.  Corol  monopetalous, 
hypogynous  ;  limb  5-  rarely  4-cleft,  regular  or  somewhat  un- 
equal, deciduous  ;  aestivation  plaited,  or  somewhat  imbricate. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  corol,  alternate  with  its  segments, 
sometimes  1  abortive ;  anthers  bursting  longitudinally  or  by 
terminal  pores.     Ovary  2  or  more  celled  ;  style  continuous  ; 


SOLANEiE.  257 

stigma  obtuse,  rarely  Iobed.  Fruit  either  a  capsule,  which  is 
2 — 4-celIed,  2 — 4-valved,  with  a  double  dissepiment,  parallel 
with  the  valves,  or  a  berry  with  the  placentae  adhering  to  the 
dissepiment.  Seeds  numerous,  sessile  ;.  embryo  more  or  less 
curved,  often  eccentric,  lying  in  fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  next 
the  hilum. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.     Leaves  alternate. 

Div.  I.     Fruit  a  berry. 

1.  BOLANUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corol  rotate,  5-cleft,  spreading.  Anthers 
5,  erect,  connivent,  opening  with  2  pores  at  the  extremity. 
Berry  subglobose,  2-  rarely  4-celled. 

Fre?itandria.  Monogynia . 

1.  8.  dulcamara  Linn. :  stem  fruticose,  flexuous.  without  thorns, 
smooth  or  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate-cordate,  smootli  ;  upper  ones  has- 
tate ;  flowers  in  lateral  clusters. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  *>. — Stem  climbing. 
Flowers  purple,  with  2  green  tubercles  at  the  base  of  each  seg- 
ment.    Berries  red,  oval.  -Woody  Night-shade.     Bittcr-siceet. 

2.  &  nigrum  var.  virginianum  Linn.  :  stem  herbaceous,  without 
thorns,  angular,  toothed  ;  leaves  ovate,  obtusely  toothed  and  waved ; 
flowers  subumbelled. — S.  nigrum  Big. 

Hab.  Old  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  ^. — Stem  erect, 
2 — 3  feet  high,  angles  roughened.  Flowers  nodding,  white, 
3 — 6  in  an  umbel.     Berries  spherical,  black,  2-celled. 

Common  Nightshade. 

3.  S.  carolincnsc  Linn. :  stem  annual,  aculeate  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
tomentose,  hastate-angled,  prickly  on  both  sides  ;  raceme  simple,  lax  ; 
berries  globose. 

Hab.  Road  sides,  &c.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  li. 
— Stem  erect,  branched,  a  foot  high,  armed  with  sharp  prickles. 
Flowers  white,  in  lateral  racemes.     Berries  yellowish. 

Horse  Nettle. 

2.  PHYSALIS.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corol  rotate,  5-cleft.  Anthers  5,  oblong, 
erect,  connivent.  Berry  globose,  covered  by  the  inflated  ca- 
lyx. Pentandria.   Monogynia, 

1.  P.  viscosa  Linn.  :  leaves  in  pairs,  subcordate-oval,  repand,  obtuse, 
gubtomentose,  a  little  viscous;  stem  herbaceous,  paniculate  above  : 
fruit  bearing  calyx  pubescent. 

22* 


258  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Roadsides.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  2/. 
— Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.     Flowers  yellow.     Berries  viscous. 

Ground  Cherry, 

2.  P.  obscura  Mich.  ,•  pubescent  ;  stem  prostrate,  divaricate ;  leaves 
broad-cordate,  subsolitary,  unequally  and  coarsely  toothed  ;  flower  so- 
litary, nodding  ;   calyx  very  hairy. — P.  pruinosa  Ell.  ? 

Hab.  Hills.  Penn.  to  Car.  Pursh.  Aug.  0. — Flowers  pale 
yellow,  with  5  purple  spots  at  base.     Anthers  bluish. 

3.  P.  lanceolata  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  densely  pubescent  ;  leaves  most- 
ly in  pairs,  oval-lanceolate,  very  entire,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  a 
petiole  ;  flower  solitary,  nodding  ;  calyx  villous. 

Hab.  Penn.  Muhl.  S.  to  Car.  July.  U-Stem  1—2  feet  high, 
Floiocrs  pale  yellow. 

4.  P.  pennsylvanica  Linn. :  stem  herbaceous,  branched  ;  leaves  ovate, 
somewhat  repand,  obtuse,  nearly  naked  :  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,. 
a  little  longer  than  the  petioles. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  Penn.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  2J. — Stc7n  a 
foot  high.     Floivcrs  yellow.     Berries  red. 

3.  NICANDRA.     Adans. 

Calyx  5-parted,  5-angled,  the  angles  compressed,  segments 
sagittate.  Corol  campanulafe.  Stamens  incurved.  Berry 
3 — 5-celled,  covered  by  the  calyx.    Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

N.  physaloides  Pers. :  stem  herbaceous  ;  leaves  sinuate,  angled,  gla- 
brous ;  flowers  solitary,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles  ;  calyx  closed, 
with  the  angles  very  acute. — Atropa  physaloides  Linn. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  %j%. — 
Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
solitary,  axillary,  on  short  peduncles,  pale  blue.     Introduced. 

Div.  II.     Fruit  a  capsule. 

4.  NICOTIANA.     Linn, 

Calyx  urceolate,  5-cleft.  Corol  funnel-form,  5-c]eft,  regu- 
lar.     Stamens  5.     Stigma  emarginate,      Capsule  2-valved. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

N.  rustica  Linn. :  plant  viscid-pubescent  ;  stem  terete  ;  leaves  peti- 
oled,  ovate,  very  entire  ;  tube  of  the  corol  cylindrical,  longer  than  the 
calyx  ;  segments  round. 

Hab.  Western  part  of  New- York.  Nv.tt.  ^j.—Stem  12—18 
inches  high.  Floieers  greenish-yellow,  in  a  terminal  panicle  or 
raceme. — According  to  Mr.  Nuttall  it  has  been  introduced  by 
the  Indians.  Tobacco. 

5.     DATURA.     Linn. 

Calyx  large,  tubular,  ventricose,  5-angled,  deciduous  ;  the 


SOLANEiE.  259 

base  orbicular,  peltate  and  persistent.  Corol  funnel-form, 
with  the  tube  long,  the  limb  5-angled  and  plaited.  Stamens 
5.  Stigma  bilamellate.  Capsule  smooth  or  echinate,  2- 
celled  ;  cells  2 — 3-parted.    '  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

D.  stramonium  Linn. :  stem  dichotomously  branched  ;  leaves  ovate, 

smooth,  angular-dentate,  somewhat  cordate  ;  capsule  spiny,  erect. 

b.  tatula  Torr.  :  stem  and  flowers  purple. — D.  tatula  Linn. 

Hab.     Waste  grounds,  &.c.     Throughout  the  U.  S.     July — Sept. 

0. — Stem  2 — 6  feet  high.     Flowers  solitary,    large,   blue  and 

white,    on   peduncles.     Very  fetid.     Medicinal  and  poisonous. 

Big.  Mul.  But.  i.  16.  Jamcstoion  Weed.     Thorn-apple. 

6.     HYOSCYAMUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft.      Corol  funnel-form,  irregular,  lobes 

<.  obtuse.     Stamens  o.    Stigma  capitate.     Capsule  ovate,  oper- 

culate  at  the  extremity.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

H.  niger  Linn. :  hispidly  pilose  and  fetid  ;  stem  erect,  very  leafy  ; 
leaves  sinuate,  clasping ;  flowers  sessile,  arranged  in  terminal  re- 
curved leafy  spikes  ;  corol  reticulate. 

Hab.  Waste  places.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  June.  fg  or  $ . — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Flowers  large,  dull  yellow,  with  purple 
veins. — Introduced.  ?     Fetid,  poisonous  and  medicinal. 

Henbane. 

7.     VERBASCUM.    Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.      Corol  rotate,  5-lobed,  unequal.     Stamens 
5,  declined,  often  hairy.      Capsule  2-valved,  ovate  or  globose. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  V.  tkapsus  Linn.  :  stem  simple,  erect,  tomentose  :  leaves  ovate- 
oblong,  decurrent,  very  woolly  on  both  sides  ;  flowers  in  a  long  dense 
terminal  spike  ;  stamens  unequal,  two  smooth. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  &c.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June.  g. — 
Stem  3 — 6  feet  high,  angular,  winged.  Flowers  yellow,  in  a  long 
dense  cylindrical  spike.     Introduced.  ?  Mullein. 

2.  V.  blattaria   Linn.  :    stem  angled,  smooth  ;  leaves   clasping,    ob- 
#  long,  serrate  ;  flowers  in  a  terminal  raceme  ;  peduncles  l-flowered, 

solitary. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  £. — Stem  2 
feet  high.  Flowers  white  and  yellow. — Considered  by  some  as 
distinct  varieties. 

3.  V.  lychnitis  Linn.  :  leaves  oblong-cuneifoim,  naked  above,  white- 
tomentose  beneath  ;  stem  angular,  panicled ;  spikes  lax,  lateral  and 
terminal. 

Hab.     Penn.    Fursh.    S.  to  Car.    June,  July.     $. — Stew  straight 


260  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

and  angled.     Leaves  very  white  beneath.    Flowers  pale  yellow, 
clustered,  on  short  peduncles. 

Order  LXXXVIII.     OROBANCHE^l.     Juss.     hind. 

Calyx  divided,  persistent.  Corol  irregular,  usually  bilabi- 
ate, persistent;  aestivation  imbricated.  >S7«wze?2s4>didynamous. 
Ovary  superior,  seated  in  a  fleshy  disk,  with  2 — 4-parietal 
many-seeded  placentae ;  style  1  ;  stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit 
capsular,  inclosed  within  the  withered  corol,  1-celled,  2-valv- 
ed, each  valve  bearing  1  or  2  placentas  in  the  middle.  Seeds 
indefinite,  minute  ;  embryo  very  minute,  inverted  at  the  apex 
of  a  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs  growing  parasitically  upon  the  roots  of  other  species. 
Stems  covered  with  brown  or  colourless  scales. 

1.  OROBANCHE.     Linn. 

Calyx  4— 5-cleft ;  segments  often  unequal.  Corol  ringent. 
Capsule  ovate,  acute,  1-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds  numerous. 
A  gland  beneath  the  base  of  the  germ. 

Didynamia.    Angiospermia. 

1.  O.  americana  Linn.  :  stem  very  simple,  covered  with  ovate-lance- 
olate imbricate  scales  ;  spike  terminal,  smooth  ;  corol  recurved  ;  sta- 
mens exserted. 

Hab.  Woods.  Car.  to  Geor.  July.  11. — Stem  6 — 8  inches 
high,  thick,  leafless,  scaly.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike  covered 
by  the  scales  of  the  stem,  brownish-yellow.     Parasitic. 

.  Cancer-root. 

2.  O.  uniflora  Linn.  :  stem  very  short  ;  peduncles  elongated, 
gcapiform,  1-flowered,  naked  ;  scales  smooth,  concave  ;  lobes  of  the 
corol  oblong-oval,  with  a  pubescent  coloured  margin. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May— July.  2_f  — 
Peduncles  4 — 6  inches  long,  subpubescent.  Floicers  recurved, 
bluish- white. — Parasitic. 

2.  EPIPHAGUS.    Mat. 

Polygamous.     Calyx  abbreviated,  £>toothed.     Corol  of  the  • 
sterile  flower  ringent,  compressed,  4-cleft,  lower  lip  flat ;  of 
the  fertile  flower  minute  4-toothed,  deciduous.     Capsule  trun- 
cate, oblique,  1-celled,  imperfectly  2-valved,  opening  only  on 
one  side.  Didynamia.  Jlngiospermia. 

E.  americanus  Nutt. — Orobanche  virginiana  Linn. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  U.— Stem  a  foot 
high,  branched,  leafless,  with  small  ovate  scales.   Flowers  alter- 


SCROPHULARINE.E.  261 

nate,  distinct,  small  ;  fertile  ones  deciduous  ;  sterile  ones  larg- 
er, white  striped  with  purple. — Parasitic.  Beech-drops. 

Order  LXXXIX.    SCROPHULARlNE^l.    Juss.    Lind. 

Calyx  divided,  unequal,  persistent.  Covol  usually  irregu- 
lar and  bilabiate,  or  personate,  deciduous  ;  asstivation  imbri- 
cate. Stamens  usually  4,  didynamous,  rarely  equal,  some- 
times 2.  Ovary  free,  2-celled  ;  ovules  definite  or  indefinite  ; 
style  simple  ;  stigma  2-lobcd,  rarely  entire.  Fruit  capsular, 
rarely  fleshy,  2-  rarely  1-celled,  2 — 4-valved  ;  the  valves  en- 
tire or  bifid,  with  a  dissepiment  either  double  from  the  inflexed 
margin  of  the  valves,  or  simple  parallel  and  entire,  or  opposite 
and  bipartible.  Placenta  central,  cither  adhering  to  the  dis- 
sepiment or  separating  from  it.  Seeds  indefinite  ;  embryo 
straight,  included  within  a  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs,  seldom  shrubs.     Leaves  usually  opposite. 

Div.  I.     Veuonice.e. 

1.     VERONICA.     Linn. 

Calyx  4-  rarely  5-parted.  Carol  subrotate,  4-lobed,  un- 
equal, the  lower  segments  narrower.  Stamens  2,  antherifer- 
ous,  sterile  ones  none.  Capsule  2-celled,  obcordate.  Seeds 
few.  Diandiia.  Monogynia. 

*  Spikes  or  racemes  terminal. 

1.  V.  serpyllifolia  Linn.  :    racemes  spiked,   many-floweied  ;    leaves 
ovate,  slightly  crenate  ;  capsule  broadly  obcordate. 

Hab.  Meadows,  &c.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  May  to  Aug.  21. 
—Stems  procumbent,  3 — 5  inches  long,  sometimes  creeping. 
Flowers  small,  pale  blue,  in  a  long  spike  or  raceme.  Introduced. 

Thyme-leaved  Spccdicell. 

**   Spikes  or  racemes  axillary. 

2.  V.  scutellata  Linn. :   racemes  alternate  ;  pedicels  divaricate ;  leaves 
linear,  dentate-serrate. 

Hab.  Moist  places.  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  U- — Stem  erect, 
weak,  G — 12  inches  high.  Flowers  flesh-coloured,  in  simple 
rarely  compound  racemes.     Introduced.         Scull-cap  Speedwell. 

3.  V.  anagallis  Linn. :  racemes  opposite  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate ; 
stem  erect. 

Hab.  Ditches  and  moist  places.  Can.  to  Car.  June — Aug. 
H. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  succulent.  Leaves  varying  in  width. 
Flowers  blue,  in  long  racemes.  Pedicels  shorter  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding, but  never  derlexed.  Water  Speedwell. 


262  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

4.  V.  beccahunga  Linn. :  racemes  opposite  ;  leaves  elliptical,  ob- 
tuse, subserrate,  glabrous,  on  short  petioles  ;  stem  procumbent,  root- 
ing at  base. 

Hab.  Ditches,  &c.  N.  S.  June.  If.— Whole  plant  smooth 
and  shining.  Racemes  many-flowered,  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Flowers  bright  blue.  Broolrfime. 

5.  V.  officinalis  Linn.  :  flowers  in  spikes  ;  leaves  ovate  or  obovate, 
serrate,  shortly  petiolate,  rough,  pubescent ;  stem  procumbent,  rough. 

Hab.  Pastures  and  dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  1£. — Stems 
6 — 12  inches  long,  rooting  below.  Floicers  pale  blue,  in  erect 
pedunculate  spikes.  Common  Speedwell. 

***  Floicers  axillary,  solitary. 

6.  V.  agreslis  Linn.  :  flowers  peduncled  ;  leaves  on  short  petioles, 
cordate-ovate,  deeply  serrate  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  ovate-lanceolate; 
stem  procumbent. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  0. — Stems  3 — 9  inches 
long,  hairy.  Peduncles  rather  longer  than  the  leaves  and  recurved 
when  in  fruit.    Flowers  small,  pale  blue  or  whitish.  Introduced. 

7.  V.  peregrina  Linn. :  flowers  solitary,  sessile  ;  leaves  oblong,  -ser- 
rate, rather  obtuse  ;  stem  erect. —  V.  caroliniana  Walt. —  V.  marilandica 
Mich. 

Hab.  Clay  grounds.  Arctic  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May, 
July.  %. — Whole  plant  smooth.  Stem  simple,  or  branched 
only  at  base.  Flowers  very  small,  white  or  pale  blue,  nearly  or 
quite  sessile. 

S.  V.  arvensis  Linn. :  flowers  subsessile  ;  leaves  cordate-ovate,  deep- 
ly serrate,  floral  ones  lanceolate  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  lanceolate  ; 
stem  nearly  erect. 

Hab.  Fields,  &c.  Penn.  to  Car.  April — July.  0. — Stem 
somewhat  branched  at  base.  Flowers  nearly  sessile,  very  small, 
pale  blue.     Capsule  compressed  and  ciliate.     Introduced. 

Small  Speedwell. 

9.  V.  hederifolia  Linn.  :  leaves  cordate-ovate,  mostly  5-lobed,  peri- 
led ;  segments  of  the  calyx  cordate,  ciliate,  acute  ;  stem  procum- 
bent. 

Hab.  Shady  rocks.  N.  S.  April.  ©. — Stems  weak  and  un- 
branched.  Corol  pale  blue,  smaller  than  the  calyx.  Capsule  2- 
lobed,  turgid. 

10.  V.  reniformis  Raf.  :  stem  procumbent,  hispid ;  leaves  sessile, 
reniform,  entire,  hairy,  villous  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  subsessile. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  N.  J.  Raf.  May — July.  0. — Ste?ns  few, 
terete,  procumbent.  Flowers  white  or  pale  blue. — It*  should  not 
be  confounded  with  V.  reniformis  of  Pursh.  It  may  be  only  a 
variety  of  V.  arvensis. 

2.     LEPTANDRA.     Nutt. 
Calyx  5-parted ;    segments   acuminate.       Corol  tubular- 


SCROPHULARINEiE.  263 

campanulate  ;  border  4-lobed,  a  little  ringent,  the  lower  seg- 
ment narrower.  Stamens  2,  and  with  the  pistil  at  length  much 
exserted.  Capsule  ovate,  acuminate,  2-celled,  many-seeded, 
opening  at  the  summit.  Diandria.  Monogynia. 

L.  virgmica  \>i/f.  •  leaves  whorled  in  fours  or  fives,  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, petiolate. —  Veronira  virgmica  Linn. — CaUistachya  virginica  Rqf. 
Hab.     Woods.     Can.   to  Car.     W.  to  Miss.     July,  Aug.     Z£.— 
Stem  angular,  2 — 4  feet  high,  smooth,  simple.  Leaves  in  whorls, 
slightly  pubescent  beneath.     Floiccrs  white,  in  long  dense  ter- 
minal spikes. 

Div.  II.     Erinaceje. 

3.     BUCHNERA.     Lam. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corol  with  the  tube  slender ;  border 
5-cleft  and  nearly  equal ;  lobes  cordate.      Capsule  2-celled. 

Didynamia.  Jingiospcrmia. 

B.  amcricana  Linn.;  stem  simple;  leaves  lanceolate,  subdentate, 
rough,  3-nerved  ;  spikes  with  the  flowers  remote. 

Hah.  Sandy  places.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  21.— 
Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile.  Floiccrs 
blue. — Plant  blackens  by  drying.  Blue  Hearts. 

DlV.  III.       §CROPHULARlE.E. 

4.  SCROPIIULARIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corol  subglobose  ;  limb  contracted,  short- 
ly 2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  2-lobed  (with  a  scale  or  abortive  sta- 
men frequently  within)  ;  lower  3-lobed.      Capsule  2-celled. 

Didynamia.  Angiospermia. 

1.  S.  marylandica  Linn. ;  leaves  cordate,  serrate,  acute,  rounded  at 
the  base  ;  petioles  fringed  near  the  base  ;  branches  of  the  panicle  com- 
posed of  loosely  flowered  clusters.— «S'.  nodosa  var.  amcricana  Mich. 

Hap,.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July. 
21. — Stem  3 — 4  feet  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  opposite. 
Flowers  greenish-brown,  small,  in  an  erect  compound  terminal 
panicle.     Capsule  globular.  Figicort. 

2.  S\  lanccolata  Pursh:  leaves  lanceolate,  unequally  and  incisely 
serrate,  acute  at  the  base  ;  petioles  naked  ;  fascicles  of  the  panicle  co- 
rymbed. 

H  .:-.  Wet  meadows.  N.  S.  Aug.  21-— Stem  2— 3  feet  high. 
Floiccrs  greenish-yellow. 

5.  ANTIRRHINUM.-    Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.     Corol  personate,  with  a  defiexed  promi- 


264  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

nence  or  spur  at  the  base.      Capsule  2-celled,  opening  at  the 
extremity  with  minute  valves.        Didynamia.  Angiospermia. 

1.  A.  elatine  Linn.  :  procumbent,  hairy  ;  leaves  alternate,  hastate, 
■very  entire  ;  peduncles  solitary,  axillary,  very  long. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  July.  ^.—Stem  1—2  feet 
long.     Floicers  small,  bluish-white.     Introduced.  ? 

2.  A.  linaria  Linn. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  scattered, 
crowded  ;  spikes  terminal  ;  flowers  imbricate  ;  calyx  smooth,  shorter 
than  the  spur. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  N.  S.  June— Oct.  Lf.— Stems  1—2  feet 
high.     Flowers  large,  yellow,  in  long  spikes.     Introduced.  ? 

Snap-dragon.     Toad  Flax. 

3.  A.  canadense  Linn.  :  assurgent,  smooth,  mostly  simple ;  leaves 
scattered,  erect,  linear,  obtuse  ;  flowers  in  racemes  ;  suckers  (or  sterile 
branches)  procumbent. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  June — Aug.  &. — Stem  6 — 12 
inches  high,  slender.  Floicers  very  small,  blue,  in  a  terminal 
raceme.  Flax  Snap-dragon. 

6.     MIMULUS.     Linn. 
Calyx  prismatic,  5-toothed.     Corol  ringent  ;  upper  lip  re- 
flexed  at  the  sides  ;  palate  of  the  lower  lip  prominent.   Stigma 
thick,  bifid.     Capsule  2-celled,  many-seeded.     Seeds  minute. 

Didynamia.  Angiospermia. 

1.  M.  ringens  Linn.  :  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves. sessile,  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, serrate  ;  peduncles  axillary,  opposite,  longer  than  the  flower  ; 
teeth  of  the  calyx  oblong,  acuminate. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  2L — 
Stem  2  feet  high,  angular.     Flowers  large,  pale  purple. 

Monkey  Flower. 

2.  M.  alatus  Linn.  :  erect,  smooth  ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate,  acuminate, 
eerrate  ;  peduncles  axillary,  opposite,  shorter  than  the  flower  ;  teeth 
of  the  calyx  round,  mucronate  ;  stem  square,  winged. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  H.—Stem  2  feet 
high,  winged.  Floicers  pale  blue. — Abundant  in  the  western 
part  of  New-York.  Distinguished  from  the  former  by  its  larger 
and  petiolate  leaves  and  winged  stem. 

7.     GRATIOLA.     Linn. 
Calyx  5-parted,  often  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.     Corol  tu- 
bular, sub-bilabiate  ;  upper  lip   emarginate  ;    lower  3-lobed. 
Stamens  4,  2  sterile,      Stigma  2-lobed.      Capsule  ovate,  2- 
celled,  2-valved.  Diandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  G.  aurea  Muhl. :  smooth  ;  leaves  linear-oblong,  -subclasping,  ob- 
scurely toothed ;  segments  of  the  calyx  equal  ;  sterile  filaments  mi 
nut«. — G.  officinalis  Mich. — G.  caroliniensis  Pers. 


SCROPHULARIiNE^E.  265 

Hab.  Sandy  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  U.—Stcm  1—2 
feet  long,  rooting  at  base.  Flowers  bright  yellow,  on  axillary 
peduncles.  Hedge  Hyssop. 

2.  G.  rirginica  Linn. :  stem  pubescent,  assurgent,  terete  ;  leaves 
smooth,  lanceolate,  sparingly  dentate-serrate,  attenuate  and  connate  at 
the  base  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  equal. 

Hab.  Inundated  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July, 
Aug.  11. — Stem  6  inches  high,  branched  at  base.  Peduncles 
shorter  or  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  upper  ones  opposite.  Flow- 
ers yellowish-white. 

3.  G.  megalocarpa  Ell. :  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  pubescent ;  pe- 
duncles opposite,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  linear, 
as  long  as  the  globose  capsule. — G.  acuminata  Pnrsh.  (excl.  syn.) 

Hab.  Ditches  and  pools.  Penn.  to  Car.  July — Aug.  11. — Flow- 
ers pale-yellow,  large.     Capsule  larger  than  in  any  other  species. 

8.  LINDERNIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  tubular,  ringent ;  upper  lip  short, 
emarginate;  lower  one  trifid,  unequal.  Filaments  4  ;  2  longer, 
forked  and  sterile.  Stigma  emarginate.  Capsule  2-celled, 
2-valved  ;  dissepiment  parallel  with  the  valves. 

Diandria,  Monogynia. 

1.  L.  dUateta  Muhl.:  leaves  dilated  at  the  base,  clasping,  remotely 
toothed  ;  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves. — L.  pyxidaria  Pursh. — Gra- 
tiola  ana  gall  aid  ca  Mich. 

Hab,  Inundated  banks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  #. — Stem 
H  inches  high,  4-sided,  smooth.  Flowers  pale  purple,  on  alter- 
nate and  opposite  peduncles. 

2.  L.  attenuate  Muhl. :  leaves  lanceolate  and  obovate,  narrowed  at 
the  base  ;  peduncles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  erect. — L.  pyxidaria  var 
major  Pursh. 

Hab.  Inundated  banks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  0. — Stem 
erect  or  procumbent.  Peduncles  shorter  or  nearly  as  long  as  the 
leaves. 

:?.  L.  monticola  Muhl. :  stem  slender,  dichotomous  ;  radical  leaver 
spathulate  ;  cauline  ones  linear,  small  and  remote  ;  peduncles  very 
long,  at  length  deflected. 

Hab.  White  Hills,  N.  H.  June.  U.—Stem  erect,  4— 6  inches 
high.  Radical  leaves  obscurely  toothed,  punctate  ;  cauline  ones 
%ery  few.     Flowers  pale  blue. 

9.  SCHWALBEA.     Linn. 

Calyx  ventricose,  tubular,  obliquely  4-cleft ;  upper  seg- 
ment shortest;  the  lower  large,  emarginate  or  bidentate.  Co- 
rol bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  entire,  arched ;  the  lower  3-lobed. 
Capsule  ovate-roundish,  2-celled,  2-valved  ;  dissepiment  pro- 
duced by  the  inflected  margin  of  the  valves,  and  parallel  with 

23 


266  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

the  longitudinal  receptacle.     Seeds  numerous,  imbricated,  li- 
near and  winged.  Didynamia.  Angiospermia. 

S.  americana  Linn. 
Hab.     Pine   barrens.     N.   J.    to   Car.     Aug.,   Sept.     H.—Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high,  simple,  pubescent.     Leaves  alternate,  lan- 
ceolate, entire,  somewhat  3-nerved.     Flowers  in  a  terminal  ra- 
ceme, alternate,  subsessile,  dark  purple. 

10.     CHELONE.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted,  with  3  bracts.  '  Cor -ol  ringent,  ventricose. 
Sterile  filaments  shorter  than  the  rest ;  anthers  woolly.  Cap- 
sule 2-celied,  2-valved.     Seeds  membranaceously  margined. 

Didynamia.  A ngiospermia. 

C.  glabra  Linn.  ;  smooth ;  leaves  opposite,  oblong,  lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, serrate  ;  flowers  in  dense  spikes. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  2L — Stem  2 
feet  high,  simple.  Flowers  large,  white  or  reddish,  in  a  com- 
pact terminal  spike.  Snake-head. 

11.     PENTSTEMON.      Linn. 

Calyx  5-leaved.  Corol  bilabiate,  ventricose.  The  fifth 
sterile  filament  longer  than  the  rest  and  bearded  on  the  upper 
side.  Anthers  smooth.  Capsule  ovate,  2-celled,  2-valved. 
Seeds  numerous,  angular.  Didynamia.  Angiospermia. 

1.  P.  lavigatum  Linn.  ;  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  clasping  at 
base,  slightly  toothed,  the  lower  ones  entire  ;  flowers  paniculate  ;  ste- 
rile filament  bearded  near  the  top. — Chclone  pentstemon  Walt. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  2L — Stem  1 — 2  feet 
high.     Floiocrs  in  terminal  panicles. 

2.  P.  pubescens  Linn.  :  stem  pubescent ;  leaves  serrulate,  lanceolate- 
oblong,  sessile,  claspmg  ;  flowers  in  panicles  ;  sterile  filament  beard- 
ed from  the  top  below  the  middle. 

Hab.  Hill  sides.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  IS. — 
Stem  18  inches  high.    Floiocrs  pale  purple,  in  terminal  panicles. 

12.     HERPESTIS.     Gaert. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  unequal,  bibractate  at  base.  Corol  tubular, 
sub-bilabiate.  Stamens  included,  all  fertile.  Capsule  2-cell- 
ed, 2-valved  ;  dissepiment  parallel  to  the  valves. 

Didynamia.  Angiospermia. 

H.  cuneifolia  Pursh :  very  smooth  ;  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  obscure- 
ly crenate  near  the  summit ;  peduncles  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  corol  5- 
cleft  — Monniera  cuneifolia  Mich. 

Hab.     Inundated  banks.    Penn.  to  Car.     Aug.     2L  —  Stem  pros- 


SCROPHULARINEiE.  267 

trate,  creeping.     Leaves  opposite,  thick,    somewhat  clasping. 
Flowers  very  small,  pale  purple,  solitary,  axillary. 

13.     HEMIANTHUS.     Nutt. 

Calyx  tubular,  cleft  on  the  under  side  ;  border  4-toothed. 
Corol  with  the  upper  lip  obsolete  ;  the  lower  3-parted  ;  inter- 
mediate segment  ligulate  and  truncate,  much  longer,  closely 
incurved.  Stamens  2;  filaments  bifid,  lateral  fork  antherif- 
erous.    Style  bifid.     Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded. 

Diandria.  Monogynia. 

H.  micranthemoides  Nutt. — Hcrpestis  micrantha  Pursh.   (excl.  syn.) 
Hab.     Inundated  banks.     Del.     Aug.,    Sept.      0. — Stem  creep- 
ing, dichotomous.     Leaves  opposite,  crowded,  sessile,  obscurely 
3-nerved,     Flowers  axillary,  solitary,  minute. 

14.  collinsia.   mat. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corol  bilabiate,  orifice  closed  ;  upper  lip 
bifid  ;  the  lower  trifid  ;  intermediate  segment  carinately  sac- 
cate and  closed  over  the  declinate  style  and  stamens.  Capsule 
globose,  partly  1-celled  and  imperfectly  4-valved.  Seeds  2 — 3, 
umbilicate.  Didynamia.    Jlngiospermia. 

C.  vcrna  Nutt.  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  sessile,  obtuse,  the  lower  ones 
attenuated  into  a  long  petiole  ;  peduncles  axillary,  long. 

IIyi^  Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  &.—Stem 
a  foot  high.  Leaves  opposite.  Peduncles  axillary,  1-flowered. 
Floiecrs  particoloured. — Very  abundant  about  Utica,  N.Y.  Gray. 

15.  LIMO  SELLA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corol  shortly  campanulate,  5-cleft,  equal. 
Stamens  approximating  by  pairs.  Capsule  2-valved,  sub-bilo- 
cular,  many  seeded.  Dydynamia.  Jlngiospermia. 

L.  sulmlata  Ives :  leaves  linear,  very  narrow,  scarcely  dilated  at  the 
apex  ;  scape  1 -flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

Hab.  Muddy  shores.  N.  S.  Aug.  If. — Stem  an  inch  high.  Flow- 
ers very  small,  bluish- white.  Mudwort. 

16.  GERARDIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  half  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Corol  subcampanulate, 
unequally  5-lobed  ;  segments  mostly  rounded.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  opening  at  the  summit.       Didynamia,  Jlngiospermia, 

*  Flowers  purple. 
1.   G.  purpurea  Linn.  :  stem  angular,  much  branched  ;  leaves  linear, 
long,  acute  at  each  end,  very  scabrous  ;  flowers  nearly  sessile  ;  teeth 
of  the  calyx  subulate,  short,  acute. 


268  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  ^.—Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high,  slender,  much  branched.  Flowers  large,  axilla- 
ry, purple. 

2.  G.  tcnuifolia  Linn. :  stem  much  branched,  smooth  ;  leaves  linear, 
acute  at  each  end,  smooth,  rough  ;  peduncles  axillary,  opposite,  long- 
er than  the  flowers;  teeth  of  the  calyx,  small,  acute. — G.  erectd  IVali 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July- 
Sept.  %. — Stem  6—10  inches  high,  much  branched.  Floxccri- 
small,  purple.— Differs  from  the  former  in  its  corol  and  pedun- 
cle. 

3.  G.  maritima  Raf.  :  stem  angular  ;  leaves  linear,  fleshy,  short, 
rather  obtuse ;  flowers  pedunculate ;  upper  segments  of  the  corol  cili- 

ate  ;  calyx  truncate,  with  minute  teeth G.  purpurea  var.  crassifolia 

Pursh. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  S.  July— Sept.  #.~ Stem  6— 12  inches 
high.  Flowers  middle-sized,  purple,  axillary  and  terminal. — 
Easily  distinguished  by  its  truncate  calyx. 

3.  G.  auriculata  Mich.  :  subsimple,  scabrous ;  leaves  ovate,  lanceo- 
late, auriculate  at  the  base,  very  entire,  sessile  ;  flowers  sessile,  axil- 
lary. 

Hab.  Rocky  fields.  Penn.  W.  to  111.  Aug.  ^.—Stem  8—12 
inches  high.     Floicers  middle-sized. 

**  Floicers  yelloic. 

5.  G.flava  Linn. :  pubescent;  stem  mostly  simple;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, entire  or  toothed,  the  lower  ones  notched  and  pinnatifid  ;  flowers 
axillary,  opposite,  nearly  sessile. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.— Sept. 
H.-Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.    Flowers  large,  yellow.  False  Foxglove. 

6.  G.  glauca  Eddy  :  smooth  ;  stem  panicled  ;  leaves  petioled,  pin- 
natifid, paler  beneath  ;  the  upper  ones  lanceolate  ;  flowers  axillary, 
opposite,  on  pedicels. — G.  quercifolia  Pursh. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  U. 
— Stem  3 — 5  feet  high.  Floicers  large,  yelloAV. — Resembles  the 
preceding,  but  has  the  stem  smooth  and  more  branched,  the 
leaves  petioled  and  pinnatifid,  and  the  flowers  on  pedicels. 

7.  G.  pedicularia  Linn. :  stem  much  branched,  villous  ;  leaves  ob- 
long, smoothish,  pinnatifid  ;  segments  uncinate,  serrate  ;  flowers  axil- 
lary, opposite,  on  pedicels  ;  segments  of  the  calyx  leafy,  notched  and 
toothed. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  11.— Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  much  branched.  Flowers  large,  villous  on  the  outside. — 
Liable  to  much  variation. 


Div.  IV.     Rhtnanthe^:. 
17.     RHINANTHUS.     Linn. 
Calyx  inflated,  4-toothed.     Corol  ringent ;  upper  lip  com- 


SCROPHULARINE^E.  269 

pressed  ;  lower  one  flat,  3-lobed.      Capsule  2-celled,  obtuse, 
compressed.  Didynamia.    Jingiospermia. 

R.  crista  galli  Linn.  :  upper  lip  of  the  corol  arched  ;  calyx  smooth  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  serrate. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Arc.  Amer.  Can.  N.  Y.  and  Mass.  June, 
July.  Q. — Stem  a  foot  high,  branching.  Leaves  opposite,  cor- 
date, lanceolate.  Floiccrs  axillary,  but  somewhat  spiked,  yel- 
low.    Calyx  becoming  very  large  after  flowering.   Yclloio  Rattle. 

18.     PEDICULARIS.     Linn. 

Calyx  ventricose,  half  5-cleft.  Corol  with  the  upper  lip 
emarginate  and  compressed.  Capsule  2-celled,  mucronate, 
oblique.     Seeds  angular,  coated. 

Didynamia.  Angiospcrmia. 

1 .  P.  pallida  Pursh  :  stem  smooth,  branched,  with  pubescent  lines  ; 
leaves  subopposite,  lanceolate,  pinnatifid,  toothed  and  crenate,.  sca- 
brous on  the  margin  ;  helmet  of  the  corol  truncated  at  the  apex ;  calyx 
bifid  with  round  segments — and  P.  lanccolata  Mich. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  Sept.  2_f  • 
— Stem  1 — 2  feet  high.  Floiccrs  large,  straw  yellow.  Capsule 
short  and  broad-ovate. 

2.  P.  canadensis  Linn. :  stem  simple  ;  leaves  pinnatifid,  notched  and 
toothed  ;  spike  leafy  at  the  base,  hairy  ;  helmet  of  the  corol  with  2 
setaceous  teeth  ;  calyx  obliquely  truncate. 

IIab.  Meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May— July.  U- 
— Stem  8 — 10  inches  high.  Floiccrs  yellow  and  purple,  in  a 
short  terminal  spike.  Lousc-icort. 

3.  P.  gladiaUi  Mich.  :  stem  simple  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  pinnatifid. 
toothed  :  spikes  leafy,  hairy,  with  the  flowers  alternate  ;  capsule  ter- 
minating in  a  long  flat  point. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  May,  June.  2X. — Stem 
a  foot  high.     Floiccrs  yellow  and  purple. 

19.     EUPHRASIA.     Lam. 

Calyx  tubular,  4-cleft.  Corol  bilabiate ;  upper  lip  bifid  ; 
lower  one  of  3  notched  lobes.  Anthers  with  their  lobes  mu- 
cronate at  base.  Capsule  ovate-oblong,  2-celled.  Seeds  stri- 
ate. Didynamia.  Angiospermia. 

E.  officinalis  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  deeply  toothed,  furrowed  ;  flowers 
axillary  towards  the  summit  ;  calyx  4-toothed,  hairy  ;  segments  of  the 
lower  lip  of  the  corol  emarginate. 

Hab.  Can.  Mich.  Arctic  Amer.  Rich.  July — Sept.  &. — 
Flowers  white,  with  purple  veins.  Eye-bright. 

23* 


270  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

20.     BARTSIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  4-cleft,  mostly  coloured.  Corol  ringent,  with  a  con- 
tracted orifice ;  upper  lip  concave,  longest,  entire ;  lower 
one  in  3  equal  reflexed  lobes.  Capsule  ovate,  compressed, 
2- celled,  many-seeded.     Seeds  angular. 

Didynamia.  Angiospermia* 

B.  pallida  Mick.  :  leaves  alternate,  linear,  undivided,  3-nerved  ;  up- 
per ones  lanceolate  ;  floral  ones  sulcate,  toothed  at  the  end  ;  teeth  of 
the  calyx  entire,  acute. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  H.  Can.  and  Labrador.  Aug.  If. — Stem 
12  inches  high.  Floicers  yellow,  pubescent ;  floral  ones  purple. 
— Sprengel  has  removed  this  species  to  the  genus  Castelleja  of 
Mutis. 

21.     EUCHROMA.     Nutt. 

Calyx  ventricose,  2 — 4-cleft.  Corol  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip 
very  long  and  linear,  embracing  the  style  and  stamens  ;  lower 
lip  short  and  trifid,  without  glands.  Anthers  linear,  with  un- 
equal lobes,  all  cohering  in  the  form  of  an  oblong  disk.  Cap- 
side  compressed,  ovate,  oblique,  2-celled,  2-valved.  Seeds 
numerous,  small,  surrounded  by  a  membranaceous  inflated 
vesicle.  Didynamia.  Angiospermia. 

E.  coccinea  Nutt. :  leaves  and  coloured  bracts  pinnatifidly  3-cleft  ; 
segments  divaricate ;  calyx  2-cleft,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corol ;  seg- 
ments retuse  and  emarginate. — Bartsia  coccinea  Linn. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June. 
21.—  Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.     Bracts  scarlet.     Corol  yellow. 

JPaintcd-cup> 

22.     MELAMPYRUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  4-cleft.  Upper  lip  of  the  corol  compressed,  margin 
folded  back  ;  lower  lip  grooved,  trifid,  subequal.  Capsule  2- 
celled,  oblique,  opening  on  one  side  ;  cells  2-seeded.  Seeds 
cartilaginous,  cylindric-oblong.      Didynamia.  Angiospermia. 

M.  americanum  Mich. :  lower  leaves  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate  ; 
floral  ones  lanceolate,  toothed  at  the  base  ;  flowers  axillary,  distinct. 
— M.  lineare  Lam.  and  M.  latifolium  Muhl. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  %.—Stem  8—12 
inches  high,  branched  at  the  upper  part.  Flowers  yellow. — It 
varies  considerably  in  the  form  of  the  leaves.  Cow  Wheat. 

Order  XC.     LABIATE.     Juss.     hind. 

Calyx  tubular,  regular  or  bilabiate,  persistent.  Corol  bi- 
labiate ;  upper  lip  entire  or  bifid,  the  lower  3-cleft ;  the  upper 


LABIATiE.  271 

in  aestivation  overlapping  the  lower.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
(2  being  sometimes  abortive, )  inserted  on  the  corol,  alternate 
with  the  lobes  of  the  lower  lip  ;  anthers  2-celled,  sometimes 
apparently  I  -celled,  either  by  the  obliteration  of  the  septum  or 
by  the  abortion  of  a  cell.  Ovary%  free,  deeply  4-lobed  ;  ovules 
4;  style  1,  proceeding  from  the  base  of  the  lobes;  stigma 
bifid,   usually  acute,   sometimes  unequal  or  dilated.     Fruit 

1 4  small  nuts,  enclosed  within  the  persistent  calyx.    Seeds 

erect,  with  little  or  no  albumen  ;  embryo  erect ;  cotyledons 
flat. 

Herbs  or  undcrshrubs  with  square  stems  and  opposite 
branches.     Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules. 

Div.  I.     Menthoide^i. 

1.  LYCOPUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-cleft,  mouth  naked.  Corol  tubular,  near- 
ly equal,  4-lobed  ;  upper  segments  broader  and  notched. 
Sta7Jicns  2,  distant,  simple.  Biandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  L.  curopxus  Linn. :  leaves  narrow,  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  calyx  5- 
cleft  with  the  segments  acuminate,  longer  than  the  seed. — L.  amcrica- 
nus  Mvhl. — L.  curopaus  var.  angust'folius  Torr. 

Hab.  Moist  places.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  11. —  Stem  erect, 
1 — 2  feet  high,  square.  Leaves  opposite,  upper  ones  slightly, 
lower  ones  deeply  toothed.  Floiccrs  in  dense  whorls,  white. 
Calyx  with  spines,  longer  than  the  seed,  Water  Horchound. 

2.  L.  virginicus  Linn. :  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  serrate,  tapering  and 
entire  at  the  base  ;  calyx  shorter  than  the  seed,  spineless. 

Hab.  Wet  places.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Rocky  Mountains. 
June — Aug.  11. — Stem  pubescent.  Leaves  opposite,  sessile, 
variously  toothed.  Floicers  in  small  whorls.  Calyx  unarmed 
— Formerly  in  high  reputation  as  a  remedy  in  haemoptysis. 

Bugle  Weal. 

3.  L.  unijlorus  Mich.  :  plant  small  ;  root  tuberous  ;  stem  simple  : 
leaves  oval,  obtuse,  obsoletely  toothed  ;  axils  1-flowered. 

Hab.  Penn.  Muhl.  Aug.  11. — Root  tuberous ;  suckers  pro- 
cumbent, leafy.  Stem  about  3  inches  high,  rather  smooth. 
lucaves  on  petioles,  with  few  teeth.  Floiccrs  axillary,  solitary. 
Mich. — An  obscure  species,  perhaps  only  a  variety  of  the  form- 
er. 

2.  ISANTHUS..   Mich. 

Calyx  subcampanulate.  Carol  5-parted ;  tube  straight 
and  narrow  ;  segments  of  the  border  ovate  and  equal.  Sta- 
mens subequal.     Stigma  linear,  recurved. 

Didynamia.  Gymnospermia. 


272  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

/.  cot) ulcus  Mich. 
Hab.     River  banks.     N.  Y.  to  Virg.     W.  to  Miss.     July,  Aug. 
0. — Plant  viscidly  pubescent,  a  foot  high.     Leaves  oval-lanceo- 
late, acute  at  both  ends,  3-nerved.     Flowers  \  ale  blue,  1—2  on 
axillary  peduncles. 

3.     MENTHA.     Linn. 

Corol  nearly  regular,  5-lobed  ;  the  broadest  lobe  notched. 
Stamens  erect,  distant.  Didynamia.  Gymnospcrmia. 

*  Floieers  in  a  spike. 

1.  M.  piperita  Linn.:  spikes  obtuse,  interrupted  below  ;  leaves  ovate, 
subgiabrous,  petiolate  ;  calyx  very  smooth  at  the  base. 

Hab.  Marshy  grounds  near  Salina,  N.  Y.  ;  apparently  native. 
July.  It. — Stem  12 — 15  inches  high,  erect,  often  purplish. 
Leaves  varying  in  form  from  cordate-ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate. 
Floieers  purple.  Peppermint. 

2.  M.  viridis  Walt.  :  spikes  interrupted  ;  leaves  subsessile,  lanceolate- 
ovate,  smooth  ;  bracts  setaceous,  and  with  the  teeth  of  the  calyx  some- 
what hairy  ;  stamens  not  exserted. — M.  tenuis  Mich. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  21. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Floieers  pale  purple,  in  a  long  spike  con- 
sisting of  remote  whorls.  Spearmint. 

**  Floieers  whorlcd. 

3.  M.  canadense  Linn. :  flowers  whorled  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate, 
petioled,  hairy  ;  stamens  as  long  as  the  corol. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept. 
21. — Stem  a  foot  high.     Flowers  in  axillary  whorls,  pale  purple. 

4.  M.  borcalis  Mich. :  ascending,  pubescent ;  leaves  petioled,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  at  both  ends  ;  flowers  in  whorls  ;  stamens  exsert. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  21. — Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  white  or  pale  purple.  Stamens  twice 
as  long  as  the  corol. — Perhaps  not  distinct  from  the  preceding. 

Div.  II.     Satureine.e. 

4.     PYCNANTHEMUM.     Mich. 

Heads  of  flowers  surrounded  by  an  involucre  of  many  bracts. 
Calyx  tubular,  striate,  5-toothed.  Corol  with  the  upper  lip 
nearly  entire,  the  lower  one  trifid  ;  middle  segment  longer. 
Stamens  distant ;  cells  of  the  anthers  parallel. 

Didynamia.  Gymnospermia. 

*  Stamens  exserted. 

1.  P.  incanum  Mich.  :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  shortly  petiolate,  acute, 
subserrate,  hoary-tomentose  ;  heads  of  flowers  pedunculate,  compound, 
lateral  and  terminal ;  bracts  setaceous. — Clinopodium  incanum  Linn. 


LABIATE.  273 

Hab.  Low  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  U.±Stem  2—V, 
feet  high,  whitish.  Flowers  pale  red,  in  dense  lateral  and  termi- 
nal heads  or  whorls. — Whole  plant  covered  with  white  soft 
down.  Wild  Basil. 

2.  P.  aristatum  Mich. :  leaves  lanceolate-ovate,  subserrate.  on  very 
short  petioles,  whitish  ;  heads  sessile;  bracts  awned. — Nepeta  virginiea 
Lam. 

Hab.  Woods.  Md.  to  Car.  W.  to  Term.  July,  Aug.  U-— Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high.  Upper  haves  hoary.  Flowers  very  small,  white, 
in  one  or  two  sessile  whorls  and  a  terminal  head.  Brads  and 
calyx  terminated  by  long  awns. 

3.  P.  linifolium  Pursk :  stem  straight,  much  branched,  somewhat 
scabrous  ;  leaves  linear,  3-nerved,  very  entire,  smooth  ;  heads  termi- 
nal, in  a  fasciculate  corymb — Brachystcmum  virginicum  Mich. — B.  Knt- 

folium  W'dld. 

Hab.  '  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  U-— 
§  //  1*2 — 18  inches  high,  with  trichotomousfastigiate  branches. 
Flowers  white,  minute,  spotted  internally.  Virginian  7 

**   Stamens  included. 

4.  P.  Uinccohiiinn  Piirsh  :  stem  straight,  branched,  somewhat  rough, 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  subsessile,  very  entire,  veined  ;  heads  termi- 
nal, sessile,  in  fascicled  corymbs. — P.  virginicum. — Brachystcmum  Ian- 
ccolatum  Wit Id. 

Hab.     Hills.     Penn.  to  Car.     July,  Aug.     2f. — Stem,  2 feet  high. 
oets  minute,  white,  in  heads  which  form  irregular  corymbs. 

5.  P.  viuticum  Pcrs. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  subdentate,  smoothish: 
heads  terminal;  bracts  lanceolate,  somewhat  acute. — Brachystcmum 
muticum  Mich. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Penn.  to  Geor.  July.  Aug.  2£. — Stem  2 
feet  high.  Leaves  large.  FUnoers  whitish,  small,  in  loosely 
flowered  heads. 

6.  P.  rcrticillatum  Pcrs. :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  sometimes  tooth- 
ed :  whorls  sessile,  compact ;  bracts  acuminate. — Brachystcmum  verti- 
cil In  tutu  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  U. — Stem  2  feet 
high,  very  pubescent  when  young.     Flowers  small,  white. 

5.     THYMUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  subcampanulate,  orifice  closed  with  villous  hairs. 
Corol  shortly  2-lipped  ;  upper  one  notched  ;  the  lower  one  the 
largest,  submarginate.  Didynamia.  Gymnospermia. 

T.  scrpyllum  Linn.:  stems  branched,  decumbent  ;  leaves  flat,  ovate. 

obtuse,  entire,  petioled,  more  or  less  ciliate  at  base  ;  flowers  capitate. 

Hab.     Fields.     Penn.;  naturalized.  Nutt.     July,  Aug.   If. —  Stem 

spreading,  procumbent,  branched.     Leaves  more   or  less  hairy. 

Flowers  purple  or  white,  in  heads,  on  short  hairy  pedicels. 

Wild  Thyme. 


274  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

C.     ORIGANUM.     Linn. 

Flowers  collected  into  a  4-sided  cone  or  dense  spike.  Up- 
per lip  of  the  corol  erect,  flat,  emarginate  ;  lower  3-parted. 

Didynamia.  Gymnospermia. 

0.  vulgare  Linn. :  spikes  roundish,  panicled,  clustered,  smooth ) 
bracts  ovate,  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  leaves  ovate,  entire. 

Hab.  Rocky  fields.  N.  S.  July— Sept.  !£.— Stems  8—12 
inches  high,  hairy.  Floiccrs  purplish,  in  numerous  small  spikes, 
which  are  crowded  together  so  as  to  form  a  terminal  head. 

Marjoram. 

7.  HYSSOPUS.     Linn. 

Lower  lip  of  the  corol  3-parted  ;  middle  lobe  subcrenate. 
Stamens  straight  and  distant.       Didynamia.  Gymnospermia. 

1.  H.  nepetoidcs  Linn.  ;  spike  formed  of  whorls,  cylindrical  ;  leaves 
opposite,  subcordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  toothed;  styles  shorter  than 
the  corol. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  U.—Stem 
3—6  feet  high,  pubescent.  Flowers  small,  yellowish- white  or 
pale  purple.     Calyx  smooth,  segments  linear.    Bracts  dilated. 

2.  H.  scrophiilarifolius  Linn. :  spike  formed  of  whorls,  cylindrical  ; 
leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  obtusely  toothed ;  styles  longer  than 
the  corol. 

Hab..  Wet  woods.  Penn.  to  Virg.  W.  to  111.  July,  Aug.  U- 
— Stem  2  feet  high.  Flowers  purple.  Calyx  smooth,  segments 
subovate.  Bracts  ovate. — Closely  resembles  the  former,  but 
most  probably  distinct. 

Div.  III.     Ajugoide^:. 

8.  TEUCRIUM.     Linn. 

Upper  lip  of  the  corol  short,  2-parted ;  the  lower  one  3- 
lobed,  the  middle  lobe  the  largest.  Stamens  projecting  through 
the  cleft  in  the  upper  lip.  Didynamia.   Gymnospermia. 

1.  T.  canadense  Linn.:  hoary-pubescent;  leaves  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  all  petiolate  ;  spike  whorled,  crowded,  long  ;  bracts  longer 
than  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  1L 
Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  erect.  Flowers  purple,  in  a  terminal 
whorled  spike.  Wild  Germander. 

2.  T.  virginicum  Linn. :  pubescent  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong,  serrate ; 
the  upper  ones  subsessile  ;  spikes  whorled,  crowded  ;  bracts  as  long  as 
the  calyx. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  1L — 
Resembles  the  preceding  and  is  not  perhaps  specifically  distinct. 


LABIAT.E.  275 

9.    TRICHOSTEMA.    Linn, 

Calyx  resupinate.  Upper  lip  of  the  corol  falcate.  Stamens 
very  long  and  incurved.  Didynamia.  Gymnospermia. 

1.  T.  dichotoma  Linn.  :  leaves  rhombic-lanceolate,  pubescent ;  sta- 
mens very  long. 

Hab.  Dry  bills.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June— Aug.  0. 
Stem  6 — 10  inches  high.    Floicers  blue,  in  dichotomous  panicles. 

Blue  Curls. 

2.  T.  linearis  Walt.  :  stem  viscidly  pubescent ;  leaves  linear-smooth, 
sessile,  acute  at  each  end  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  awned  ;  stamens  very 
long. —  T.  dichotoma  var.  linearis  Pursh. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June— Sept.  ©.—Resem- 
bles the  former  in  habit,  but  is  smaller.  It  is  considered  distinct 
by  Nultall  and  Elliott.' 

10.     COLLINSONIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  bilabiate,  3-toothed  above,  bifid  below.  Corol  much 
longer  than  the  calyx,  somewhat  funnel-form,  unequally  5- 
lobed  ;  lower  lobe  longer  and  fimbriate.     Stamens  2 — 4. 

Diandria.  Monogynia. 

C.  canadensis  Linn.  :  leaves  broad-cordate-ovate,  glabrous  ;  teeth 
of  the  calyx  short,  subulate  ;   panicle  terminal,  compound. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July—Sept.  2Lf. — Stem  2— 3  feet 
high,  smooth.  4-sided.  Leaves  opposite,  large,  acuminate,  tooth- 
ed.    Floicers  large,  yellow.  Horse  Weed. 

DlV.    IV.       MONARPEJE. 

11.     MONARDA.    Linn. 

Calyx  5-toothed,  cylindric,  striate.  Corol  ringent,  with  a 
long  cylindric  tube  ;  upper  lip  linear,  nearly  straight  and  en- 
tire, involving  the  filaments  ;  lower  lip  reiiexed,  broader,  3- 
lobed,  the  middle  lobe  longer.  Diandria.  Mono gy ma. 

*   Calyx  zoith  o  equal  teeth.    Floicers  in  heads.     Monwrda.  Raf. 
1.  M.  didyma  Linn.:  nearly  smooth;  stem  acute-angled,   smooth; 
leaves  broad-ovate   or  oblong,  sometimes  cordate,  acuminate,  mucro- 
nate,  serrate,  rugose,  on  hairy  petioles,  midrib  and  veins  hairy  beneath; 
heads  of  flowers  large,    often  proliferous ;  bracts  oblong,  acuminate, 
nearly  entire,  coloured  ;  calyx  somewhat  pubescent ;  corol  large,  pu- 
bescent.— M.  purpurea  Lam. — M.  coccinca  Mich. — M.  kalmiana  Pursh. 
Hab.     Swamps.      Can.    to  Car.     July,    Aug.      If. — Stem  2 — 3 
feet  high,  simple  or  branched  at  the  top.     Leaves  varying  from 
lanceolate  to  broad-ovate,  sometimes  attenuate  at  base,  some- 
times subcordate.     Flowers  scarlet  or  crimson,  in  large  heads 
which  are  sometimes  proliferous. — This  species,  like  most  of 


276  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

the  rest,  is  very  variable.  I  have  specimens  from  Whitesborough, 
N.  Y.,  in  which  the  leaves  as  are  much  attenuated  at  base  as  in 
Pursh's  figure  of  M.  keUmiana  :  but  this  is  not  a  constant  cha- 
racter, nor  do  I  know  of  any  by  which  that  species  can  be  dis- 
tinguished. Osiccgo  Tea. 

2,  M.  fistulosa  Linn. :  stem  obtuse-angled,  nearly  smooth,  hollow  ; 

leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  coarsely  serrate,  thin  and  nearly 

smooth,  on  slightly  pubescent  petioles  ;    heads  simple  or  proliferous  ; 

outer  bracts  oblong,   smooth  ;    calyx  long,    curved,    bearded ;    corol 

rough,  pale. 

IIab.  Rocky  banks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  21.  — Stem  2 
feet  high,  always  simple.  Leaves  yellowish- green,  petioled,  3—4 
inches  long  and  1  broad,  membranaceous,  nearly  smooth,  coarse- 
ly toothed.  Floicers  pale  yellow,  in  heads  which  are  smaller 
than  in  the  preceding  ;  corol  pubescent. — When  cultivated  the 
leaves  are  often  smaller,  subcordate,  ovate,  and  more  hairy  than 
in  the  native  state.     Abundant  near  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

3.  m.  allophylla  Mich.  :  stem  obtuse-angled,  branched  and  hairy 
above  ;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  remotely  toothed,  smooth  above, 
somewhat  hairy  beneath  ;  heads  simple  ;  outer  bracts  ovate,  acute, 
coloured  :  calyx  short,  densely  bearded  at  the  throat. — M.  longifolia 
Lam. — M.  mollis  Pursh  not  of  Linn. — M.  oblongata  Ait.    Tori: 

Rab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  U.—Stcm  3—4 
feet  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  often  rounded  at  base,  and 
with  a  few  large  teeth,  varying  in  the  degree  of  pubescence. 
Flowers  in  heads,  about  the  size  of  the  preceding,  pale  blue. — 
The  habit  is  sufficiently  characteristic  of  this  species. 

4.  M.  clinopodia  Linn.  :  stem  obtuse-angled,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  remotely  serrate,  tapering  at  base,  nearly  smooth  ;  heads 
simple  ;  bracts  broad-ovate,  acute,  entire,  nearly  smooth ;  calyx  short. 
ciliate  ;  corol  pubescent,  slender. — M.  glabra  Linn.  ? 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Pursh.  July — Sept.  If. — Stem 
3  feet  high,  obtuse-angled  and  nearly  smooth.  Leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  tapering  at  base  into  a  petiole,  with  a  few  serratures 
near  the  middle,  punctate  as  in  the  preceding,  whitish  beneath, 
(closely  resembling  those  of  Clinopodium  incanum,)  though  ap- 
parently quite  smooth.  Flowers  pale  purple. — I  am  not  sure 
that  this  is  the  plant  described  by  Pursh  under  the  above  name, 
but  I  believe  it  to  be  the  Linncean  one.  It  it  cultivated  at  Al- 
bany, and  in  many  respects  much  resembles  the  preceding,  with 
which  it  may  be  hereafter  united. 

**   Calyx  icith  5  unequaKecOi.     Flowers  in  whorls,     Cheilyctis.     Rof. 

5.  M.  punctata  Linn.  :  nearly  smooth  ;  stem  obtuse-angled,  branch- 
ed, white-downy ;  leaves  lanceolate-oblong,  remotely  and  obscurely 
serrate,  smooth  ;  flowers  whorled ;  bracts  lanceolate,  coloured,  longer 
than  the  whorl. — M.  lutea  Mich. 

Hae.  Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Sept.  U  and 
«J. — Stem  2—3  feet  high,  branched.  Flowers  in  whorls;  calyx 
long  ;  corol  yellow',  dotted  with  brown.     Bracts  large,  red  and 


LABIATE.  277 

yellow. — It  contains  an  assential  oil,  which  is  sometimes  em- 
ployed medicinally.  See  Med.  Recorder,  ii.  294.  Raf.  Med.  Bot. 
ii.  38.  Horse  Mint. 

***   Calyx  bilabiate ;  vppcr  lip  shorter  bidentafe  ;  loiccr  tridentate.     Floic- 
ers  in  iciiorls.     Blephilia.     Raf. 

6.  M.  hirsi/ta  Pursh :  whole  plant  hairy  ;  leaves  on  long  petiules. 
ovate,  acuminate  serrate,  hirsute*  flowers  small,  in  whorls  ;  bracts 
short,  oblong,  acuminate  ;  calyx  2-lipped  ;  upper  lip  of  two  short 
acuminate  teeth  ;  lower  of  three  almost  bristleform  awns. — M.  ciUata 
Mich. 

PIab.  Low  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  July. 
U. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  branched.  Whorls  4  or  5  on  the  up- 
per part  of  each  branch.  Corol  small,  pale  blue,  dotted  with 
purple. 

12.     CUNILA.     Linn. 

Calyx,  cylindrical,  10-striate,  5-toothed.  Corol  ringent, 
with  the  upper  lip  erect,  flat  and  ernarginate.  Stamens  l- 
sterile  ;  the  2  fertile  ones  with  the  style  exserted  nearly  twice 
the  length  of  the  corol.     Stigma  unequally  bifid. 

Diandria.   Monogynia. 

1.  C.  mariana  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  serrate  ;  corymb  axillary  and 
terminal,  dichotomous. — Ziziphora  mariana  R.  <$•  S. 

Hab.  On  rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Arkansa.  July,  Aug. 
Lf.  —  Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  angled,  much  branched,  purple. 
Leaves  opposite,  sessile,  nearly  cordate.     Floiccrs  pale  red. 

Dittany. 

2.  C.  glabella  Mich.  :  smooth  ;  stem  surculose  ;  radicle  leaves  near- 
ly oval  ;  stem  leaves  oblong-linear,  all  entire  ;  flowers  axillary,  mostly 
solitary,  on  long  peduncles. — Hcdeoma  glabra  Pers. — Ziziphora  glabella 
R.  $  S. 

Hab.  Limestone  rocks.  Niagara  Falls.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  IS. 
— Stem  8 — 10  inches  high,  branched  below.  Corol  violet,  much 
longer  than  the  calyx. — Dr.  Houghton  has  found  this  species  at 
the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

Div.  V.     Nepeteje. 

13.     GALEOPSIS.  Linn. 

Calyx,  5-cleft,  awned.  Upper  lip  of  the  corol  vaulted, 
subcrenate  ;  lower  lip  with  3  unequal  lobes,  having  2  teeth 
on  its  upper  side.  Didynamia.  Gymnosycrmia. 

1.  G.  ladanum  Linn.  :  stem  hairy,  not  swollen  below  the  joints  ; 
leaves  on  short  petioles,  lanceolate,  more  or  less  serrate,  hairy;  flowers 
whorled  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corol  slightly  crenate. 

Hab.     Waste  grounds.     N.  S.     July.    t&.—Stcm  a  foot  high, 
24 


278  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

branched.    Floiccrs  variegated  with  red  and  white.    Calyx  hairy. 
Smaller  than  the  next.     Introduced.  Red  Hemp  Nettle. 

2.  G.  tetrahit  Linn. :  stem  hispid,  swollen  between  the  joints  ;  leaves 
ovate,  hispid,  serrate  ;  flowers  numerous,  in  whorls  ;  corol  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Waste  places.  N.  S.  W.  to  Mich.  July.  ©.—Stein 
1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  rose-coloured,  with  a  white  tube  ;  lower 
lip  dotted  with  purple.  Calyx  hispid,  the  teeth  pungent.  In- 
troduced. Hemp  Nettle- 

14.     LEONURUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-angled,  5-toothed.  Upper  lip  of  the  corol  very 
hairy  above,  entire  ;  lower  one  reflexed,  3-parted.  A?ithcrs 
sprinkled  with  shining  dots.  Didynamia.   Gymnospennia. 

L.  cardiaca  Linn.  :  leaves  petiolate,  pubescent,  paler  beneath  ;  cau- 

line  ones  lanceolate,  3-lobed  ;  upper  ones  entire  ;  flowers  in  numerous 

whorls  ;  corol  downy  on  the  upper  lip  ;  calyx  stiff,  becoming  spiny. 

Hab.     Waste   grounds.     Can.   to   Car.     July,   Aug.     L£. — Stem 

2 — 3  feet  high,  branched,  villous.     Floiccrs  in  crowded  whorls. 

white  with  a  reddish  tinge.     Introduced.  Mothcncort. 

15.     LAMIUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-toothed  ;  the  teeth  acuminate,  spreading.  Upper 
lip  of  the  corol  vaulted,  entire  ;  lower  one  2-lobed,  toothed 
on  each  side  at  the  base.     Anthers  hairy. 

Didynamia.  Gymnospermia. 

L.  amplexicaule  Linn.  :  floral  leaves  broadly  cordate,  sessile,  clasp- 
ing, crenate  or  cut ;  lower  ones  petiolate. 

Hab.  Fields  and  road  sides.  N.  S.  May— Nov.  %.  —  Stem 
6—8  inches  high.  Floiccrs  with  the  tube  slender,  rose  coloured. 
Introduced.  ?  Dead  Nettle. 

16.     DRACOCEPHALUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  subequal,  5-cleft.  Orifice  of  the  corol  inflated  ;  up- 
per lip  concave.     Stamens  unconnected. 

Didynamia,  Gymnospermia. 

1.  D.  virginianum  Linn.  :  spikes  long,  with  the  flowers  crowded  ; 
bracts  small,  subulate  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  short,  nearly  equal  ;  leaves 
sessile,  opposite,  linear-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate. 

Hab.  Mountain  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Michigan. 
June.  11. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  smooth  except  at  the  summit. 
Floiccrs  large,  bright  purple," generally  opposite,  in  terminal 
spikes. — Dr.  Houghton  has  found  this  species  as  far  west  as 
Red  Cedar  River. 

2.  D.  dcnticulatum  Linn.  :   spikes  long,    with  the  flowers  distant  ; 


LABIATE.  279 

bracts  small,  subulate  ;  teeth  of  the  calyx  nearly  equal  ;  leaves  sessile, 
ovate-lanceolate,  slightly  toothed. — Prasium  purpurcum  Walt. 

Hab.     Mountains.     Penn.  to  Car.     June.     !(.. — Stew  a  foot  high, 

smooth.     Flowers  purple,  variegated  on  the  lower  lip. — Smaller 

than  the  preceding . 

17.     STACHYS.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  awned.  Upper  lip  of  the  corol  vaulted  ; 
lower  one3-lobed,  with  the  2  lateral  lobes  reflexed.  Stamens 
when  old  bent  downwards.  Didynamia.  Gymnospcrmia. 

1.  SL  hyssoplfolia  Mich. :  scarcely  pubescent,  slender,  erect ;  leaves 
sessile,  linear-lanceolate,  remotely  subdentate  ;  whorls  about  4-flower- 
ed. — S.paUistris  Walt. 

Hab.  Meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  U—Stcm  6—12  inches 
high.  Leaves  often  linear,  very  finely  serrulate.  Floiccrs  sessile. 
Calyx  with  the  teeth  almost  spinous.  Corol  a  little  hairy,  pur- 
ple.— This  plant  has  been  found  a  few  miles  east  of  this  city. 

2.  S.  aspcra  Mich.  :  stem  erect,  angles  hairy  backwards  ;  leaves 
subpetiolate,  lanceolate,  acutely  serrate,  very  smooth  ;  whorls  about 
6-flowered  ;  calyx  teeth  divaricate,  spiny. — Sf.  arvensis  Walt. 

Hab.  Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  !£.— Stem  a 
foot  high.  Flowers  in  whorls,  forming  a  terminal  leafy  spike, 
purple.  Hedge  Nettle. 

3.  <S.  sylvatira  Nutt. :  leaves  shortly  petiolate,  cordate,  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, serrate,  hairy  ;  floral  ones  nearly  linear  ;  whorls  of  6  flowers  ; 
calyx  hairy,  with  5  acute  teeth. — S.  hispida  Pursh. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  2/.— Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high,  erect,  hairy.  Floiccrs  purple  ;  lower  lip  of  the 
corol  whitish  with  dark  spots. — Fetid. 

13.     NEPETA.     Linn. 

Calyx  arid,  straight.  Upper  lip  of  the  corol  notched  ;  low- 
er one  3-lobed  ;  the  middle  lobe  the  largest  and  crenate  ;  late- 
ral ones  very  short,  reflexed.        Didynamia.    Gymnospermia. 

N.  cataria  ham.:  flowers  spiked;  whorls  slightly  pedunculate; 
leaves  petioled,  cordate,  dentate-serrate,  pale  underneath,  covered  with 
soft  down  ;  flowers  dotted. 

Hab.  Fields  and  roads  sides.  N.  S.  June— Sept.  H.—Stcm 
2— 3  feet  high,  and  with  the  leaves  downy  and  whitish.  Floiccrs 
white,  with  a  reddish  tinge.     Introduced.  Cat-mint. 

19.     GLECHOMA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  subequal.  Upper  lip  of  the  corol  bifid  ;  the 
lower  one  trifid,  with  the  intermediate  lobe  emarginate.  An- 
thers approaching  each  other  in  pairs  and  forming  a  cross. 

Didynamia.  Gymnospermia. 


280  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

G.  hedcracea  Linn. :  leaves  reniform,  crenate.  hairy,  veined. 
Hab.     Road  sides.     N.  S.   W.  to  Ohio.    May,  June.     U.—Stem 
a  foot  high,  decumbent.     Flowers  large,  blue,  in  threes,  axillary. 

Grovnd  Ivy- 

20.     MARRUBIUM.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  10  ribs  and  5  or  10  spreading  teeth.  Upper 
lip  of  the  corol  bifid,  linear,  straight ;  lower  one  trifid  ;  middle 
segment  the  largest,  emarginate. 

Didynamia,  Gymnospermia . 

31.  vulgare  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  woolly  ;  leaves  roundish- ovate,  tooth- 
ed, rugose,  very  woolly  beneath ;  whorls  villous,  many-flowered  :  calyx 
with  10  setaceous  uncinate  teeth. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  If. 
— Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.  Floivers  small,  white,  in  crowded 
whorls.     Smell  aromatic  ;  flavour  bitter.     Medicinal. 

White  Horchound. 

21.  BALLOTA.     Linn. 

Calyx  with  10  ribs  and  5  teeth.  Upper  lip  of  the  corol 
concave,  notched ;  lower  one  trifid  ;  middle  lobe  the  largest, 
emarginate,  Didynamia.  Gymnospermia. 

B.  nigra  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate,  undivided,  serrate  ;  calyx  dilated 
above,  subtruncate,  with  spreading  teeth. 

Hab.  Mass.  Big.  July.  1£.  —  Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  a 
little  cordate.     Flowers  purple  or  white,  in  axillary  whorls. 

Black  Horchound. 

22.  MELISSA.     Linn. 

Calyx  arid,  above  nearly  flat ;  upper  lip  subfastigiate.  Up- 
per lip  of  the  corol  partly  vaulted,  bifid  ;  middle  lobe  of  the 
lower  lip  cordate.  Didynamia,   Gymnospermia. 

31.  officinalis  Linn.  :  whorls  dimidiate  ;  bracts  oblong,  pedicellate  ; 
leaves  ovate-acute,  serrate. 

Hab.    Road  sides,  &c.     N.  S.     July.     If.— Naturalized.     Balm. 

23.  HEDEOMA.     Pers. 

Calyx  bilabiate,  gibbous  at  the  base  ;  upper  lip  3-t.oothed, 
lower  2  ;  dentures  all  subulate.  Corol  ringent.  Stamens  2- 
sterile  ;  the  2  fertile  ones  about  the  length  of  the  corol. 

Diandria.  Monogynia. 

H.  pnlegioides  Pers. :  leaves  oblong,  serrate  ;  peduncles  axillary, 
many-flowered. — Cunila  pidegioides  Linn. — Ziziphora  jndegioides  R.  <$» 
8. 


LABIATE.  28t 

Hab.  Dry  hills  and  woods.  Can  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  0. — Stem 
6 — 10  inches  high,  4-sided,  branched  above.  Flowers  small,  pale 
purple.  Pennyroyal. 

24.     CLINOPODIUM.     Linn. 

Involucre  of  many  linear  acuminate  leafets  placed  under 
the  whorls  of  flowers.  Upper  lip  of  the  corol  erect,  emargi- 
nate  ;  lower  one  the  largest,  emarginate. 

Didynamia .   Gymnospermia. 

C.  vulgare  Linn.  :  leaves  petiolate,  ovate,  subserrate,  hairy  ;  whorls 

hairy,  axillary  and  terminal ;  pedicels  branched  ;  bracts  setaceous. 

Hab.     Rocky  woods.     Can.  and  N.  S.     W.  to  Miss.     July,  Aug. 

IS. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.     Flowers  purple  or  rose  coloured, 

in  crowded  whorls  ;  smell  aromatic.  Wild  Basil. 

25.     PRUNELLA.     Linn. 

Upper  lip  of  the  calyx  with  3  very  short  teeth.  Filaments 
forked  at  the  extremity,  one  point  bearing  the  anther.  Stig- 
ma bifid.  Didynamia.   Gymnospermia. 

P.  vulgaris  Linn.  :  leaves  petiolate,  oblong-ovate,  toothed  at  base  ; 
lips  of  the  calyx  unequal ;  the  upper  one  truncate,  3-awned  ;  stem  as- 
cending. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June — Aug.  L£. 
— Stem  8 — 12  inches  high,  hairy.  Floxccrs  large,  purple,  dense- 
ly whorled.  so  as  to  form  an  imbricated  oblong  spike. — P.pcnn- 
sylcanica  of  Willdenow  is  a  mere  variety.     Introduced. 

Self-heal 

26.     SCUTELLARIA.    Linn. 

Calyx  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  with  a  lid  covering  the  seeds 
like  an  operculum.  Corol  bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  concave  ;  low- 
er 3-lobed.  Didynamia.   Gymnospermia, 

*  Floicers  axillary,  solitary. 

1.  S.  galcricidata  Linn.:  somewhat  branched;  leaves  cordate-lan- 
ceolate, subsessile,  crenate  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary  or  in  pairs  ;  ca- 
lyx hairy.  — ^ 

Hab.  Near  marshes.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Aug.  H. — Stem  12 — 18 
inches  high.     Flowers  large,  blue,  pubescent. 

Common  Skull-cap. 

2.  S.  gracilis  Xutt.  :  stem  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  remote,  broad- 
ovate,  toothed,  smooth  and  sessile,  scabrous  on  the  margin ;  upper 
ones  smaller,  entire  ;  flowers  axillary. 

Hab.  Shady  rocks.  Penn.  S.  to  Louisiana.  June.  11. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high,  slender,  erect.  Leaves  opposite,  remote, 
sparingly  toothed,  veined.     Flowers  pale  blue,  axillary  and  op- 

24* 


282  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

posite. — I  have  specimens  collected  near  New-Orleans  by  Dr. 
T.  R.  Ingalls. 

3.  S.  amhigua  Nutt.  :  low,  subdecumbent  and  divaricately  branched; 
leaves  sessile,  ovate,  remotely  and  rarely  serrate,  subhirsute  above  ; 
flowers  small,  axillary. — &  parvula  Mich.  ? 

Hab.  Rocky  grounds.  Can.  N.  J.  Ohio.  W.  to  Miss.  July. 
If. — Root  long,  consisting  of  a  succession  of  tubers.  Stem  co- 
loured, branched  divaricately  from  near  the  base,  4 — 6  inches; 
high.  Leaves  small,  closely  sessile,  prominently  veined.  Flow- 
ers small,  axillary,  blue,  hairy. — I  have  found  this  plant  on  the 
slate  hills  near  New-Brunswick,  N.  J.  The  specimens  obtained 
from  that  locality,  agree  exactly  with  the  Canadian  plant  re- 
ceived from  my  friend,  Dr.  A.  F.  Holmes,  of  Montreal.  It  has 
also  been  found  by  Dr.  Houghton  on  the  Upper  Mississippi. 

**  Floicers  racemose. 

4.  S.  lateriflora  Linn.  :  much  branched,  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  on 
long  petioles,  ovate,  toothed,  those  of  the  stem  slightly  cordate,  mem- 
branaceous ;  racemes  lateral,  leafy. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  and  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug. 
U. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  branching.  Floicers  small,  blue,  in 
long  racemes. — At  one  time  in  great  repute  as  a  cure  for  hydro- 
phobia. Skull-cap. 

5.  &  integrifolia  Linn.  :  stem  nearly  simple,  densely  pubescent ; 
leaves  subsessile,  oblong,  obtuse,  wedge-form  at  base,  obscurely  tooth- 
ed ;  racemes  loose,  leafy. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  U.—Stem 
18—24  inches  high.  Floicers  large,  blue,  opposite,  often  in 
panicles. — A  variable  species. 

G.  S.  hyssopifolia  Linn.  :  minutely  and  densely  pubescent,  branched: 
leaves  lanceolate- linear,  very  entire. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Penn.  MuhJ.  June.  11. — Stem  a  foot  high. 
Leaves  obtuse.  Flowers  very  large. — Perhaps  only  a  variety  of 
the  preceding. 

7.  S.  pilosa  Mich. :  nearly  simple ;  pubescent ;  leaves  remote,  rhom- 
bic-ovate, obtuse,  attenuated  at  the  base  into  a  petiole,  rounded-cre- 
nate  ;  racemes  terminal,  loose,  mostly  branched  ;  bracts  lanceolate 
entire. — S.  caroliniana  Walt. — S.  ovalifolia  Muhl.   Torr. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  July.  2/.— Stem  18—20 
inches  high.  Lower  leaves  cordate.  Flowers  large,  whitish,  in 
paniculate  racemes. 

8.  S.  canescens  Nutt.  :  branched  ;  leaves  ovate,  acute,  petiolate, 
acutely  toothed,  under  side  with  the  bracts  and  flowers  hoary-villous  ; 
lower  leaves  subcordate  ;  racemes  pedicelled,  subpaniculate,  axillary 
and  terminal  ;  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  longer  than  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  It-Stem  2—3  feet 
high.  Leaves  large,  whitish  beneath.  Flowers  deep  blue,  in 
lateral  and  terminal  racemes. 


LABIATE.  283 

27.    SALVIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  subcampanulate,  2-lipped ;  upper  lip  3-toothed  ; 
lower  bifid.  Carol  ringent.  Filaments  2,  fertile,  bifid,  one 
lobe  ascending  with  a  dimidiate  anther,  the  other  sterile. 

Diandria,  Monogynia. 

1.  Sf.  lyrata  Linn.  :  stem  nearly  leafless,  retrosely  pubescent ;  radi- 
cle leaves  ly  rate-dentate  ;  upper  lip  of  the  corol  very  short. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  L£. — Stem  about  a  foot 
high,  densely  covered  with  reflected  hairs.  Leaves  mostly  radi- 
cal, more  or  less  lyrate  or  pinnatifid,  very  obtuse.  Floiccrs  blue, 
about  6  in  a  whorl. 

2.  S.  claytoni  Ell.  :  leaves  cordate-ovate,  sinuate,  toothed,  rugose  ; 
teeth  of  the  upper  lip  of  the  calyx  connivent. — Sahria  rerbenacea  MuhL 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  June — Oct.  If. —  Stem  erect, 
8 — 12  inches  high.     Floiccrs  in  whorls,  violet. 

3.  Sf.  urticifolia  Linn.:  viscous  and  villous;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
toothed,  base  narrowed  into  a  petiole  ;  calyx  3-cleft,  the  upper  seg- 
ment 3-toothed. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June.  H. — Leaves  ovate,  very 
pubescent.     Floiccrs  blue,  viscous,  in  remote  whorls. 

Order  XCI.     VERBENACE.C.     Brown,     hind. 

Calyx  tubular,  persistent,  inferior.  Corul  hypogynous,  mo- 
nopetalous,  tubular,  deciduous,  limb  usually  irregular.  Sta- 
mens usually  4,  didynamous,  seldom  equal,  sometimes  only  2. 
Ovary  2 — 4-celled  ;  ovules  erect  or  pendulous,  solitary  or 
twin  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  bifid  or  undivided.  Fruit  a  drupe  or 
berry.  Seeds  erect  or  pendulous  ;  albumen  none  or  very  thin  ; 
embryo  erect. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves  generally  opposite,  simple 
or  compound,  without  stipules. 

1.     VERBENA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corol  funnel-form ;  limb  unequal,  5-cleft. 
Stamens  4,  dydynamous.  Pericarp  thin,  evanescent.  Seeds 
4. — Flowers  paniculate-spiked.     Didynamia.  Angiospermia. 

*  Leaves  laciniate. 
1.    V.   hastata  Linn.  :    erect,    tall  ;    leaves  lanceolate,   acuminate, 
sharply  serrate  ;  lower  ones  lobed  or  subhastate  ;  spikes  filiform,  erect, 
panicled,  somewhat  imbricate  ;  flowers  tetrandrous. 

Hab.     Low  grounds.    Can.  to  Geor.     W.  to  Miss.    July,  Aug. 


284  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

H. — Stem  3 — 5  feet  high.     Leaves  rough.     Flmcers  small,  pur- 
ple, forming  numerous  spikes.  Vervain. 

2.  V.  sjmria  Linn. :  stem  decumbent,  branched,  divaricate  ;  leaves 
laciniate,  much  divided  ;  spikes  filiform,  loose  ;  bracts  longer  than  the 
calyx. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.— Oct. 
0. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  long.  Flowers  small,  blue,  in  paniculate 
spikes,  at  length  scattered. 

**  Leaves  entire. 

3.  V.  tirticifolia  Linn.  :  erect,  somewhat  pubescent ;  leaves  ovate, 
acute,  serrate,  petiolate ;  spikes  filiform,  axillary  and  terminal  ;  flow- 
ers distinct,  tetrandrous. 

Hab.  Road  sides.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  U.—Stcin  2—3 
feet  high,  somewhat  hairy.  Flowers  small,  white,  tinged  with 
purple,  in  filiform  spikes  forming  panicles. 

4.  V.  angustifolia  Mich. :  erect,  mostly  simple  ;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, attenuate  at  the  base,  remotely  toothed,  with  elevated  veins ; 
spikes  filiform,  solitary,  axillary  and  terminal. —  V.  rugosa  JVilld. 

Hab.  Rocky  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  June — 
Aug.     11. — Stem  a  foot  high,  hairy.     Flowers  blue. 

2.  ZAPANIA.     Link. 

Calyx  5-toothed.  Corol  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous. 
Stigma  peltately  capitate,  oblique.  Seeds  2,  at  first  covered 
by  an  evanescent  pericarp. — Flowers  in  heads. 

Didynamia.  Sngiospermia. 

1.  Z.  nodiflora  Lam.:  leaves  ovate-wedge-form,  serrate  above; 
spikes  solitary,  on  long  filiform  peduncles,  forming  conical  heads  ;  stem 
herbaceous,  creeping. — Verbena  nodiflora  Linn. — Lippia  nodiflora  Mich. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  11. — 
Stem  6 — 8  inches  long,  procumbent.  Flowers  bluish-white,  in 
heads  which  are  on  peduncles  4 — G  inches  long. 

2.  Z.  lanccolata  Pers.  :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acutely  serrate  ; 
spikes  solitary,  on  long  peduncles,  forming  conical  heads  ;  stem  her- 
baceous, creeping. — Lippia  lanctolata  Mich. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  11. — Does 
not  differ  from  the  former,  except  in  the  shape  of  the  leaves  ; 
and  is,  perhaps,  not  a  distinct  species. 

3.  PHRYMA.     Linn. 

Calyx  cylindric  ;  upper  lip  longer,  trifid  ;  lower  2-toothed. 
Corol  with  the  upper  lip  enlarginate,  the  lower  much  longer. 
Seed  one.  Didynamia,  Angiospermia. 

P.  Icptostachya  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  toothed,  petioled  ;  spikes  termi- 
nal, slender  ;  flowers  opposite. 


ACANTHACEiE.  285 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  2_£.— Stem  2— 3  feet 
high.  Leaves  large.  Spikes  on  long  slender  peduncles.  Flower? 
small,  opposite,  purplish.  Calyx  reflected  downwards  when  in 
fruit.  LopseeeL 

Order  XCII.     ACANTHACE7E.     Juss.     LincL 

Calyx  4  or  5-divided,  rarely  cither  multifid  or  entire  and 
obsolete,  persistent.  Corol  mostly  irregular,  with  the  limb 
ringent  or  bilabiate,  or  occasionally  1-lipped,  sometimes  near- 
ly equal,  deciduous.  Stamens  mostly  2,  sometimes  with  2 — 3 
shorter  ones;  anthers  I — 2-celled,  bursting  longitudinally. 
Ovary  seated  in  the  disk,  2-celled  ;  ovules  2  or  many  in  each 
cell ;  style  1  ;  stigma  2-lobed  or  entire  ;  placenta  in  the  axis. 
Capsule  2-celled,  bursting  elastically  with  2  valves.  Seeds  2 
or  many  in  each  cell,  or  by  abortion  solitary,  ascending,  usu- 
ally subtended  by  rigid  subulate  processes  from  the  dissepi- 
ment ;  albumen  none  ;  embryo  curved  or  straight ;  radicle  cy- 
lindrical, descending,  next  the  hilum  ;  cotyledons  large,  folia- 
ceous. 

Herb*  or  sJirubs,     Leaves  opposite,  without  stipules. 

1.  JUSTICIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted,  often  with  2  bracts  at  the  base.  Corol  ir- 
regular, bilabiate  ;  upper  lip  emarginate  ;  the  lower  3-cIeft. 
Filaments  2,  each  with  a  single  or  double  anther.  Stigma  1. 
Capsule  attenuated,  2-celled,  2-valved  ;  dissepiment  growing 
from  the  centre  of  each  valve.  Diandria.  Monogynia. 

J.  pedtmeidosa  Mick. :  spikes  axillary;  peduncles  elongated,  alter- 
nate ;  flowers  crowded  ;  leaves  lanceolate. — J.  americana  Vahl. — J.  K- 
nearifolia  Lam. — Dianthera  amcrieana  Linn. 

\\  lb.  In  water.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug.  U. — 
Root  creeping.  Stc7n  2  feet  high.  Leaves  nearly  6  inches  long, 
narrow-lanceolate.  Floiccrs  on  axillnry  peduncles  which  ar<- 
nearly  as  long  as  the  leaves,  pale  purple. 

2.  RUELLIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted,  often  bibracteate.  Corol  subcampanulate. 
border  5-lobed.  Stamens  approximating  by  pairs.  Capsule 
attenuated  at  either  extremity,  bursting  with  elastic  teeth. 
Seeds  few.  Didynamia.  Angiospermia. 

R.  strepens  Linn.  :  erect,  hairy  ;  leaves  on  petioles,  opposite,  lance- 
olate-ovate, entire  ;  peduncles  1 — 3-flowered  ;  segments  of  the  calyx 
linear-lanceolate,  very  acute,  hispid,  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the  corol. 


286  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July.  ZL 
— Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.     Flowers  axillary,  blue. 

Order  XCIII.     LENTIBULARIjE.     Rich.     Lind. 

Calyz  divided,  persistent.  Corol  irregular,  bilabiate,  with 
a  spur.  Stamens  2,  included  within  the  corol  and  inserted 
into  its  base  ;  anthers  1-cellcd,  sometimes  contracted  in  the 
middle.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  bilamellate.  Cap- 
sule 1-celled,  many  seeded,  with  a  large  central  placenta. 
Seeds  minute  ;  albumen  none  ;  embryo  sometimes  undivided. 

Herbs,  growing  in  water  or  marshes.  Leaves  radical,  un- 
divided ;  or  compound,  resembling  roots  and  bearing  little 
vescicles. 

1.     PINGUICULA.     Linn. 

Calyz  4 — 5-cleft.  Corol  ringent,  spurred  at  the  base  be- 
neath.    Stamens  2,  very  short.     Stigma  2-lipped. 

Diandria.  Monogynia. 

P.  vulgaris  Linn. :  spur  cylindrical,  acute,  as  long  as  the  veinless 
petal  ;  upper  lip  2-Iobed  ;  lower  one  in  three  unequal  obtuse  segments. 
—P.  elatior  Mich,  t 

Hab.  Wet  rocks.  Rochester,  N.  Y.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  April. 
21. — Leaves  all  radical,  spatulate-ovate,  fleshy.  Scape  4 — 6 
inches  high.  Flowers  solitary,  nodding  ;  tube  of  the  corol,  vil- 
lose,  purple. — Specimens  of  this  plant,  from  the  vicinity  of  Ro- 
chester. N.  Y.,  appear  to  me  to  differ  in  no  respect  from  the  fo- 
reign one.  Buttcrwort. 

2.     UTRICULARIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  2-parted  ;  lips  undivided,  nearly  equal.  Corol  per- 
sonate, with  the  lower  lip  spurred  at  the  base.  Stamens  2, 
with  the  filaments  incurved  bearing  the  anthers  within  the  apex. 
Stigma  2-lipped.     Capsule  1-celled. 

Diandria.  Monogynia. 

Obs.  The  North  American  species  of  this  genus  have  been  atten- 
tively studied  by  Capt.  Le  Conte,  whose  valuable  observations  are  pub- 
lished in  the  first  volume  of  the  Annals  of  the  New- York  Lyceum. 

1.  U.  ceratophylla  Mich.:  floating;  scape  many-flowered;  radicle 
leaves  whorled,  inflated,  pinnatifid  at  the  extremities;  lower  lip  of  the 
corol  deeply  3-lobed;  spur  short,  obtuse,  deeply  emarginate. — U.  inflata 
Walt. 

Hab.  Ponds.  N.  Y.  to  Mexico.  July,  Aug.  U-—Root  very 
long,  branching,  with  capillary  radicles  furnished  with  numer- 


LENTIBULARIE.E.  2S7 

ous  compressed  air  vessels.    Stem  8  inches  high.     Floicers  large, 
yellow,  subcorymbed.  Bladdcncort. 

2.  U.  vulgaris  Linn.  :  floating ;  stems  submerged,  dichotomous  ; 
leaves  many-parted,  margins  bristly  ;  scape  5— 9-flowered ;  upper  lip 
of  the  corol  entire,  broad-ovate;  spur  conical,  incurved. —  U.  macro- 
rhiza  Le  Conte. 

Hab.  Pools  and  ponds  of  deep  water.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  21. 
— Root  much  branched.  Scape  8 — 10  inches  high.  Floicers 
large,  racemed,  yellow  ;  spur  entire  at  the  apex  and  rather  ob- 
tuse. 

3.  U.fornicata  Le  Conte:  floating  ;  scape  1 — 2- flowered  ;  upper  lip 
3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  arched  over  the  palate  ;  spur  incurved,  conoi- 
dal,  obtuse,  very  entire,  appressed  to  the  lower  lip  of  the  corol — U.  mi- 
nor Fur  sh.    Torr. —  V.  gibba  Ell. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  ditches.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.  21. — Root 
furnished  with  air  vessels.  Scape  naked.  Floicers  few,  small, 
yellow. — According  to  Capt.  Le  Conte,  it  bears  no  resemblance 
to  U.  minor  of  Europe,  except  in  the  smallness  of  its  flowers. 

4.  U.  sctacca  Mich.  :  scape  filiform,  rocting,  with  2  or  more  flowers: 
upper  lip  of  the  corol  ovate  ;  the  lower  deeply  3-lobed ;  spur  subulate, 
as  long  as  the  lower  lip  of  the  corol. — U.  subulata  Fursh. — U.  pumila 
Walt. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  June.  21. — Scape  very  slender, 
4 — 6  inches  high,  furnished  with  scales.  Floicers  many,  small, 
yellow.     Upper  lip  of  the  corol  half  the  size  of  the  lower. 

5.  U.  gibba  Gron.  :  floating  ;  scape  mostly  2-fiowered  ;  spur  short- 
er than  the  lower  lip  of  the  corol,  obtuse,  gibbous  in  the  middle. 

Hab.  Ponds.  N.  S.  July.  21. —Scape  2— 3  inches  high,  (4—7- 
flowered.  Le  Conte.)  Floicers  small,  yellow.  Spur  swelling 
out  in  the  middle. 

0.  U.  cornuta  Mich. :  scape  rooting,  erect,  rigid  ;  flowers  2 — 3,  sub- 
sessile  ;  lower  lip  of  the  corol  very  wide,  3-lobed ;  spur  very  acute, 
porrected. 

Hab.  Wet  rocks.  Can.  and  N.  S.  On  Lake  Superior.  Dr. 
Houghton.  Aug.  21. — Scape  10  inches  high,  with  minute 
bracts.  Floicers  yellow,  approximate,  nearly  sessile,  as  large  as 
those  of  U.  vulgaris. 

7.  U.  striata  Lc  Conte  :  floating  ;  scape  2 — 6  flowered  ;  upper  lip  of 
the  corol  ovate-round,  subemarginate,  margin  waved;  lower  lip  3-lobed, 
reflected  at  the  sides;  spur  straight,  obtuse,  shorter  than  the  lower  lip. 
—  U.  fibrosa  Ell.  not  of  Walt. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  June.  21. — Root  furnished 
with  air  vessels.  Scape  a  foot  high.  Corol  large,  yellow,  stri- 
ated with  red  ;  spur  much  shorter  than  the  lower  lip. 

8.  U.pcrsonata  Lc  Conte:  scape  rooting,  many-flowered;  upper  lip 
of  the  corol  emarginate,  reclinate  ;  lower  small,  entire  ;  palate  very 
large  ;  spur  linear  subulate,  somewhat  acute. 


288  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Bogs.  N.  Eng.  to  Flor.  Le  Conte.  0.— Scape  12—18 
inches  high,  4 — 10-flo\vered,  furnished  with  scales.  Floioers 
yellow,  rather  large.  Spur  more  slender  and  acute  than  in  U. 
co muta.—  Resembles  an  Antirrhinum. 

9.  17.  purpurea  Walt. :  scapes  axillary,  generally  1 -flowered  ;  involu- 
cre none  ;  lower  lip  of  the  corol  3-lobed  ;  lateral  lobes  cucullate  on 
the  underside  ;  spur  compressed,  half  as  long  as  the  corol. — U.  sac- 
cata  Ell.  » 

Hab.  Ponds  on  mountains.  Mass.  to*  Flor.  N.  W.  Territory. 
Houghton.  Scapes  solitary  and  in  pairs,  2 — 3  inches  long. 
Floicers  purple. 

Order  XCIV.     PRIMULACEjE.     Juss.     hind. 

Calyx  5-  rarely  4-cleft,  inferior,  regular,  persistent.  Corol 
monopetalous,  hypogynous,  regular  ;  the  limb  5-  rarely  4- 
cleft.  Stamens  inserted  upon  the  corol,  equal  in  number,  and 
opposite  to  its  segments.  Ovary  1-celled  ;  style  1  ;  stigmas 
capitate.  Capsule  opening  with  valves  ;  placental  central, 
distinct.  Seeds  numerous,  peltate  ;  embryo  straight,  cylindri- 
cal, included  within  fleshy  albumen,  and  lying  across  the 
hilum. 

Herbs,  with  the  leaves  usually  opposite  and  either  whorled 
or  scattered. 

1.     PRIMULA.     Linn. 

Calyx  tubular,  5-toothed.  Corol  salver-form  ;  tube  cylin- 
drical ;  orifice  naked.  Stamens  5,  not  exserted.  Stigma 
globose.  Capsule  opening  with  10  teeth. — Flowers  in  an  in- 
volucrate  umbel.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

P.farinosa  var.  americana  Torr.  :  leaves  obovate-spatulate,  repand- 
ly  crenate-dentate,  pulverulent  beneath;  umbel  many- flowered  ;  pe- 
duncles spreading  ;  border  of  the  corol  flat,  as  long  as  the  tube,  with 
obtuse  obcordate  segments. — P.  pusilla  Goldie. 

Hab.  Shores  of  Lake  Huron  and  Superior.  1[. — Scape  6 — 10 
inches  high.     Leaves  all  radical.     Floicers  pale  purple. 

Bird's-eye  Primrose. 

2.     DODECANTHEON.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft.  Corol  rotate,  reflexed,  5-cleft.  Stamens  5, 
seated  in  the  tube.  Stigma  obtuse.  Capsule  1-celled,  ob- 
long, opening  at  the  apex.  Pentandria.  Monogynia, 

1.  D.  meadia  Linn. :  scape  erect,  simple,  smooth  ;  leaves  oblong- 
oval,  repandly  toothed ;  umbel  many-flowered  ;  flowers  nodding  ; 
bracts  numerous,  oval. 


PRIMULACE.E.  2S9 

Hab.  Rocky  places.  Penn.  to  Virg.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  June. 
U- — Scape  8 — 12  inches  high.     Flowers  large,  purple. 

2.  D.  integrifolium  Mich.  :  leaves  oblong-oval,  subspatulate  :  umbel 
few-flowered,  straight  ;  bracts  linear. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  ?  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  June.  U. — 
Flowers  pale  blue,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding.     Pursh. 

3.     TRIENTALIS.    Link. 

Calyx  7-partcd.  Vorol  rotate,  in  7  segments,  regular  and 
flat.  Stamens  5 — S.  Berry  dry,  opening  at  th^  suture. 
Seeds  many.  Hcptandria.  Monogynia. 

T.  americana  Pursh :  loaves  narrow-lanceolate,  serrulate,  acuminate  ; 
petals  acuminate. —  T.  europeca.  Mich. — T.  curopcea  var.  august  if  olia  Nutt. 
Torr. 

Hab.  Low  woods.  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  May.  June. 
11.  —  Stem  G  inches  high.  Leaves  6  or  7  in  a  terminal  whorl. 
Floicers  white,  on  terminal  filiform  peduncles. 

4.    HOTTONIA.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Corol  salver-form,  5-lobcd.  Stamens 
seated  on  the  tube  of  the  corol.  Stigma  globular.  Capsule 
1-celled,  globose,  acuminate.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

H.  inflate  Linn.  :  stem  thick,  generally  submersed  ;  scape  jointed, 
with  the  internodes  and  lower  part  inflated  ;  flowers  verticillate.  most- 
ly in  fours,  pedunculate. — H.  palustris  Pursh. 

.  Hab.  Stagnant  waters.  N.  Y.  to  Geor. ;  rare.  July.  21. — 
Stem  thick,  spongy,  generally  submersed.  Leaves  long  and 
pectinate.  Floicers  whorled,  on  peduncles,  white. — Abundant 
near  North  Salem,  Westchester  co.,  N.  Y.     Dr.  S.  B.  Mead'. 

Water  Feather, 

5.     GLAUX.     Linn. 

Calyx  campanulate,  5-lobed,  coloured.  Corol  none.  Sta- 
mens 5.  Capsule  globose,  5-valved,  5-seeded,  surrounded  bv 
the  calyx.  Receptacle. rounded,  marked  with  favulose  punc- 
tures. Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

G  maritima  Linn. 
Hab.  Marshes  on  the  sea  coast.  Can.  and  N.  S. ;  rare.  July. 
H. — Stem  suberect  or  procumbent,  4 — 5  inches  high,  very  leafy. 
Leaves  opposite,  ovate  or  roundish,  smooth,  entire,  fleshy. 
Flowers  minute,  sessile,  solitary,  axillary,  reddish-white. — For 
specimens  of  this  plant  from  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  I  am  in- 
debted to  my  friend  Dr.  Charles  Pickering  of  Philadelphia. 

Black  SaU-worl. 
25 


290  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

6.     LYSIMACHIA.     Linn. 
Calyx  5-yaried.      Carol  5-clcft,  rotate.     Stamens  5.    Stig- 
ma 1.     Capsule  globose,  10-valved. 

Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  L.  stricta  Ait.  :  stem  erect,  smooth;  leaves  opposite,  lanceolate, 
sessile,  punctate ;  raceme  terminal,  very  long,  lax  ;  pedicels  long, 
slender. — L.  raccmosa  Mich.  Pursh. 

Hab.     Low  grounds.  '  Can.  to  Vir.  July,  Aug.  ZL — Stem  12 — 18 
inches  high.     Leaves  few,  with  bulbs  inthe  axils.     Floicers  yel- 
low, on  capillary  pedicels,  arranged  in  a  terminal  raceme  6—8 
•  inches  long.  Upright  Loosestrife. 

2.  L.  quadrifolia  Linn. :  stem  simple,  a  little  hairy  ;  leaves  in  whorls 
of  four  or  fives,  ovate-lanceolate,  nearly  sessile,  acuminate  ;  peduncles 
in  fours,  axillary,  1-flowered  ;  segments  of  the  corol  oval,  entire. — L. 
hirsuta  Mich. — L.  punctata  Walt. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  21. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  varying  from  3 — 8  in  a  whorl, 
though  generally  four.     Flowers  yellow. 

.  3.  L.  longifolia  Pursh  :  very  -smooth  and  branched ;  leaves  opposite, 
sessile,  linear,  very  long;  upper  ones  in  fours  ;  peduncles  in  fours,  1- 
flowered  ;  segments  of  the  corol  ovate,  acuminate,  serrulate. — L.  quad- 
rifolia Sims. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  Penn.  to  Vir.  Pursh.  June.  21. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.  Leaves  narrow,  not  dotted  ;  floral  ones  whorled. 
Floicers  mostly  at  the  extremity  of  the  branches,  at  length  nod- 
ding.— It  seems  to  be  distinct  from  the  preceding,  although  not 
so  considered  by  Muhlenberg. 

4.  L.  ciliata  Linn. :  stem  nearly  smooth  ;  leaves  opposite,  on  long 
petioles,  subcordate-ovate,  acuminate ;  petioles  ciliate  ;  peduncles 
mostly  in  pairs,  1-flowered  ;  flowers  drooping  ;  segments  of  the  corol 
rounded,  acuminate,  crenate. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  21. — Stem  Q— 3 
feet  high.     Flowers  large,  yellow,  the  corol  deeply  5-cleft. 

5.  L.  hybrida  Mich. :  stem  smooth  ;  leaves  petioled,  opposite,  lance- 
olate, acute  at  each  end  ;  petioles  ciliate  ;  flowers  nodding ;  peduncles 
axillary  ;  corol -shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  divisions  crenulate. — L.  hetero- 
phjlla  Nvtt. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  21. — Resembles 
the  preceding  species  in  every  respect  except  in  the  form  of  the 
leaves  which  are  narrow  and  lanceolate,  and  never  cordate  at 
base. 

6.  L.  capitata  Pursh  :  stem  smooth,  simple,  punctate  ;  leaves  oppo- 
site, sessile,  broad-lanceolate,  punctate  ;  peduncles  axillary,  elongated; 
flowers  in  dense  roundish  heads,  6 — 7-parted. — L.  thyrsifolia  Mich.  ? 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  June.  21. — Stem  a 
foot  high.  Floicers  yellow,  in  roundish  or  ovate  heads  which 
are  on  axillary  peduncles. 


PLUMBAGINEiE.  291 

7.  L.  revoluta  Xait.  :  stem  square,  smooth,  branched  ;  leaves  oppo- 
site, sessile,  long  linear,  margin  revolute  ;  peduncles  1-flowered,  sub- 
terminal,  nodding.  * 

Hab.  Rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Del.  Aug.  U-Stem  12—18  inches 
high.  Flowers  yellow,  mostly  on  the  summit  of  the  stem,  on 
slender  peduncles. — This  species  is  abundant  on  the  shores  of 
the  great  lakes,  and  Dr.  Houghton  informs  me  that  he  has  found 
it  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  Croix  river,  in  the  North  Western 
Territory. 

7.     ANAGALLIS.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-parted.  Carol  rot;itc,  5-lobed.  Stamens  5  ;  fila- 
ments hairy.  Capsule  globular,  opening  hemispherically, 
many-seeded.  Pcntandria.  Monogynia. 

A.  arrensis  Linn.:  stem  procumbent,  branched ;  leaves  opposite, 
ovate,  sessile,  dotted' beneath,  very  entire  ;  margin  of  the  corol  broad- 
ly and  very  obtusely  crenate,  pilose-glandular. 

U .vn.  Fields,  &o.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  ©.—Stem  4— 6  inches 
high.     Floiccrs  scarlet,  in  solitary  axillary  peduncles. 

Scarlet  Pimpernel. 

8.     SAMOLUS.     Linn. 

Calyx  5-cleft,  semisuperior,  persistent.  Corol  salver-form, 
-j-lobed.  Stamens  5,  antheriferous,  opposite  the  segments  of 
the  corol,  and  5  (scales)  alternate  with  them,  sterile.  Cap- 
sule  half  inferior,  1-celled,  5-toothed,  many-seeded  ;  recepta- 
cle unconnected.  Pentandria.  Monogynia. 

S.  valerandi  Linn. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  obtuse  ;  racemes  many-flow- 
ered ;  pedicels  with  small  bracts. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  toCai\  July— Sept.  If.— Stem  8— 12 
inches  high,  smooth.  Leaves  ovate,  subpetiolate,  entire  and 
somewhat  fleshy.     Floiccrs  small,  white.  Water  Pimpernel. 

Order  XCV.     PLUMBAGINEjE.     Juss.     Lind. 

Calyx  tubular,  plaited,  persistent.  Corol  monopetalous  or 
of  5  petals,  regular.  Stamens  5,  hypogynous  when  the  petals 
are  combined,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  petals  when  dis- 
tinct. Ovary  free,  1-celled  ;  ovule  pendulous,  from  the  end 
of  an  umbilical  cord,  arising  from  the  bottom  of  the  cell ;  styles 
5,  seldom  3 — 4,  each  bearing  a  subulate  stigma.  Fruit  a  utri- 
cle.    Seed  pendulous  ;  embryo  straight ;  radicle  superior. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs.  Leaves  alternate  or  clustered,  un- 
divided, somewhat  sheathing  at  base. 


292  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

1.     STATICE.     Linn. 

Calyx  funnel-form,  plaited,  scarious.  Petals  5.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  on  the  petals.  Styles  5.  Pericarp  indehiscent. 
— Flowers  in  spikes  or  heads. 

Pen tandria .  Pentagynia , 

1.  8.  limonium  Linn. :  scape  paniculate,  terete  ;  leaves  all  radical, 
oblong,  undulate,  smooth  and  nerveless,  mucronate  below  the  tip. — S. 
caroUniana  Walt. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.— Oct.  U.—Root 
large,  lignous.  Scape  longer  than  the  leaves,  with  several  lan- 
ceolate bracts.  Flowers  sessile,  secund,  in  a  very  large  and 
much  branched  panicle,  blue. — A  valuable  astringent.  Big.  Med. 
Bot.  ii.  51.  Marsh  Rosemary. 

2.  »%'.  armeria  Linn. :  leaves  all  radical,  linear,  flat,  smooth ;  scape 
simple,  terete,  bearing  a  roundhead  of  flowers. 

Hab.  Rocks  near  the  sea  shore.  Penn.  to  Vir.  Parsh.  N.  to 
Arc.  Amer.  July,  Aug.  If. — Root  large,  ligneous.  Scape  a  foot 
high.  Heads  of  flowers  rose  coloured,  intermixed  with  scales  and 
having  also  a  3-leaved  general  involucre.  Thrift, 


Order  XCVI.     PLANTAGINE.E.     Jws.     hind. 

Flowers  usually  monoclinous,  seldom  diclinous*  Calyx  4- 
parted,  persistent.  Corol  monopetalous,  persistent,  with  a  4- 
parted  limb.  Stamens  4,  inserted  into  the  corol,  alternate 
with  its  segments  ;  filaments  long,  filiform,  doubled  inwards 
in  aestivation  ;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled.  Ovary  sessile, 
without  a'  disk,  2-  very  seldom  4-celled ;  ovules  solitary,  in 
pairs  or  indefinite;  style  simple,  capillary;  stigma  hispid, 
simple  or  rarely  bifid.  Capsule  membranous,  opening  trans- 
versely. Seeds  sessile,  peltate  or  erect ;  embryo  in  the  axis 
of  fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  inferior. 

Herbs  usually  stemless.  Leaves  flat  and  ribbed,  or  taper 
and  fleshy. 

1.     PLANT  AGO.     Lain. 

Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  4-cleft.  Coral  4-cleft ;  border  re- 
flected. Stame?is  4,  mostly  exserted,  very  long.  Capsule 
2 — 4-celled,  opening  transversely. 

Tetrandria.  Monogynia. 

*  Leaves  broad. 
1.  P.  cordata  Lam.  :  leaves  on   long  petioles,  ovate,  cordate,  very 
broad,  subdentate,  smooth  ;  spike  very  long  ;  flowers  subimbricated  ; 


PLANTAGINEiE.  293 

the  lower  ones  scattered  ;  bracts  ovate,   obtuse ;  cells  of  the  capsule 

2-seeded, — P.  kentuckiensis  Mich. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Tenn. 
June — July*  2_f. — Scape  12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  6  inches 
long,  smooth,  generally  cordate  at  base.  Floiccrs  in  a  slender 
elongated  spike. — Sprengel  considers  the  P.  asiatica  of  Europe, 
and  P.  glabra  of  Nuttall,  synonymous  with  it. 

2.  P.  major  Linn.:  leaves  ovate,  smoothish,  subdentate,  on  longish 
petioles  ;  scape  terete  ;  spike  cylindrical,  very  long  ;  flowers  closely 
imbricated  ;  cells  of  the  capsule  many  seeded. 

Hab.  Fields,  &c.  Throughout  Can.  and  the  U.  S.  June — Aug. 
11. — Leaves  spreading  on  the  ground,  coarsely  toothed.  Scape 
8—12  inches  high,  pubescent.  Spike  2 — 6  inches  long,  close. 
Introduced.  Common  Plantain. 

3.  P.  media  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  pubescent,  on  very  short  petioles  ; 
spike  short,  cylindrical;  scape  rounded  ;  cells  of  the  capsule  1-seeded. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  July.  If. — Leaves  2  inches 
long.  Scape  longer  than  the  leaves.  Floicers  in  a  closely  im- 
bricated spike,  which  is  seldom  more  than  2  inches  long. 

4.  P.  virginica  Linn.  ;  hairy-pubescent  ;  leaves  lanceolate-ovate, 
sparingly  toothed,  3-nerved,  tapering  at  base  ;  spike  cylindrical,  with 
remote  flowers  ;  scape  angular. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June.  $. — Scape 
hairy,  almost  hispid,  longer  than  the  leaves.  Spikes  1 — 4  inch- 
es long,  with  the  flowers  at  first  crowded,  but  at  length  distant. 
Corol  yellowish. 

5.  P.  lanceolata  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering  at  each  end,  3—5- 
nerved,  remotely  toothed  ;  spike  short,  ovate-cylindrical,  compact ; 
scape  angled ;  capsule  2-seeded. 

Hab.  Pastures.  Can.  to  Car.  May — Sept.  If. — Scape  6 — 12 
inches  high,  a  little  hairy.  Floicers  in  a  very  dense  spike.  Bracts 
ovate,  brownish,  as  long  as  the  calyx.     Introduced. 

6.  P.  cucullata  Lam.  :  leaves  ovate-cucullate,  subdenticulate,  9-nerv- 
ed,  pubescent  beneath  ;  spike  cylindrical,  imbricated;  scape  terete. — 
P.  maxima  Jacq.    Torr. 

Hab.  Moist  rocky  situations.  Can.  and  Maine.  Pursh,  July, 
Aug.     U. 

**  Leaves  linear. 

7.  P.  maritima  Linn. :  leaves  linear,  grooved,  fleshy,  hairy  near  the 
base,  mostly  entire,  often  remotely  toothed;  scape  round,  terete;  spike 
cylindrical,  dense.  —  P.  pauciflora  Pursh. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  If. — Scape  6 — 10  inches 
high.     Leaves  fleshy.     Spike  cylindrical,  short. 

8.  P.  pusilla  Nutt.  :  minutely  pubescent ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  flat, 
entire,  acute  ;  scape  terete,  slender,  longer  than  the  leaves;  spike  cy- 
lindrical, loose  ;  lower  flowers  distant  ;  bracts  ovate,  acute,  as  long  a« 
the  calyx.— P.  hibrida  Bart.?— P.  linearifolia  Muhl.  ? 

25* 


294  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.     Sandy  hills.     Penn.  to  Flor.     W.  to  Miss.     June.     ®. — 
Scape  2 — 3  inches  high.     Flowers  in  an  interrupted  spike. 

Subclass  IV.     MONOCHLAMYDEiE. 

Flowers  with  a  simple  perianth  or  perigonium.  (Apeta- 
lous.). 

Order  XCVII.     AMARANTHACEjE.     Juss.     hind. 

Perianth  3 — 5-parted,  hypogynous,  scarious,  persistent. 
Stamens  hypogynous,  either  5,  or  some  multiple  of  that  num- 
ber, distinct  or  monadelphous  ;  anthers  1 — 2-celled.  Ovary 
single,  superior,  1  or  few-seeded  ;  style  1  or  none  ;  stigma 
simple  or  compound.  Fruit  a  membranaceous  utricle.  Seeds 
lentiforni,  pendulous ;  testa  crustaceous ;  albumen  central, 
farinaceous  ;  embryo  curved  round  the  circumference ;  radi-. 
cle  next  the  hilum  ;  plwnula  inconspicuous.  f 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  simple  opposite  or  alternate. 
Flowers  in  heads  or  spikes,  occasionally  diclinous,  generally 
monoclinous. 

1.    AMARANTHUS.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Perianth  2 — 5-leaved.  Sterile  Fl.  Sta- 
mens 3 — 5.  Fertile  Fl.  Styles  3.  Capsule  1-celled, 
opening  transversely  all  round.      Seed  J. 

Monoecia.  Pentandria. 

1.  A.  lividus  linn.  :•  stem  erect;  leaves  elliptic,  retuse;  flowers 
clustered,  triandrous,  in  rounded  spikes. 

Hab.      Cultivated   grounds.     N.   S.     Torr.     June — Aug.     0. — 
Stem  2 — 3  feet  high,  smooth. 

2.  A.  hybridus  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  flowers  pentandrous  ; 
perianth  subulate  ;  racemes  decompound,  erect,  crowded. 

Hab.     Near  gardens,  &c.     N.  Y.   to  Car.     June— Sept.    .#. — 
Stem  2—3  feet  high.     Introduced.  ? 

3.  A.  blitum  Linn.  :  stem  diffuse  ;  leaves  ovate,  retuse ;  flowers  tri- 
androus, three-leaved;  racemes  somewhat  spiked. 

Hab.     In  and  about  gardens.    N.  S.    June— Sept.     0. — Intro- 
duced. 

4.  A.  spinosus  Linn.  :  axils]  spiny  ;  racemes  terminal,  compound  ; 
flowers  pentandrous. 

Hab.    Road  sides.     June — Sept.    #.— Stem    diffuse,   generally 
coloured,     Introduced. 


CHENOPODEiE.  295 

6.  A.  retroflcxus  Linn.  :  branches  pubescent  ;  leaves  ovate,  undulate; 
racemes  erect,  much  compounded  ;  flowers  pentandrous. 

Hab.     Among  rubbish,  &c.     Penn.  to  Virg.     Aug.     0.     Pursh. 

6.  A.  pumilus  Nutt. :  stem  diffuse,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate,  obtuse, 
smooth  and  fleshy,  often  retuse ;  flowers  pentandrous,  in  axillary  clus- 
ters. 

Hab.     Sandy  beach.    N.  Y.     Aug.    fj£. — Stem  a  foot  high,  some- 
what decumbent.     Floiccrs  green. 

Order  XCVI1I.     CHENOPODEiE.     De  Cahd.     Lind. 

Perianth  deeply  divided,  sometimes  tubular  at  the  base, 
persistent.  Stamens  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  calyx,  op- 
posite its  segments  and  equal  to  them  in  number  or  fewer. 
Ovary  single,  superior,  or  occasionally  adhering  to  the  tube 
of  the  calyx.  Style  2 — i-divided,  rarely  simple;  stigmas 
simple.  •  Fruit  membranous,  not  valvular,  sometimes  berried. 
Seed  erect ;  embryo  curved  round  farinaceous  albumen,  or 
spiral,  or  doubled  together  without  albumen  ;  radicle  next  the 
hilum ;  plunuda  inconspicuous. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules, 
occasionally  opposite.  Flowers  small,  sometimes  polyga- 
mous. 

1.     CHEXOPODIUM.     Linn. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  S-cleft,  closing  upon  but  not 
wholly  enveloping   the  fruit.     Stamens  5.     Styles  2. 

Pentandria.  Digynia. 

*  Leaves  ovate  or  rhomboid,  often  toothed  or  lobed. 

1.  C.  bonus  hernials  Linn.  :  leaves  triangular,  sagittate,  very  entire; 
spikes  compound,  peduncled,  crowded,  terminal  and  axillary,  erect, 
leafless. 

Hab.  N.  Y.  Muhl.  June.  21.— Stem  a  foot'  high,  s'triate. 
Leaves  large,  dark  green.     Flowers  green.         Good  King  Henry. 

2.  C.  rhombifolium  Muhl.  :  leaves  triangular-rhombic,  acute,  repand- 
ly  toothed  ;  upper  ones  lanceolate,  toothed,  cuneate  at  base  ;  racemes 
axillary,  erect,  leafless. 

Hab.     Penn.  Muhl.    June.    0. — Flowers  in  short  simple  racemes, 

3.  C.  rubrum  Linn. :  leaves  rhomboid-triangular,  deeply  toothed  and 
sinuate  ;  racemes  erect,' compound,  leafy. 

Hab.  Waste  places.  N.  S.  Aug.  ^.—Stem  2  feet  high,  red- 
dish. Racemes  very  compound,  intermixed  with  small  leaves. 
Introduced. 


296  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

4.  C.  hybridum  Linn. :  leaves  cordate,  angularly  toothed,  acuminate; 
racemes  much  branched  in  a  somewhat  cytnose  manner,  divaricate, 
leafless. 

Hab.  Waste  places.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  $£.—Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  slender,  with  large  and  bright  green  leaves.  Flowers  in 
compound  clusters,  remote  from  the  leaves.     Introduced. 

5.  C.  alburn  Linn,  ,•  leaves  ovate,  inclining  to  rhomboid,  jagged,  en- 
tire at  the  base  ;  upper  ones  perfectly  entire ;  racemes  branched,  some- 
what leafy  ;  seed  very  smooth. 

b.  viride  Ihtrsh :  leaves  greener  and  more  entire;  racemes  more 
branched,  a  little  leafy. —  C.  viride  Linn. 

Hab.  Waste  grounds.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  fp. —  Stem  2  feet  high. 
Leaves  covered  with  a  mealy  substance.  Racemes  somewhat 
branched,  conglomerate.  Lamb' s- quarters. 

6.  C.  ambrosioides  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  remotely  toothed  ;  ra- 
cemes simple,  axillary,  leafy. 

Hab.  Road"  sides.  N.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  0. — Stem  18  inches 
high,  much  branched,  somewhat  pubescent.  Leaves  on  short 
petioles.    Flowers  green,  in  erect  spikes.  Sweet  Pigiceed. 

7.  C.  botrys  Linn. :  leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid-sinuate ;  racemes  naked, 
many-cleft,  very  large  ;  flowers  distinct,  on  short  pedicels. 

Hab.  Waste  places.  N.  S.  July— Sept.  0. — Stem  short,  branch- 
ing, somewhat  viscid.  Floioers  in  numerous  short  axillary  ra- 
cemes covering  the  ends  of  the  branches, — Whole  plant  has  a 
strong  smell.  Jerusalem  Oak. 

8.  C.  anthelminticum  Linn. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  nearly  sessile, 
coarsely  toothed  ;  spikes  long,  interrupted,  leafless,  axillary  and  termi- 
nal ;  style  3-cleft.  » 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  S.  Aug.  U.—Stem  1  1-2—2  feet  high,  much 
branched.     Racemes  long  and  slender,  axillary  and  terminal.  ' 

Worm-seed. 

9.  C.  glaucum  Linn. :  leaves  -oblong,  repand,  smooth,  glaucous  be- 
neath ;  spikes  simple,  naked,  glomerate,  terminal  and  axillary. 

Hab.     In  N.  Y.    Muhl.    0.--Stem  diffuse,  thick.  Racemes  short, 
,       leafless. 

**  Leaves  linear,  fleshy. 

10.  C.  maritimum  Linn,  :  leaves  linear,  subulate,  fleshy,  semi-cylin- 
drical ;  flowers  in  sessile  axillary  clusters ;  stamens  shorter  than  the 
petals. — Salsola  salsa  Mich.  Pursh. — <S.  linearis  Ell. 

Hab.  Salt  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  0. — Stem 
1  1-2 — 2  feet  high,  branched,  very  leafy.  Flowers  in  small  axil- 
lary glomerules. 

2.     ATRIPLEX.     Linn. 
Flowers   polygamous.     Perianth   single,   5-parted.     Sta* 


CHENOPODE^E.  297 

mens  5.     Style  2-pa-rted.     Fruit  depressed,   covered  by  the 
calyx.     Female  Fl.      Perianth  2-parted.     Stamens  none. 

Pentandria.  Digynia.. 

1.  A.  halimus  Linn.  :  stem  frutescent ;  leaves  alternate  or  opposite, 
oblong-subrhomboid,  entire,  decurrent  into  the  petiole. 

Hab.     New- Jersey.     Muhl.      ^>. 

2.  A.  laciniata  Pursh :  stem  herbaceous,  diffuse,  pubescent  toward* 
the  summit  ;  leaves  triangular,  deeply  toothed,  white  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  lower  ones  opposite  :  perfect  flowers  tetandrous  ;  perianth  of 
the  fruit  rhomboid,  acute,  entire. — A.  laciniata  var.  amcricana  Ton. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June— Aug.  ®.—Stem 
mostly  procumbent.  Leaves  covered  with  small  grayish  scales. 
Flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Sea  Orache. 

3.  A.  patula  Linn.  ;  stem  herbaceous,  spreading  ;  leaves  triangular- 
hastate,  acuminate,  smooth  above,  irregularly  toothed  ;  the  upper  ones 
entire  ;  perianth  of  the  fruit  submuricate  on  the  sides. 

Hab.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  0 — Stein  prostrate,  1— .2  feet 
long.  Leaves  on  petioles  nearly  an  inch  long.  Flowers  clus- 
tered on  axillary  and  terminal  spikes. 

4.  A.  armaria  Nutt.  :  stem  herbaceous,  spreading ;  leaves  oblong- 
ovate,  subsessile,  silvery-mealy  beneath,  very  entire  ;  upper  ones  acute 
or  acuminate  ;  perianth  of  the  fruit  muricate,  dentate,  retuse. 

Hab.  Sea  coast.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  0. — Stem  a  foot 
high,  angular,  much  branched.  Lower  leaves  often  cuneate. 
Flowers  monoecious  ;  the  sterile  ones  in  short  glomerate  spikes 
at  the  end  of  the  branches  ;  the  fertile  ones  in  axillary  dusters. 

5.  A.  hortensis  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  herbaceous  ;  leaves  triangular, 
dentate,  green  on  both  sides  ;  perianth  of  the  fruit  ovate,  reticulate, 
entire  ;  flowers  in  terminal  interrupted  racemes  or  spikes. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds.  N.  S.  ;  rare.  Torr.  July.  0. — 
Stem  3—4  feet  high.  Leaves  2—3  inches  long.  Flowers  green. 
Introduced. 

3.     ACNIDA.     Linn. 

Dioecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens 
5.  Fertile  Fl.  Perianth  3-parted.  Styles  none.  Stig- 
mas  3 — 5,  sessile.    Capsule  1-seeded.  Dioecia.  Pentandria. 

1.  A.  cannabina  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  ;  capsules  smooth, 
acutely  angled. 

Hab.  Marshes.  Can.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  ^.—Stem  3—6 
feet  high,  slightly  angled.  Leaves  alternate,  ribbed,  2 — 5  inches 
long,  petioled.  Flowers  small,  green,  in  large  axillary  and  ter- 
minal panicles.  ■  Water  Hemp. 

2.  A.  ruscocarpa  Mich. ;  leaves  oval-lanceolate  ;  capsules  obtusely 
angled,  rugose. 


298  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Marshes.  Can.  to  Flor.  Nutt.  .  Jury.  0.— Plant  6—8 
feet  high.     Stem  angled. 

4.     SALICORNIA.     Linn. 

Perianth  single,  turbinate,  fleshy,  closed.  Stamens  1 — 2. 
Style  1,  bifid.      Utricle  included  in  the  enlarged  perianth. 

MonandricL  Monogynia. 

1.  S.  hcrbacea  Linn.  :  annual  ;  stem  erect  or  branched  ;  joints  com- 
pressed, notched  at  the  summits  ;  spikes  peduncled,  cylindrical,  slightly 
tapering  at  the  extremity  ;  perianth  truncated — and  S.  rirginica  Linn. 
Pursh. 

Hab.  Sea  coast  and  salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Sept.  0.— 
Plant  destitute  of  leaves.  Stem  6—10  inches  high,  branched. 
Flowers  very  minute,  in  threes  at  each  joint. 

Herbaceous-  Samphire. 

2.  S.  ambigua  Mich.  :  perennial,  procumbent,  branching  ;  joints 
crescent-shaped,  small  ;  spikes  opposite  and  alternate  ;  calyx  trun- 
cate. 

Hab.  Salt  meadows.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  $  or  It. — Stem 
procumbent  and  ascending.  Anthers  purplish-yellow. — Resem- 
bles S>.  fruticosa  of  Linnseus.  Shrubby  Samphire. 

5.     SALSOLA.     Linn. 

Flowers  perfect. .  Perianth  5-cleft,  persistent,  enveloping 
the  fruit  with  its  base,  and  crowning  it  with  its  enlarged  limb. 
Stamens  5.     Styles  2.     Embryo  spiral. 

Pentandria.  Bigynia. 

1.  S.  soda  Linn. :  herbaceous,  smooth;  branches  ascending  ;  leaves 
semi-terete,  rather  acute  ;  fructiferous  perianth  transversely  connate 
in  the  middle,  somewhat  membranaceous. 

Hab.     In  New- York.     Muhl.  Saltwvrt. 

2.  8.  tragus  Linn.  :  herbaceous,  spreading,  smooth  ;  leaves  subulate, 
spinose.  fleshy ;  flowers  solitary,  axillary,  bracteate ;  perianth  sub- 
ovate  ;  margin  flattened,  discoloured. 

'  Hab.     N.    J.    and   Md.     Muhl     July.     #.—  Dr.  Torrey   thinks 
Muhlenberg's  plant  is  $..  kali. 

3.  »S'.  kali  Linn. :  herbaceous,  decumbent ;  leaves  subulate,  spinose, 
rough  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary  ;  fruit-bearing  perianth  with  a  scari- 
ous  margin. 

b.  caroliniana  Nutt.  :  leaves  dilated  ;  perianth  with  a  broader  mar- 
gin ;  stem  smooth. — S.  caroliniana  Walt.  Mich. 

Hab.  Sea  coast.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug  ,  Sept.  #. — Stem  much 
branched,  diffuse.  Flowers  succulent,  sessile,  with  2  or  3  bracts 
at  the  base  of  each. 


PHYTOLACCEiE.  299 

6.     BLITUM.     Linn. 

Pericuith  3-cleft.  Stamens  1.  Styles  2.  Seed  1,  covered 
by  the  calyx,  which  becomes  a  berry.    Monandria.  Digynia. 

1.  B.  capitation  Linn.:  procumbent;  leaves  triangular-hastate; 
heads  of  flowers  alternate,  in  a  leafless  terminal-  spike. 

.    Hab.  ♦  Fields   and   margins  of  swamps.     N.  Y.  to  Virg.     N.  to 

Subarc.  Amer.     June,  July.  %. — Stem  a  foot  high,  branched. 

Heads  round,  sessile,  consisting  of  numerous  minute  flowers, 

becoming  red,  resembling  a  strawberry. — Abundant  near  Rome, 

•  N.  Y.  Strawberry  Blite. 

2.  B.  rirgatum  Linn. :  leaves  triangular-hastate  ;  heads  scattered, 
lateral. 

Hab.  Fields,  &c.  N.  S.  June.  0. — leaves  with  large  sinu- 
ate teeth.  Heads  of  flowers  axillary,  always  lateral,  becoming 
red.     Introduced. 

3.  B.  mariiimum  Nutt.  :  perianth  membranaceous  ;  clusters  axillary, 
spiked,  naked  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuated  at  each  extremity,  in- 
cisely  toothed. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes  near  N.  Y.  Aug.  ^.— Stem  erect,  1—2 
feet  high,  much  branched.  Leaves  with  a  few  large  teeth,  suc- 
culent.    Calyx  not  becoming  red. — Resembles  an  Afriplex. 

Order  XCIX.     PHYTOLACCE^.     Lind. 

Perianth  4 — 5-petaloid  leaves.  Stamens  either  indefinite, 
or,  if  equal  to  the  number  of  the  divisions  of  the  calyx,  al- 
ternate with  them.  Ovary  of  1  or  several  cells,  each  con- 
taining 1  ascending  ovule.  Styles  and  stigmas  equal  in 
number  to  the  cells.  Fruit  berried  or  dry,  indehiscent.  Seeds 
ascending,  solitary  ;  embryo  cylindrical,  curved  round  mealy 
albumen  ;  radicle  next  thchilum. 

Undershrubs  or  herbs,  heaves  alternate,  without  stipules, 
often  with  pellucid  dots. 

1.     PHYTOLACCA.     Linn. 

Perianth  5-parted,  petaloid.  Stamens  7 — 20.  Styles 
5 — 10.     Berry  superior,  10-celled  ;  cells  1-seeded. 

Decandyia.  Decagynia. 

P/dccandra  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate,  acute  at  each  end,  alternate,  petio- 
late  ;  flowers  in  simple  racemes,  with  10  stamens  and  10  styles  ;  glo- 
bose-depressed, purple  when  mature. 

Hab.  Borders  of  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  June— Oct.  Lf. — Root 
very  large.  Stem  4—8  feet  high;  succulent,  purplish.  Ftoicers 
whitish,  in  long  pedunculated  racemes.    Peduncles  red.     Berries 


300  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

globose-depressed,  purple  when  mature. — The  root  is  a  violent 
emetic.     Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  39.  Poke  Weed. 

2.     RIVINA.     Linn. 

Perianth  4-parted,  persistept.  Stamens  4,  8  and  12. 
Style  1.     Berry  1-seeded.     Seed  lentiform,  scabrous. 

Tetrandria.  Monogynia. 

R.  Icevis  Linn.  :  leaves  alternate,  on  long  petioles,  ovate,  acuminate, 
smooth  ;  flowers  in  simple  axillary  racemes. 

Hab.     Penn.     Muhl.     Sept.      >>. — A  shrub  with  the  habit  of  Phy- 
'  tolacca  decandra.     Leaves  alternate,  entire.     Floicers  in  axillary 
racemes. 

Order  C.     POLYGONE.E.     hind. 

Perianth  divided,  inferior  ;  aestivation  imbricate.  Stamens 
definite,  inserted  in  the  bottom  of  the  perianth  ;  anthers  burst- 
ing longitudinally.  Ovary  superior,  with  a  single  erect  ovule. 
Styles  or  stigmas  several.  Fruit  a  nut,  usually  triangular, 
naked  or  covered  by  the  enlarged  perianth.  Seed  with 
farinaceous  albumen,  rarely  with  scarcely  any  ;  embryo  invert- 
ed, generally  on  one  side  ;    radicle  superior. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  sheathing  at  the 
base  or  adhering  there  to  intrafoliaceous  stipules,  revolute 
when  young.     Flowers  occasionally  diclinous. 

1.     POLYGONUM.     Linn. 

Perianth  4 — 6-parted,  petaloid,  persistent.  Sta?nens  5 — 9, 
often  8.      Styles  2—3.     Nut  one-seeded,  mostly  triangular. 

Octandria.   Trigynia. 

*  Flowers  axillary.     Stamens  8.     Stigmas  3.    Polygonum. 

1.  P.  aviculare  Linn.  :  stem  procumbent,  herbaceous  ;  leaves  ellip- 
Aic-lanceolate,  rough  on  the  margin  ;   nerves  of  the  stipules  distant. 

Hab.  Waste  places.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  May 
— Sept.  ©. — Stem  much  branched,  nearly  erect.  Leaves  vary- 
ing much  in  size  and  shape. — When  growing  near  the  sea  the 
leaves  are  glauco'us  and  rather  fleshy,  and  then  forms  P.  glaucum 
of  Nuttall.  This  fact  is  noticed  by  Dr.  Smith,  in  his  Fl.  Brit., 
and  by  Dr.  Greville  in  his  Flora  Edinensis.  Knot  Grass. 

2.  P.  erectum  Muhl. :  stem  mostly  erect ;  leaves  broad,  oval,  petio- 
late,  smooth;  flowers  pentandrous. — P.  aviculare  var.  latifolium  Mich. 
Ton. 

Hab.  Near  cultivated  grounds.  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer. 
Aug.     24.— Stem  1—3  feet  high.     Flowers  greenish.— Dr.  Dar- 


POLYGONE.E.  301 

iington  concurs  in  the  opinion  expressed  by  Muhlenberg,  that 
this  is  a  distinct  species. — Fl.  Ces. 

3.  P.  tenue  Mich.  :  stem  slender,  erect,  branched,  acutely  angled  ; 
leaves  linear,  acuminate,  straight ;  stipules  tubular,  lacerate,  with  the 
segments  finely  attenuate  at  the  extremity  ;  flowers  alternate,  subsoli- 
tary,  on  very  short  pedicels. — P.  linifolium  Muhl. 

IIab.  On  rocks.  N.  S.  July.  0. — Stem  6—10  inches  high. 
Flowers  small,  white,  solitary  and  in  pairs.  Nut  acutely  triangu- 
lar, shining,  black. 

*  Flowers  in  terminal  solitary  spikes.   Stamens  9.   Stigmas  3.  Bistorta. 

4.  P.  viriparum  Linn.  :  stem  simple  ;  spike  linear,  solitary  ;  leaves 
linear-lanceolate,  revolute  on  the  margin  ;  the  lower  ones  elliptical, 
petiolate. 

Hab.  Can.  and  White  Hills,  N.  H.  N.  to  Arc.  Araer.  Aug. 
1£. — Stem  6  inches  high.  Spike  often  bearing  red  bulbs  instead 
of  flowers. 

***  Flowers  in  axillary  or  terminal  spikes.      Stamens  5 — 8.     Stigmas 
mostly  2.     Persicar^a. 

5.  P.  punetatum  Ell. :  stem  branched,  sometimes  decumbent  at  base ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  with  pellucid  punctures,  scabrous  on  the  margin 
and  midrib  ;  stipules  slightly  hairy,  ciliate  ;  spikes  few-flowered,  fili- 
form, at  first  cernuous  ;  flowers  octandrous,  glandular-punctate  ;  styles 
3-parted. — P.  hydropipcr  Mich. — P.  hydropipcroides  Parsh. 

Hab.  Inundated  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  %jg- — Stem 
1 — 2  feet  high.  Flowers  white,  in  one  or  two  slender  simple 
spikes.     Nut  3-angled.     Plant  very  acrid.  Water  Pepper. 

6.  P.  mite  Pcrs.  :  stem  hairy  at  the  summit  ;  leaves  narrow-lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  entire,  somewhat  hairy  ;  stipules  hairy,  with  long 
ciliae  ;  flowers  octandrous,  in  crowded  spikes  ;  styles  3-parted. — P. 
hydropipcroides  Mich. — P.  harhatum  Walt. 

Hab.  Ditches  and  ponds.  Can.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  0. — 
Stem  18  inches  high.  Floiotrs  purple,  in  somewhat  crowded 
spikes.     Leaves  not  acrid. 

7.  P.  virginianum  Linn.  :  stem  simple,  angular,  hairy  towards  the 
top  ;  leaves  broad-lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  fringed  serratures  ; 
flowers  4-clefl,  unequal,  remote,  pentandrous  ;  styles  2  ;  spike  very 
long,  slender,  naked. — P.  bistorta  Walt. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug. 
1{. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  large,  with  hairy  stipules. 
Flowers  white,  in  a  very  long  and  slender  spike. 

8.  P.  amphibium  Linn. :  stem  nearly  erect  ;  leaves  petiolate,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  sometimes  cordate  at  base  ;  flowers  in  dense  terminal 
spikes,  pentandrous;  styles  bifid. — P.  coccineum  var.  tcrrestrc  Pursh. 

b.  aquaticum   Hook. :    stem  spreading   on   the   surface  of  water  ; 

leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  cordate  ;  spike  cylindrical-oblong. — P. 

natans  Eaton. 
Hab.     Borders  of  swamps  and  ponds.   N.  S.    W.  to  Miss.    July. 
26 


302  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

H. — Stem  8 — 12  inches  long.  Floicers  large,  reddish,  in 
an  ovate  spike. — Var.  b.  has  the  stems  long  and  the  leaves 
broad-cordate  and  floating  ;  but  it  passes  into  the  former  variety. 

9.  P.  pennsylvanicum  Linn. :  stem  with  tumid  joints,  smooth  ;  leaves 
lanceolate,  slightly  hairy,  petioled  ;  stipules  smooth  and  naked  ;  flow- 
ers in  crowded  oblong  spikes,  octandrous  ;  style  2-cleft  ;  peduncles 
hispid. 

Hab.  Margins  of  ponds  and  ditches.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July — Sept. 
0. — Stem  2 — 4  feet  high,  geniculate.  Flowers  large,  reddish, 
in  crowded  spikes. 

10.  P.  lapathifolium  Linn. :  stem  geniculate,  smooth  ;  leaves  ovate- 
lanceolate,  on  short  petioles,  often  hoary  beneath  ;  spikes  numerous, 
rather  crowded,  erect  ;  peduncles  scabrous ;  flowers  hexandrous  ; 
styles  2. — P.  incarnatum  Ell. 

Hab.  Ditches  and  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  , — 
Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Flowers  white  or  pale  red,  smaller  than  in 
the  former. 

11.  P.  pcrsicarm  Linn,  .-^stem  erect ;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  lanceo- 
late, the  upper  surface  marked  with  dark  coloured  spots  ;  stipules 
smooth,  ciliate  ;  spikes  dense,  terminal,  ovate-oblong,  erect  ;  flowers 
hexandrous  ;  styles  bifid. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  July,  Aug.  0. — Stem  12 — 18  inches  high, 
branched,  smooth,  often  red.  Floicers  reddish,  in  erect  oblong 
terminal  spikes.  Ladies'  Thumb. 

12*  P.  orientale  Linn. :  stem  erect ;  leaves  very  large,  petioled, 
ovate,  acuminate,  minutely  pubescent  ;  stipules  hairy,  hypocrateri- 
form  ;  flowers  in  crowded  terminal  spikes,  hexandrous,  digynous. 

Hab.  Old  fields  and  roads  sides.  July,  Aug.  0. — Stem  4 — 5 
feet  high,  branched,  pubescent.  Flowers  large,  crimson,  in 
pendulous  spikes.— Naturalized  throughout  the  whole  U.  States. 

***  Flowers  in  panicled  qrihes.     Perianth  b-parted.     Polygonella. 

13.  P.  articulahini  Linn.  :  stem  erect ;  leaves  linear,  obtuse  ;  stipules 
short,  truncate  ;  spikes  paniculate,  filiform,  erect  ;  pedicels  solitary, 
articulate  near  the  base  ;  flowers  perfect,  octandrous,  trigynous,  nod- 
ding. 

Hab.  Sandy  plains.  N.  S.  W.  to  Michigan.  Sept.  ©.— 
Stem  12  inches  high,  branched  above.  Leaves  very  small,  linear. 
Flowers  reddish-white,  in  spikes  which  are  jointed  by  a  suc- 
cession of  imbricate  sheathing  bracts. — A  singular  plant  which 
should  perhaps  be  separated  from  this  genus. 

*****  piowers  in  racemose  panicles.     Leaves  subcordate  or  sagittate. 
Fagopybu.m. 

14.  P.  sagittatum  Linn.  :  stem  prostrate,  square  ;  the  angles  awned 
with  reversed  prickles  ;  leaves  sagittate,  acute,  nearly  sessile  ;  flowers 
in  small  peduncled  heads,  octandrous  ;  styles  3-cleft. 

Hab.     Wet  grounds,     N.   Y.    to  Flor.     July,  Aug.     0.—Stem 


POLYGONE.E.  303 

long  and  slender.   Floieers  white,  axillary  and  terminal,  in  small 
compact  heads  which  are  supported  on  long  peduncles. 

15.  P.  arifolium  Linn.  :  stem  prostrate,  square,  the  angles  with  re- 
versed prickles  ;  leaves  on  long  petioles,  hastate,  with  the  lobes  acute  ; 
spikes  few-flowered  ;  flowers  hexandrous,  distinct  ;  styles  bifid. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  0. — Stem 
flexuous,  prostrate  or  climbing.  Flowers  pale  red,  in  terminal 
and  axillary  spikes. 

LB.  P.  convolvulus  Linn.  :  stem  long,  climbing,  angular,  somewhat 
rough  ;  leaves  petioled,  oblong,  hastate-cordate,  with  the  lobes  spread- 
ing and  acute  ;  flowers  in  lax  spikes,  octandrous  ;  styles  3-cleft;  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  bluntly  keeled. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  0. — 
Stem  long,  climbing.  Flowers  whitish  or  reddish,  in  terminal 
interrupted  spikes  or  racemes. 

17.  P.  cilinodt  Wiclu  :  stem  angular,  climbing  or  prostrate,  pubes- 
cent ;  leaves  petioled,  cordate  ;  stipules  somewhat  acute,  ciliate  at  the 
base  ;  panicles  somewhat  leafy  ;  flowers  octandrous  ;  styles  3-cleft ; 
segments  of  the  perianth  bluntly  keeled. 

Hab.     Fields.     N.  S.     July,  Aug.     ©.—A  variety  of  the  last.  ? 

18.  r.  scandens  Linn.  :  stem  climbing,  smooth  ;  leaves  broad-cor- 
date, with  the  sinus  broad  and  obtuse  ;  stipules  truncate,  naked  ;  flow- 
ers large,  in  axillary  racemes,  octandrous,  trigjmous  ;  segments  of  the 
perianth  winged. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug. 
0. — Ste?n  purple.  Floieers  white  or  reddish,  in  axillary  racemes. 

19.  P.fagopyrum  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  unarmed  ;  leaves  cordate,  sag- 
ittate ;  racemes  panicled  ;  angles  of  the  seed  equal. 

Hab.  Fields  ;  remaining  as  a  weed  where  it  has  been  cultivated. 
June.     0.  Buckxcheal. 

2.     RUMEX.    Linn. 

Perianth  6-leaved.  Stamens  6.  Styles  3.  Nut  trique- 
trous, covered  by  the  3  interior  valviform  leaves  of  the  peri- 
anth.     Stigmas  many-cleft.  Hexandria.   Trigynia. 

*  Flowers  all  perfect,  containing  both  stamens  and  pistils.     Lapathum. 
t  Inner  valves  of  the  perianth  entire. 
1.  R.  aquaticus  Linn.  :  valves  ovate,  entire,  all  of  them  granulifer- 
oua  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  the  lower  ones  on  long  petioles  and  cor- 
date at  base. 

Hab.  Ponds  and  ditches.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  11. — Root  large 
and  very  astringent.  Stent  3 — 4  feet  high.  Flowers  whorled,  in 
a  terminal  leafy  panicle.     Introduced.  ?  Water  Dock. 

2^  R.  crispus  Linn. :  valves  very  large,  cordate,  entire,  veined,  granu- 
liferous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  waved  at  the  margin. 


304  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Fields.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  2/.—  Stem  2—3  feet 
high,  furrowed.  Flowers  in  crowded  whorls,  on  pedicels.  —  Dis- 
tinguished from  the  former  by  its  large  membranaceous  valves. 
Introduced.  Curled  Dock. 

3.  R.  sanguineus  Linn. :  valves  small,  oblong,  one  or  more  granuli- 
ferous; leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  cordate,  petioled,  smooth,  mostly 
with  red  veins. 

Hab.  Fields  and  road  sides.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  11. — 
Stem  3  feet  high.  Root  leaves  large,  with  blood-red  veins. 
Floicers  in  small  distant  whorls.     Introduced.  Bloody  Dock. 

4.  7?.  britannictis  Linn.  :  valves  all  entire  and  granuliferous  ;  leaves 
broad-lanceolate,  flat,  smooth ;  sheaths  obsolete  ;  whorls  of  flowers 
leafless. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  It. — Root  fusiform, 
yellow  internally.  Stem  3  feet  high.  Leaves  large,  on  petioles. 
Floiocrs  in  a  compound  terminal  panicle,  polygamous. 

Yolloic-rooled  Water  Dock, 

5.  R.  verticillatus  Linn. :  valves  entire,  all  of  them  granuliferous  ; 
flowers  whorled,  in  long  nearly  simple  leafless  racemes  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute,  flat ;  sheaths  cylindrical. 

Hab.  Swampy  grounds.  N.  S.  June,  July.  11.—  Stem  2  feet 
high.  Leaves  long,  lanceolate,  narrow.  Whorls  few- flowered. 
Pedicels  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length. 

tt  Inner  valves  of  the  perianth  toothed. 

6.  R.  acutus  Linn. :  valves  oblong,  somewhat  toothed,  all  granulifer- 
ous ;  leaves  cordate-oblong,  acuminate ;  whorls  numerous,  small , leafy. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds.  N.  S.  June.  U-— Stem  2— 3  feet  high. 
Introduced. 

7.  R.  pallidas  Big. :  valves  ovate,  entire,  hardly  larger  than  the 
grain  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute  ;  spikes  slender. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  Mass.  June.  11. — Stems  numerous,  as- 
cending, slightly  furrowed.  Leaves  smooth,  petioled,  more  or 
less  waved  on  the  margin.  Spikes  slender.  Fruit  crowded,  the 
valves  acute. 

8.  R.  obtusifolius  Linn. :  valves  ovate,  toothed,  one  chiefly  granuli- 
ferous ;  leaves  cordate-oblong,  obtuse,  somewhat  crenate  and  waved  : 
upper  ones  narrower  and  more  acute  ;  stem  roughish. 

Hab.  Woods  and  fields.  N.  S.  July.  II.— Stem  2-3  feet  high. 
Leaves  very  large.  Flowers  in  long  nearly  leafless  racemes.  In- 
troduced. 

**  Floicers  dioecious.     Acetosa. 

9.  R.  acetosella  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  hastate ;  lobes  acute, 
spreading  ;  racemes  paniculate  ;  valves  of  the  fruit  grainless. 

Hab.  Fields,  &c.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  June,  July.  If.— 
Stem  6—12  inches  high. — The  plant  has  a  pleasant  aeid  tas^e. 

Sheep  SorreL 


LAURTNE^.  305 

Order  CI.     LAURINEiE.     Juss.     Lind. 

Perianth  4 — 6-cleft.  Stamens  definite,  perigynous,  oppo- 
site the  segments  of  the  perianth  and  usually  twice  as  nu- 
merous, 3  innermost  ones  sterile,  or  wanting  ;  6  outer  ones 
scarcely  ever  abortive  ;  anthers  adnate,  2 — 4-celled,  the  cells 
bursting  by  a  longitudinal  persistent  valve  from  the  base  to 
the  apex  ;  the  outer  anthers  valved  inwards,  the  inner  out- 
wards. Glands  usually  present  at  the  base  of  the  inner  fila- 
ments. Ovary  superior,  single  ;  style  simple  ;  stigma  obtuse. 
Fruit  a  berry  or  drupe,  naked  or  covered.  Seed  without  al- 
bumen ;  embryo  inverted ;  cotyledons  large,  plano-convex, 
peltate  near  the  base.     Plumula  conspicuous,  2-leaved. 

Trees,  often  large.     Leaves  without  stipules,  alternate. 

1.     LAURUS.  .  Linn. 

Perianth  4 — 5-cleft,  equal.  Stamens  S — 12,  arranged  in  a 
double  row  ;  outer  ones  all  fertile  ;  alternate  inner  ones  fer- 
tile and  furnished  at  base  with  2  appendices  or  glands,  (nec- 
tary.)    Drupe  fleshy.  Enneaiidria.  Monogynia, 

*  Leaves  perennial. 

1.  L.  carolinensis  Mich. :  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  coriaceous,  glaucous 
beneath  ;  peduncles  simple,  terminated  with  a  few-flowered  fascicle  ; 
outer  segments  of  the  calyx  half  as  long  as  the  inner. 

Hab.  In  the  Great  Cypress  Swamp,  Sussex  county,  Delaware  ; 
its  most  northern  boundary.  Nutt.  S.  to  Geor.  June.  *?. — 
A  large  shrub  or  small  tree.  Flowers  in  small  clusters,  polyga- 
mous, pale  yellow.     Dmpc  dark  blue. 

**  Leaves  deciduous.    Flowers  dioecious. 

2.  L.  benzoin  Linn.  :  leaves  obovate,  lanceolate,  wedgeform  at  base, 
entire,  whitish  and  subpubescent  beneath  ;  flowers  in  clustered  umbels, 
appearing  before  the  leaves  ;  buds  and  pedicels  smooth. — L.  pseudo- 
benzoin  Mich. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  April, 
May.  1?. — Shrub  6 — 10  feet  high.  Flowers  pale  yellow.  iSrupt 
roundish,  scarlet.  Benzoin.    Spice-wood. 

3.  L.  sassafras  Linn.  :  leaves  entire,  lanceolate-ovate,  or  2 — 3-lobed, 
under  surface  prominently  veined ;  flowers  in.  clustered  umbels,  ap- 
pearing before  the  leaves  ;  buds,  younger  branches  and  under  surface 
of  the  leaves,  pubescent. 

Hab.  River  banks.  Can.  to  Geor.  April.  *>. — Varies  in  size 
from  that  of  a  large  shrub  to  a  large  tree.  Leaves  various, 
glabrous  or  pubescent.  Flowers  yellow. — This  and  the  foregoing 
species  possess  medicinal  powers.     See  Dr.  Brockenbrough' s  In- 

26* 


306  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

augural  Thesis.  1804.     Barton  s  Collection  for  a  Mat.   Med.  of 
theU.  S.  and  Big.  Med.  Bot.  ii.  142.  Sassafras- 

Order  CI  I.     ELJEAGNE.E.     Juss.     hind. 

Floicers  dioecious,  rarely  monoclinous.  Sterile  Fl. 
Stamens  3,  4  or  8,  sessile  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Fertile  Fl. 
Perianth  tubular,  persistent ;  the  limb  entire,  or  3 — 4-toothed. 
Ovary  superior,  simple,  1-celled  ;  ovule  solitary,  ascending, 
stalked ;  style  short ;  stigma  simple,  subulate,  glandular. 
Fruit  crustaceous,  enclosed  within  the  perianth,  becomes  suc- 
culent. Seed  erect ;  embryo  straight,  surrounded  by  very 
thin  fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  short,  inferior  ;  cotyledons  fleshy. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  covered  with  leprous  scales.  Leaves  al- 
ternate or  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules. 

1.     SHEPHERDIA.     Mat. 

Dioecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  4-cleft.  Stamens  8, 
included,  alternating  with  S  glands.  Fertile  Fl.  Perianth 
4-cleft,  campanulate,  superior.  Style  1.  Stigma  oblique. 
Berry  1-seeded.  Dioecia.   Octandria. 

S.  canadensis  Nutt. :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  nearly  smooth  above,  stel- 
lately  hairy  and  scaly  beneath  ;  the  scales  ferruginous  and  deciduous. 
— Hippophac  canadensis  Willd.   Pursh. 

Hab.  Can.  and  Western  part  of  N.  Y.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  July. 
*>. — A  shrub  6 — 8  feet  high.  Flowers  minute.  Berries  scaly, 
sweetish. 

Order  CHI.     THYMELE/E.     R.  Brown.     Lind. 

Perianth  inferior,  tubular,  coloured  ;  the  limb  4-  seldom  5- 
cleft ;  aestivation  imbricate.  Stamens  definite,  periginous, 
usually  8,  sometimes  4  or  2  ;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  soli- 
tary; style  1  ;  stigma  undivided.  Fruit  a  nut  or  drupe  ;  al- 
bumen none,  or  thin  and  fleshy ;  embryo  straight,  inverted  ;  co- 
tyledons plano-convex. 

Shrubs  with  a  tough  bark.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite, 
entire. 

1.     DIRCA.     Linn. 

Perianth  coloured,  campanulate  ;  limb  obsolete.  Stamens 
8,  inserted  into  the  perianth,  unequal.  Style  1.  Berry  1- 
seeded.  Octandria.   Monogynia. 


SANTALACE^.  307 

D.  palust/is  Linn. 
Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  April.  U .—Shrub  2—4  feet 
high,  with  tough  branches.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate,  petioled, 
entire,  obtuse.  Flowers  appearing  before  the  leaves,  yellow. — 
The  bark  has  a  sweetish  taste,  and  when  chewed  excites  a  burn- 
ing sensation  in  the  fauces.  Leather  Wood. 

Order  CIV.     SANTALACE^.     Brown,     hind. 

Verianth  superior,  4  or  5-cleft,  half  coloured,  with  valvate 
eestivation.  Stamens  4  or  5,  opposite  the  segments  of  the  pe- 
rianth and  inserted  into  their  bases.  Ovary  1-celled,  witli 
from  1 — 4  ovules  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  often  lobed.  Fruit  a  nut 
or  drupe.  Seed  solitary  ;  albumen  fleshy ;  embryo  minute  ; 
radicle  superior. 

Trees  or  shrubs  sometimes  undershrubs  or  herbs.  Leaves 
alternate,  undivided. 

].     NYSSA.     Linn. 

Dioecious.  Stertle  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamen? 
5 — 10.  Fertile  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens  5. 
Style  1.     Drupe  inferior.  Dioecia.  Pentandria. 

1.  N.  multiflora  Walt.  :  leaves  oval-lanceolate,  very  entire,  acute  at 
each  end  ;  the  petiole  margined  and  midrib  villous  ;  fertile  peduncles 
many-flowered. — iV.  villosa  Mich. 

Hab.  Low  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  I?. — A  tree  30—50 
feet  high.  Floiccrs  in  somewhat  umbellate  clusters,  small, 
green.     Drupe  nearly  spherical,  very  dark  blue. 

Sour  or  Black  Gum, 

2.  N.  biflora  Walt.  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  very  entire,  acute  at  each 
end,  smooth  ;  fertile  peduncles  2-flowered  ;  drupe  oval-compressed. — 
lY.  aquatica  Linn. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  S.  S.  to  Car.  June.  *>.— A  tree  30— 50 
feet  high.  Fertiley?o?ce?\s  almost  invariably  2.  Drape  dark  blue. 
— The  woody  fibres  of  this  tree  are  remarkably  interlocked,  so 
as  to  render  it  difficult  to  be  split ;  on  this  account  it  is  much 
used  in  making  naves  for  carriage  wheels,  &c. 

Tupelo  Tree.     Sicamp  Hornbeam, 

2.  HAMILTONIA.  Willd. 
Polygamous.  Perfect  Fl.  Perianth  turbinate-campa- 
nulate,  5-cleft.  Germ  immersed  in  the  5-toothed  glandulous 
disk.  Style  1.  Stigmas  2 — 3,  sublenticular.  Drupe  pyri- 
form,  1-seeded,  inclosed  in  the  adhering  base  of  the  calyx. 
Sterile  Fl.  resembling  the  perfect,  except  in  wanting  the 
pistil.  Pentandria.   Monogynia. 


308  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

H.  old/era  MuhL  —Pyrularia  pubcra  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Geor.  :  rare.  May,  June.  ^>«— 
Shrub  4 — 6  feet  high  with  a  very  deep  root.  Leaves  oblong-ob- 
ovate,  entire,  acuminate,  2 — 3  inches  long,  petiolate,  pubescent 
when  young.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  raeeme,  small,  greenish- 
yellow. — Whole  plant  more  or  less  oily.  Oil  Nut. 

3.     THESIUM.     Linn. 

Perianth  4 — 5-cleft.  Stamens  4 — 5,  opposite  the  lobes  of 
the  perianth,  villous  externally.  Style  simple,  1-seeded, 
crowned  by  the  persistent  perianth.   Pentandria.   Monogynia. 

T.  umbdlatum  Linn. :  stem  round  and  erect ;  leaves  oblong-ovate 
obtuse,  smooth  ;  panicles  terminal,  subcorymbed, — Comandra  umbel 
lata  Nutt. — Hamiltonia  umbcllata  Spreng. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Subarc.  Amer.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  July, 
Aug.  11. — Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Leaves  alternate,  entire, 
sessile,  mucronate.  Flowers  white,  in  a  terminal  corymb. — It 
is  still  doubtful  whether  this  deserves  to.  be  separated  from  The- 
sium.     It  appears  to  agree  very  well  with  Hamiltonia. 

.  Bastard  Toad-flax. 


Order  CV.     ARISTOLOCHI^E.     Juss.     Lind. 

Flowers  monoclinous.  Perianth  superior,  tubular,  3-cleft, 
regular  or  very  unequal ;  aestivation  valvate.  Stamens  6 — 12, 
epigynous,  distinct  or  adhering  to  the  style  and  stigmas.  Ova- 
ry inferior,  3 — 6-celled  ;  ovules  numerous  ;  style  simple  ;  stig- 
mas radiating,  as  numerous  as  the  cells  of  the  ovary.  Fruit 
dry  or  succulent,  3— 6-celled.  Seeds  numerous  ;  embryo  mi- 
nute, placed  in  the  base  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  often  with  leafy 
stipules. 

1.     ARISTOLOCHIA.     Linn. 

Perianth  tubular,  ventricose  at  base,  dilated  at  the  apex 
and  ligulate.  Anthers  6,  subsessile,  inserted  into  the  style. 
Stigma  6-cleft.      Capsule  6-sided,  6-celled. 

Gynandria.   Hexandria, 

1.  A.  sipho  L'Hcrit :  stem  twining  ;  leaves  cordate,  acute  ;  pedun- 
cles I-flowered,  furnished  with  an  ovate  bract  ;  corol  ascending,  the 
border  3-cleft  and  equal. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  f?. — A  vine  climbing 
oyer  trees  of  large  size.  Leaves  very  large,  alternate,  sprinkled 
with  hairs.     Flowers  solitary,  brown.  Dutchman's  Pipe. 


, 


EMPETREiE.  309 

2.  A.  serpentaria  Linn. :  stem  flexuous  ;  leaves  cordate,  oblong, 
acuminate  ;  peduncles  radical  ;  lip  of  the  corol  lanceolate. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  L(. — Stem  8 — 12 
inches  high,  pubescent,  geniculate  and  knotty  at  base.  Floiccrs 
few,  purplish-brown. — Possesses  valuable  medicinal  properties. 
Sec  Big.  Med.Bot.  iii.  82.  Virginia  Snakcrool. 

2.     ASARUM.     Linn. 

Perianth  campanulate,  3-cleft.  Stamens  12,  placed  upon 
the  ovary  ;  anthers  adnate  with  the  middle  of  the  filaments. 
Style  short.     Stigma  stellate,  6-lobed.      Capsule  6-celied. 

Gynandria.  Decandria. 

1.  A.  canadense  Linn.:  leaves  by  pairs,  broad  reniform ;  perianth 
woolly,  cleft  to  the  base;  the  segments  sublanceolate,  reflexed. — A.  ca- 
rolinianum  Walt. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  April.  2f.— Stem 
none.  Leaves  generally  2,  with  long  and  hairy  petioles.  Floic- 
er  somewhat  campanulate,  solitary,  on  a  short  peduncle,  some- 
times nearly  buried  in  the  ground. — The  root  has  an  agreeable 
and  aromatic  flavor.  Wild  Ginger. 

2.  .#.  virginicum  Mich.  :  leaves  solitary,  cordate,  nearly  round,  gla- 
brous, coriaceous  ;  flower  nearly  sessile;  perianth  externally  gla- 
brous, short,  campanulate. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  April.  11. — Leaves  spot- 
ted or  clouded,  smooth.  Segments  of  \he  perianth  obtuse. — Ve- 
ry similar  in  habit  to  the  preceding. 

Order  CVI.     EMPETRE^.     JVutt.     Lind. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  consisting  of  2 — 4  imbricat- 
ed rows  of  hypogynous  scales.  Stamens  equal  in  number  to 
the  scales  and  alternate  with  them  ;  anthers  roundish,  2-cell- 
ed,  the  cells  distinct,  bursting  longitudinally.  Ovary  supe- 
rior, seated  in  a  fleshy  disk,  3 — 6  or  9-celled  ;  ovules  solitary, 
ascending  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  radiating,  multifid.  Fruit  fleshy, 
seated  in  the  persistent  perianth.  Seed  solitary,  ascending  ; 
embryo  taper  in  the  axis  of  the  fleshy  albumen  ;  radicle  infe- 
rior. 

Small  acrid  shrubs,  with  heath-like  evergreen  leaves  with- 
out stipules,  and  minute  flowers  in  their  axil6. 

1.     EMPETRUM.     Linn. 

Dioecious.  Perianth  consisting  of  2  row9  of  scales.  Ste- 
rile Fl.     Stamens  3,  upon  long  filaments.     Fertile  Fl. 


310  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Style  none,  or  very  short.     Stigma  with  6 — 9  rays.     Berry 
superior,  globose,  6 — 9  seeded.  Dioecia.   Triandria. 

E.  nigrum  Mich.  :  procumbent  ;  leaves  oblong-obtuse,  revolute  on 
the  margin. 

Hab.  White  Hills.  N.  H.  Big.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  May,  June. 
T?. — A  low  shrub  with  small  and  dense  evergreen  foliage,  like 
that  of  the  heaths.  Leaves  imbricate,  oblong,  obtuse.  Floicers 
axillary,  very  small,  reddish.  Berries  roundish,  black. — Dr. 
Houghton  has  found  it  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior. 


Order  CVII.     EUPHORBIACEiE.     Lind. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Perianth  lobed,  inferior, 
with  various  glandular  or  scaly  appendages  ;  (sometimes 
wanting.)  Sterile  Fl.  Stamens  1 — 12  ;  anthers  2-celled. 
Fertile  Fl.  Ovary  1,  superior,  sessile  or  stalked  ;  styles 
2 — 3  ;  stigmas  compound,  or  single  with  several  lobes.  Fruit 
consisting  of  2 — 3  or  more  dehiscent  cells,  separating  with 
elasticity  from  their  commor  axis,  sometimes  indehiscent. 
Seeds  suspended,  arillate  ;  embryo  enclosed  in  fleshy  albu- 
men :  cotyledons  flat ;  radicle  superior. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  often  abounding  in  acrid  milk. 
Leaves  simple,  rarely  compound,  usually  with  stipules. 

1.  CROTONOPSIS.     Mick. 

Monoecious.  Sterile.  Fl.  Perianth  5-parfed,  with  5 
petaloid  scales.  Stamens  5.  Fertile  Fl.  Perianth  5- 
parted.  Stamens  3,  twice  bifid.  Capsule  1-seeded,  not  open- 
ing. Monoecia.  Pcntandria. 

C.  linearis  Mich. :  stem  erect,  dichotomously  branched ;  leaves  stel- 
lately  pubescent  above,  hairy  and  covered  with  silvery  scales  beneath. 
E.  argtntta  Pursh. — Friesia  argentea  Spreng. 

,  Hab.  Swamps  in  sands.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  0. 
—  Stem  12 — 18  inches  high,  covered  like  the  leaves,  with  solita- 
ry scales.  Leaves  varying  from  linear-lanceolate  to  ovate,  on 
short  petioles.  Floicers  in  terminal  and  axillary  spikes,  very 
minute. 

2.  PHYLLANTHUS.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  5 — 6-parted.  Fi- 
laments united.  Fertile  Fl.  as  the  sterile.  Nectary  ?  a 
12-angled  margin.     Styles  3.     Capsule  3-celled. 

Monoecia.  Monadelphia. 


EUPHORBIACEiE.  311 

P.  caroliniensis   Walt.  :  stem  erect  ;  branches  distichous  ;  leaves  al- 
ternate,  oval,   obtuse,  smooth,    somewhat   distichous ;    flowers   few, 
(2 — 4)  axillary,  on  pedicels,  nodding. — P.  oboratus  Willd.  Pursh.   Torr. 
Hab.     Banks  of  streams.     Penn.   to  Geor.     July,    Aug.     0. — 
Stem  12  inches  high,  with  distichous  branches.    Floiccrs  on  short 
pedicels,  axillary,  nodding.     Stamens  6,  united  at  base. 

3.     RICINUS.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens 
numerous  ;  filaments  united,  branching.  Fertile  Fl.  Pe- 
rianth 3-parted.  Styles  3,  2-parted.  Capsule  mostly  echi- 
nate,  3-celled,  3-secded.  Monoecia.  Monadelphia. 

R.  communis  Linn.  :  stem  herbaceous,  glaucous-pruinose  ;  leaves 
peltate  palmate  ;  lobes  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  capsule  echinate. 

Hab.  Around  plantations  at  the  South.  Aug.,  Sept.  Q. — In- 
troduced. Cultivated  extensively  in  various  parts  of  the  U.  S. 
for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  oil  from  the  seed.     Castor-oil  Bean. 

4.  ACALYPHA.     Linn. 

Monoecious..  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  3 — 4-parted.  Sta- 
mens 8 — 16,  united.  Fertile  Fl.  Styles  3,  2-parted. 
Capsule  3-celled  ;  cells  1-seeded.      Monoecia.  Monadelphia. 

1.  A.  virginica  Linn.:  pubescent;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  lanceo- 
late-oblong, remotely  and  obtusely  serrate  ;  involucre  cordate,  ovate, 
acuminate,  toothed  ;  fertile  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike. 

Hab.  Road  sides,  &c.  Can.  to  Car.  June— Aug.  @. — Stem 
12 — 13  inches  high,  erect,  pubescent.  Involucre  on  a  short  pe- 
duncle, shorter  than  the  leaves.  Sterile  flowers  very  small.  Cap- 
sule hispid.  Three-seeded  Mercury. 

2.  A.  caroliniana  Walt.  :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  rhombic-ovate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  entire  at  base  ;  involucre  cordate,  toothed  ;  fertile 
flowers  at  the  base  of  the  sterile  spike. 

Hab.     Fields.      Penn.  to   Car.      July,  Aug.       0.— Stem  9—18 
inches  high. — The  A.  carolinana  of  Elliott  is  apparently  a  dis- 
•  tinct  species. 

5.  EUPHORBIA.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Rarely  furnished  with  a  perianth.  Involucre 
monophyllous,  campanulate,  S — 10  toothed,  the  inner  seg- 
ments membranaceous  and  erect.  Sterile  Fl.  12  or  more. 
Stamen  ]  ;  filament  articulated  in  the  middle.  Fertile  Fl. 
solitary,  stipulate,  naked.  Stigmas  3,  2-cleft.  Capsule  3- 
lobed.  Monoecia.  Monandria. 

*  Floiccrs  in  terminal  fascicles. 

1.  E.  dentata  Mich.  :  hairy  ;  leaves  opposite,  oval,  dentate  ;  flowers 
crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem. 


312  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

Hab.  Shady  rocks.  Penn.  to  Term.  July,  Aug.  0. — The 
upper  leaves  spotted. 

2.  E.  hypericifolia  Linn.  :  smooth,  branching,  erect-spreading  ; 
branches  divaricate  ;  leaves  opposite,  oval-oblong,  slightly  falcate,  ser- 
rate ;  corymbs  terminal. 

b.  ?  hirsuta  Torr. :  stem  slender  or  hairy;  leaves  oblong,  smooth. 

serrulate. 
Hab.     Fields  and  road  sides.     Can.  to  Flor.     Aug.,  Sept.     0. — 
Stem   erect,   1 — 2   feet   high,  very    smooth.     Leaves  3-nerved 
and   spotted.     Flowers  small. — Var.    b.  is  S — 12  inches  high, 
much  branched  and  purple. 

3.  E.  maculata  Linn.  :  erect-spreading  or  procumbent  ;  leaves  oppo- 
site, serrate,  oblong,  hairy  ;  flowers  axillary,  solitary  ;  inner  segments 
of  the  involucre  coloured. 

Hab.  Near  cultivated  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug. — Oct.  0. 
Stem  6 — 12  inches  long,  generally  purple.  Leaves  on  short  pe- 
tioles, oblique  at  base,  3-nerved.  Floicers  crowded  near  the  sum- 
mit, but  in  reality  solitary  in  each  axil.  Spotted  Spurge. 

4.  E.  polygonifolia  Linn.  :  procumbent,  branching,  very  smooth, 
succulent  ;  leaves  oblong-ovate,  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  obtuse,  some- 
times subcordate  at  base ;  flowers  solitary  in  the  divisions  of  the  stem; 
stipules  simple. 

Hab.  Sands  on  sea  shore.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  to  Sept.  Lf. 
— Stem  8  inches  long.     Stipules  subulate  and  simple. 

5.  E.  ipecacuanha  Linn.  :  procumbent  or  nearly  erect,  small,  smooth; 
leaves  opposite,  obovate  and  lanceolate ;  peduncles  axillary,  1-flower- 
ed,  elongated. 

Hab.  Sandy  soil.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June.  If . — Root  very  long 
and  tapering.  Stem  short.  Leaves  sessile,  varying  in  form 
from  obovate  to  linear.  Floicers  solitary,  on  peduncles  which 
are  about  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

6.  E.  portulaccoides  Linn. :  erect  ;  leaves  entire,  oval,  retuse  ;  pe- 
duncles axillary,  1-flowered,  as  long  as  the  leaves. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  Penn.  June — Aug.  If. — Dr.  Torrey  thinks 
it  may  be  a  variety  of  E.  corollata. 

7.  E.  dentata  Mich. :  hairy  ;  leaves  opposite,  oval,  dentate;  flowers 
crowded  at  the  summit  of  the  stem. 

Hab.  Shady  rocks.  N.  S.  Torr.  Tenn.  Mich,  July,  Aug.  0. 
— Upper  leaves  spotted. 

**  Floicers  umbelled-involucrate, 

8.  E.  peplus  Linn.  :  umbel  3-cleft,  dichotomous  ;  involucels  (floral 
leaves)  ovate  ;  leaves  entire,  obovate,  petioled. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds.  Penn.  to  Vir.  July,  Aug.  0. — 
Floral  leaves  large.     Flowers  conspicuous. 

9.  E.  obtusata  Pursh :  umbel  3-cleft,  twice  dichotomous ;  involucels 
ovate,  somewhat  obtuse,  subcordate  ;  leaves  alternate,  sessile,  spatu- 
late,  serrulate,  smooth  ;  capsules  muricate. 


URTICEiE.  313 

Hab.  Waste  grounds.  Can.  to  Vir.  July,  Aug.  If. — Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high,  branched  at  the  top,  simple  below. 

10.  E .  merciirialina  Muld.  :  stem  weak  and  slender,  simply  3-cleft: 
leaves  opposite  and  ternate,  subsessile,  oval,  entire  ;  peduncles  termi- 
nal, solitary,  1 -flowered. 

Hab.     Shady  rocky  situations.     Penn.  Pursh.     July.  Aug.     21. 

11.  E.  lathyrus  Linn. :  umbel  4-cleft,  dichotomous  ;  leaves  oppo- 
site, lanceolate,  entire. 

Hab.     Near  gardens  arid  cultivated  grounds.     N.  S.     July,  Aug. 
.    .$. — Introduced.-  Mole  Plant. 

12.  E.  coroUata  Linn.  :  umbel  5-cleft,  3-cleft,  dichotomous  ;.  floral 
k?aves  and  those  of  the  stem  oblong,  obtuse  ;  inner  segments  of  the 
involucre  petaloid,  obovate. 

Hab.  Dry  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  Au£.  2{.— Stem  1—2 
feet  high,  erect,  rarely  branched.  Leaves  petioled,  varying 
somewhat  in  form.     Floicers  in  a  terminal  umbel,  conspicuous. 

13.  E.  pRosa  Linn. :  umbel  5-cleft,  3-cleft,  bifid  ;  floral  leaves  ovate; 
stem  leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  hairy,  serrulate  at  the  summit  ;  pe- 
tals entire.  " 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Vir.  June,  July.  21. — Stem  1 — 3 
feet  high. — Found  in  Canada  by  Mr.  Goldie. 

14.  E.  hclioscopia  Linn.  :  umbel  5-cleft,  2-cleft,  dichotomous  ;  floral 
leaves  obovate  ;  stem  leaves  cuneiform,  serrate,  smooth  ;  capsule 
smooth. 

H  vb.  Fertile  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  July.  #. — Stem  erect. 
Leaves  scattered,  obovate  or  wedge-shaped.     Capsule  smooth. 

Order  CVIII.     URTICE^.     Lind. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  scattered  or  clustered. 
Perianth  membranous,  lobed,  persistent.  Stamens  definite, 
distinct,  inserted  into  the  base'  of  the  calyx  and  opposite  its 
lobes.  Ovary  superior,  simple;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  a 
simple  indehiscent  nut,  surrounded  either  by  the  membranous 
or  fleshy  perianth.  Seed  solitary,  erect;  embryo  straight, 
curved  or  spiral ;  radicle  superior. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  often  covered 
with  pungent  hairs. 

I.     URTICA.     linn. 

Monoecious,   rarely  dioecious.     Sterile  Fl.     Perianth 

.  single,  of  4  leaves,  containing  the  cup-shaped  rudiment  of  a 

germ.     Stamens  4.     Fertile  Fl.     Perianth  of  2  leaves. 

Stigma  1.     JVirt  1-seeded,  shining.     Monoecia.   Tetrandria. 

27 


314  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

1.  U.  pumila  Linn. :  leaves  opposite,  ovate,  acuminate,  3-nerved, 
serrate  ;  lower  petioles  as  long  as  the  leaves  ;  flowers  monoecious,  tri- 
androus,  in  clustered  corymbs,  shorter  than  the  petioles. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  0. — Stem  mostly 
erect,  6 — 12  inches  high,  succulent,  almost  transparent.  Leaves 
shining.  Richicccd. 

.2.  U.  urens  Linn. :  leaves  opposite,  elliptic,  somewhat  5-nerved. 
acutely  serrate  ;  spike  glomerate,  by  pairs ;  flowers  clustered. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  0. — 
Stem  12 — 20  inches  high,  hairy -hispid.  Plant  stinging.  Intro- 
duced. Stinging  Nettle. 

3.  U.  dioica  Linn.  :  leaves  opposite,  cordate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
coarsely  serrate  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  spike  paniculate,  clustered,  by 
pairs,  'longer  than  the  petiole. 

Hab.  Waste  places.  Can;  to  Car.  June— Aug.  11. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  erect,  branching.  Floiecrs  small,  green,  in  axil- 
lary racemes  which  are  in  pairs.     Stinging. 

Large  Stinging  Nettle. 

4.  U.  procera  Muhl.  :  leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate,  serrate  ;  pej 
tioles  fringed  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  spikes  branching,  clustered,  by 
pairs,  longer  than  the  petioles. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  S.  to  Car.-  July,  Aug.  11. — Stem 
3 — 4  feet  high,  obtusely  4-angled.  Floiecrs  in  compact  approxi- 
mate clusters. — According  to  Mr.  Elliott,  the  leaves  of  this 
species  are  never  cordate,  and  the  spikes  are  uniformly  longer 
than  the  petioles,  in  which  points  it  differs  from  the  U.  procera 
of  Pursh,  which  would  seem  to  be  a  distinct  species,  probably 
the  next. 

5.  U.  gracilis  Linn.  :  stem  hispid  ;  leaves  opposite,  ovate-lanceolate, 
serrate,  cordate  at  base  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  peduncles  hispid  ;  clust- 
ers in  pairs,  somewhat  branched,  about  as  long  as  the  petioles. — U. 
procera  Pursh.  ? 

Hab.  Rocky  places.  Can.  to  Penn.  Pursh.  Muhl.  N.  to  Arc. 
Amer.     July,  Aug.     24!. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high. 

Slender  Stalked  Nettle. 

6.  U.  capitata  Linn. :  leaves  alternate,  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  ser- 
rate, 3-nerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  petiole ;  clusters  spiked ;  spikes 
solitary,  shorter  than  the  leaves,  leafy  at  the  summit ;  stem  naked. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  July.  1/. — Steyn 
4 — 5  feet  high,  scabrous,  furrowed.  Leaves  scabrous,  those  on  the 
stem  generally  opposite.  Clusters  lateral  and  axillary. — Re- 
sembles Um  dioica. 

7.  U.  diraricata  Linn. :  leaves  alternate,  ovate,  acuminate,  serrate, 
rather  smooth  ;  petioles  long,  ciliate  ;  panicles  axillary,  solitary,  di- 
varicately branched,  longer  than  the  petiole  ;  stem  stinging. 

Hab.     Damp  rocky  grounds.     Can.  to  Car.     July,  Aug.     1L — 
.    Stem  2—3  feet  high,  branched. — Allied  to  the  next  species,  but 

differs  in  the  leaves  being  smooth  and  not  cordate,  the  panicles 

solitary  and  mixed  with  fertile  flowers. 


URTICE.E.  315 

8.  V.  canadensis  Linn.  :  leaves  alternate,  cordate-ovate,  acuminate, 
serrate,  hispid  on  both  sides  ;  panicles  axillary,  mostly  in  pairs,  di- 
varicately branched  ;  the  lower  ones  sterile,  and  longer  than  the  peti . 
ole  ;  the  upper  ones  fertile,  elongated  ;  stem  very  hispid,  Stinging. 

PIab.  Miry  shaded  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  Lf. — 
Stem  5 — 6  feet  high.  Leaves  ovate,  large — The  fibres  of  this 
species  are  very  tough  and  strong,  and  it  was  formerly  proposed 
by  Mr.  Whitlow  as  a  substitute  for  hemp.  Canadian.  Nettle. 

2.     PARIETARIA.     Linn, 

Flowers  polygamous,  surrounded  by  a  many-cleft  involucre. 
Perfect  Fl.  Perianth  4-cleft  Stamens  4;  filaments  at 
first  incurved,  then  expanding  with  an  elastic  force.  Ovary 
1.     Style  1.     Nut  1,  inclosed  by  the  enlarged  perianth. 

Monoecia.   Tetrandria. 

P.  pennsyfoanica  MuKL  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  veiny,  with  opake 
dots  ;  involucre  3-leaved,  longer  than  the  flower. 

Hab.  Moist  rocks.  Penn.  to  Geor.  June.  @. — Stem  12 — 15 
inches  high,  simple.     Flowers  in  compact  axillary  clusters. 

Pellitory. ' 

3.     CANNABIS.     Linn. 

Dioecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  5-parted.  Stamens 
5.  Fertile  Fl.  Perianth  oblong,  opening  at  the  side. 
Styles  2.     Nnt  2-valved,  covered  with  the  closed  perianth. 

Dioecia.  Pentandria. 

C.  sativa  linn.  :  leaves  petholate,  digitate  ;  leafets  5 — 7,  lanceolate, 
serrate. 

Hab.  In  fields.  June.  @  — Apparently  indigenous,  but  proba- 
bly introduced.  Common  Hemp.     Neck  Weed. 

4.     HUMULUS.     Linn. 

Dioecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  single,  5-parted.  Sta- 
mens 5.  Anthers  with  2  pores  at  the  extremity.  Fertile 
Fl.  Scales  of  the  ament  large,  persistent,  concave,  entire, 
single  flowered.     Perianth  none.     Styles  2.     Seed  1. 

Dioecia .  Pen tandria . 

H.  hqndns  Linn. 
Hab.     Hedges,  &c.    Aug.     L£. — Stem  twining,  scabrous.    Leaves 
opposite,    3 — 5-lobed,    rough.      Flowers   greenish.      Medicinal. 
Big.  Med.  Bot.  iii.  163.  Common  Hop. 

5.     BOEHMERIA.     JllUd. 
Monoecious'.     Sterile   Fl.      Perianth  4-parted.      Sta- 


316  DICOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

mens  4.     Fertile  Fl.    Perianth  none.     Style  1.    Nut  com- 
pressed. Monoecia.   Tetrandria. 

1.  B.  cylindrica  Jfltld.  :  leaves  opposite,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate. 
toothed,  smooth  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  sterile  spikes  clustered,  inter- 
rupted ;  fertile  ones  cylindrical ;  stem  herbaceous. 

Hab.  Wet  ground.  Can.  to  Flor.  June — Aug.  If. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.  Leans  petioled,  3-nerred.  Flowers  minute  ; 
the  fertile  ones  forming  a  compact  cylindrical  spike  which  is 
1 — 2  inches  long. 

2.  B.  lateriflora  Muld.  :  leaves  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate- 
serrate,  scabrous  ;  flowers  lateral,  clustered;  stem  herbaceous. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  July.  1L — Stem  smooth. 
Leaves  on  long  petioles,  3-nerved,  scabrous  on  both  sides.  Cltis 
ters  axillarv  and  lateral,  few-flowered. 


Order  CIX.     ARTOCARPE.E.     R.  Brown.     Lind. 

Flowers  monoecious,  in  heads  or  amends.  Perianth  usual- 
.  \y  divided,  sometimes  tubular  or  entire.  Stamens  solitary  or 
several,  straight.  Ovary  1-  or  2-celled,  superior,  rarely  in* 
ferior ;  ovule  suspended  ;  style  single,  filiform  ;  stigma  bifid. 
Fruit  usually  a  fleshy  receptacle,  covered  by  numerous  mats, 
rarely  reduced  to  a  single  flower.  Seed  suspended,  solitary  ; 
embryo  straight  or  curved  \  radicle  pointing  to  the  hilum. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs.   Leaves  alternate,  toothed  or  lobcd> 

or  entire. 
•  * 

1.     MORUS.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Perianth  4-parted,  lobes  concave.  Sterile 
Fl.  Stamens  4.  Fertile  Fl.  Stigmas  2.  Seeds  1 — 2, 
covered  by  the  fleshy  perianth.  'Monoecia.  Tetrandria. 

1.  M.  rubra  Linn.  :  dioecious  ;  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate, 
often  3-lobed,.  equally  serrate,  scabrous,  pubescent  beneath  ;  fertile 
aments  cylindrical  ;  fruit  purple. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  S.  to  Car.  May.  .  fc. — A  large  tree  with. 
long  virgate  branches.  Leaves  often  divided.  Flowers,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Elliott,  always  dioecious. — The  fruitis  esteemed  by 
some,  and  the  wood  is  remarkably  durable.  Red  Mulberry. 

2.  M.  alba  Linn.  :  monoecious  ;  leaves  deeply  cordate,  unequal  at 
base,  ovate  and  lobed,  unequally  serrate,  nearly  smooth  ;  fruit  white. 

Hab.  Naturalized  in  various  pa*ts  of  the  U.  S.  May.  T?.— A 
tree  from  20  to  30  feet  high. — Employed  chiefly  in  raising  the 
silk  worm.  White  Mulberry. 


AMENTACE.E.  317 

Order  CX.     SAURURE^E.     Rich.     Lind. 

Flowers  naked,  seated  upon  a  scale,  monoclinous.  Sta- 
mens 6,  clavate,  hypogynous,  persistent ;  filaments  slender ; 
anthers  continuous  with  the  filament,  cuneate,  with  a  thick 
connecticum  and  2  lateral  lobes  bursting  longitudinally.  Ova- 
ries 4,  each  distinct,  with  1  ascending  ovule  and  a  sessile  re- 
curved stigma,  or  connate  into  a  3  or  4-celled  pistil,  with  a 
few  ovules  ascending  from  the  edge  of  the  projecting  semi- 
dissepiments.  Fruit  consisting  of  4  fleshy  indehiscent  nuts 
or  3-  or  4-celled  capsule,  opening  at  the  apetf'and  containing  a 
few  ascending  seeds.  Seeds  with  a  membranous ^p tegument ; 
embryo  minute,  lying  in  a  fleshy  lenticular  sac,  which  is  seat^ 
ed  on  the  outside  of  mealy  albumen  at  the  end  most  remote 
from  the  hilum. 

Herbs  growing  in  marshy  places,  or  floating  in  water. 
Leaves  alternate,  with  stipules. 

1.     SAURURUS.     Linn. 

Flowers  in  an  ament,  or  crowded  spike.  Scales  1-flower- 
ed.  Stameris  6.  Anthers  adnate  with  the  filaments.  Cap- 
sule 4,  each  1-  or  rarely  2-seeded,  not  opening. 

Hexandria.   Teiragynia. 

S.  ccrnuus  Linn. — Anonymos  aquatica  Walt. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  11. — Stem  1 — 2  feet  high, 
leafy,  forked  above.  Leaves  sagittate-cordate,  acuminate,  nerved 
beneath.  Flowers  very  small,  greenish-white,  in  spikes  opposite 
the  leaves,  cernuous.  Lizard' s-tail.     Swamp  Lily. 

Order  CXI.     AMENTACE^l.     Juss. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Sterile  Fl.  in  amenfs, 
with  scales,  or  a  scaly  perianth.  Stamens  inserted  into  the 
scales,  definite  or  indefinite,  rarely  rr.onadelphous  ;  anthers  2- 
celjed.  Fertile  Fl.  in  aments,  solitary  or  fasciculated, 
with  scales  or  perianths.  Ovary  free,  simple,  rarely  several ; 
stigmas  many.  Fruit  a  drupe,  or  a  bony  or  membranaceous 
capsule,  mostly  1 -celled.  Seeds  1  or  many ;  albumen  none  ; 
radicle  straight. 

Trees  or  shrubs.     Leaves  alternate. 


318  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Suborder  I.     SALICINE^. 

1.     SALIX.     Linn.  ' 

Dioecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  cylindrical.  Scales  1- 
flowered,  imbricated,  with  a  nectariferous  gland  at  the  base. 
Perianth  none.  Stamens  1 — 5.  Fertile  Fl.  Scales  of 
the  anient  1 -flowered.  Perianth  none.  Stigmas  2,  often 
cleft.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Seeds  co- 
mose.  Dioecia.  IKatidria, 

*  Leaves  entire  or  obscurely  serrate. 

1.  8.  viminalis  Linn. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  acumi- 
nate, nearly  entire,  somewhat  undulate,  white  silky  beneath  ;  stipules 
very  small,  sublanceolate  ;  branches  virgate  ;  aments  appearing  before 
the  leaves  ;  smles  roundish,  very  hairy  ;  germs  sessile,  ovate  ;  style 
filiform  ;  stigmas  acute,  undivided. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  S.  April,  May.  *?. — A  middle 
sized  tree.  Branches  slender  and  flexile.  Filaments  yellow. 
Anthers  orange.     Introduced.  Osier.     Basket  Willow. 

2.  S.  Candida  IJilld. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  very  long,  obscurely 
toothed  at  the  point,  pubescent  above,  white-tomentose  beneath,  with 
the  margin  revolute  j  stipules  lanceolate,  as  long  as  the  petioles  ? 
aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,  cylindric  ;  scales  obovate-lanceo- 
late,  very  long,  villous. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  N.  to  Arc.  Amen 
April,  May.     J?. 

3.  S.  muhlenbergiana  Willd.  :  leaves  lanceolate,  nearly  acute,  entire, 
pubescent- hoary,  rugosely- veined  beneath,  with  the  margin  revolute  ; 
stipules  deciduous,  lanceolate  ;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves 
diandrous  ;  scales  oblong,  the  margins  villous  ;  germs  ovate-lanceo- 
late, clothed  with  silken  hairs,  on  long  pedicels  ;  style  short ;  stio-mas 
bifid.— S;  alpina  Walt. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  April.  Tp.—  A  shrub  2—5 
feet  high,  often  decumbent  ;  branches  pubescent,  greenish-yel- 
low, with  black  dots."  Scales  white,  with  a  red  tip.  Anthers 
purple  and  yellow.  Dwarf  or  Speckled  Willoic . 

4.  S.  tristis  Muhl. :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  en- 
tire, with  the  margins  revolute,  smoothish  above,  rugosely  veined  and 
tomentose  beneath  ;  stipules  none  ;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves. 

Hab.      Sandy  woods.     N.  J.   to  Car.     March,    April.       T?. A 

shrub  resembling  the  preceding,  but  differing  in  the  form  of  the 
leaves  and  in  the  absence  of  stipules. 

5.  S.  recurvata  Pursh :  leaves  obovate-lanceolate,  acute,  very  entire, 
with  the  margin  glandular,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath,  silky  when 
young  ;  stipules  none  ;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,  recurved  ; 
scales  black  at  the  point,  with  long  hairs  ;  germs  ovate,  on  short  pe- 
dicels, silky ;  style  very  short  ;  stigmas  bifid. 


AMENTACE^E.  319 

Hab.     Shady  woods.    N.  J.  and  Penn.    April.    *?.—  A  low  shrub, 
with  brown  smooth  branches  and  yellow  huds. 

6.  S.  pcdicillaris  Pursh :  branches  smooth  ;  leaves  obovate-lanceo- 
late,  acute,  very  entire,  smooth  and. of  the  same  colour  on  both  sides  ; 
stipules  none ;  aments  pedunculate,  very  smooth  ;  scales  oblong,  half 
the  length  of  the  pedicel,  scarcely  hairy  ;  germs  ovate-oblong,  on  a 
very  long  pedicel ;  stigmas -sessile,  bifid. 

Hab.     Catskill  mountains,  N.  Y.     April.      T?.     Pursh. 

7.  S.  rosmarinifolia  Linn.  :  leaves  straight,  linear-lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  very  entire,  pubescent  above,  silky  beneath  ;  stipules  lan- 
ceolate, erect ;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves ;  scales  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, ciliate ;  germs  pedicellate,  lanceolate,  villous  ;  stigmas  subsessile, 
bifid. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows  and  mountain  swamps.  Penn.  to  Car. 
March.  *? . — A  shrub  1 — 3  feet  high  ;  the  branches  silky  pu- 
bescent. Leaves  1  1-2  inches  long,  becoming  smooth  when  old. 
— According  to  Sprengel,  the  Linnaean  S.  rosmarinifolia  is  iden- 
tical with  S.  deprcssa  of  Hoffmann. 

8.  &  rcpcnS  Linn. :  creeping  ;  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  very  entire ^ 
acute,  smooth,  somewhat  silky  beneath  ;  stipules  none  ;  aments  ap- 
pearing before  the  leaves,  ovate,  diandrous  ;  scales  obovate,  obtuse, 
hairy,  fuscous  at  the  point ;  germs  ovate-oblong,  on  pedicels,  pubes- 
cent ;  style  very  short ;  sigmas  2-lobed  ;  capsule  smooth. — S.  depressa 
Hoff. 

Hab.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  1  May.  1?. — A  very  small  creeping  spe- 
cies. 

**•  Leaves  remotely  and  obtusely  serrate. 

9.  S.  conifera  Wangh. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  flat,  remotely  ser- 
rate, acute,  smooth  above,  tomentose  beneath  ;  stipules  lunate,  sub- 
dentate  ;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,  diandrous ;  scales  lance- 
olate, obtuse,  villous  ;  germs  on  pedicels,  lanceolate,  silky  ;  style 
bifid  ;  stigmas  2-lobed.  r—S.  longirostris  Mick. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  April.  T?.— Shrub  4— S 
feet  high,,  with  cone-like  excrescences  at  the  end  of  the  branch- 
es.    Style  long. 

10.  S.  mijricoidcs  Muhl. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  biglandu- 
lar  at  base,  obtusely  serrate,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath  ;  stipules  ovate, 
acute,  glandular-serrate  ;  aments  villous,  leafy  at  the  base  ;  scales  lan- 
ceolate, obtuse,  villous,  black  ;  germs  on  long  pedicels,  lanceolate, 
glabrous  ;  style  bifid  ;  stigmas  bifid. 

Hab.  Woods  and  meadows.  N.  Eng.  to  Vir.  April.  *>. — A 
small  shrub.     Branches  green  ;  younger  ones  purple,  smooth. 

.  11.  S.  prinoides  Pursh :  leaves  oval-oblong,  acute,  remotely  undu- 
late-serrate, glabrous,  glaucous  beneath  ;  stipules  semicordate,  incise- 
ly  toothed  ;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,  villous  ;  germs  pedi- 
cellate, ovate,  acuminate,  silky  ;  style  long;  stigmas  bifid. 


320  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  On  the  banks  of  rivers.  Penn.  to  Vir.  March.  April.  *?. 
— A  shrub  6  —  8  feet  high. 

12.  Sf.  discolor  Willcl. :  leaves  oblong,  somewhat  obtuse,  smooth,  re- 
motely serrate,  very  entire  at  the  point,  glaucous  beneath  ;  stipules 
deciduous,  lanceolate,  serrate  ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  di- 
androus,  oblong,  tomentose  ;  scales  oblong,  acute,  hairy,  black  ;  germs 
subsessile,  lanceolate,  tomentose  ;  style  of  middling  length  ;  stigmas 
2-parted. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  April.  *?. — A  shrub  or 
small  tree,  dark  brown.  Filaments  white  ;  anthers  red,  yel- 
low when  burst. — Perhaps  identical  with  the  preceding. 

Bog  milow. 

13.  8.  angustata  Pursh :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  very  long,  gradu- 
ally attenuated  at  the  base,  serrulate,  very  smooth,  nearly  of  the  same 
colour  ;  stipules  semicordate  ;  aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,, 
erect,  somewhat  glabrous  ;  germs  pedicellate,  ovate,  smooth;  style  bi- 
fid ;  stigmas  2-lobed. 

Hab.  .Banks  of  streams.  N-  Y.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Miss.  March, 
April.  T?. — A  shrub  with  very  long  leaves. — Resembles  S.pri- 
noides.     According  to  Mr.  Nuttall  it  is  identical  with  the  next. 

14.  &.  longifolia  Muhl.  :  leaves  linear,  acuminate  at  each  end.,  elon- 
gated, remotely  toothed,  smooth,  nearly  of  the  same  colour  on  both 
sides  ;  stipules  lanceolate,  toothed ;  aments  peduncled,  tomentose,  di- 
androus  ;  scales  flat,  retuse  ',  filaments  bearded  at  base,  twice  the  length 
of  the  scales. 

Hab.  On  the  banks  of  the  Susquehannah.  Penn.  W.  to  Miss. 
Muhl.  July.  *?. — A  shrub  about  2  feet  high,  with  brown 
branches  and  white  branchlets. 

*  **  Leaves  closely  and  acutely  serrate. 

15.  S.  babylonica  Linn. :  branches  pendulous  ;  leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  serrate,  smooth,  somewhat  glaucous  beneath;  stipules 
roundish-acuminate,  serrate  ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves  ; 
germs  sessile,  ovate,  smooth. 

Hab.  Road  sides,  near  cultivated  ground.  May.  Tp. — A  tree 
which  is  introduced  from  Europe,  but  has  been  so  much  planted 
for  ornament  as  to  have  become  almost  naturalized.. 

Weeping  Willoic. 
16.   8.   purshiana  Spreng.  :    leaves    very  long,    linear-lanceolate, 
gradually  attenuate  above  ;  subfalcate  at  base,    acute,   approximate- 
serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  silky  when  young;  stipules  lunate, 
toothed,  reflexed. — S.falcata  Pursh. — &  cordata  v&r.falcata  Torr.  ? 
Hab.     Banks  of  streams.    Penn.  to  Vir.  Pursh.     Penn.    Darling- 
ton.    T?. — A  small  tree,  8— -15  feet  high,  with  smooth  and  slen- 
der branches. — Humboldt  having  given  the  name  of  falcata  to  a 
South  American  species  of  Salix,  Sprengel  proposes  to  change 
the  name  of  Pursh' s  plant.     Spreng.  Syst.  v.  608. 

17.  &  nigra  Marsh. :  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  serrulate, 


AMENTACE.E.  321 

smooth  on  both  sides  ;  petiole  and  midrib  .tomentose  above  ;  stipule? 

toothed  ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  erect,  cylindric,  villous  ; 

scales  oblong,  very  villous  ;  filaments  3 — 6,  bearded   at  base  ;  germs 

pedicelledj  ovate,  smooth  ;  'style  very  short;  stigmas  bifid.  —  8.  caroli- 

niana  Mich. — S.  pentandra  Watt. 

Hab,  Banks  of  streams.  Penn.  to  Car.  April,  May.  Tp. — A 
tree  from  15 — 20  feet  high,  generally  branching  from  the  base  ; 
branches  very  brittle  at  base.  Sterile  aments  3  inches  long.  Fil- 
aments generally  5. 

18.  S.  lucida  Muhl.:  leaves  ovate-oblong,  cuspidate-acuminate, 
rounded  at  base,  serrate,  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides  ;  stipules 
oblong,  serrate  ;  aments  appearing,  with  the  leaves,  triandrous  ;  scales 
lanceolate,  obtuse  at  base,  pilose,  serrate  at  the  point,  smooth  ;  germs 
lanceolate-subulate,  smooth  ;  style  bifid  ;  stigmas  obtuse. 

Hap.  Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Vir.  May.  *?. — A  shrub  or 
small  tree  with  yellowish-brown  branches.     Ixares  thick. 

19.  <S\  rigida  Muhl. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  subcordate 
at  base,  rigid,  smooth,  coarsely  serrate,  the  lowest  serratures  elongated: 
petioles  villous  ;  stipules  large,  cordate,  obtuse,  serrate ;  aments  ap- 
pearing with  the  leaves,  triandrous  ;  scales  lanceolate,  woolly,  black  : 
germs  on  long  pedicels,  lanceolate,  smooth;  style  very  short ;  stigma? 
2-parted.— S>.  cordata  Mich. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Eng.  to  Vir.  April,  May.  *;>. —  A  small 
tree  ;.  branches  .green,  red  towards  the  end,  the  younger  ones 
pubescent. — It  is  tough  and  much  used  by  basket  makers. 

20.  &'.  cordata  Muhl.  :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  cordate 
at  base,  acutely  serrate,  smooth,  paler  beneath  ;  stipules  large,  ovate- 
roundish,  serrate;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  triandrous; 
scales  lanceolate  woolly,  black;  germs  on  pedicels,  lanceolate,  smooth: 
style  very  short  ;  stigmas  bifid. 

Hap.  Low  swampy  ground.  N:  Y.  to  Vir.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer. 
April,  May.      *?. — A  shrub  6 — 8  feet  high,  with  large  and  broad 


leav 


OS. 


21  &  gri^sea  WiUd.  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrulate,  smooth 
above,  silky  or  naked  beneath  ;  stipules  linear,  deflexed,  deciduous  ; 
aments  appearing  before  the  leaves  ;  scales  oblong,  hairy,  black  at.  the 
point;  germs  oblong,  pedicelled,  silky  ;  stigmas  sessile,  obtuse. — S.  sc- 
ricea  Muhl. 

Hab.      Low  grounds.     Penn.  to  Vir.     April.    Jp. — A  shrub  3 — 8 
feet  high;  branches  greenish- purple,  very  brittle  at  the  base. 

22.  S  periolaris  Smith  :  leaves  lanceolate,  serrate,  smooth,  glaucous 
beneath,  silky  at  base,  mostly  unequal;  .stipules  lunaj.e,  toothed: 
aments  appearing  before  the  leaves,  loose  ;  scales  obovate,  obtuse, 
hairy,  black  ;  germs  on  long  pedicels,  ovate,  silky,  stigmas  sessile,  2- 
lobed. 

Hab.     Swamps  and  banks  of  streams  ;  common.  Pursh.     April, 
1?.— A  small  tree  with  slender  smooth  dark  brown  branches. 


322  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

23.  S.  alba  Linn.  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  silky  on 
both  sides  ;  lower  serratures  glandular  ;  stipules  obsolete  ;  aments  ap- 
pearing with  the  leaves,  elongated  ;  scales  elliptic-lanceolate,  of  the 
same  colour,  pubescent  ;  germs  subsessilej  ovate-oblong  ;  style  short ; 
stigmas  2-parted,  thick. 

Hab.  Road  sides  and  river  banks.  April,  May.  Tp. — A  tall  tree, 
introduced  from  Europe.     Pursh. 

24.  8.  vittlUna  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  with  thickened 
serratures,  smooth  above,  paler  and  somewhat  silky  beneath  ;  stipules 
none  ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves,  cylindric  ;  scales  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, externally  pubescent ;  germs  sessile,  ovate  lanceolate,  smooth; 
stigmas  subsessile,  2-lobed. 

Hab.  Road  sides  and  about  farms.  May.  *?. — A  middle-sized 
tree,  introduced  from  Europe. . 

25.  &  decipiens  Hoff.  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  serrate,  very 
smooth,  same  colour  on  both  sides  ;  petioles  glandular  toothed  ;  sti- 
pules roundish ;  aments  appearing  with  the  leaves  ;  scales  obovate, 
villous  ;  germs  subsessile,  lanceolate,  smooth ;  stigmas  sessile,  2-part- 
ed.— S.fragilis  Linn — <S.  russeliana  Smith. 

Hab.  Road  sides,  &c.  Introduced  into  the  N.  S.  1  Native  in 
Arc.  Amer.  Richardson.  April,  May.  *?. — A  small  tree  with 
very  brittle  branches. 

26.  S.  ambigua  Pursh  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  same  colour  on 
both  sides,  smooth,  glandular,  serrate  ;  aments  appearing  with  the 
leaves  ;  nectary  large  ;  its  lobes  lanceolate,  smooth,  toothed  at  the 
summit  ;   terminal  flowers  triandrous. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  April,  "f?. — The  only 
authority  for  this  as  an  American  species,  I  believe,  is  "Pursh, 
who  says  it  resembles  in  leaves  and  habit  8.  ritellina,  and  in 
fructification  S.  decipiens.  Sprengel  considers  it  a  variety  of  <S*. 
triandra  of  Linnaeus. 

2.     POPULUS.'    Linn. 

Dioecious.  Jlmcnt  cylindrical;  scales  lacerated.  Ste- 
rile Fl.  Anthers  8 — 30,  arising  from  a  turbinate,  oblique, 
entire,  single  perianth.  Fer.tile  Fl.  Perianth  turbinate, 
entire.  Stigmas  4.  Capsule  superior,  2-celled,  2-valved, 
many-seeded.      Seeds  cornose.  Dioecia.   Octandria. 

1.  P.  balsamifera  Linn. :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  appressed-serrate, 
white  and  reticular-veined  beneath  ;  buds  resinous. 

Hab.  Can.  and  N.  to  the  Arctic  Sea  ;  abundant.  Introduced 
intoN.  Y.  March.-  i?.—  A  tree  from  70—80  feet  high,  the 
young  buds  of  which  are  covered  with  an  odoriferous  balsam. 

Balsam  Poplar.     Tacamaliac. 

2.  P.  candicans  Ait. :  leaves  cordate,  ovate,  acuminate,  obtusely  and 
unequally  serrate,  white  beneath,  somewhat  3-nerved,  reti'cular-vein- 


AM.EXTA.CEiE.  323 

ed  ;  petioles  hairy  ;    buds  resinous ;  branches  terete. — P.  canadensis 
and  latifolia  Moench. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Eng.  Pursh.  March.  T?. — A  tree  from 
40 — 50  feet  high  ;  leaves  large  ;  buds  covered  with  balsam. 

Balm  of  Gilcad. 

3.  P.  trcmuloidcs  Mich.  :  leaves  roundish,  abruptly  acuminate,  den- 
tate-serrate, pubescent  on  the  margin. — P.  trepida  Jf'illd.  .' 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  April.  J?. — A 
tree  from  20 — 30  feet  high,  with  smooth  bark.  Leaves  small, 
light,  roundish.     Flowers  in  pendulous  silken  aments. 

4.  P.  moniUfcra  Ait. :  leaves  subcordate-deltoid,  smooth,  glandular 
at  base,  serrate  :  serratures  cartilaginous,  hamate,  somewhat  hairy  ; 
nerves  spreading  ;  petioles  compressed  .  above  ;  older  branches  terete. 
— P.  glandulosa  and  P.  carolinicnsis  Moench. 

Hab.  Banks  of  the  Hudson,  near  Troy,  N.  Y. ;  apparently  native. 
April.  T?. — A  tree  70 — 80  feet  high.  Fertile  aments  very  long. 
— Michaux  remarks  that  this  tree  has  not  been  met  with  in  N. 
America  growing  wild,  but  it  has  been  generally  considered  a 
native  of  this  country.  J'irginian  Poplar. 

5.  P.  hudsonica  Mich.  :'  leaves  rhomboid,  with  a  very  long  acumina- 
tion,  dentate-serrate,  smooth }  young  branches  hairy. — P.  betulifolia 
Pursh. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  S.  March.  ??.— A  tree  30—40 
feet  high,  with  spreading  branches,  which  are  covered  with  a 
grayish-white  bark  when  youug.  American  Black  Poplar. 

6.  P.  grandidentata  Mich. :  leaves  ovate,  nearly  round,  acute,  unequal- 
ly and  sinuately  toothed,  smooth,  the  younger  ones  villous  ;  petioles 
compressed  near  the  summit. 

b.  pcndula  Xutt.  :  branches  pendulous. 

Hab.  Can.  and  N.  S.  April.  >>. — A  tree  from  40  to  50  feet  high, 
covered  with  a  smooth  greenish  bark.  Young  leaves  covered  with 
a  thick  down,  which  disappears  as  they  become  older.  The 
large  and  unequal  indentations  on  the  margins  of  the  leaves 
♦  surhciently»characterises  this  species. — Yar  h.  is  found  on  the 
Alleghany  mountains,  Penn.  American  Large  Asptn. 

7.  P.  laevigata  Ait. :  leaves  roundish-ovate,  deltoid,  acuminate,  sub- 
cordate,  unequally  serrate,  smooth,  glandular  at  base  ;  petioles  com- 
pressed ;   younger  branches  angled. — P.  canadensis  Mich. 

Hae.  Rocky  grounds.  Can.  to  Vir.  W.  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. March.  >>. — A  tree  from  70  to  80  feet  high  ;  branches 
angular,  the  angles  forming  whitish  lines.  Leaves  large,  deltoid, 
somewhat  cordate  ;  petioles  with  two  glands  at  the  base. — This 
species  has  been  confounded  with  P.  angxduta,  but  according  to 
the  younger  Michaux  it  is  distinct.  Cotton  Wood. 

8.  P.  heterophylla  Linn.  :  leaves  roundish-ovate,  obtuse,  uncinately 
toothed;  the  sinus  small,  cordate  and  somewhat  auricied;  when  young 
tomentose. 

Hab.     Swamps.     N.  Y.  to  Car.  and  W.   to  Miss.     May.    *?. 


324  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

— A  tree  60 — 80  feet  high,  with  the  branches  not  angled. 
leaves  with  lobes  or  auricles  that  often  conceal  the  insertion  of 
the  petiole. 

Suborder  II.  MYRICEjE. 

3.     MYRICA.     Linn.       i 

Dioecious.  Anient  ovate-oblong  ;  scales  lunulate.  Ste- 
rile Fl.  Stamens  4 — 6.  Anthers  4-valved.  Fertile  Fl. 
Ovary  1.     Stigmas  2.     Drupe  1-celled,  1-seeded. 

Dioecia.   Tetrandria. 

1.  M.  gale  Linn. :  leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  serrate  at  the  apex,  ob- 
tuse ;  sterile  aments  imbricated  ;  scales  acuminate,  ciiiate  ;  fruit  in 
scaly  heads. 

Hab.  Bogs  and  mountain  lakes.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May.  J? . — 
A  branching  shrub  4 — 5  feet  high.  Leaves  alternate.  Fruit 
with  a  strong  penetrating  spicy  scent. 

Siceet  Gale.     Dutch  Myrtle. 

2.  M.  cerlfera  Linn.  :  leaves  cuneate-lanceolate,  with  a  few  serra- 
tures  near  the  summit,  acute  ;  sterile  aments  loose ;  scales  acute  : 
fruit  globular,  naked.  — M.  caroliniensis  and  pennsylvanica  Pursh.  f 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Eng.  to  Flor.  May,  June.  ^>.— A 
shrub  % — 8  feet  high,  but  sometimes  (especially  at  the  South,) 
10 — 18  feet,  diffusely  spreading.  Leaves  varying  in  width, 
sometimes  entire,  somewhat  pubescent.  .  Fruit  small,  dry  and 
juicelessj  but  by  boiling,  a  wax  of  very  pleasant  flavour  is  ex- 
tracted from  it,  which  is  used  for  making  candles,  &c.  Big. 
Med.  Bot.  iii.  Bayberry.      Wax  Myrtle. 

4.     COMPTONIA.     Gaert. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  cylindrical  ;  scales  1- 
flowered.  Perianth  2-parted.  Stamens  3,  forked  ;  anthers 
.6.  Fertile  Fl.  Anient  globose  ;  scales  1-fjowered.  ^styles 
2.    Nut  ovate.  Monoecia,    Triandria. 

€.  asplenrfolia  Ait. — Liquidambar  asplenifolinmLinn. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  May.  T?. — A  shrub  2— 4 
feet  high.  Leaves  long,  linear,  cut  almost  to  the  midrib  into 
numerous  roundish  lobes.  Floioers  in  oval  sessile  aments  — 
The  whole  plant  when  rubbed,  has  a  strong  and  somewhat  fra- 
grant scent.     Nuts  forming  a  round  burjr.  Sweet  Fein. 

Suborder  III.     BETULINEvE. 

5.     BETULA.     Linn, 

Monoecious,  Ament  cylindrical.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth 
none.     Stamens  10 — 12.     Fertile  Fl.     Scales  imperfectly 


AMENTACE^E.  325 

3-lobed,  3-flowered.     Perianth  none,     Styles  2.     Nuts  com- 
pressed, with  a  membranaceous  margin,  1-seeded. 

Monoecia.    Polyandria. 

1.  B.  popufifolia  Ait.  :  leaves  deltoid,  long-acuminate,  unequally  ser- 
rate, very  smooth  ;  petioles  smooth  ;  scales  of  the  strobile  with  round- 
ish lateral  lobes. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May.  J>. — A  tree  from 
30 — 40  feet  high,  with  white  bark  which  is  easily  separable  into 
thin  layers.  Leaves  tapering  to  a  long  point.  Flowers  in  long 
pendulous  amenta.  White  Birch. 

2.  B.  excelsa  Ait.  :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  serrate  ;  petioles  pubescent, 
shorter  than  the  peduncles  ;  scales  of  the  strobile  with  rounded  lateral 
lobes. — B.  lutea  Mich.f. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Eng.  and  N.  Y.  May,  June.  *?. 
— A  tree  from  70 — 80  feet  high,  with  a  yellowish  bark,  which 
is  slightly  fragrant.    Fertile  aments  ovate,  erect. — Used  for  fuel. 

Yellow  Birch. 

3.  B.  nigra  Linn.  :  leaves  rhombic-ovate,  doubly  serrate,  acute,  pu- 
bescent beneath,  entire  at  base  ;  fertile  anient  ovate  ;  scales  villous, 
with  the  segments  linear  and  equal. — B.  rubra  Mich.f. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  J.  to  Car.  May.  >>. — A  middle- 
sized  tree,  though  sometimes  quite  large.  Leaves  on  short  pe- 
tioles and  acutely  serrate. — The  wood  is  of  little  consequence. 

Red  Birch. 

4.  B.  papyracca  Ait.  :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  doubly  serrate  ;  veins 
beneath  hirsute  ;  petioles  smooth;  fertile  aments  pedunculate,  nodding; 
scales  with  short  suborbicular  lateral  lobes — B.  papyri/era  Mich. 

Hab.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  May,  June.  *?. 
— A  large  tree,  the  bark  of  which  is  used  by  the  Indians  for  con- 
structing their  canoes.  Canoe  Birch. 

5.  B.  lenta  Linn.:  leaves  cordate-ovate,  sharply  serrate,  acuminate; 
nerves  beneath  and  petioles  hairy  ;  scales  of  the  anient  smooth  ;  lobes 
obtuse,  equal,  with  elevated  veins. — B.  carpinifulia  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  May,  June,  fp — A  large  tree, 
with  the  branches  spotted  with  white  when  young.  Its  bark  is 
fragrant  and  aromatic.  Leaves  cordate  at  base  and  terminating 
in  a  long  point. — The  wood  of  this  species  has  a  fine  grain,  and 
is  susceptible  of  polish.  Black  Birch.     Mahogany  Birch. 

6.  B.  pumila  Linn. :  young  branches  pubescent,  without  dots;  leaves 
orbicular-obovate  ;  petioles  densely  pubescent  beneath  ;  fertile  ament 
cylindrical. 

Hab.  Mountain  bogs.  Can.,  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  May,  June.  J?. 
— A  shrub  2 — 3  feet  high,  with  the  leaves  on  short  petioles. 

7.  B.  glandulosa  Mich.  :  branches  glandular,  punctate,  smooth  ; 
leaves  obovate,  serrate,  very  entire  at  base,  smooth,  subsessile  ;  fertile 
ament  oblong  ;  scales  half  3-cleft :  seeds  orbicular,  with  a  narrow 
margin. 

28 


326  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.     Mountains.     Can.  and  N.  S.    W.  to  N.  W.  Terr.     May. 
fp  .—A  shrub  about  2  feet  high. 

8.  B.  nana  Linn.  :  very  smooth ;  leaves  orbicular,  crenate,  reticular- 
veined  beneath ;  scales  of  the  anient  deeply  3-parted ;  segments  ob- 
long :  seeds  orbicular,  nearly  wingless. 

Hab.  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  N.  to  Hudson's  Bay.  April. 
May.      Tp. — A  shrub  1  or  2  feet  high,  with  small  leaves. 

6.     ALNUS.     Mild. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Ament  long,  cylindrical  ; 
scales  3-lobed,  3-flowered.  Perianth  4-parted.  Stamens  4. 
Fertile  Fl.  Anient  ovate ;  scales  subtrifid,  2-flowered. 
Perianth  none.     Styles  2.     Nut  compressed. 

Monoecia.   Tctrandria. 

1.  A.  serrulata  JVilld. :  leaves  obovate,  acuminate,  veins  and  axils  of 
the  veins  hairy  beneath  ;  stipules  elliptic,  obtuse. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  banks  of  rivers.  Can.  to  Car.  March.  Tp. 
— A  shrub  6 — 10  feet  high,  with  alternate  leaves.  Sterile  flowers 
in  a  long  pendulous  ament  ;  flertile  ones  short  and  rigid,  form- 
ing a  persistent  cone.  Alder. 

2.  A.  undulata  IVilld. :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acute,  unequally  serrate, 
undulate;  petioles  and  veins  beneath  hairy  ;  stipules  ovate-oblong. — 
A.  crispa  Pursh. — BeJiela  crispa  Mich. 

Hab.  Can.  and  mountains  in  N.  S.  April,  fp. — A  shrub  3 — 4 
feet  high. 

7.     CARPINUS.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Ament  long-cylindric  ;  scales 
ciliate  at  base.  Stamens  8 — 14,  somewhat  bearded  at  the  top. 
Fertile  Fl.  Strobile  lax  ;  scales  leafy,  2-flowered.  Stig- 
mas 2.     Nut  bony,  ovate,  suicate,  1-seeded. 

Monoecia.    Polyandria. 

C.  americana  Willd.  :  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  ser- 
rate ;  scales  of  the  strobile  3-parted,  the  middle  segment  oblique,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  toothed  on  one  side. — C.  virginiana  Mich.f. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  May.  fp. — A  small  tree,  with 
the  leaves  alternate  on  short  petioles  and  sharply  serrate.  Fer- 
tile aments  loose,  with  large  fbliaceous  scales.  Hornbeam. 

8.     OSTRYA.    Mick. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Ament  cylindrical ;  scales  1- 
flowered.  Perianth  none.  Filaments  branched.  Fertile 
Fl.  Ament  naked.  Capsule  inflated,  imbricate,  1-seeded  at 
base.  Monoecia.   Polyandria. 


AMENTACE^E.  327 

O.  virginica  Wild. :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  cordate  at  the  base,  acu- 
minate, unequally  serrate  ;  strobile  oblong-ovate,  erect ;  buds  acute. 
— Carpinvs  Ostrya  Mich.  ? 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  Tp. — A  small  tree  with  ex- 
ceedingly hard  and  heavy  wood.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate.  Fer- 
tile flowers  enlarged  into  a  sort  of  oblong  cone  resembling  the 
common  hop.  Iron  Wood.     Hop  Hornbeam. 

Suborder.  IV.     PLATANE^. 
9.     PLATANUS.     Lam. 

Monoecious.  Anient  globose.  Sterile  Fl.  Stamens 
numerous,  intermixed  with  linear  scales.  Fertile  Fl. 
Scales  spathulate.  Styles  with  a  recurved  stigma.  Seeds 
roundish,  clavate,  pappose  at  base.      Monoecia.  Polyandria. 

P.  occidentalis  Linn.  :  leaves  5-angled,  obscurely  lobed,  toothed,  pu- 
bescent beneath  ;  branches  nearly  white. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Flor.  and  W.  to  Miss. 
May.  T?. — One  of  the  largest  trees  in  North  America,  attain- 
ing in  favorable  situations  an  enormous  size.  Leaves  alternate, 
on  long  petioles.     Amcnts  axillary,  on  long  peduncles,  globular. 

Button  Wood.     Sycamore. 

10.     LIQUIDAMBAR.     Limu 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Ament  conical,  surrounded 
by  a  4-leaved  involucre.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  numer- 
rous.  Fertile  Fl.  Ament  globose,  Perianth  1-leaved, 
urceolate,  2-flo\vered.  Styles  2.  Capsules  2,  surrounded  at 
base  by  the  perianth,  1-celled,  many-seeded. 

Monoecia.    Polyandria. 

L.  stijracifl.ua  Linn. :  leaves  palmately  lobed  ;  lobes  acuminate,  ser- 
rate, with  the  sinuses  at  the  base  of  veins  villous. 

Hab.  Low  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  and  W.  to  Miss.  May. 
I? . — A  tree  sometimes  attaining  very  large  dimensions.  Leaves 
when  bruised,  fragrant,  and  exuding  a  gum  which  is  pleasan. 
and  slightly  aromatic.  Sweet  Gum  Treet 

Suborder  V.     CUPULIFERjE. 
11.     QUERCUS.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  loose.  Perianth  sin- 
gle, mostly  5-cleft.  Stamens  5 — 10.  Fertile  Fl.  Cupule 
cup-shaped,  scaly.  Perianth  6-lobed.  Ovary  3-celled,  2 
of  them  abortive.  Style  I.  Stigmas  3.  Acorn  1-celled,  1- 
seeded,  surrounded  at  base  by  the  enlarged  scaly  cupule. 

Monoecia.  Polyandria. 


328  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

*    Fructification  biennial.     Leaves  setaccouslij  mucronate. 
t  Learcs  entire. 
J.    U.  phdlos  Linn.  :  leaves  deciduous,  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  at 
each  end,  very  entire,  smooth,  mucronate  ;  acorn  nearly  round. 

Has.  Low  swampy  forests.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  May.  *?. — A  tree 
from  30  to  60  feet  high,  generally  straight  and  slender.  Leaves 
when  young  of  a  light  green  colour  and  dentate.  Acorn  small 
nearly  round. — The  timber  is  of  little  use.     •  Willow  Oak. 

2.  Q.  imbricoria  Mich.  :  leaves  deciduous,  oblong,  acute  at  each  end. 
mucronate,  very  entire,  shining,  pubescent  beneath  ;  cup  shallow ; 
scales  broad  ovate  ;  acorn  subglobose. 

Hab.  Banks  of  rivers  in  mountaneous  regions,  Penn.  to  Car. 
AV.  to  Miss.  June.  1?. — A  tree  40—50  feet  high,  with  nu- 
merous irregular  branches.  Acorn  small,  nearly  spherical,  in  a 
Hat  nearly  sessile  cup. — The  wood  splits  easily  and  is  used  in 
the  Western  States  for  shingles.  Shingle  Oak. 

tt  Learcs  dentate  or  with  short  lobes. 

3.  Q.  fteteropkyUa  Mich. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  ovate-lanceolate  oi 
oblong,  entire  or  coarsely  toothed  ;  cup  hemispherical ;  acorn  subglo- 
bose. 

Hab.  Banks  of  the  Delaware.  Penn.  May.  *>. — According  to 
Pursh,  there  is  only  one  individual  of  this  species  known,  which 
grows  near  Philadelphia.  He  suggests  that  it  may  be  a  hybrid. 
It  is  figured  and  descrihed  hy  Michaux  in  his  Sylva  Americana. 

4.  Q.  aquatka  Walt.  :  leaves  obovate-wedge-form,  smooth,  very  en- 
tire, obscurely  3-lobed  at  the  end,  with  the  middle  lobe  largest  ;  cup 
hemispherical  ;  acorn  subglobose. — Q.  nigra  Linn. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Md.  to  Flor.  May.  >>.  — A  tree  30—40  feet 
high.  Leaves  very  variable.  'Cup  shallow.  Jlcom  rather  small, 
roundish.     Resembles  Q.  laurifolia. — Its  timber  is  of  no  value. 

Water  Oak. 

).  y.  triloba  Linn.  :  leaves  oblong- wedge-form,  acute  at  the  base, 
somewhat  3-lobed  at  the  end ;  lobes  equal,  mucronate,  tomentose  be- 
neath, middle  one  longer ;   cup  flat  ;  acorn  depressed-globose. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  May.  F?. — A  tree  20 — 40 
feet  high,  of  rapid  growth.  Downy  Black  Oak. 

(3.  Q.  nigra  Willd. :  leaves  coriaceous,  wedgeform,  subcordate  at  base, 

dilated  and  retusely  3-lobed  at  the  summit  ;   when  young  mucronate 

smooth  above,  rusty  and  pulverulent   beneath  ;  cup    turbinate,  with 

scales  obtuse  and  scarious  ;  acorn  short,  ovate. — Q.fcrrugincaMich.f. 

Hab.     Sandy  woods.     N.  J.  to  Flor.     May.      1?  —A  tree  20—30 

feet  high,  irregular  in  its  growth,  and  covered  with  a  thick  rough 

black  bark. — The  wood  is  much  esteemed  for  fuel. 

Barren  Oak.     Black  Jack. 
7.    Q..  tinctoria  Bartram  :  leaves  obovate-oblong,  slightly  sinuate,  pu- 
bescent beneath  ;  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  toothed,  mucronate  : 
cup  flat  ;  acorn  depressed-globose. 


AMENTACEiE.  329 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  ">?.— One  of 
the  largest  species  of  oak.  sometimes  attaining  the  height  of  70 
or  80  feet,  covered  with  a  dark  coloured  bark,  from  whence  it 
has  derived  its  common  name.  It  is  highly  valued  on  account 
of  its  timber,  as  well  as  its  bark.  Black  Oak.     Quercitron. 

8.  Q.  discolor  ML  :  leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid-sinuate,  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  lobes  oblong,  toothed,  setaceously  mucronate  ;  cup  turbinate  ; 
acorn  ovate. — Q.  tinctoria  siyiuosa  Mich.f. 

Hab.  Forests.  Penn.  to  Car.  May.  T?.—  A  large  tree,  resembling 
the  preceding,  and  also  Q.  coccinra.  but  diners  in  having  the 
young  leaves  covered  with  down. — It  is  still,  however,  doubtful 
whether  it  is  really  distinct. 

ttt  Leaves  "duply  sinuate  one]  lo&ed. 

9.  Q.  coccinra  Wangh.  :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong,  deeply  sinu- 
ate, smooth  ;  lobes  divaricate,  dentate,  licute,  setaceously-mucronate  ; 
cup  turbinate,  scaly  ;  acorn  short,  ovate. 

Hab.  Fertile  woods.  N.  Eng.  to  Geor.  May.  *?.—  A  tree  70— 80 
feet  high.  Distinguished  by  the  brilliant  red  colour  of  its  leaves 
towards  the  close  of  autumn. — Its  wood  is  used  for  staves  and 
fuel.  Scarlet  Oak. 

10.  Q.  rubra  Linn.  :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong,  smooth,  obtuse- 
ly sinuate  ;  lobes  rather  acute,  toothed,  setaceously  mucronate  ;  cup 
flat,  nearly  smooth  ;   acoin  subovate. 

Hab.  Forests.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  >>. — A  tree  from  70 — 80 
feet  high.  Leaves  bright  green  ;  sinuses  large,  rounded. — Re- 
sembles the  former,  but  its  leaves  are  large,  and  in  autumn  they 
change  to  a  dull  red  and  finally  become  yellow.  The  acorn  also 
is  larger,  has  a  flat  base  and  shallow  cup. — It  is  valuable  both 
for  its  wood  and  bark.  Red  Oak. 

11.  Q.  catcsbcei  Mich. :  leaves  on  short  petioles,  wedgeform  at  base, 
oblong,  deeply  sinuate,  smooth ;  lobes  3 — 5,  divaricate,  dentate,  acute, 
setaceously  mucronate  ;  cup  turbinate,  broad  ;  scales  obtuse,  those  of 
the  margin  bent  inwards  ;  acorn  subglobose. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  Md.  to  Flor.  May.  T?. — A  shrub  or  small 
tree,  from  10—20  feet  high,  with  an  irregular  stem  and  branches. 
Leaves  coriaceous  and  glossy.  Cup  large  and  remarkable  for  its 
obtuse  scales. — The  wood  makes  excellent  fuel,  and  its  bark  is 
used  by  the  tanner.  Barren  Scrub  Oak. 

12.  Q.falcala  Mich. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  obtuse  at  base,  tomen- 
tose  beneath,  3-lobed  or  sinuate  ;  lobes  somewhat  falcate,  setaceously 
mucronate,  the  terminal  one  long  ;  cup  shallow,  somewhat  turbinate  ; 
acorn  globose. — Q.  clongaia  Linn. — Q.  rubra  Walt. 

Hab.  Sandy  soil.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  May.  T?. — A  tree  70—80 
feet  high.  leaves  with  3 — 5  lobes,  glossy  on  the  upper  surface. 
— The  wood  is  used  for  staves,  fencing  and  fuel.  The  bark  is 
highly  esteemed  by  tanners.  Spanish  Oak.     Red  Oak. 

13.  Q.  palustris  Mich.  :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong,  deeply  sinu- 
te,  smooth  ;  axils  of  the  veins  villous  beneath  ;  lobes  divaricate,  den- 

26* 


330  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

tate,  acute,  setaceously  mucronate  ;  cup  flat,  smooth ;  acorn  subglo- 

bose. 

Hab.  Swampy  woods.  N.  Y.  N.  Eng.  and  Penn.  W.  to  III. 
May.  *?. — A  tree  40—60  feet  high,  with  small  handsomely 
divided  leaves.  Acorns  small,  abundant. — The  wood  is  firm  and 
much  used  by  mechanics.  Water  Oak.     Phi  Oak. 

1 4.  Q.  bannisteri  Mich. :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  obovate-wedgeform 
3 — 5-lobed,   entire  on  the  margin,  grayish  tomentose  beneath ;   lobes 
setaceously  mucronate  ;  cup  subturbinate  ;  acorn  subglobose. —  Q.  illi- 
tUfolia  JVil/iJ. 

Hab.  Dry  hills  and  barrens.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  >>.— A 
shrub  4 — 6  feet  high.  Fruit  abundant — Covers  large  tracts 
called  oak  barrens,  in  various  parts  of  New-York  and  other 
states.  Shrub  or  Smib  Oak. 

x*  Fructification  annual.  *  Fruit  pedunculate.     Leaves  aimless, 
i  Leaves  lobed. 

15.  Q.  obtusiloba  Mich. :  leaves  oblong,  sinuate,  wedgeform  at  base, 
pubescent  beneath  ;  lobes  obtuse,  the  upper  one  dilated  and  2-lobed ; 
cup  hemispherical  ;   acorn  oval. — Q.  stcllata  Linn. 

Hab.  Sterile  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  May.  T?. — A  tree  30— 50 
feet  high,  with  straggling  irregular  branches.  Leaves  mostly  5- 
lobed.  Cup  hemispherical,  enclosing  nearly  half  of  the  acorn. 
— The  timber  is  much  esteemed  in  ship  building,  and  is  sup- 
posed in  durability  and  strength  to  surpass  that  of  any  other 
species  of  oak  except  the  live  oak. 

16.  Q.  macrocarpa  Linn.  :  leaves  tomentose  beneath,  deeply  and  ly- 
rately  sinuate-lobed  ;  lobes  obtuse,  repand,  upper  ones  dilated  ;  cup 
deep,  with  the  upper  scales  setose  ;  acorn  ovate,  turgid. 

Hab.  Limestone  hills.  Penn.  and  throughout  the  Western  and 
South  Western  States.  May.  *>. — A  large  tree  with  the  fruit 
larger  than  in  any  other  American  species. — The  wood  is  of 
excellent  quality.  Ocercup   White  Oak. 

17.  Q.  olivaformis  Mich.  :  leaves  oblong,  smooth,  glaucous  beneath, 
deeply  and  unequally  sinuate- pinnatifid  ;  cup  very  deep,  crenate  above ; 
acorn  elliptic-oval. 

Hab.  Hills.  N.  Y.  to  Vir.  May.  J>.— A  tree  somewhat  re- 
sembling the  preceding. — Michaux  credits  it  to  the  banks  of  the 
Hudson  near  Albany,  but  I  have  never  met  with  it  in  this  vicin- 
ity. 

18.  Q.  alba  Linn.  :  leaves  oblong,  pinnatifid-sinuate,  pubescent  be- 
neath ;  lobes  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  very  entire,  attenuate  at  base  ; 
fruit  pedunculate  ;  cup  deep,  tuberculate  ;  acorn  ovate. 

Hab.  Fertile  forests.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  May.  T?.— One 
of  the  largest  and  most  valuable  of  the  American  forest  trees, 
often  80—100  feet  high,  and  3 — 7  in  diameter.  Bark  white. 
Leaves  pubescent  beneath  when  young. — Timber  firm  and  dura- 
bler  and  of  great  use  in  ship  building  and  in  many  other  arts. 

White  Oak. 


AMENTACE.E.  331 

tt  Leaves  entire,  dentate. 

19.  Q.  prinus  Linn.  :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  obovate,  acute,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  coarsely  toothed  ;  teeth  unequal,  dilated,  callous  at  the 
point  ;  cup  deep,  attenuate  at  base  ;  acorn  ovate. — Q.  prinus  palustris 
Mich. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  May.  J?. — A  large  tree. 
Leaves  large,  on  petioles  about  an  inch  long.  Cup  hemispher- 
ical, enclosing  about  one  third  of  the  acorn,  on  short  peduncles. 
Acorn  large. — Timber  inferior  to  that  of  the  preceding,  but  often 
employed  indiscriminately  with  it.  Sicavip  Chesnut  Oak. 

20.  Q.  bicolor  Wilid. :  leaves  on  short  petioles,  oblong-obovate,  whit- 
ish tomentose  beneath,  coarsely  toothed,  very  entire  at  the  base  ;  teeth 
unequal,  dilated,  rather  acute,  callous  at  the  summit ;  fruit  in  pairs, 
on  long  peduncles  ;  cup  hemispherical ;  acorn  oblong-ovate. — Q.  prin- 
us discolor  Mich.f. 

Hab.  Low  woods  and  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  fp. — A 
large  tree,  with  the  bark  separating  into  large  flat  scales  or  plates. 
Leaves  variable.  Acorn  large,  in  a  small  cup. — Its  timber  is  in 
less  repute  than  that  of  many  other  species.  Swamp  White  Oak. 

21.  Q.  montana  IMlld. :  leaves  on  petioles,  broad-obovate,  oblong, 
white  tomentose  beneath,  shining  above,  coarsely  toothed,  obtuse  and 
unequal  at  the  base  ;  teeth  nearly  equal,  very  obtuse  ;  fruit  in  pairs, 
on  short  peduncles ;  cup  hemispherical ;  scales  tuberculate,  rugose  ; 
acorn  ovate. — Q.  prinus  monticola  Mich 

Hab.  In  rocky  situations.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  T?. — A  tree  of 
less  size  than  the  two  preceding. — Its  wood  resembles  the  white 
oak  in  strength,  and  its  bark  is  highly  esteemed  by  tanners.  For 
fuel  it  is  scarcely  exceeded  in  value  by  any  of  our  trees. 

Rock  Chesnut  Oak, 

22.  Q.  castanca  Muhl.  :  leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate, 
obtuse  at  base,  acuminate,  tomentose  beneath,  coarsely  toothed ;  ieeth 
unequal,  dilated,  acute,  callous  at  the  point  ;  cup  hemispherical;  acorn 
ovate,  subglobose. — Q.  prinus  acuminata  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  May.  £.—  A  tree  60—70 
feet  high.  Leaves  on  long  petioles  and  narrower  than  those  of 
the  former.  Fndt  middle-sized,  on  short  peduncles. — In  name 
and  use  it  is  often  confounded  with  Q.  prinus.  Yellow  Oak. 

23.  Q.  chinquapin  Mich.  :  leaves  on  short  petioles,  obovate,  acute  at 
the  base,  coarsely  toothed,  glaucous  beneath  ;  teeth  nearly  equal,  di- 
lated, callous  at  the  point ;  cup  hemispherical ;  acorn  ovate. — Q.  prin- 
oides  Willd. 

Hab.  Barrens.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  May.  T?.—  A  shrub  from  3— 4 
feet  high.  Acorns  small,  numerous. — It  occurs  in  tracts  or 
patches  intermingled  with  Q.  bannisteri. 

Chinquapin.     Dwarf  Chesnut  Oak. 

12.     CASTANEA.     Tourn. 
Monoecious.    Sterile  Fl.     Anient  very  long,  cylindrical. 


332  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Perianth  single,  of  1-leaf,  6-lobed.  Stamens  5 — 20.  Fer- 
tile Fl.  3,  within  a  5-lobed  thickly  muricated  involucre  or 
cupule.  Perianth  5 — 6-lobed,  having  the  rudiments  of  12 
stamens.  Styles  6.  Nut  1 — 2-seeded,  invested  with  the  en- 
larged involucre.  Monoecia.  Pohjandria. 

1.  C.  vesca  Willd.  :  leaves  lanceolate,  acuminate,  mucronately-ser- 
rate,  smooth  on  both  surfaces. — Fagus  castanea  Linn.   Walt. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  111.  May,  June.  l>. 
— A  large  tree,  and  one  of  the  most  useful.  Leaves  6  inches 
long,  pubescent  beneath  when  young.  Spikes  of  sterile  flowers 
as  long  as  the  leaves,  yellowish.  Nuts  generally  3. — The  Amer- 
ican species  appears  to  be  identical  with  the  European,  although 
by  some  botanists  it  is  considered  distinct.  The  wood  is  ex- 
tremely durable  and  is  highly  esteemed  for  posts  and  rails  to  con- 
struct fences.  Chcsnut  Tree. 

2.  C.  pumila  Willd.  :  leaves  oblong,  acute,  mucronate-serrate,  white 
tomentose  beneath. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields  and  woods.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  May.  *?. — A 
shrub  or  small  tree  — at  the  North  being  seldom  more  than  10  or 
12  feet  high.  Leaves  smaller  than  in  the  preceding,  oval  and  ob- 
ovate.  Nut  small,  ovate,  acute,  very  sweet. — The  wood  is  dura- 
ble, but  too  small  to  be  converted  to  much  use.  Chinquapin. 

13.     CORYLUS.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  cylindrical ;  scales  3- 
cleft.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  8.  Anthers  1-celled.  Fer- 
tile Fl.  Perianth  obsolete.  Ovaries  several.  Stigmas  2. 
Nut  ovate,  surrounded  with  the  enlarged  coriaceous  and  scaly 
involucre  forming  the  cupule.  Monoecia.  Pohjandria. 

I.'C.  amerkana  Walt.  :  leaves  roundish,  cordate,  acuminate;  invo- 
lucre roundish-campanulate,  larger  than  the  subglobose  nut  ;  border 
dilated,  many-cleft. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  March,  April.  J?. — Shrub 
4—8  feet  high,  with  virgate  branches,  pubescent  when  young. 
Nuts  large,  ovate  ;    eatable.  Hazel  Nut.     Wild  Filbert. 

2.  C.  rostrata  Ait:  leaves  oblong-ovate,  acuminate  ;  stipules  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  involucre  tubular-campanulate,  longer  than  the  nut,  2- 
parted,  with  incised  segments. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  Tp. —Shrub  3—4  feet 
high.  Leaves  on  short  petioles,  slightly  cordate.  Involucre  ter- 
minating in  a  tube  1  1-2  inches  long.  Beaked  Hazel. 

14.     FAGUS.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  globose.  Perianth 
6-cleft.  Stamens  5— 12.  Fertile  Fl.  2,  within  a  4-lobed 
prickly  involucre  or   cupule.      Perianth  with  4 — 5  minute 


ULMACE^.  333 

lobes.  •    Ovaries   3-celled,   2   abortive.      Styles   3.     Nut   1- 
seeded,  invested  by  the  enlarged  involucre. 

Monoecia.  Pohjandria. 

1.  F.  sylvatica  Linn.:  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  toothed,  cili- 
ate  on  the  margin,  acute  at  base  ;  nut  ovate,  triquetrous,  obtuse,  but 
mucronate. — F.  sy/ccslris  Mich.  • 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  H.  to  Geor.  May.  >>. — A  large  and  beauti- 
ful tree.  Leaves  of  a  bright  green. — According  to  Mr.  NuttaU 
this  species  is  dioecious.  White  Beach. 

2.  F.ferrugmea  Ait.  :  leaves  ovate-oblong,  acuminate,  pubescent  be- 
neath, coarsely  toothed,  obtuse  and  unequally  subcordate  at  base  ;  nut 
acutely  triquetrous,  very  acute. 

Hab.  Woods.  Throughout  the  N.  S.  May,  June.  Tp.—  A  large 
tree,  with  smooth  bark.  Leaves  ribbed.  Fruit  muricate. — The 
wood  is  of  a  darker  colour  than  tbe  preceding.  Both  species 
are  highly  valuable  timber  trees,  although  the  wood  is  not  v>?ry 
durable.  Red  Beach. 

Order  CX1I.     ULMACEJE.    Mirb.     Lind. 

Flowers  monoclinous  or  polygamous.  Verianth  divided, 
campanulate,  inferior.  Stamens  definite,  inserted  into  the 
base  of  the  calyx  ;  erect  in  aestivation.  Ovary  superior,  2- 
celled ;  ovules  solitary,  pendulous  ;  stigmas  2,  distinct. 
Fruit  1  or  2-celled,  indefinite,  membranous  or  drupaceous. 
Seed  solitary,  pendulous  ;  albumen  none  or  small  in  quantity  ; 
embryo  with  foliaceous  cotyledons. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  scabrous  alternate  simple  deciduous 
leaves  and  stipules. 

1.     ULMUS.     Linn. 

Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  campanulate,  4 — 5-cleft.  Sta- 
mens 5 — S.  Styles  2.  Fruit  compressed,  with  a  broad  mem- 
branaceous border,  (Samara.)  Pentandria.  Digynia. 

1.  U. amcricana  Linn.  ;  branches  smooth-,  leaves  somewhat  doubly 
serrate,  unequal  at  the  base  ;  serratures  uncinately  acuminate  ;  flowers 
pedicellate  ;   fruit  fimbriate. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  April.  Ma}-. 
T?. — A  large  tree,  with  long  recurved  branches.  Floicers  pur- 
plish, in  small  fascicles,  generally  appearing  before  the  leave.', 
Stamens  from  4 — 8. — In  favorable  situations  the  most  magnifi- 
cent tree  on  the  continent.  White  Elm. 

2.  U.fulva  Mich. :  branches  scabrous,  white  ;  leaves  ovate-oblong, 
much  acuminate,  pubescent  on  both  sides  ;  buds  tomentose,  with  a 
thick  tawtry  wool ;  flowers  sessile. 


334  DICOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  >>.— Tree  of. smaller 
size  than  the  preceding.  Leaves  much  larger,  very  rough.  Sta- 
vievs  7. — The  inner  bark  contains  a  large  portion  of  mucilage, 
and  has  been  employed  for  medicinal  purposes.       Slippery  Elm. 

3.  U.  nemoralis  Ait.  :  leaves  oblong,  somewhat  glabrous,  equally  ser- 
rate, nearly  equal  at  base  ;   flowers  sessile. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  Eng.  to  Vir.  ;  scarce.  April,  May. 
J?. — Pursh.  River  Elm. 

4.  K  racemosa  Thovias :  flowers  in  racemes  ;  pedicels  in  distinct 
facicles,  united  at  their  bases. 

Hab.  Western  part  of  N.  Y.  T?. — A  tree  with  the  lower  branch- 
es having  irregular  corky  excrescences.  Leaves  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, auriculate  on  one  side,  doubly  serrate,  smooth  above, 
under  side  and  ribs  minutely  pubescent.  Racemes  of  several 
fascicles,  1 — 2  1-2  inches  long.  Floiocrs  pedicellate,  2 — 4  in  a 
fascicle.  Calyx  7 — 8-cleft.  Stamens  7 — 10.  Stigmas  2,  re- 
•  curved.  Samara  ovate,  pubescent,  margin  densely  fringed. — 
Described  and  figured  by  David  Thomas,  Esq.,  in  SillimanV 
Journal,  xix.  170. 

2.     CELTIS.     Linn, 

Perfect  or  polygamous.  Perianth  5-lobed.  Stame?is  5> 
subsessile.     Styles  2.     Drupe  globose,  1-seeded. 

Pentandria.  Digynia. 

1.  C.  occidentalis  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  equally  serrate, 
unequal  at  base,  scabrous  above,  hairy  beneath  ;  flowers  small,  sub- 
solitary. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  T? . — A  middle-sized  tree. 
Flowers  small,  greenish-white.     Drupe  nearly  globose,  purple. 

Hoop  Ash.     Beaver  Wood. 

2.  C.  crafsijolia  Lam. :  leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  unequally  serrate, 
subcoriaceous,  scabrous  on  both  sides,  unequal  at  the  base  ;  peduncles 
mostly  2-flowered. 

Hab.  Penn.  Mich.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  1?. — Smaller  than  the 
former.  Hack-berry. 

3.  C.  pumila  Pursh :  leaves  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  equally  serrate, 
unequal  at  the  base,  smooth  on  both  sides,  the  younger  ones  only  pu- 
bescent ;  peduncles  mostly  3-flowered  ;  fruit  solitary. — C.  occidentalis 
var.  pumila  Muhl. 

Hab.  Banks  of  rivers.  Md.  and  Vir.  Pursh.  May.  *>. — A 
low  shrub.     Drupe  solitary,  brown  and  glaucous. 

Order  CXIII.     JUGLANDEjE.     De  Cand.     Lind. 

Flowers  diclinous.  Sterile  Fl.  in  an  ament.  Perianth 
scaly,  oblique,  irregularly  lobed.  Stamens  inserted  on  the 
receptacle,  indefinite  (3—36)  ;  filaments  short,  distinct ;  an- 


JUGLANDEiE.  335 

thers  thick,  2-celled,  bursting  longitudinally.  Fertile  Fl. 
with  a  single  or  double  perianth,  the  outer  4-parted,  the  inner 
(when  present)  of  4  pieces.  Ovary  inferior,  1-celled  ;  ovule 
solitary,  erect ;  styles  1 — 2,  very  short  or  none  ;  stigmas  large, 
either  2  and  lacerated,  or  discoid  and  4-lobed.  Fruit  drupa- 
ceous, ] -celled,  with  4  imperfect  partitions.  Seed  4-lobed  ; 
embryo  large ;  albumen  none ;  cotyledons  fleshy,  2-lobed, 
wrinkled  ;  radicle  superior. 

Trees.     Leaves  alternate,  unequally  pinnate. 

1.     JUGLANS.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  imbricate ;  scales 
mostly  5-partcd.  Perianth  5  or  6-parted,  Stamens  18 — 36. 
Ferule  Fl.  Perianth  double,  each  4-parted.  Styles  1  or 
2.  Drupe  partly  spongy  ;  nut  rugose  and  irregularly  furrow- 
ed. Monoccia.   Polyandria. 

1.  J.  nigra  Linn.  :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  numerous,  ovate-lanceo- 
late, serrate,  subcordate,  tapering  to  the  summit ;  the  under  surface 
and  petioles  slightly  pubescent ;  fruit  globose,  scabrous,  dotted  ;  nut 
corrugated. 

IIab.  Fertile  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  April,  May. 
fp. — A  tree  50 — 60  feet  high.  Leaves  pinnate,  with  from  15 — 21 
leafets.  Sterile  aments  axillary. — Timber  compact,  fine  grain- 
ed, heavy  and  dark  coloured,  when  exposed  to  the  air. 

Btack  Walnut. 

2.  J.  cinerea  Linn.  :  leaves  pinnate  ;  leafets  numerous,  lanceolate, 
serrate,  rounded  at  the  base,  soft  pubescent  beneath  ;  petioles  villous  ; 
fruit  oblong-ovate,  with  a  terminal  projection,  viscid  and  hairy,  on  a 
long  peduncle  ;  nut  oblong,  acuminate,  conspicuously  sculptured. — J. 
cathartica  Mich.f. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  May.  *>. — A  large  tree. 
Leaves  pinnate,  with  15 — 17  pubescent  leafets. — Habit  and  fruc- 
tification very  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  fruit  is  oblong, 
with  a  protuberant  summit,  and  the  nut  much  more  deeply  and 
irregularly  sculptured.  Medicinal.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  115. 

Butter-nut.     Oil-nut. 

2.     CARYA.     Nutt. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  imbricated  ;  scales  3- 
parted.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  4 — 6.  Fertile  Fl.  Pe- 
rianth 4-cleft,  superior.  Style  none.  Stigma  partly  discoid, 
4-lobed.     Pericarp  4-valved.     Nut  quadrangular,  even. 

Monoccia.  Polyandria. 


336  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

1.  C.  sulcata  Xatf.  :  leafets  generally  9,  obovate-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, serrate,  pubescent  beneath,  terminal  one  subsessile  and  attenuate 
at  base;  fruit  roundish,  4-angled  ;  nut  oblong,  slightly  compressed, 
conspicuously  mucronate. — Juglans  sulcata  Willd. — J.  mucronata  Mich. 
and  J.  laciniosa  Mich.f 

Hab.  Fertile  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  April,  May.  >>. — A  large 
tree.  Lcarcs  pinnate,  with  7 — 9  leafets.  Sterile  amoits  3-part- 
ed,  very  long,  peduncled.  Nut  large,  oblong,  with  a  very  thick 
4-parted  pericarp. — This,  like  most  of  the  species,  is  valuable 
for  fuel.  Thick  Shell-bark  Hickory. 

2.  C.  alba  Nutt.  :  leafets  5 — 7,  on  long  petioles,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  sharply  serrate,  villous  beneath,  the  terminal  one  sessile  : 
aments  filiform,  smooth  ;  fruit  depressed-globose  ;  nut  compressed, 
oblique. — Juglans  alba  Mich. — J.  comprcssa  Willd. — J.  squamosa  Mich.j'. 

Hab.  Fertile  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  and  W.  to  Miss.  April. 
May.  Tp. — A  very  large  and  valuable  tree,  with  the  bark  sepa- 
rating in  large  flat  scales  or  plates.  Nut  with  a  thinner  shell 
than  that  of  most  other  species  and  of  a  fine  flavor  ;  pericarp.* 
thin,  globose,  depressed  at  the  summit. — Timber  much  prized 
inconsequence  of  the  fineness  of  the  grain  and  the  elasticity  of 
the  fibre.  Shell  or  Shag-bark  Hickory. 

3.  ft  tomentosa  Nutt.  :  leafets  generally  7 — 9,  oblong-lanceolate, 
acuminate,  smooth,  slightly  serrate,  pubescent  and  scabrous  beneath  : 
terminal  one  nearly  sessile  ;  ament  filiform,  very  long,  tomentose  : 
fruit  subglobose,  smooth;  pericarp  very  thick;  nut  somewhat  6-angled. 
the  shell  very  thick  and  hard. — Juglans  tomentosa  Mich. — J.  alba  Linn. 

b.  maxima  Nutt. :  fruit  twice  the  ordinary  size,  as  large  as  an  ap- 
ple. 

Hab.  Fertile  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  April,  May.  *?. — A 
large  tree.  Leafets  sometimes  5,  but  generally  7,  very  pubes- 
cent beneath.  Fruit  large.  Nut  compressed,  somewhat  oval, 
with  4  prominent  angles,  and  2  obscure  ones  on  the  ends,  thick 
shelled  and  hard.  Timber  valuable.  Var.  b.  is  found  near  Phi- 
ladelphia. Common  Hickory. 

4.  C.  amara  Nutt. :  leafets  generally  9,  ovate-oblong,  acuminate, 
sharply  serrate,  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  fruit  subglobose  ;  nut  smooth, 
mucronate,  with  the  shell  fragile. — Juglans  amara  Mich. — Hicorius 
amara  Raf. 

Hab.  Dry  fertile  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  *?. — A  large 
tree.  Leafets  9,  sessile,  with  the  nerves  and  midrib  pubescent. 
Nut  small,  almost  obcordate,  with  bitter  and  astringent  kernels. 
— Often  confounded  with  the  next  species. 

Bitter-nut.     Swamp  Hickory. 

5.  C.  porcina  Nutt.  :  leafets  generally  7,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  ser- 
rate, smooth  on  both  sides  ;  fruit  oblong-globose  or  obcordate  ;  nut 
smooth,  very  hard. — Juglans  porcina  Mich. — J.  obcordata  and  J.  glabra 
Willd. 

Hab.     Fertile  woods.     N.  Y.  to  Geor.    May.     1? — A  very  large 


CONIFERE^E.  337 

tree.     Leqfets  5 — 7.     Fruit  small,  variable,  with   a  very  bitter 
kernel. — Wood  very  tough.      Fig  or  Hog-nut.     Broom  Hickory. 

Order  CXIV.     CONIFERE^.     Juss.     hind. 

Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious.  Sterile  monandrous 
or  monadelphous,  collected  in  an  anient* about  a  common  ra- 
chis ;  anthers  2  or  many-lobed,  bursting  outwardly  ;  often 
terminated  by  a  crest,  which  is  an  uncovered  portion  of  the 
scale,  out  of  which  each  stamen  is  formed.  Fertile  usually 
in  strobiles  or  cones,  sometimes  solitary.  Ovary  none  (in  the 
solitary  flower,)  or  spread  open  (in  the  cone)  and  resembling 
a  flat  scale,  destitute  of  style  or  stigma,  arising  from  the  axil 
of  a  membranous  bract ;  ovules  exposed  ;  in  the  cones  in 
pairs  on  the  face  of  the  ovary,  inverted  ;  in  the  solitary  flow- 
er erect.  Fruit  a  solitary  naked  seed,  or  a  cone.  Seeds  with 
a  hard  crustaceous  integument ;  embryo  in  the  midst  of  oily 
albumen;  radicle  next  the  apex  of  the  seed,  having  an  organic 
connexion  with  the  albumen. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  a  branched  trunk,  abounding  in  resin. 
Leaves  with  the  veins  parallel  to  each  other. 

1.     JUNIPERUS.     Lima. 

Dioecious,  rarely  monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient 
ovate  ;  scales  verticillate,  peltate.  Anthers  4 — S,  1-celled. 
Fertile  Fl.  Anient  globose  ;  scales  3,  concave,  coadunate. 
Stigma  gaping  Berry  with  3  bony  1-seeded  nuts,  surround- 
ed with  the  united  and  fleshy  scales. 

Dioccia.  Monadelphia. 

1.  .7.  communis  Linn.  :  leaves  ternate.  spreading,  mucronate,  longer 
than  the  berry. 

b.  depressa  Pursh:  stems  prostrate. 

Hab.  Rocky  banks  of  streams.  Can.  and  X.  S.  May.  *?. — 
A  shrub  with  prostrate  and  spreading  branches,  forming  large 
beds.  Leaves  sharply  mucronate,  glaucous  above,  shining  be- 
low. Berries  purple.  Medicinal.  Big.  Med.  Bot.  hi.  44.     Juniper 

2.  J.  rirginiana  Linn.  :  trunk  arboreous  ;  upper  leaves  imbricated  in 
four  rows,  ovate,  pungently  acute. 

0  Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  T?. — A  middle-sized  tree, 
with  horizontal  brandies.  Berries  covered  with  a  blue  powder. 
—  Wood  light  and  very  durable.  Leaves  resembling  Savin  in 
their  medicinal  properties.  Red  Cedar. 

3.  J. prostrata  Mich. :  stems  prostrate,  creeping;  leaves  imbricate, 

29 


DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

in  four  rows,  ovate,  submucronate,  glandular  in  the  middle,  appressed: 
berries  large  and  conspicuously  tubercular. — J.  repeiis  Nutt. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  >>.— 
A  low  shrub,  with  long  and  creeping  branches,  2  yards  long. 

2.     THUYA.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  imbricate.  Perianth 
none.  Anthers  4,  sessile.  Fertile  Fl.  Strobile  with  the 
scales  2-flowered.    Nut  ] ,  winged. 

Monoecia.  Monadelphia. 

T.  occidentalis  Linn.  :  branches  ancipitous  ;  leaves  imbricated  in  4 
rows,  ovate-rhomboidal,  appressed,  tuberculate;  strobiles  obovate  ;  in- 
ner scales  truncate,  gibbous  below  the  summit. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  "  May.  1?. — A  small  tree,  with 
very  tough  branches.     Leaves  resembhng  scales. 

American  Arbor  Vita. 

3.     CUPRESSUS.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Anient  ovate  ;  scales  peltate. 
Perianth  none.  Anthers  4,  sessile.  Fertile  Fl.  Stro- 
bile with  the  scales  peltate.  Perianth  none.  Ovaries  4 — S, 
under  each  scale  of  the  strobile.     Nuts  angular,  compressed. 

Monoecia.  Monadelphia. 

1.  C.  disticha  Linn.  :  leaves  distichous,  flat,  deciduous  ;  sterile  flow- 
ers leafless,  paniculate  ;  strobile  subglobose. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  *>.— One 
of  the  largest  trees  of  the  forest,  occurring  in  extensive  swamps, 
especially  at  the  South.  Leaves  small,  linear  and  acute.  Cone 
with  an  irregular  surface. — Timber  very  durable.  Cypress. 

2.  C.  thyoides  Linn.  ;  branches  compressed ;  leaves  imbricate  in  four 
rows,  ovate,  tuberculate  at  base  ;  strobile  globose. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  *?. — A  middle-sized  tree, 
composing  the  cedar  swamps  of  the  Middle  and  Southern  States. 
— Wood  light,  soft  and  durable.  White  Cedar. 

4.     PINUS.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Stkrile  Fl.  Scales  peltate.  Perianth 
none.  Anthers  2,  sessile,  1-celled.  Fertile  Fl.  in  an  ovate 
or  conical  strobile.  Scales  closely  imbricate,  2-flowered. 
Nut  winged,  covered  by  the  scales  of  the  cone. 

Monoecia.  Monadelphia. 

*  Leaves  2 — 5,  sheathing  at  base*     Scales  of  the  cone  thickened  at  the 
summit.     Pinus. 
1.  P.  inops  Ait.  :  leaves  short,  in  pairs ;  strobile  recurved,    oblong- 
conic,  as  long  as  the  leaves;  spines  of  the  scales  subulate,  straight. 


CONIFEREiE.  339 

Hab.  Barrens.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  "?. — A  middle-sized  tree, 
with  straggling  branches  and  full  of  resin.  Leaves  1 — 2  inches 
long.     Cones  about  2  inches  long.  Pitch  or  Scrub  Pine. 

2.  P.  resinosa  Ait.  :  leaves  elongated,  in  pairs  ;  sheaths  elongated ; 
strobile  ovate-conic,  rounded  at  base,  subsolitary,  half  the  length  of  the 
leaves  ;  scales  dilated  in  the  middle,  unarmed. — P.  rubra  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May.  "?. — A  very  large  tree. 
Found  on  the  Helderburg  mountains  near  Albany. 

Noncay  Pine. 

3.  P.  banksiana  Lamb. :  leaves  short,  in  pairs,  rigid,  divaricate,  ob- 
lique ;  strobile  recurved,  tortuous  ;  scales  unarmed. — P.  rupestrU 
Mich.f. 

Hab.  Rocky  grounds.  Subarc.  Amer.  to  Maine.  April,  May. 
Tp  . — A  small  tree,  with  long  spreading  flexible  branches. 

Scrub  Pine. 

4.  P.  variabilis  Tximb  :  leaves  elongated,  in  pairs  and  threes,  channel- 
led ;  strobile  ovate-conic,  mostly  solitary  ;  spines  of  the  scales  incurv- 
ed.— P.  mitis  Mich  f. 

Hab.     Forests.      N.  Eng.  to    Geor.       May.      £. — A   large    tree. 

Leaves  4 — 5  inches  long,   dark  green.     Cone  solitary,  2 — 3  inches 

long.  Yellow  Pine. 

5.  P.  rigida  Linn.  :  leaves  in  threes  ;  sheaths  short ;  sterile  aments 
erect-incumbent ;  strobile  ovate,  scattered  or  aggregated  ;  spines  of  the 
scales  reflexed. 

Hab.  Barrens.  N.  Eng.  to  Vir.  May.  "?. — A  large  tree. 
Leases  4 — 6  inches  long.  Cones  usually  clustered,  2 — 4  inches 
long. — The  wood  abounds  in  turpentine.  Pitch  Pine. 

6.  P.  serotina  Mich.  :  leaves  elongated,  in  threes  ;  sterile  aments  in- 
cumbent, nearly  erect  ;  strobile  ovate;  spines  of  the  scales  straight, 
slender. 

Hab.  Margin  of  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  May.  T?. — A  small 
tree.  Leaves  6 — 8  inches  long.  Cones  larger  and  more  globular 
than  in  the  preceding.  Pond  Pine. 

7.  P.  strobus  Linn.  :  leaves  in  fives,  slender  ;  sheaths  very  short  ; 
strobile  pendulous,  cylindrical,  longer  than  the  leaves  ;   scales  loose. 

Hab.  Fertile  soils.  Can.  to^  Vir.  May.  ^>.— A  very  large 
and  valuable  tree,  sometimes*  attaining  the  height  of  140  feet. 
Leaves  4  inches  long.  Cone  solitary,  very  long. — Timber  soft 
fine-grained  and  light.  White  or  Weymouth  Pine. 

*y   Leaves  fasciculate,  deciduous.     Larix. 

8.  P.  p end ula  .lit.  :  leaves  fasciculate,  deciduous  ;  strobile  oblong  ; 
margin  of  the  scales  inflexed  ;  bracts  panduraeform,  with  the  point  at- 
tenuated. 

Hab.  Cedar  swamps.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  April,  May.  *?. — A 
middle-sized  tree,  which  differs  from  the  preceding  by  its  leaves 
growing  in  tufts  or  fascicles,  and  in  their  being  deciduous. 
Cone  small,  covered  with  soft  scales.      Hackmatack.   Tamarack, 


340  DICOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

9.  P.  microcajpa  Lamb.  :  leaves  fasciculate,  deciduous  ;  strobile 
roundish,  few-flowered  ;  scales  reflexed  ;  bracts  elliptic,  obtusely  acu- 
minate.— P.  pcndula  Jf'illd.—Larix  amcricana  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  May.  >>. — A 
large  tree,  resembling  the  preceding,  but  according  to  Pursh  and 
Lambert,  specifically  distinct.  Red  Larch. 

*  Leaves  solitary,  distinct  at  base.     Scales  of  the  cone  even  and  attenu- 
ated.    Abies. 

10.  P.  balsamca  Linn.  :  leaves  solitary,  flat,  emarginate  or  entire,, 
glaucous  beneath,  somewhst  pectinate  at  the  summit,  nearly  erect,  be- 
low recurved-spreading  ;  strobile  cylindrical,  erect ;  bracts  short,  obo- 
vate,  conspicuously  mucronate,  somewhat  serrulate.— Mies  balsam  if  era 
Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  May.  1?. — A 
tree  40—50  feet  high.  Leaves  6 — 10  lines  long.  Cone  solita- 
iy,  erect.  American  Silver  Fir.  ■  Balsam  Fir. 

11.  P.fraseri  Pursh:  leaves  solitary,  flat,  shorter,  emarginate,  glau- 
cous beneath,  subsecund,  erect  above  ;  strobile  ovate-oblong,  erect ; 
bracts  elongated,  reflexed,  oblong-cuneate,  emarginate,  shortly  mucro- 
nate, incisely  toothed.     P.  balsamea  var.  fraseri  Nutt. 

Hab.  Broad  Mountains.  Penn.  Pursh.  May.  T?. — Resembles 
the  former,  but  differs  in  being  a  smaller  tree,  the  leaves  shorter 
and  more  erect,  and  the  cones  not  one-fourth  the  size. 

Double  Balsam  Fir. 

12.  P.  canadensis  Linn.  :  leaves  solitary,  flat,  denticulate,  somewhat 
distichous  ;  strobile  ovate,  terminal,  scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves. 
— Abies  canadensis  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  T?. — A  tree  sometimes 
attaining  a  very  large  size.  Leaves  6  —  8  lines  long.  Cones  very 
small. — Bark  contains  a  great  quantity  of  tannin. 

Hemlock  Spruce. 

13.  P.  nigra  Ait.  :  leaves  solitary,  4-sided,  every  where  scattered, 
erect,  straight ;  strobile  ovate  ;  scales  elliptical,  undulate  on  the  mar- 
gin, erosely  denticulate  at  the  apex. — A.  nigra  Mich.  f. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Subarc.  Amer.  to  Car.  May.  "*?. — A  large 
tree,  usually  having  a  pyramidal  summit.  Leaves  half  an  inch 
long,  dark  green.     Cones  oval,  1 — 2  inches  long.     Black  Spruce. 

14.  P.  rubra  Lamb.  :  leaves  solitary,  subulate  ;  strobile  oblong,  ob- 
tuse ;  scales  rounded,  somewhat  2-lobed,  entire  on  the  margin. 

Hab.     Hudson's  Bay.  Pursh.     Maine.  Torr.     May.      T>. 

Red  Spruce. 

15.  P.  alba  Ait.  :  leaves  solitary,  4-sided,  incurved  ;  strobile  subcy- 
lindrical,  loose  ;  scales  obovate,  very  entire. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Subarc.  Amer.  to  Car.  May.  T?. — A  small 
tree.  Leaves  5 — 8  lines  long,  less  crowded  than  in  the  preced- 
ing.    Cones  slender,  2  inches  long.  White  Spruce. 


HYDROCHARIDEiE.  341 

5.     TAXUS.     Linn. 

Flowers  [dioecious  or  monoecious,  surrounded  with  many 
scales.  Sterile  Fl.  Stame?is  8 — 10;  filaments  monadel- 
phous.  Anthers  peltate,  6 — S-celled  ;  cells  dehiscent  be- 
neath. Fertile  Fl.  Style  none.  Stigma  concave.  Drupe 
fleshy,  open  at  the  extremity.     Nut  1-seeded. 

Dioecia.    Monadelphia. 

T.  canadensis  Jlllld. :  leaves  linear,  distichous,  revolute  on  the  mar- 
gin ;  receptacle  of  the  sterile  flower  globose. — T.  baccata  minor  Mich. 
Hab.     Moist  rocky  places.     Can.  and  N.  S.     March.  April.      *?. 
— Shrub  4 — 8  feet  high.    Leaves  resembling  those  of  Pinus  cana- 
densis, but  larger.     Fruit  having  the  appearance  of  a  berry. 

Yew. 


Class  II.     ENDOGEN^  or  MONOCOTYLEDO- 
NOUS  PLANTS. 

Trunk  usually  cylindrical,  with  no  perceptible  distinc- 
tion of  bark,  wood  and  pith,  increasing  in  diameter  by 
the  addition  of  new  matter  to  the  centre.  Leaves  fre- 
quently sheathing  at  the  base  and  not  readily  separating 
from  the  stem  by  an  articulation,  mostly  alternate,  with 
parallel  simple  nerves  and  minute  transverse  veins.  Em- 
bryo with  but  one  cotyledon  ;  if  with  two,  then  the  addi- 
tional one  is  imperfect  and  alternate  with  the  other  ;  ra- 
dicle usually  enclosed  within  the  substance  of  the  embryo, 
through  which  it  bursts  when  germinating. 


Subclass  I.     PETALOIDE.E.     Lind. 

Sta?ne?is  and  pistils  naked  or  covered  by  verticillate  floral 
envelopes. 

Order  CXV.     HYDROCHARIDE.E.     Juss.     Land. 

Flowers  spathaceous,  monoclinous  or  diclinous.  Perianth 
with  the  limb  6-parted,  the  3-outer  segments  herbaceous  ;  the 
3  inner  petaloid.  Stamens  epiginous,  definite  or  indefinite. 
Ovary  solitary,  1  or  many-celled ;  ovules  indefinite,  often  pa- 

29* 


342  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

rietal ;  stig?nas  3 — 6.  Fruit  dry  or  succulent,  indehiscent, 
1  or  many-celled.  Seeds  without  albumen  ;  embryo  undivided, 
cylindrical  ;  radicle  at  the  opposite  extremity  from  the  hilum. 
Floating  plants.  Leaves  with  parallel  nerves,  sometimes 
spiny. 

1.     UDORA.     Nuit. 

Dioecious.  Spathe  bifid.  Perianth  6-parted  ;  3  inner  seg- 
ments petaloid.  Sterile  Fl.  Stamens  9,  3  of  them  inte- 
rior. Fertile  Fl.  Tube  of  the  perianth  very  long.  Ste- 
rile filaments  3.     TJtriculus  about  3-seeded.     Seeds  cylindric. 

Dioecia.  Enneandria. 

U.  canadensis  Nutt.  :  leaves  verticillate  in  threes  and  fours,  lanceo- 
late, oblong  or  linear,  serrulate  ;  tube  of  the  perianth  filiform. — Eh- 
de-a  canadensis  Mich. — Serpieula  verlicillata  Muhl. 

Hab.  Still  waters.  Can.  to  Vir.  Aug.  Lf. — Stem  submersed, 
diffusely  dichotomous.  Flowers  axillary,  very  small,  white. 
The  plant  without  flowers  resembles  an  aquatic  moss. 

2.     VALLISNERIA.     Linn. 

Dioecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Spathe  ovate,  2 — 4-parted- 
Spadix  covered  with  minute  flowers.  Perianth  3-parted.  Sta- 
mens 2.  Fertile  Fl.  Scape  very  long  and  spiral.  Spathc 
bifid,  1-flowered.  Perianth  elongated,  6-parted  ;  the  alter- 
nate segments  linear.  Style  none.  Stigmas  3,  ovate,  bifid. 
Caj>side  elongated,  cylindrical,  3-toothed,  1-celled,  many-seed- 
ed ;  the  seeds  attached  to  the  sides.  Dioecia.  Diandria. 

V.  spiralis  var.  amcricana  Torr.  leaves  linear  and  obtuse,  equal  from 
the  base,  3-nerved,  margin  minutely  and  aculeately  serrulate  ;  sterile 
peduncles  very  short  ;  fertile  ones  spiral.  —  V.  americana  Mich. 

Hab.  Still  water.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  W.  to  111.  Aug.  2f — Leaves 
all  radical,  2 — 3  lines  broad  and  very  long. 

Order  CXVI.     ORCHIDE^.     Juss.     hind.  . 

Perianth  with  a  ringent  6-parted  limb  ;  outer  segments 
usually  coloured,  of  which  the  odd  one  is  often  uppermost  by 
a  twisting  of  the  ovary ;  inner  segments  more  petaloid,  the  odd 
one  or  the  lip  being  frequently  lobed  and  unlike  the  others, 
and  often  spurred  at  the  base.  Stamens  3,  in  a  double  row, 
epiginous,  united  in  a  central  column,  the  two  lateral  ones,  or 
the  central  one  abortive  ;  anther  persistent  or  deciduous,  2 — 4 
or  8-celled ;  pollen  powdery  or  cohering  in  definite  or  indefi- 


ORCHIDEiE.  343 

nite  waxy  masses  (pollinia.)  Ovary  1-  rarely  3-celled  ;  ovules 
indefinite  ;  style  forming  part  of  the  column  of  the  stamens  ; 
stigma  a  viscid  cavity  in  front  of  the  column.  Capsule  3-rib- 
bed,  3-valved,  rarely  baccate.  Seeds  numerous  ;  albumen 
none  ;   embryo  a  solid  fleshy  mass. 

Herbs.  Roots  tuberous  or  fibrous.  Leaves  simple,  quite 
entire. 

*  Pollen  simple  or  consisting  of  granules  in  a  lax  state  of 
cohesion. 

1.  GOODYERA.    Brown. 

Perianth  ringent ;  the  2  outer  or  lateral  segments  placed 
beneath  the  Hp,  which  is  gibbous  at  the  base  and  undivided  at 
the  extremity.      Column  free.     Pollen  angular. 

Gynandria.  Monandria. 

1.  G.  pubescens  Brown :  radical  leaves  ovate,  petiolate,  reticulate: 
scape  sheathed  and  with  the  flowers  pubescent ;  lip  ovate,  acuminate: 
segments  of  the  perianth  ovate. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  11. — Scape 
6 — 10  inches  high.  Leaves  radical,  dark  green,  veined  with 
white.     Flmctrs  white,  in  an  oblong  spike. 

Rattlesnake  Plantain. 

2.  G.  repens  Broicji:  radical  leaves  ovate,  petiolate,  reticulate;  scape 
sheathed  and  with  the  flowers  pubescent ;  flowers  unilateral ;  lip  and 
segments  lanceolate. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  S.  July.  11. — Root  creeping.  Scape 
6 — 8  inches  high.  Leaves  less  distinctly  veined  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding.    Floicers  greenish-white. 

2.  SPIRANTHES.     Rich. 

Spike  spiral ;  inner  segments  of  the  perianth  connivent. 
Lip  unguiculate,  parallel  with  the  column,  with  2  calli  at  the 
base,  entire.  Anther  terminal,  peduncled  at  the  end.  Ovary 
oblique.  Gynandria.  Monandria. 

1.  £.  torlilis  Rich.  :  radical  leaves  linear  ;  scape  sheathed  ;  flowers 
spirally  secund  ;  lip  trifid  ;  the  middle  lobe  large  and  crenulate. — Neot- 
tia  tortilis  Sicartz.  Pursh. — Ophrys  aestivalis  Mich. 

IIab.  Low  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  11.  —  Scape 
a  foot  high.     Floicers  white. 

2.  S.  gracilis  Berk  :  radical  leaves  ovate  ;  scape  "sheathing  ;  flowers 
in  a  spiral  row  ;  lip  obovate,  curled. — Ncottia  gracilis  Big. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Mass.  July,  ^p.— Scape  8— 12  inches  high, 
erect,  with  a  few  sheathing  scales  or  leafets.     Leaves  on  short 


344  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

petioles,  sometimes  falling  off  before  the  plant  flowers.  Flowers 
white,  in  a  twisted  spike. — According  to  Dr.  Bigelow,  the  spike 
is  sometimes  unilateral  and  scarcely  twisted,  and  the  flowers 
more  slender,  when  it  forms  his  var.  secunda.        Ladies'  Tresses. 

3.  &  cernua  Rich. :  leaves  lanceolate,  nerved  ;  stem  sheathing  ; 
flowers  in  a  dense  spike,  cernuous  ;  lip  oblong,  entire,  acute. — Ncottia 
cernua  Willd. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  It. — Scape 
6  inches  to  2  feet  high,  sometimes  a  little  leafy.  Leaves  var}r- 
ing  from  linear-lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate.  Floiccrs  green-* 
ish- white. —It  is  liable  to  considerable  variation.  See  Torr. 
Comp.  320. 

3.  LISTERA.     Brown. 

Perianth  irregular.  Lip  2-lobed,  sessile,  with  no  calli. 
Column  wingless,  (minute.)  Anther  fixed  by  its  base.  Pollen 
farinaceous.  Gynandria.  Monandria. 

1.  L.  cordata  Brown  :  stem  with  only  2  opposite  roundish  cordate 
leaves  ;  raceme  loose  ;  column  without  any  appendage  behind  ;  lip 
elongate,  2-toothed  at  base,  deeply  bifid,  the  segments  divaricate  and 
acute  — Ophris  cordata  Mich. 

Hab.  Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  Ver.  N.  J.  May.  11. — Stem 
4 — 8  inches  high.  Leaves  roundish,  cordate,  veined,  smooth, 
mueronate.  Raceme  7 — 15-flowered.  Floicers  distant,  minute, 
green  and  purple.  •  Tway-blade. 

2.  L.  convallarioides  Nutt.  :  stem  with  only  2  opposite  oval-roundish 
leaves,  pubescent  above  ;  raceme  few-flowered,  (4 — 6) ;  column  por- 
rected  ;  lip  oblong,  dilated,  and  obtusely  2-lobed  at  the  extremity. — 
Epipactis  convallarioides  Pursh.     excl.  syn. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  If. — Stem  6  inches  high 
and  very  slender.  Floicers  dark  brown  and  green,  larger  than 
in  the  preceding. — These  two  species  have  been  confounded  by 
many  of  our  botanists — when  in  fact  they  are  entirely  distinct, 
and  it  is  even  doubtful  whether  they  belong  to  the  same  genus. 
Ophris  cordata  of  Michaux  given  by  Pursh  as  a  synonym  of  his 
Epipactis  convallarioides,  belongs  to  the  former. 

4.  POGONIA.    Broicn. 

Lip  sessile,  cucullate,  internally  crested  ;  5  segments  of 
the  perianth  distinct,  without  glands.     Pollen  farinaceous. 

Gijnandria.  Monandria. 

1.  P.  ophioglossoides  Broicn  :  root  fibrous  ;  stem  with  an  oval-lance- 
olate leaf  and  a  foliaceous  bract  near  the  flower  ;  lip  fimbriate. — Are- 
thusa  ophioglossoides  Linn. 

Hab.  Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  11. — Root  fas- 
ciculate. Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.  Flower  solitary,  pale  pur- 
ple, nodding. 


ORCHIDE^!.  345 

2.  P.  rcrticillaia  Nutt.  :  leaves  5,  oblong-lanceolate,  verticillate  ; 
flower  solitary  ;  3  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  very  long  and  li- 
near ;  the  inner  ones  lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  lip  3-lobed,  dilated,  the  mid- 
dle lobe  undulated. — Arctlnim  verticillata  Wilhl. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  June,  July.  It. — Root  fascicu- 
late. Stem  about  a  foot.  high.  Leaves  5  in  a  whorl  at  the  top 
of  the  stem.  Flower  solitary  ;  outer  segments  brown,  2  inches 
long  ;  inner  ones  short,  paler  and  obtuse. 

5.     CALOPOGON.     Broicn. 

Lip  behind  (or  inverted,)  unguiculatc,  the  lamina  bearded  ; 
5  segments  of  the  perianth  distinct.  Column  free.  Pollen 
angular.  Gynandria.  Monaruiria, 

C.  ptdckelhis  Broicn  :  radical  leaves  ensiform  ;  scape  few-flowered. 
— Cymbidium  pvlcheltum  Willi!.  Pvrsh. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  It  — Root  bulbous. 
Stem  12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaf  generally  solitary,  8 — 10  long, 
sheathing  the  base  of  the  stem.  Flowers  3 — 4  in  a  terminal 
spike,  large,  purple. 

6.     CORALLORHIZA.     Brown. 

Lip  produced  behind,  adnatc  with  the  spur  or  free.  Column 
free.     Pollinia  4,  oblique,  not  parallel. 

Gyn andria .  Marian dria . 

1.  C.  rerun  Nutt :  leafless  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  linear-lanceo- 
late, spreading  ;  lip  oblong,  without  spots,  bidentate  at  the  base,  the 
apex  recurved  and  ovate  ;  spur  obsolete,  adnate. — Cymbidium  corallo~ 
rhizon  Muhl. 

Hab.  Spbagnous  swamps.  N.  S.  May.  It. — Root  coralloid. 
Scape  5—6  inches  high,  with  about  3  sheathing  stipules.  Floicers 
7 — 15,  small,  yellowish-green.  Lip  nearly  white,  oblong-oval, 
without  spots. — Mr.  Nuttall  in  his  "Genera  of  N.  A.  Plants," 
confounds  this  plant  with  the  C.  innata  of  Europe,  a  mistake 
which  he  corrects  in  his  valuable  paper  on  the  species  of  Coral- 
lorkiza,  indigenous  to  the  United  States,  published  in  the  Mem. 
of  the  Phil.  Acad,  of  Nat.  Sciences,  from  which  the  present 
descriptions  are  taken. 

2.  C.  odontorhiza  Nutt. :  leafless  ;  lip  oval,  undivided,  spotted  ;  spur 
obsolete,  adnate  ;  capsule  subglobose. — Cymbidium  odontorhizon  Willd. 

—  Ophrys  coredlorhiza  Mich. 

Hab.  Roots  of  trees.  Ver.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  If. — Root 
much  branched.  Scape  10 — 12  inches  high,  slender,  with 
about  3  sheaths.  Floicers  numerous,  purplish.  Lip  dilated, 
white  and  beautifully  spotted.  Dragon's  Clmc. 

3.  C.  multiflora  Nutt. :  leafless;  scape  many-flowered,  (15 — 30;) 
lip  cuneate-oval,  3-parted,  recurved,  spotted  ;  spur  conspicuous  adnate. 

—  C.  innata  Nutt.  Gen. 


346  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Roots  of  trees.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July— Sept.  H.—Root 
coralloid,  much  branched.  Scape  a  foot  high,  with  3 — 4-sheaths. 
Raceme  with  many-flowers  which  are  purplish,  with  the  lip 
white  and  spotted  ;  spur  very  distinct,  yellowish. 

7.     APLECTRUM.     Nutt. 

Lip  unguiculate,  not  produced  nt  the  base.  Anther  situated 
below  the  summit  of  the  column.  Pollinia  4,  oblique,  lenticu- 
lar. Gynandria.  Monandria. 

A.  hiemalis  Nutt.  :  leaf  solitar}',  ovate,  striate  ;  lip  trifid,  obtuse, 
with  the  palate  ridged  ;  central  lobe  rounded,  crenulate. — Cymbidium 
hyemale  JVilld.  Pursh. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  May,  June.  11. — Root 
bulbous.  Scape  a  foot  high,  sheathed.  Floiccrs  brownish,  at 
length  pendulous.     Lip  dilated  at  the  end  and  trifid. 

8.     ARETHUSA.     Linn. 

Lip  united  at  base  with  the  column,  cucullate  at  the  end, 
crested  internally  ;  5  segments  of  the  perianth  united  at  base. 
Pollen  angular.  Gynandria.  Monandria. 

A.  bulbosa  Linn. :  leafless  ;  root  bulbous  ;  scape  sheathed,  1-flow- 
ered. 

Hab.  Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  Lf. — 
Stem  6 — 10  inches  high,  the  lower  part  with  3  or  4  sheaths. 
Floicers  1,  rarelj  2,  terminal,  large,  purple.  Lip  curled,  cre- 
nate,  bearded  in  the  middle. 

9.     TRIPHORA.     Nutt. 

Lip  unguiculate,  cucullate ;  5  segments  of  the  perianth 
distinct,  equal  and  connivent,  without  glands.  Column  spathu- 
late,  complanate  and  apterous.     Pollen  farinaceous. 

Gynandria .  Monandria . 

T.  pcndula  Nutt.  :  root  tuberous  ;  stem  leafy,  about  3-flowered  at  the 
summit ;  leaves  ovate,  alternate  ;  flowers  pedunculate  ;  peduncles  at 
length  recurved. — Arethusa  pendida  Willd. — Pogonia  pendula  Lind. 

Hab.  Roots  of  trees.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Ky.  Sept.  U> 
— Stems  often  in  clusters,  a  span  high,  angular.  Leaves  6  or  7, 
remote,  very  short,  clasping,  ovate  and  acute.  Flowers  3  or  4, 
pale  purple,  on  axillary  and  terminal  peduncles. 

**  Pollen  adhering  in  granides,   which  finally  become  waxy 
and  are  indefinite  in  number, 

10.     ORCHIS.     Linn. 
PerianUi  ringent.     Lip  with  a  spur  on  the  under  side  at 


ORCHIDEiE.  347 

the  base.     Glands  of  the  stalks   of  the  pollinia  (1 — 2)  con- 
tained in  one  common  little  pouch.     Gynandria.  Monandria. 

0.  spectabilis  Linn.  :  lip  obovate,  undivided,  crenate,  retuse  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  connivent,  longer  ;  spur  clavate,  shorter  than 
the  ovary  ;  bracts  longer  tban  the  flower ;  scape  few-flowered,  angu- 
lar, scarcely  longer  than  the  erect  leaves. —  Orchis  humilis  Mich. — Ha- 
bemaria  spectabilis  Spreng. 

II ab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  21. —  Scape  6 — 8 
inches  high,  angular.  Leaves  mostly  2,  large.  Flowers  large, 
purple  and  white. 

11.     PLATANTHERA.     Rich. 

Perianth  vaulted.  Lip  entire,  with  a  spur.  Cells  of  the  an- 
ther widely  divided  at  their  base  by  the  broad  interposed  stig- 
ma. Glands  of  the  pollinia  naked.  Lips  of  the  stigma  ab- 
sent. Gynandria.  Monandria. 

1.  P.  orbiculata  Lind. :  lip  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  three  upper 
segments  of  the  perianth  erect,  connivent  ;  lateral  ones  reflexed,  ob- 
lique at  the  base  ;  spur  longer  than  the  germ  ;  scape  with  2-orbicular 
leaves  at  the  base.  —  Orchis  orbiculata  Pursh. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  S.  July.  21.— Scape  12—18  inches 
high.  Leaves  very  large,  fleshy,  spreading  on  the  ground. 
Flowers  greenish- white,  in  a  loose  spike. 

2.  P.  dilatata  Lind.  :  lip  linear,  very  entire,  rather  obtuse,  rounded 
and  dilated  at  base  ;  spur  as  long  as  the  lip,  a  little  shorter  than  the 
germ  ;  stem  leafy  ;  bracts  as  long  as  the  flower. — Orchis  dilatata  Pursh. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  S.  July.  21-— Stem  2—3  feet  high.  leaves 
numerous.     Floicers  greenish  or  white. 

12.     HABERNARIA.     Willd. 

Perianth  ringent.  Lip  spurred  on  the  upper  side  at  the 
base  beneath.  Glands  of  the  stalk  of  the  pollinia  naked  and 
distinct ;  cells  of  the  stalks  adnate,  or  separated. 

Gynandria.   Monandria. 

1.  H.  hcrbiola  Broicn :  lip  oblong  obtuse,  bidentate  at  base;  palate 
1-toothed  ;  spur  filiform,  shorter  than  the  germ  ;  bracts  longer  than 
the  flower. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  S.  June.  21. — Stem  12— IS  inches  high. 
Flowers  small,  greenish. 

2.  H.  virescens  Sprcng :  lip  lanceolate,  crenate  ;  segments  of  the  pe- 
rianth connivent  obtuse  ;  spur  obtuse,  didymous  ;  bracts  longer  than 
the  flower. — Orchis  virescens  Willd. 

Hab.  Boggy  meadows.  Penn.  July.  21. — Stem  12 — 18  inches 
high.     Floicers  green. 


348  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

3.  H.  huronensis  Spreng. :  lip  lanceolate,  acuminate,  incurved  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  connivent,  subulate ;  spur  about  the  length  of 
the  lip,  incurved  ;  stem  leafy. 

Hab.     Wet  grounds.     N.  Y.     W.  to  Mich.     Aug.     L£. 

4.  H.  integra  Spreng.  :  lip  oblong,  very  entire,  longer  than  the  in- 
ner segments  of  the  perianth  ;  spur  subulate,  longer  than  the  germ ; 
bracts  shorter  than  the  flower  ;  stem  leafy. — Orchis  integra  Nult. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.J.  July.  11. — Floicers  orange  yellow,  some- 
what smaller  than  in  H.  ciliaris,  to  which  this  species  is  nearly 
allied. 

5.  H.  obsolcta  Spreng. :  lip  lanceolate,  very  entire  ;  segments  of  the 
perianth  erect  ;  spur  obtuse,  didymous,  as  long  as  the  germ  ;  germ  pe- 
dicillate  ;  bracts  very  short  ;  scape  naked. — Orchis  obsolcta  Willd. 

Hab.  Shady  places.  N.  Y.  to  Vir.  ;  rare.  July,  Aug.  11 — 
Bracts  very  short. 

6.  H.  bracteata  Broicn:  lip  linear,  retuse,  obscurely  3-toothed  at  the 
extremity  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  connivent ;  lateral  ones  ovate 
and  broader  ;  spur  obtuse,  very  short,  didymous  ;  bracts  spreading, 
much  longer  than  the  flower. —  Orchis  bracteata  Willd. 

Hab.  Shady  places.  Vir.  July,  Aug.  11 . — Stem.  8 — 12  inches 
high,  leafy.     Floicers  green,  in  a  loose  spike. 

7.  H.  tridcntata  Hook.  :  lip  ovate-lanceolate,  obtuse,  3-toothed  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  connivent,  obtuse;  spur  filiform,  incurved,  longer 
than  the  germ. — Orchis  tridentata  Willd. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Penn.  and  Vir.  June,  ,July.  IX. — Stem  1 — 2 
feet  high.     Floicers  small,  white. 

8.  H.  ciliaris  Brown. :  lip  oblong-lanceolate,  pinnately  ciliate,  twice 
as  long  as  the  segments  ;  spur  longer  than  the  germ. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  11. — Stem  1 — 2 
feet  high,  leafy,  smooth.  Flowers  in  a  dense  terminal  spike, 
orange  yellow.     Lip  finely  laciniate  or  fringed. 

9.  H.  cristata  Brown :  lip  oblong,  pinnately  ciliate  ;  segments  of  the 
perianth  rounded  ;  the  two  lateral  ones  toothed  ;  spur  shorter  than  the 
germ. — Orchis  cristata  Mich. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  If. — Stem  1 — 2 
feet  high,  leafy.  Flowers  in  a  terminal  spike,  somewhat  crowd- 
ed, yellow.  Distinguished  from  the  former  by  its  smaller  flow- 
ers and  more  dense  spike. 

10.  blepkari glottis  Hook.  :  lip  lanceolate,  fimbriate,  as  long  as  the 
upper  segment  of  the  perianth  ;  spur  filiform,  pendulous,  longer  than 
the  germ. — Orchis  blcphariglottis  Willd. 

Hab.  Swampy  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June,  July.  Z£. — Stem 
2  feet  high.  Flowers  pure  white.  Resembles  the  former  and  is 
not  very  readily  distinguished  except  by  its  white  flowers. 

11.  H.  eUiottii  Beck  :  lip  ovate,  toothed  and  crenate  ;  spur  filiform, 


ORCHIDE^E.  349 

attenuate,  about  as  long  as  the  germ;  spike  crowded  ;  bracts  as  long  as 
or  a  little  longer  than  the  flower.  —  Orchis flara  ?  Ell.  —  O.  flava  ?  Torr. 
Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  S.  to  Geor.  July.  If. — Stem  2  feet  high. 
Flowers  in  a  short  crowded  spike,  yellow.  Lip  with  the  sides 
toothed  or  crenate,  almost  fimbriate.  Spur  subulate,  nearly 
acute  at  the  point. — This  plant  appears  to  differ  much  from  the 
original  O.  flava  of  Clayton.     See  Ell.  Sk.  ii.  485. 

12.  H.fissa  Brown  :  lip3-parted  ;  lobes  cuneiform,  dentate  ;  interme- 
diate one  2-lobed  ;  spur  filiform,  clavate  at  the  extremity,  ascending, 
longer  than  the  germ. — Orchis fissa  Willd. 

Hab.  Mountain  meadows.  Penn.  to  Vir.  PursJi.  July.  11. — 
Stem  2 — 4  feet  high.     Floiccrs  dark  purple. 

13.  II.  incisa  Spreng.  :  lip  3-parted  ;  lobes  cuneiform,  iggisely  den- 
tate, the  intermediate  one  emarginate  ;  lateral  segments  of  the  pe- 
rianth obtuse,  subdentate  ;  spur  subulate,  ascending,  as  long  as  the 
germ. — Orchis  incisa  Wllld. 

Hab.  Meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Vir.  July.  2J..—Stcm  2—4-  feet 
high.     Floiccrs  purple. 

14.  II.  fimbriata  Brown  :  lip  3-parted;  lobes  all  cuneiform  and  in- 
c.isely  fimbriate  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  oval,  spreading,  fimbriate- 
toothed  ;  spur  filiform,  clavate,  longer  than  the  germ. — Orchis  fimbri- 
ate! Ait. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  2_f\ — Stem  2  feet  high. 
Leaves  broad-lanceolate.     Flcicers  purple,  in  a  large  spike. 

15.  II.  psycodes  Spreng..:  lip  3-parted,  capillary,  many-cleft:  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  obtuse  ;  spur  filiform,  clavate,  ascending,  a  little 
longer  than  the  germ. — Orchis  psycodes  Linn. — O.  lacera  Mich. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Can.  to  Vir.  July.  11. — Stem  2  feet  high. 
husoes  oblong.  Flowers  numerous,  pale  yellow,  in  a  large  ter- 
minal spike. 

16.  H.  fuscescens  Torr. :  lip  ovate,  toothed  at  the  base  ;  segments  of 
the  perianth  spreading  ;  spur  subulate,  as  long  as  the  germ  :  bracts 
longer  than  the  flower. — Orchis  fuscescens  Linn. 

Hab.  Mountain  meadows.  N.  S.  July.  It. — Flowers  in  very 
long  spikes,  brownish-yellow.     Bracts  acuminate,  very  long. 

17.  II.  viacrophylla  Goldic:  lip  linear-elongated,  entire,  acuminate  ; 
spur  longer  than  the  germ,  terete,  nearly  straight  ;  upper  segments  of 
the  perianth  ovate,  acute  ;  scape  with  broad  oval  suberect  leaves  at  the 
base. 

Hab.  Shady  woods  near  Montreal.  Goldie.  N.  S.  Torr. — The 
largest  of  the  North  American  Orchideae.  Leaves  2,  radical, 
6 — 8  inches  in  length,  thin  and  pellucid,  elliptical.  Scape  with 
a  few  lanceolate  scales.  Floiccrs  large  and  arranged  in  a  lax 
spike  of  5  or  6  inches  in  length.  See  Goldie  in,  Edin.  Phil.  Jour. 
vi.  331. 

18.  II.  grand i flora  Torr. :  lip  dependent,  twice  as  long  as  the  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth,  3-parted  ;  lobes  cuneiform,  frinibriate,  the  mid- 

30 


350  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

die  one  largest,  with  the  fimbriae  connivent ;  lateral  segments  fimbri- 
ate ;  spur  ascending,  clavate,  longer  than  the  germ  ;  leaves  oval-ob- 
long.—  Orchis  grandiflora  Big. 

Hab.     Meadows.     Mass.  and.  N.  H.    Big.     June.     21. — Stem  2 

feet  high,  thick  and  angular.     Flowers  in  an  oval-oblong  spike. 

pale  purple,   twice  the  size    of  H.  jimbriata,  from  which  it  also 

differs  in  the  form  of  the  lip. 

13.     TIPULARIA.     Nutt. 

Segments  of  the  perianth  spathulate,  spreading.  Lip  en- 
tire, sessile,  conspicuously  calcarate  below  at  the  base.  Co- 
lumn wingless,  porrected,  free.  Anther  operculate,  persis- 
tent.    Pollinia  4,  parallel.  Gynandria.  Monandria. 

T.  discolor  Nutt. — Orchis  discolor  Pursh.-Limodorum  uniflorum  Muhl. 

Hab.       Pine    woods.     Ver.  to  Car.     July.     11. — Root   bulbous. 

Leaf  solitary,   ovate,    petiolate,   plaited,  smooth.     Floicers  in  a 

terminal  raceme,    nodding,   minute,    greenish  and  destitute  of 

bracts. 

***  Pollen  cohering  in  grains,  which  finally  become  waxy,  and 
are  definite  in  number. 

14.     LIPARIS.    Rich. 

Perianth  spreading.  Lip  ilat,  expanded,  entire,  turned  va- 
rious ways.  Column  winged.  Pollinia  4,  with  neither  caudi- 
cula  nor  glands.  Gynandria.  Monandria, 

1.  L.  liliifolia  Rich.  :  leaves  2,  ovate-oblong  ;  scape  angular  ;  flow- 
ers racemose  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  linear  ;  lower  ones  setaceous, 
reflexed  :  lip  concave,  obovate,  mucronate  at  the  tip. — Malaxis  liliifo- 
lia Swartz.  Pursh. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  IT. — Scape  6 — S 
inches  high.     Floicers  in  a  short  raceme,  yellowish  and  white. 

2.  L.  correana  Spreng. :  leaves  2,  ovate-oblong  ;  scape  angular ;  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  revolule  on  the  margin  ;  lip  oblong  keeled,  re- 
curved and  cordate  at  the  apex. — Malaxis  correana  Bart.  Nutt. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S. — Stent  6—8  inches  high, 
angled  and  winged,  with  2  opposite  leaves  at  the  base.  Floicers 
yellowish-green,  in  a  terminal  spike.  Resembles  L.  lotselii  of 
Europe,  but  that  species  has  a  triangular  stem  and  its  lip  entire 
and  shorter  than  the  perianth.  Dr.  Graham  in  Edin.  New  Phil. 
Jour.  v.  377. 

15.     MICROSTYLIS.     Nutt. 

Lip  flat,  sagittate  or  deeply  cordate.      Column  very  small, 
round.     Pollinia  4,  loose.  Gynandria,   Monandria. 


ORCHIDE^E.  351 

M.  ophioglossoidcs  Nult. :  scape  1-leaved  ;  leaf  ovate,  amplexicaule  ; 
lip  truncate,  emarginate. 

Hah.  Roots  of  trees.  N.  S.  June.  It.  — Root  bulbous.  Scape 
a  span  high,  1-leaved,  with  a  foliaceous  sheatb  near  the  base, 
many- flowered.     Floiccrs  minute,  greenish-white. 

16.     CALYPSO.     Salisb. 

Segments  of  the  perianth  ascending,  secund.  Lip  ventri- 
cose,  spurred  beneath  near  the  end.  Column  petaloid,  dilated. 
Pollinia  4.  Gynandria.  Monandria. 

C  (lmrrlcnva  Brown:  lip  narrowed  and  subunguiculate  at  base;  spur 
semibifid.  longer  than  the  lip,  with  acute  teeth  ;  peduncle  longer  than 
the  ovary. — C.  boreaUs  Pvrsk. — Limodorum  borealc  Willd. 

II  vis.  Near  Montreal.  N.  to  Nova  Scotia.  Near  the  outlet  of 
Lake  Michigan  and  W.  to  the  Columbia  river.. — Scape  6 — 8  in- 
ches high,  Bheathed,  1-flowered.  Radical  leaf  roundish-ovate, 
nerved.  Flower  large,  purplish,  somewhat  resembling  a  species 
of  Cypripedhtm. — 1  have  received  a  specimen  of  this  beautiful 
plant  from  Ur.  Holmes,  of  Montreal,  gathered  near  that  place, 
and  1  have  introduced  the  species  in  the  hope  that  it  may  yet 
be  found  in  the  northern  part  of  our  state. 

*•*#  Lateral  anthers  fertile;  the  middle  one  sterile  and  peta- 
loid. 

17.     CYPRirEDIUM.     Linn. 

Lip  ventricose,  inflated,  saccate,  obtuse.  Column  termi- 
nating in  a  petaloid  lobe.  Two  under  segments  of  thepm- 
m^/funitedj  (or  1  segments  with  the  under  one  bifid.J) 

Gynandria.  Diandria. 

1.  C.  candid  urn  Jl'iUd.:  stem  leafy;  leaves  oblong-lanceolate;  lobe 
of  the  style  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse  ;  lip  compressed,  shorter  than  the 
lanceolate  segments  of  the  perianth. 

Hae.  Penn.  Muhl.  May.  It-  — Resembles  C.  calccolus ;  but 
the  flowers  are  white,  and  not  half  the  size  :  the  form  of  the 
leaves  and  the  lobe  of  the  style  distinguish  it  sufficiently. 
Pursh.  White  Ladies  Slipper. 

2.  C.  parrijlorum  Willd. :  stem  leafy ;  lobe  of  the  style  triangular, 
acute  ;  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  ovate-oblong,  acuminate  ;  inner 
ones  linear,  contorted ;  lip  compressed,  shorter  than  the  perianth. — C. 
culaolus  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May,  June.  2+.— Stem  12  inches 
high,  erect.  Leaves  clasping,  oval,  nerved.  Perianth  green, 
spotted  with  dark  purple  ;  lateral  segments  linear,  twisted, 
hairy  on  the  side.     Lip  yellow,  spotted.      Yellow  Ladies  Slipper. 

3.  C.  pubescens  Sicartz :  stem  leafy  ;  lobe  of  the  style  triangular-ob- 


352  MOx\OCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

long,  obtuse ;  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  ovate-oblong,  acumi- 
nate ;  inner  ones  very  long,  linear,  contorted";  lip  compressed,  shorter 
than  the  petals. — C.  calceolus  var.  Linn. 

Hab.     Woods.     Subarc.  Amer.  to  Car.     May.     It.—  Stem  1—3 

feet  high.     Floiccrs  greenish-yellow,  spotted.    Leaves  pubescent. 

— Resembles  the  preceding. 

4.  C.  spectabile  Sicarlz :  stem  leafy  ;  lobe  of  the  style  elliptic-cor- 
date, obtuse  ;  outer  segments  of  the  perianth  broad-oval,  obtuse ;  lip 
cleft  before,  longer  than  the  perianth. — C.  canadense  Bitch. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  bogs.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  It. — Stem 
2—3  feet  high.  Leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  plaited,  exactly  resem- 
bling those  of  Veratrum  vir'ide.  Floiccrs  2 — 3,  very  large.  Up 
white,  variegated  with  stripes  of  purple. 

5.  C.  acaule  Ait. :  scape  leafless,  1-flowered;  radical  leaves  2,  ob- 
long, obtuse  ;  lobe  of  the  style  roundish-rhomboidal,  acuminate  de- 
flexed  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  lanceolate  ;  lip  shorter  than  the  seg- 
ments, cleft  before.  —  C.  humile  Swartz. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Subarc.  Amer.  to  Car.  May,  June.  It. 
— Scape  a  foot  high.     Floicer  very  large  ;  lip  purple. 

*  Arietinum.  Lip  inflated,  acute.  Lower  segments  of 
the  perianth  not  united,  (or  5  segments  distinct.) 

A.  americanum  Beck  :  stem  leafy ;  lobe  of  the  style  orbicular  ;  the 
two  lower  segments  linear-lanceolate,  deflexed ;  two  lateral  linear, 
spreading  ;  upper  one  oblong-ovate,  acute ;  lip  as  long  as  the  seg- 
ments, inversely  conical. — Cypripedium  arietinum  Ait. 

Hab.  Sphagnous  swamps.  Montreal,  U.  C.  Fairhaven,  Ycr, 
Hallowell,  Maine  ;  rare.  It- — Stem  6 — 8  inches  high,  .with 
few  alternate  lanceolate  leaves.  Flowers  much  smaller  than  in 
any  of  the  preceding.  Floicer s  greenish-brown.  Lip  small, 
acute,  reticulated. — I  know  not,  but  in  the  recent  divisions  of 
the  Orchideous  genera,  this  plant  may  have  been  separated  from 
Cypripedium;  if  it  has  not,  it  certainly  should  be,  as  it  is  so 
very  different  fipm  all  the  species  of  that  genus.  This  sugges- 
tion was  first  made  by  Dr.  Bigelow  in  his  Florula  Bostoniensis. 
and  I  have  ventured  to  propose  the  above  name,  which  alludes  to. 
the  resemblance  of  the  shape  of  the  flower  to  a  ram's  head. 

Order   CXVII.     IRIDE^.     Juss.     hind. 

Perianth  tubular,  6-parted,  in  two  often  unequal  rows. 
Stame?is  3,  distinct  or  monadelpjious,  opposite  the  outer  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  ;  anthers  2  celled,  bursting  outwardly. 
Ovary  3-celled,  cohering  with  the  tube  of  the  perianth. ;  ovules 
numerous  ;  style  1  ;  stigmas  3,  dilated,  often  petaloid,  and 
sometimes  2-lipped.     Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved,  with  a  locu- 


IRIDEiE.  353 

licidal  dehiscence.  Seeds  numerous  ;  embryo  cylindrical ; 
enclosed  within  a  fleshy  or  horny  albumen  ;  radicle  pointing 
to  the  hilum. 

Herbs,  rarely  tinder  shrubs.  Leaves  equitant,  distichous. 
Flowers  with  spataceous  bracts. 

1.     IRIS.     Linn. 

Perianth  6-cleft ;  3  of  the  segments  larger  and  reflexed, 
the  others  erect.  Stamens  distinct.  Style  short  or  none. 
Stigmas  3,  petaloid,  covering  the  stamens. 

Triandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  I.  versicolor  Linn. :  stem  terete,  more  or  less  flexuous;  leaves 
ensiform  ;  perianth  beardless  ;  germ  somewhat  triangular. 

a.  sulcata  Torr.  :  stem  slightly  compressed  ;  inner  segments  of  the 
perianth  longer  than  the  stigmas  ;  germ  with  the  angles  sul- 
cate,  the  sides  concave  ;  capsule,  oblong,  ventricose  ;  angles 
indistinctly  furrowed. 

b.  communis  Torr. :  stem  erect,  distinctly  flexuous  ;  leaves  narrow- 
ensiform  ;  inner  segments  of  the  perianth  a  little  shorter  than 
the  stigmas  ;  angles  of  the  germ  not  grooved  when  young  ; 
side  deeply  concave  ;  capsule  cylindrical-oblong. 

Hab.  Margins  of  ponds.  Can.  to  Car.  Lf. — Root  large,  fleshy, 
creeping.  Stern  2—3  feet  high.  Floicers  2 — 6,  blue,  variegated 
with  green  and  yellow.  Blue  Flag. 

2.  J.  prismatica  Pursh :  stem  round  ;  leaves  linear,  long  ;  perianth 
beardless  ;  germs  triangular,  twice  grooved  on  the  sides.— L.  virginica 
Torr.  not  of  Linn. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  S.  June.  L£. — Root  fleshy,  creep- 
ing. Stem  1 — 2  feet  high,  round,  smooth.  Leaves  1-2  an  inch 
broad,  very  long  and  erect.  Flowers  2 — 6  in  a  terminal  raceme, 
purple  and  yellow.  Germs  with  2  parallel  grooves  on  each 
side. — Very  abundant  in  New-Jersey. 

3.  7.  lacustris  Nvtt.  :  leaves  ensiform,  shorter  than  the  1-flowered 
scape  ;  perianth  without  a  bearded  crest  ;  segments  nearly  equal,  at- 
tenuated on  the  tube  ;  capsule  turbinate,  3-sided,  margined ;  root  tu- 
berous. 

Hab.  Gravelly  shores  of  Lake  Huron.  Nutt.  June.  11. — Root 
creeping.  Scape  compressed,  scarcely  an  inch  long.  Leaves 
3—5  inches  long  and  1-4  of  an  inch  broad.     Torr* 

2.     SISYRINCHIUM.     Linn. 

Sjiaihe  2-leaved.  Perianth  G-cleft,  flat,  equal.  Stamens 
cohering  below.     Stigma  3-cleft.        Triandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  S.  mucronatum  Mich.  :  scape  simple,  winged  ;  spathe  coloured ; 
one  of  the  valves  ending  in  a  long  rigid  point. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Vir.  July.  U.—Stem  6—10 
inches  high,  setaceous.     Floiccra  3  or  4  in  each  spathe,  blue. 

30* 


354  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

2.  S.  ancqys  Linn.  :  scape  simple,  winged  ;  spathe  unequal,  shorter 
than  the  flowers  ;  segments  mucronate. — S.  gramineum  Lam. 

Hab.  Pastures,  &c.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  If.. — Stem  a  foot 
high.  Spathe  of  two  lanceolate  nearly  equal  valves,  not  colour- 
ed as  in  the  preceding.     Flowers  3  or  4  in  each  spathe,  blue. 

Blue-eyed  Grass. 

Order  CXVJII.     AMARYLLIDE^E.     Brown.     land. 

Perianth  petaloid,  regular,  6-cleft ;  the  outer  segments 
overlapping  the  inner.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  perianth  ; 
anthers  bursting  inwardly.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cells  many- 
seeded,  sometimes  1 — 2 ;  style  1  ;  stigma  3-lobed.  Fruit  a 
3-celled,  3-valved  capsule,  or  a  1 — 3-seeded  berry.  Seeds 
with  a  thin  and  membranous,  or  thick  and  fleshy  integument : 
albumen  fleshy  ;  embryo  nearly  straight ;  radicle  next  the  hil- 
um. 

Generally  bulbous,  sometimes  fibrous  rooted.  Leaves  ensi- 
tbrm,  with  parallel  veins. 

1.     AMARYLLIS.     Linn. 

Perianth  6-parted,  petaloid,  irregular.  Stamens  6,  arising 
from  the  orifice  of  the  tube,  declined  or  straight,  unequal. 

Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

A.,  atamasco  Linn.  :  spathe  bifid,  acute  ;  flower  pedicellate  ;  perianth 
subcampanulate,  subequal,  erect,  short  and  tubular  at  the  base  ;  sta- 
mens declined,  equal. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  Muhl.  S.  to  Car.  June.  If. — 
Scape  6  inches  high.  Leaves  a  foot  long,  linear,  concave, 
smooth.     Floicer  solitary,  large,  white  and  pink. 

Atamasco  Lilly, 

Order  CXIX.     HYPOXIDE^E.     Brown.     Lind. 

Perianth  petaloid,  usually  6-parted,  regular ;  aestivation 
imbricate.  Stamens  6,  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  segments. 
Ovary  inferior,  3-celled,  many-seeded  ;  style  single  ;  stigma 
3-lobed.  Capsule  indehiscent,  sometimes  succulent.  Seeds 
numerous,  with  a  black  crustaceous  integument  and  a  ros- 
telliform  hilum ;  embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  albumen. 

Herbs  stemless  or  nearly  so.     Leaves  plaited. 

1.     HYPOXIS.     Linn. 
Spathe  2-valved.     Perianth  superior,  6-parted,  persistent. 


SMILACE^.  355 

Capsuie  elongated,   narrowed   at   the  base,  3-celled,  many- 
seeded.     Seeds  roundish,  naked.       Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

H.  erccta  Linn.  :  hairy  ;  leaves  all  radical,  linear  and  gramineous, 
sparingly  hirsute,  longer  than  the  scape  ;  scape  2 — 4-flowered ;  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  lanceolate. — H.  erccta  and  H.  graminea  Pursh. — 
H.  carolinicnsis  Mich. 

Hab.  Meadows  and  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  If. — 
Root  bulbous.  Scape  4 — 6  inches  high,  with  the  leaves  narrow 
and  often  double  the  length.     Flowers  yellow.  Star  Grass. 

Order  CXX.     DIOSCORE.E.     Brown,     hind. 

Flowers  dioecious.  Perianth  6-cleft,  equal.  Stamens  6, 
inserted  into  the  base  of  the  segments  of  the  perianth.  Ovary 
3-celled  ;  ovides  1 — 2  in  each  cell ;  style  deeply  trifid  ;  stig- 
mas undivided.  Fruit  a  thin  compressed  capsule,  with  two 
of  its  cells  sometimes  abortive.  Seeds  flat,  compressed  ;  em- 
bryo small,  lying  in  a  large  cavity  of  a  somewhat  horny  albu- 
men, near  the  hilum. 

Twining  shrubs.  Leaves  usually  alternate,  mostly  with  re- 
ticulated veins. 

1.     DIOSCOREA.     Linn. 

Dioecious.  Perianth  6-parted.  Sterile  Fl.  Stamens 
6.  Fertile  Fl.  Styles  3.  Capsule  3-celled,  triangular, 
compressed  ;  cells  2  seeded.  Seeds  membranaceously  mar- 
gined. Dioecia.  Hexandria. 

1.  D.  villosa  Linn. :  leaves  alternate,  opposite  and  verticillate,  cor- 
date, acuminate,  pubescent  beneath,  9-nerved ;  lateral  nerves  simple. 
— D.  paniculata  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  11. — Stem  climbing, 
sometimes  12  feet  high.  Lower  leaves  whorled,  upper  ones  ge- 
nerally alternate.    Flowers  small,  in  axillary  panicles. 

Yam  Root. 

2.  D.  qnaternata  Walt. :  leaves  verticillate  in  fours,  or  alternate,  cor- 
date, acuminate,  smooth  on  both  sides,  7-nerved  ;  lateral  nerves  bifid. 
— D.  glauca  Muhl. 

Hab.  Old  fields.  Penn.  to  Car.  July.  11.  Stem  climbing. 
Leaves  more  tapering  at  the  summit  than  in  the  former. 

Order  CXXI.     SMILACEiE.     Brown,     hind. 

Flowers  monoclinous  or  dioecious.  Perianth  petaloid,  6- 
parted,  (4-parted  in  Siyrandra.)     Stamens  6,  (4  in  Styran- 


356  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

dra)  inserted  into  the  base  of  the  divisions  of  the  perianth, 
rarely  hypogynous.  Ovary  3-celled ;  ovules  1  or  several  in 
each  cell  ;  style  usually  trifid  ;  stigmas  3.  Fruit  a  roundish 
berry.  Seeds  with  a  membranaceous  (not  black  or  brittle) 
integument ;  albumen  fleshy  cartilaginous  ;  embryo  usually 
remote  from  the  hilum. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  usually  climbing.  Leaves  sometimes 
with  reticulated  veins. 

1.     SMILAX.     Linn. 
Dioecious.       Perianth    campanulate-spreading,    6-parted. 
Sterile  Fl.    Stamens  6.     Fertile  Fl.      Ovary  1.     Styles 
3.     Stigmas  3.     Berry  globose,  3-celled. 

Dioecia.  Hexandria. 
*  Stem  frutescent. 

1.  S.  quadrangularis  llllld. :  prickly  ;  stem  4-angled,  unarmed  above; 
leaves  unarmed,  ovate,  subcordate,  acute,  5-nerved. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  If. — Berries 
black.  Pursh. 

2.  S.  sarsaparilla  Linn.  :  stem  prickly,  slightly  4-angled ;  leaves 
unarmed,  ovate-lanceolate,  cuspidate,  somewhat  5-nerved,  glaucous 
beneath ;  common  peduncle  longer  than  the  petioles. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  2_f. — Stem  climb- 
ing, with  scattered  prickles.  Flowers  small.  Berries  black,  3- 
seeded. 

3.  S.  rotundifolia  Linn. :  stem  prickly,  nearly  round  ;  leaves  unarm- 
ed, roundish-ovate,  acuminate,  slightly  cordate,  5-nerved ;  berries  sphe- 
rical. t 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  If. — Stem  climbing 
upon  trees  and  bushes,  with  strong  tendrils.  Umbels  small,  on 
short  axillary  peduncles.     Berries  black. 

4.  $.  caduca  Linn.  :  prickly  ;  leaves  ovate,  mucronate,  5-nerved ; 
common  peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  petioles. 

Hab.  Dry  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  fp. — Stem  flexuous, 
somewhat  angled.  Pedieels  of  the  flowers  as  long  as  the  com- 
mon peduncle. 

5.  S.  laurifolia  Linn. :  prickly  ;  branches  unarmed  ;  leaves  coriace- 
ous, oval-lanceolate,  slightly  acuminate,  3-nerved ;  umbels  on  very 
short  peduncles. 

Hab.  Boggy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  June — Aug.  fp. — Stern 
climbing  to  a  great  height.  Leaves  somewhat  crowded,  coriace- 
ous and  perennial.     Peduncles  scarcely  as  long  as  the  pedicels. 

6.  S.  pandurata  Pursh.  :  prickly ;'  leaves  ovate-panduriform,  acumi- 
nate, 3-nerved  ;  common  peduncles  twice  as  long  as  the  petioles. — S. 
tamnoides  Ell.  not  of  Linn,  f 


SMILACE.E.  357 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  T). — Stem  twining, 
round.    Leaves  smooth  and  shining  on  both  sides.   Berries  black. 

7.  S.  jp  scud  o- china  Linn.:  unarmed:  leaves  unarmed;  cauline  ones 
cordate  ;  those  of  the  branches  ovate- oblong,  5-nerved  ;  peduncles 
very  long. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  N.  J.  to  Car.  May.  June.  T?. — Root 
large,  tuberous.   Stem  climbing.   Loner  leaves  distinctly  cordate. 

**  Stem  herbaceous,  unarmed. 

8.  *S.  kerbacea Linn. ;  stem  angled,  erect,  simple;  leaves  on  long  pe- 
tioles, oval  and  cordate-ovate,  acuminate,  nerved,  pubescent  beneath  ; 
the  lower  ones  alternate  ,;  the  upper  ones  verticillate  and  crowded  ; 
peduncles  very  long,  compressed. 

Hab.  Woods!"'  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  1L— Stem  %— 3 feet 
high,  with  1— 2  small  branches.  Leaves,  when  young,  oval  or 
ovate  ;  when  old.  slightly  cordate.     Berries  black. 

9.  S.  peduncularis  Muhl. :  stem  round,  climbing;  leaves  roundish- 
ovate,  cordate,  acuminate.  9-nerved  ;  umbels  on  very  long  peduncles. 

Hab.  Low  woods.  Can.  to  Penn.  June.  Lf — Stem  climbing 
by  stipular  tendrils,  3 — 5  feet  high.  Floiccrs  small,  greenish,  in 
simple  umbels,  fetid.     Peduncles  4 — 6  inches  long. 

2.     STYRANDRA.     Raf. 

Perianth  4-parted,  spreading.  Stamens. 4,  divergent.  Ber- 
ry 2-celled.-  Tetrandria.  Monogynia. 

Obs.  After  a  most  careful  examination  of  the  subject.  I  have  deter- 
mined to  adopt  the  views  of  Mr.  R-aiinesque,  in  regard  to  the  Linna?an 
genus  Convallaria.  The  habit  and  flowers  of  these  plants  are  so  wide- 
ly different,  that  it  is  almost  impossible  to  present  any  collective  cha- 
racters. I  am  as  much  opposed  as  any  one,  to  unnecessary  division, 
but  the  very  purpose  of  botanical  arrangement  is  frustrated  when  a 
genus  is  allowed  to  have  such  an  unnatural  range. — Sec  Raf.  Med.  Bot. 
u.  -1. 

.S'.  bifulia  Raf.  :  stem  2-leaved  ;  leaves  on  short  petioles,  cordate-ob- 
long, very  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  raceme  simple,  terminal ;  flowers 
tetrandrous. — Convallaria  bifolia  Linn. — Smilacina  canadensis  Pursh. — 
Mayanthemum  canadense  Desf. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May.  H.—Sicm  4— C 
inches  high.  Flowers  white,  small. — Agrees  in  habit  with  the 
next  genus,  but  differs  in  being  tetrandrous  and  in  having  a  2- 
celled  berry. 

3.     SMILACINA.     Desf. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading,  Stamens  G,  divergent,  at- 
tached to  the  base  of  the  segments.     Berry  globose,  3-celled. 

Hezandria.  Monogynia. 


358  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

1.  S.  stellata  Desf.  :  leaves  numerous,  alternate,  oval-lanceolate, 
clasping  ;  raceme  simple,  terminal,  3 — 8-flowered. — Conrallaria  stellata 
Linn. 

Hab.  River  banks'.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May,  June.  2L — Stem  a 
foot  high.     Floicers  small,  white,  in  an  erect  terminal  raceme. 

2.  S.  trifolia  Desf: :  stem  smooth,  angular,  pubescent,  about  3-leaved; 
leaves  alternate,  oval-lanceolate,  contracted  at  the  base  ;  raceme  sim- 
ple terminal,  few-flowered. — Convallaria  trifolia  Linn. 

Hab.  Alpine  swamps.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June,  July,  li.— Stern 
6  inches  high.  Floicers  small,  white,  4 — 6  in  a  terminal  ra- 
ceme, with  the  segments  spreading. 

3.  <S".  racemosa  Desf.  :  stem  a  little  flexuous  ;  leaves  numerous,  al- 
ternate, sessile,  oblong-oval,  acuminate,  nerved,  pubescent ;  flowers  in 
a  terminal  racemose  panicle,  very  small.— ^Convallaria  racemosa  Linn. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  June,  July.  11. — 
Root  tuberous.  Stem  1  1-2 — 2  feet  high.  Floicers  very  small, 
greenish-white,  in  a  compound  terminal  panicle  or  raceme. 

4.     CLINTONIA.     Rqf. 
Perianth  6-parted,   campanulate.     Stamens  6,  inserted  at 
(he  base.      Style  compressed.      Stigma  -2-lobed,  compressed. 
Berry  2-celled  ;  cells  many-seeded.  Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

Obs.  This  genus  was  named  by  Mr.  Rafinesque  in  honor  of  the  late 
Gov.  Clinton.  It  differs  from  Dracccna  in  its  2-lobed  stigma,  and  its  2- 
celled  and  many-seeded  berry.  From  Smilacina,  with  which  it  was 
associated  by  Defontaines,  it  differs  not  only  in  the  above  characters, 
but  strikingly  also  in  habit  and  colour. 

1.  C.  borealis  Raf.  :  subcaulescent ;  leaves  elliptic-obovate,  with  the 
margins  ciliate ;  scape  pubescent  ;  umbel  terminal  ;  pedicels  nodding, 
without  bracts. — Dracccna  borealis  Ait. — Smilacina  borealis  Pursh. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May,  June.  11. — Scape 
6 — 8  inches  high.  Leaves  radical  or  nearly  so,  6  inches  or  more 
in  length.     Floicers  large,  campanulate.     Berries  oblong. 

2.  C.  multiflora  Raf.  ?  :  leaves  radical  oblong-oval,  with  the  margin 
and  keel  ciliate  ;  scape  pubescent ;  umbel  terminal  ;  pedicels  with  mi- 
nute bracts  at  base. — Convallaria  umbellulata  Mich.  Torr. — Smilacina 
umbellata  Pursh.  Ell.  —Dracccna  borealis  Big. 

Hab.  Alpine  bogs.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  11. — Resembles 
the  preceding,  but  considered  distinct  by  Pursh  and  other  au- 
thors. It  is  more  common  than  the  last.  Mr.  Rafinesque  thinks 
that  several  distinct  species  are  confounded  under  the  name  C. 
umbellvlata,  and  I  am  in  doubt  whether  this  is  the  one  which  he 
designates  by  the  above. 

5.     POLYGONATUM.     Desf. 

Perianth  6-cleft,  cylindrical.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the 
upper  part  of  the  tube.     Berry  3-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded. 

Hexandria.  Monogynia. 


SMILACEiE.  359 

1.  P.  multijlorum  Dcsf.  :  stem  terete,  smooth  ;  leaves  alternate, 
clasping,  oblong  oval,  smooth  on  both  sides  ;  peduncles  axillary,  ma- 
ny-flowered.— ConvaUaria.  multipara  Linn, 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  1£. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high.  Flowers  greenish-white,  2 — 4  on  nodding  ax- 
illary peduncles.  Solo?nojis  Seal. 

2.  P.  biflorum  Ell.  :  stem  terete,  smooth :  leaves  alternate,  sessile, 
elliptic-lanceolate,  3-nerved  ;  peduncles  axillary,  solitary,  2-flowered. 
—  ConvaUaria  hiflora  Walt. — Smilacbia  an gusti folia  Pursh. 

Hab.  Rocky  situations.  Penn.  to  Car.  May,  June.  11. — Stem 
12—18  inches  high.  Flowers  yellow,  tipped  with  green. — Per- 
haps only  a  variety  of  the  preceding. 

3.  P.  pnbescens  Pursh ;  stem  nearly  terete,  furrowed  ;  leaves  alter- 
nate, clasping,  ovate,  pale  arid  pubescent  beneath  ;  peduncles  axillary, 
filiform,  mostly  2-flowered. — ConvaUaria  pubescens  Jf'i/ld. 

Hab.  Rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May,  June.  11. — Stem  18  inches 
high,  curved.  Floiccrs  yellowish- white,  much  smaller  than  in 
the  preceding. 

4.  P.  canaliculatum  Pursh :  stem  channelled ;  leaves  alternate, 
clasping,  oblong,  pubescent  on  the  margin  ;  peduncles  axillary,  2- 
flowered — ConvaUaria  canalicidata  JVilld. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Near  Boston.  Bio-.  Penn.  to  Virg.  Pursh. 
June.  1£. — Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  its  angular 
stem. 

5.  P.  latifolium  Desf.  :  stem  angular  ;  leaves  sessile,  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, smooth  on  both  sides  ;  peduncles  one  or  many-flowered,  long  and 
recurved. — ConvaUaria  latifolia  Linn. — C.  polygonatum  Muhl. 

Hab.  Wet  banks.  Penn.  and  Vir.  June.  If. — Stem  3 — 5 
feet  high. — The  largest  of  the  North  American  species. 

6.     STREPTOPUS.     Mich. 

Perianth  6-parted ;  segments  with  a  nectariferous  pore  at 
base.  Stamens  6.  Anthers  longer  than  the  filaments.  Stig- 
ma very  short.  Berry  subglobose,  smooth,  3-celIed.  Seeds 
lew.  Hexanclria.  Monogynia. 

1.  £.  roseus  Mich.  :  smooth  and  shining  ;  stem  dichotomous,  terete; 
leaves  clasping,  serrulate-ciliate  ;  anthers  short,  two  horned.  —  Uvularia 
rosea  Muhl. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  H.—Stcm  12—18 
inches  high.   Flowers  rose  coloured,  on  filiform  axillary  pedicels. 

2.  <S.  distortus  Mich.  :  smooth  ;  leaves  clasping,  smooth  on  the  mar- 
gin ;  pedicels  distorted  and  geniculate  in  the  middle  ;  anthers  sagit- 
tate, acuminate,  much  longer  than  the  filaments. — Uvularia  amplcxifo- 
lia  Linn. 

Hab.  Shady  alpine  woods.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  May,  June.  11. 
—  Stem  2  feet  high.  Floicers  greenish-yellow,  on  filiforrii  axilla- 
ry pedicels  which  are  longer  than  in  the  precedmg. 


360  MOXOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

3.  8.  Imiuginosus  Mich. :  hoary-pubescent ;  leaves  sessile,  subcor- 
date  at  the  base,  acuminate;  pedicels  in  pairs. — Uvularia  lanuginosa 
Muhl. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  May.  21. — Floicers  much 
larger  than  in  the  preceding  species,  greenish. 

7.  MEDEOLA.      Linn. 

Perianth  6-parted,  revolute.  Stamens  6.  Stigmas  3,  di- 
varicate, united  at  base.     Berry  3-celled  ;  cells  3 — 6  seeded. 

Hexandria.   Trigynia. 

M.  virginica  Linn. — Gyromia  virginica  Nutt. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Geor.  May,  June.  1[.  —  Stem 
12 — 18  inches  high,  erect.  Leaves  in  2  whorls  ;  one  about  the 
middle  of  the  stem  of  6 — 8  ovate  lanceolate  acuminate  leaves  ; 
the  other  near  the  top  of  2 — 3  ovate  ones.  Floicers  3 — 6  on  pe- 
dicels arising  from  the  upper  whorl,  yellow,  reflexed. 

Cucumber  Root. 

8.  TRILLIUM.     Linn. 

Perianth  6-parted  ;  3  outer  segments  resembling  a  calyx, 
spreading  ;  3  inner  petaloid,  (petals.)  Stamens  6,  inserted  at 
the  base  of  the  segments,  nearly  equal.  Anthers  linear.  Style 
usually  none.  Stigmas  3,  distinct  or  approximate.  Berry 
3-celled  ;  cells  many-seeded.  Hexandria.    Trigynia. 

*  Flowers  sessile. 

1.  T.  sessile  Linn.  :  leaves  sessile,  broad-ovate,  acute  ;  flowers  close- 
ly sessile,  erect ;  petals  lanceolate,  erect,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx. 

Hab.  Fertile  hills.  Penn.  to  Car.  Pursh.  April,  May.  If. 
— Stem  8  inches  high,  smooth.     Floicers  dark  purple. 

2.  T.  recurvatum  Heck :  leaves  ovate  or  obovate,  subpetiolate,  nerved ; 
flower  closely  sessile  ;  petals  lanceolate-ovate,  very  acute,  attenuate 
at  base,  erect,  as  long  as  the  recurved  calyx. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Miss.  May.  21. — Stem  8 — 10  inches 
high,  smooth.  Leaves  smooth,  clouded  with  dark  green. 
Corol  purple.  Filaments  very  short. — I  have  been  led  to  intro- 
duce this  and  the  next  species,  described  some  years  since, 
( Sill.  Jour.  xi.  178,  J  from  the  fact  that  under  the  name  T.  ses- 
sile, several  distinct  species  have  heretofore  been  included. 

3.  viride  Beck :  leaves  ovate,  acute,  closely  sessile,  3 — 5-nerved  ; 
flower  erect,  closely  sessile  ;  petals  fleshy,  narrow,  somewhat  spatu- 
late,  a  little  longer  than  the  lanceolate  or  ovate  obtuse  erect  calyx. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Miss.  April.  2L — Stem  8 — 12  inches 
high.  Leaves  with  whitish  spots  on  the  upper  surface.  Petals 
dark  green.     Calyx  leaves  variable. 

**  Flowers  pedunculate. 

4.  T.  erytkrocarpum  Mich.  :  peduncle  somewhat  erect ;  petals  oval- 
lanceolate,  acute,,  recurved,  nearly  as  long  again  as  the  narrow  calyx  ; 


SMILACE.E.  361 

leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  rounded  at  the  base,  abruptly  contracted  into 
a  short  petiole.  —  T.  pictum  Pursh. —  T.  undulalum  U'illd. 

Hab.     Shady    woods.     Can.    to   Car.     May,    June.      If. — Skm 

G — 8  inches  high.     Floicsrs  white,  with  purple  veins  near  the 

base,  on  peduncles  about  an  inch  long. 

5.    T.  pusillum  Mich.  :  peduncle  erect  ;  petals  scarcely  longer  than 
the  calyx;  leaves  oval  oblong,  obtuse,  sessile. — T.  pumi/um  Pursh. 
Hab.     Penn.    Mtthl.    S.  to  Car.    May.     If.— Plant  small.    Flow- 
ers flesh  coloured. 

0.  T.  cernuum  I.hni.  :  peduncle  recurved  ;  petals  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, flat,  recurved,  as  long  as  the  calyx  ;  leaves  dilated-rhomboid, 
abruptly-acuminate,  on  short  petioles. 

Hab.     Shady  woods.     N.    Y.  to  Car.     May.     l[. — Stem  12—18 

inches  high.     Floiccrs  small,  white.     Berries  large,  dark  purple. 

7.  2'.  erect um  Linn.  :  peduncle  inclined  ;  flower  a  little  nodding  ; 
petals  ovate,  acuminate,  flat,  spreading,  broader  but  scarcely  longer 
than  the  calyx;  leaves  bvoad-rhomboid,  acuminate,  sessile. — T.  rhom- 
boideum  var.  atropurpurcum  Mich. — T.  atropurpurcum  Curl. 

h.  album  Pursh  :  flowers   smaller  ;  petals  white. — T.  rhombo'ukum 

var.  allium  Mich. 
Hab.     Shady  rocks.     N.  Y.  to  Car.     W.  to  Miss.     May.     If.— 

Stem  12—15  inches  high.     Floiccrs  dark  purple  or  white. — Var. 

b.  is  found  near  this  city. 

8.  T.  pendulum  JJllld.  :  peduncle  inclined  ;  flower  pendulous  ;  pe- 
tals ovate,  acuminate,  spreading,  about  as  large  as  the  ovate  acumi- 
nate calyx  ;  leaves  round,  rhomboidal,  acuminate,  somewhat  sessile. 

II  \b.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  May.  li. — Stem  a  foot  high. 
Floiccr  white,  with  pink  veins. 

9.  T.  grandijlorum  Salisb. :  peduncle  a  little  inclined  ;  flower  nearly 
erect ;  petals  spatulate-lanceolate,  connivent  at  the  base,  much  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  leaves  broadly  rhomboid-ovate,  sessile,  abruptly  acu- 
minate.— T.  rhomboidaim  var.  grandiflorum  Mich. 

Hab.'  Rocky  banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss. 
May.  If.  —  Stem  8 — 12  inches  .high.  Floiccr  much  larger  than 
in  any  of  the  preceding,  varying  from  white  to  rose  colour. 

9.  UVULARIA.  Linn. 
Perianth  .inferior,  6-parted,  erect ;  segments  with  a  necta- 
riferous cavity  at  base.  Stamens  6 ;  filaments  very  short, 
growing  "to  the  anthers.  Stigmas  3,  reflexed.  Capsule  3- 
angled,  3-celled,  3-valved.  Seeds  many,  subglobose,  arillate 
at  the  hilum.  Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  U.  pcrfoliala  Linn. :  leaves  perfoliate,  elliptic,  obtuse ;  perianth 
campanulate,  granular  within  ;  anthers  awned. — U.  perfoliata  var.  mi- 
nor Mich. 

Hab.     Shady   bills.    Can.    to   Car.     W.  to  Miss.     May,  June. 

31 


362  MOXOCOTYLEDOiXOUS    PLANTS. 

2J.  —  Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.     Floiccrs  pale  yellow,  few,  soli- 
tary," axillary,  nodding.  Bdlwort. 

2.  U.  flava  Smith  :  leaves  perfoliate,  elliptic-oblong,  obtuse,  undu- 
late at  base  ;  perianth  tapering  at  base,  scabrous  within  ;  anthers 
awned. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  N.  J.  to  Car.  May,  June.  11. — Floiccrs 
larger  and  of  a  deeper  yellow  than  in  the  preceding. — Pursh. 
Perhaps  only  a  variety. 

3.  U.  grandiflora  Smith :  leaves  perfoliate,  oblong,  acute  ;  perianth 
smooth  within  ;  anthers  without  awns  ;  nectaries  nearly  round  ;  pistil 
shorter  than  the  stamens. — U.  j'erfoliata  var.  major  Mich. —  U.  lanceo- 
late JVilld. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June. 
21. — Whole  plant  much  larger  than  either  of  the  preceding. 

4.  U.  scssil/folia  Linn. :  stem  smooth  ;  leaves  sessile,  oval-lanceo- 
late, glaucous  beneath  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  flat,  smooth  within  ; 
capsules  ovate,  peduncled. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  If.— Stem  •  8— 10 
inches  high,  forked  near  the  summit.  Floiccrs  1 — 2  on  a  slender 
axillary  peduncle,  pale  yellow. 

Order  CXXII.     ASPHODELEiE.     Brown.     Lind. 

Perianth  petaloid,  6-parted,  regular.  Stamens  6,  inserted 
upon  the  perianth,  or  hypogynous ;  3  sometimes  unlike,  the 
others  or  wanting.  Ovary  superior,  3-celled  ;  ovules  2  or 
many  in  each  cell  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  entire  or  shortly  3-lobed. 
Fruit  capsular  or  fleshy.  Seeds  with  a  black  brittle  and  crus- 
taceous  integument ;  albumen  fleshy ';  embryo  included. 

Herbs  or  trees  with  bulbous  or  fasciculated  roots.  Leaves 
with  parallel  veins. 

1.  ORNITHOGALUM.     Linn. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading  above.  Stamens  6,  dilated  at 
base,  hypogynous.  .  Hexandria.    Monogynia. 

O.  umbcllatum  Linn.  :  corymb  few-flowered  ;  peduncles  longer  than 
the  bracts  ;  filaments  subulate. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  S.  May,  June.  11.—  Root  bulbous. 
Leases  radical,  linear.     Floiccrs  white.     Introduced. 

Star  of  Bethlehem. 

2.  HEMEROCALLIS.     Linn. 

Perianth  large,  persistent,  campanulate,  .6-cleft ;  tube  cy- 
lindric.     Stamens  6,  declined.     Stigma  somewhat  villous. 

Hexandria.  Monogynia. 


ASPHODELEiE.  363 

H.fulva  Linn.  :  leaves  linear,  carinate  ;  3  segments  of  the  perianth 
obtuse  and  undulate  ;  outer  nerves  of  the  segments  branching. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Penn.  July.  21 . — Scape  3 — 4  feet  high. 
Leaves  very  long.     Flowers  large,  fulvous.     Introduced. 

Day  Lily. 

3.     ALLIUM;     Linn. 

Flowers  umbellate,  terminal,  arising  from  a  2-leaved  spathe. 
Perianth  6-parted,  generally  spreading. 

•  Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  A.  rinealc  Linn.  :  stem  slender,  a  little  leafy  ;  cauline  leaves 
rounded,  fistulous;  umbel  bulbifcrous  ;  stamens  alternately  tricuspi- 
date. 

Hie.  Meadows.  N.  S.  June,  July-  If. — Stem  2  feet  high. 
Flowers  rose  coloured.     Introduced. 

2.  A.  triflorum  Raf.  :  scape  naked,  terete,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  nerved  ;  umbel  few-flowered.  • 

Hab.    'Mountains.     Penn.  Pursh.     May,  June.     2_f. 

Mountain  Leeks. 

3.  A.  cermwm  Roth :  scape  naked,  square,  umb'eliferous  ;  leaves 
'inear,  nearly  flat  ;  umbel  cernuous  ;  stamens  simple  ;  germ  6-toothed. 

Hab.  Banks  of  the  Seneca  Lake.  N.  Y.  Gray.  Penn-  July.  21. 
— Scape  1 — 2  feet  high.     Flowers  rose  coloured- 

4.  A.  canadense  Linn.  :  scape  naked,  terete  ;  leaves  linear,  flat, 
smooth  ;  head  bearing  bulbs  and  flowers  ;  stame*ns  simple,  as  long  as 
the  perianth. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  21. — Scape 
1 S  inches  hig-h.  Leaves  very  long  and  narrow.  Flowers  rose 
coloured. 

5.  A.  tricoccum  Mt. :  scape  naked,  nearly  terete  ;  leaves  lanceolate- 
oblong,  flat,  smooth  ;   umbel  globose  ;  seed  solitary. 

Hab.  Mountain  woods.  Mass.  to  Vir.  June,  July.  If. — Scape 
a  foot  high.     Flowers  white,  in  a  spreading  umbel. 

4.     ASPARAGUS.     Linn. 

Perianth  6-parted.  Stamens  6.  Style  very  short.  Stig- 
mas 3.     Berry  3-celled  ;  cells  2-seeded. 

Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

-  A.  officinalis  Linn. :  unarmed  ;  stem  herbaceous,  erect,  rounded, 
much  branched  ;  leaves  setaceous,  fasciculate  and  flexible  ;  peduncles 
jointed  in  the  middle. 

Hab.  Rocky  shores.  N.  Y.  June.  21.— Stem  1—2  feet  high. 
Flowers  small,  greenish-white,  subaxillary,  solitary,  drooping. 
Berries  scarlet.     Introduced. 


} 


364  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

•    5.     ALETRTS.     Linn. 

Perianth  tubular-ovate,  6-cleft,  rugose.  Stamens  6,  in- 
serted upon  the  margin  of  the  orifice.  Style  triquetrous,  3= 
parted.  Capsule  3-celled,  many- seeded,  opening  at  the  sum- 
mit. Hexandria.    Monogynia. 

1.  A.  farinosa  Linn.  :  leaves  radical,  broad-lanceolate,  smooth  ; 
flowers,  pedicellate,  oblong-tubular  ;  the  perianth  when  decaying  near- 
ly smooth. — A.  alba  Mich. 

Hab.  Sandy  woods.  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  July.  Lf.  —  Scape  2 
feet  high.  Flowers  white,  in  a  longitudinal  spike.  The  root  is 
intensely  bitter.        •  Star  Grass.     Colic  Root. 

2.  A.  aurca  Walt.  :  leaves  radical,  lanceolate,  acuminate;  flowers 
subsessile.  short,  subcampanulate  ;  perianth  when  decaying  rugose 
and  very  scabrous. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  Z£. —  Scape 2 — 3 
feet* high.  Floicers  yellow,  in  a  spike,  not  so  numerous  as  in  the 
i>receding. 

Okder  CXXIII.     LILlACEiE.     Juss.     Land. 

Perianth  coloured,  regular,  6-divided.  Stamens  6,  perigy- 
nous,  opposite  the  segments  of 'the  perianth.  Ovary  superi- 
or, 3-celled;  style  1  ;  stigma  simple,  or  3-lobed.  Capsule  3- 
celled/^-valved,  with  a  loculieidardehiseence.  Seeds  numer- 
ous, usually  flat,  "packed  one  above  the  other  in  1  or  2  rows, 
with  a  spongy  dilated  integument  ;  embryo  straight,  in  the 
axis  of  fleshy  albumen-;  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Plants  with  scaly  hdbs  or. arborescent  stems.  Leaves  with 
parallel  veins. 

1.    LILIUM.     Uhvu 

Perianth  campa'nulate,  deeply  6-parted  ;  segments  straight 
or  reflexed,\vith  a  longitudinal  nectariferous  line.  Stamens  6. 
Stigma  entire.  Hexandria.   Monogynia  ^ 

1.  L.  cateshai  Walt.:  leaves  scattered,  linear-lanceolate,  very  acute  ; 
stem  1 -flowered  ;  perianth  erect ;  segments  with  long  claws,  undulate 
on  the  margin,  reflexed  at  the  summit.  * 

Hab.  Sandy  meadows.  '  Perm,  to  Car.  W.  to- Miss.  June— 
Aug.  2S.  — Stem  18  inches  high.  Floicers  large,  scarlet,  spot- 
ted with  yellow  and  brown. 

2.  L.  philadelphicum  Linn. :  leaves  whorled,  linear-lanceolate  ;  stem 
1— 2-flowered  ; '  perianth  erect,  campanulate,  spreading  ;  segment* 
with  claws. 


1 


LILIACEiE.  865 

Hab.  Woods  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  It. — 
Stem  18  inches  high.  Floiccrs  large,  dark  orange,  spotted  at 
base. 

3.  L.  canadcnsc  Linn.  :  leaves  remotely  whorled,  lanceolate,  3-nerv- 
ed ;  nerves  hairy  beneath  ;  peduncles  terminal,  long,  generally  by 
threes ;  flowers  nodding ;  perianth  turbinate,  campanulate,  slightly 
revolute;  segments  lanceolate. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July,  Aug. 
H. — Stem  2 — 3  feet  high.  Flowers  yellow,  spotted  on  the  in- 
side. Common  Yelloic  Lily. 

4.  L.  snper bum  Linn.  :  leaves  whorled,  linear-lanceolate,  3-nerved, 
smooth,  the  upper  ones  scattered  ;  flowers  in  a  pyramidal  raceme,  re- 
flexed  ;  segments  revolute. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  If". — Stem  4— 6  feet 
high.      Floieers   3 — 20    or  more  in  a  large  pyramidal    raceme, 

"  orange,,  with  dark  spots. — Is  not  this  a  mere  luxuriant  variety 
of  the  Last  ?  Superb  Lily. 

2.     ERYTHRONIUM.     Linn. 

Perianth  campanulate,  6-parted  ;  segments  reflexed  ;  the 

3  inner  ones    with  a  callous  tooth  on  each  side  near  the  base, 

and  a  nectariferous  pore.      Stamens  6.      Capsule  substipitate. 

Seeds  ovate.  Hcxandria.  Monogynia. 

1 .  E.  amcricanum  Smith  :  leaves  lanceolate,  punctate ;  segments  of 
the  perianth  oblong-lanceolate,  obtuse  at  the  point ;.  inner  ones  biden- 
tate  near  the  base  ;  style  clavate  ;  stigma  entire. — E.  ianceolatum 
Pursh. — E.  dens  canis  Mich. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  April,  May.  11. — Scape 
6 — 8  inches  high.  Leaves  2,  radical.  Flower  solitary,  terminal, 
yellow.  .  Dogtoothed  Violet. 

2.  E.  albiihun  XhU.  :  leaves  elliptical-lanceolate,  not  punctate  ;  seg- 
ments of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  inner  ones  without 
dentures,  subunguiculate  ;  style  filiform  ;  stigma  3-cleft  ;  lobes  re- 
flexed. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  W.  to  Miss.  April, 
May.  11 . — Scape  6  inches  high.  Flower  white,  segments 
thick  and  somewhat  obtuse, — Very  abundant  near  Albany,  N. 
Y.,  and  also  found  in  Canada  by  D.  Thomas,  Esq.  I  have  ob- 
served a  plant  at  Xew-Brunswick,  N.  J.  which  agrees  with  this 
in  the  absence  of  dentures  and  in  the  trifid  stigma,  but  the  pe- 
rianth is  yellow.  It  is  probably  the  same  which  is  alluded  to 
by  Mr.  Nuttall,  ( Gen.  PI.  i.  223. )  and  may  prove  distinct. 

White  Erythronium. 

3.  E.  hraetcatum  Big.  :  leaves  lanceolate,  unequal ;  scape  bracted. 
Hab.     High  mountains.     Ver.     June.    11. — Leaves  very  unequal, 

one  being  two  or  three  times  as  large  as  the  other;    Scape  short- 
er than  the  leaves,  with  a  narrow  lanceolate  bract  1 — 2  inches 
below  the  flower,  which  is  yellow,  half  as  large  as  in  No.  1;  the 
'  segments  gibbous  at  base. 

31* 


366  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Order  CXXIV.     MELANTHACEjE.    Brown.     Lind. 

Perianth  petaloid,  6-divided,  the  margin  of  the*  segments, 
generally  involute  in  estivation.  Stamens  6  ;  archers  usual- 
ly bursting  outwards.  Ovary  3-celled,  many-seeded  ;  style 
trifid  or  3-parted  ;  stigmas  three,  undivided.  Capsule  gener- 
ally divisible  into  three  pieces,  sometimes  with  a  loculicidal 
dehiscence.  Seeds  with  a  membranous  integument ;  albumen 
dense,  fleshy. 

heaves  sheathing  at  base,  with  parallel  veins. 

1.     MELA*NTHIUM.     Linn. 

Polygamous.  Perianth  rotate,  6-parted  ;  segments  ungui- 
culate,  biglandular  at  the  base,  claws  staminiferous.  Capsule 
exserted,  subovate  ;  apex  partly  trifid,  3-celled.  Seeds  many, 
membranously  winged.  Hexandria.    Trigynia. 

1.  M.  virginicum  Linn. :  leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  smooth; 
panicle  very  large,  pyramidal  ;  petals  ovate,  somewhat  hastate,  flat  : 
flowers  mostly  perfect. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  :  July.  2L  — Stem  3—4 
feet  high,  leafy.  Flowers  greenish-white,  in  a  panicle  a  foot  or 
more  in  length. — This  species  has  been  found  by  Dr.  Horton,  in 
Orange  county,  N.  Y. 

2.  M.  glaucum  Nutt.  :  root  a  tunicated  bulb  ;  leaves  glaucous,  gra- 
mineous, margined  ;  raceme  mostly,  simple,  few-flowered ;  flowers 
perfect  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  roundish,  clawed,  with  2  spots  ; 
seeds  subulately  winged. 

Hab.  Shores  of  Lake  Erie.  W.  to  Miss;  Nutt.  July,  Aug,  ZL 
— Stem  a  foot  high.  Floioers  whitish,  in  a  raceme,  which  is 
sometimes  a  little  divided  at  base. 

3.  M.  hybridum  Walt.  :  leaves  long-linear,  nearly  smooth,  embracing 
the  stem  ;  panicle  long,  composed  of  simple  racemes  ;  segments  of 
the  perianth  orbicular,  plaited,  with  long  claws  ;  glands  united. — M. 
racemosum  Mick. 

Hab.  Penn.  MM.  S.  to  Car.  June,  July.  21.— Stem  2  feel 
high,  leafy.  Flowers  in  a  long  panicle,  which  is  composed  of 
simple  racemes. 

2.     TOFIELDIA.     Huds. 

Perianth  6-parted,  with  a  small  3-parted  involucre.  Sta- 
mens 6,  smooth.  Capsule  3 — 6-celled ;  cells  many-seeded, 
united  at  base.  Hexandria.   Monogynia. 

T.  "pvbescens  Pursh ;  leaves  subradical,  narrow-ensiform,  smooth  ; 
rachis  and  pedicels  scabrous  ;  spike  oblong,  interrupted  ;  capsule  sub- 


MELANTHACE.-E.  367 

globose,  scarcely  longer  than  the  involucre. — Xartheciinn  pubens  Mich, 
Melanthium  racemosum  Walt. 

ftAB.  Swamps'.  Del.  to' Car.  July-.  It — Scape  18  inches  high. 
Leaves  a  foot  long.     f7o?cers  "greenish-white,  in  a  racemed  spike. 

3.     XEROFHYLLUM.     Mich. 

'  Perianth  subrotate,  deeply  6-parted.  Stamens  6,  contigu- 
ous at  base.  Stigmas  3,  revolute,  partly  united  below.  Cap- 
sule subglobose,  3-cclled  ;  cells  2-seeded,  opening  at  the  sum- 
mit. Hcxandria.   Trigynia. 

X.  sctifolium  Mich  :  leaves  subulate-setaceous  ;  flowers  in  a  crowd- 
ed oblong  raceme  ;  filaments  dilated  at  the  base,  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth.— Hclonias  asphoddoides  Linn. 

Hah.-  Sandy  plains.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June.  Lf. — Scape  3 — 5  feet 
high.  Radical  leaves  forming  large  tufts  a  foot  long  and  very 
narrow.     Flowers  white,  in  a  large  terminal  raceme. 

4.     HELONIAS.     Linn. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading ;  segments  sessile  and  with- 
out glands.  "  Stamens  6.  Styles  3,  distinct.  Capsule  3- 
celled,  3-horned  ;  cells  few-seeded.         Hcxandria.   Trigynia. 

1.  H.  latifolia  Mich.  :  scape  leafless  ;  spike  ovate,  crowded  :  bracts 
linear-lanceolate  \  leaves  lanceolate,  mucronate,  nerved. — H.  hullata 
Linn. 

Hab.  Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Vir.  Pursh.  May.  2£. — Flow- 
ers pale  purple.     Anthers  blue. 

2.  H.  crythrospcrma  Mich.  :  scape  simple,  leafy  •/ leaves  linear,  very 
long,  nerve.d  ;  raceme  oblong ;  bracts  short ;  capsule  shortened,  with 
divaricate  horns ;  seeds  ovate,  red. — Mclaiithium  Icctuto  Ait. — M.  mus- 
catozicum  Wall. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  It.— Stem  2 
feet  high.  Leaves  very  long  and -linear.  Flowers  white,  in  a 
simple  te/minal  raceme. 

3.  H.  angustifolia  Mich.  :  scape  leafy  ;  leaves  very  long  and  narrow, 
linear,  subulate  ;  raceme  oblong,  lax  ;  capsule  oblong;  with  the  sum- 
mit appressed  ;  seeds  linear. 

Hab.  N.  Y,  Muhl.  S.  to  Car.  June.  U.—Stcm  2  feet  high, 
smooth.  Leaves  narrower  than  in  the  preceding.  Floiccrs  in  a 
simple  terminal  raceme. 

4.  H.  dioica  Pursh ;  scape  leafy  ;  leaves  lanceolate  ;  racemes  dioe- 
cious, spiked,  cernuoers  ;  pedicels  very  short,  without  bracts;  segments 
of  the  perianth  linear  ;  stamens  exserted. — H.  lutca  Ml. —  Veratrum  lu- 
leum  Linn. — MelanOdum  dioicum  Walt. 

Hab.  Damp  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  June.  It. 
— Stem  1—2  feet  high.     Leaves  becoming  broader  near  the  root. 


i 


368  MONOCOrYLEDCXXOUS    PLANTS. 

Flowers  white,  dioecious  and  polygamous,  in  a  terminal  spiked 
raceme.— ^It  is  doubtful  whether  it  belongs  to  this  genus. 

Unicorn  Plant. 

5.     VERATRUM.     Linn. 

Perianth  6-parted,  spreading  ;  segments  sessile  and  vvithv 
out  glands.  Stamens  6,  inserted  upon  the  receptacle.  Ova- 
ries united  at  base,  sometimes  abortive.  Styles  3,  short, 
Capsule  oblong,  2-valved,  many-seeded.  Seed  with  a  mem- 
branaceous margin.  Alexandria.    Trigynia. 

V.  viride  Ait. :  racemes  paniculate  ;  bracts  of  the  branches  oblong- 
lanceolate;  partial  ones  longer  than  the  subpubescent  peduncles;  leaves 
broadr ovate,  plaited  lengthwise. — V.  album  Mich. 

Hab.  Meadows  and  swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  1£. — 
Stem  3 — 5  feet  high.  Leaves  large,  sheathing  the  stem  at  base. 
Flowers  greenish,  in  a  large  terminal  panicle.  Medicinal  and 
poisonous.  Poke  Root.     American  Hellebore. 

Order  CXXV.     PONTEDEREjE.      Kunth.     Lind. 

Perianth  tubular,  coloured,  6-parted,  more  or  less  irregu- 
lar ;  Estivation  cireinate.  Stamens  3  or  6,  unequal,  perigy- 
nous.  Ovary  free,  or  sometimes  coherent  at  base,  3-  (or 
rarely  1-)  celled,  3-valved,  with  loculicidal  dehiscence.  Seeds 
indefinite,  attached  to  a  central  axis  ;  hilum  small  ;  embryo 
straight,  in  the  axis  of  somewhat  mealy  albumcu. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  plants.  Leaves  sheathing  at  the  base, 
with  parallel,  veins. 

1.     PONTEDERIA.     Linn. 

Perianth  inferior,  6-parted,  bilabiate;  under  side  of  the 
tube  perforated  with  3  longitudinal  foramina,  the  lower  part 
persistent,  calicine.  Stamens  6,  unequally  inserted,  3  of  them 
upon  the  summit.      Utricle  muricate,  1-seeded. 

Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  P.  cordata  Linn. :  leaves  subradical,  oblong-cordate  ;  flowers  in 
crowded  spikes  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  oblong. 

Hab.     Ponds.     Can.  to  Car.     Aug.     Lf. — Scape  1—2  feet  long. 
Floicers  aggregated  by  twos  and  threes,  sessile,  bright  blue. 

Pickerel  Weed. 

2.  P.  angustifolia  Pursh :  leaves  elongated-triangular,  truncate  and 
subcordate  at  the  base  ;  segments  of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate. — 
P.  cordata  var.  angustifolia  Torr. — P.  mucronata  Raf. 

Hab.     High  mountain  lakes.    N.  Y.  to  Car.    Pursh.   July.    2£.— 


RESTIACE^.  369  ^ 

Fioiccrs  blue,  smaller  than  in  the  preceding  species,  of  which  it  \l 

may  be  only  a  variety. — I  have  fine  specimens  collected  by  Dr.  i 

S.  B.  Mead  in  Westchester  co.  X.  Y. 

2.     HETERAXTHERA.     R.  £  P. 

Flowers  in  a   spathe.     Perianth  with  a  long  and  slender 
tube ;    border  6-parted,   equal.     Stamens  3.     Anthers   of  2    • 
forms.      Capsule  3-celled,  many-seeded,  opening,  at  the   an- 
gles ;  dissepiment  contrary.  Triandria:  Mono gy ma, 

H.  rcniformis  R.  <$•  P.  :  leaves  orbicular- reniform  ;  spathe  oblong, 
acuminate,    3 — 5-flowered. — H.    acuta    Pvrsh, — Leptaritkus    renjfornm 

Mich.  ' 

H\b.  Overflowed  banks.  N!  Y.  to  Yir.  July,  Aug.  U.— 
Stem  partly  floating.     Leaves  petioled.     Fioiccrs  white. 

.3.     SCHOLLERA.     Sdreb. 

Spathe  1-flowered.  Perianth  with  a  very  long  tube;  limb 
deeply  6-parted.     Anthers  of  2  forms.      Capsule  1-celled. 

Triandria.  Monogynia. 

S.  graminca  Vahl. — Leptanthus  gramineus  Mich. — Hetcranthcra  grami- 
nea  Pursh. 

Jl.w?.  In  flowing  streams.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  14-. — Stem  slend- 
er, dichotomous.  Leaves  sessile,  narrow-linear.  Flowers  small, 
yellow,  solitary.     Stamens  4,  1  abortive. 

Order  OXXVI.     RESTIACEiE.     Brown.     Lind. 

Perianth  2 — 6-parted,  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  defi- 
nite, 1 — 6;  when  half  as  many  as  the  segments  of  the  peri- 
anth, they  are  opposite  the  inner  divisions  ;  anthers  mostly  1- 
celled.  •  Ovary  1  or  more  celled.  Fruit  capsular  or  mica-, 
mentous.  Seeds  pendulous  ;  embryo  lenticular,  on  the  outside 
of  a  mealy  albumen,  at  the  extremity  remote  from  the  hilum. 

Herbs  or  undcrshrubs.     Leaves  simple,  narrow,  or  none. 

.  1.     ERIOCAULOX.     Lion. 

Flowers  monoecious,  collected  into  a  compact  scaly  head. 
Sterile  Fl.  in  the  disk.  Perianth  4-cleft ;  the  2  inner  seg- 
ments, united  nearly  to  their  summit.  Stamens  4—6.  Fer- 
tile Fl.  in  the  margin.  Perianth  deeply  4-parted.  Style 
1.  Stigmas  2 — 3.  Capsule  2 — 3-lobed,  2— 3-cellcd  ;  cells 
1 -seeded.  Monoecia.   Tetrandria, 

1,  E.  pellucidum  Mich. :  scape  very  slender,  about  7-furrowed  ;  leaves 


> 


370  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

linear-subulate,   channelled,  smooth,  pellucid,  5-nerved,  transversely 
striate  ;  head  small,  globose  ;  scales  of  the  involucre  oval,  obtuse. 
Hab.     In  ponds.    Can.  and  N.  S.    Aug.     1£. — Scape  4 — 8  inches 
high,  very  slender.     Floiccrs  white*  Pipewort. 

2.    L\    decangiilarc   Mich. :    scape   10-furrowed  ;  leaves   ensiform, 
smooth  ;  head  large,  depressed-globose  ;    scales  of  the  involucre  oval,* 
acute,  of  the  receptacle  mucronate. 

Hab.  Ponds..  N.  L  to  Car.  Aug.  U-— Scape  2— 3  feet  high. 
Flowers  xexy  white." 

Order  CXXVII.     XYRIDE^J.     Kwith.     Lind. 

Perianth  6-parted,  in  2  rows  ;  outer  glumaceous  ;  inner  pe- 
taloid,  unguiculate.  Stamens "6,  3  fertile  inserted  upon  the 
apex  of  the  claw  of  the  segments  of  the  inner  row  of  the  pe- 
rianth ;  anthers  bursting  outwardly.  Ovary  single;  style  tri- 
fid;-  stigmas  obtuse,  multifid  or  undivided.  Capsule  1-celled, 
3-valved,  many-seeded,  with  parietal  placentas.  Seeds  nu- 
merous ;  embryo  on  the  outside  of  the  albumen  at  the  ex- 
tremity remote  from  the  hi  hum. 

Herbs  with  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  radical,  with  dilated  sca- 
'rious  bases. 

1.     XYRIS:     Linn. 

Flowers  in  an  ovate  cylindric  head.  Perianth  6-parted,  in 
2  rows ;  outer  glumaceous,  3-valved  cartilaginous ;  inner 
equal.     Stigma  3-cleft.  Triandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  A',  caroliniana  Walt.  :  leaves  linear,  grass  like ;  scape  2-edged  ; 
head  ovate,  rather  acute  ;  scales  round. — H.  jupacdi  Mich. — H.  Jkxuosa 
Ell.     '. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  July.  If.— Sfcra  a  foot 
high,  a  little  twisted.  Leaves  sometimes  spiral.  Flowers  yel- 
low, in  a  small  head — Very  variable.  Yelloic-eyed  Grass. 

2.  A',  hrevifolid  Mich. :  leaves  subulate,  ensiform,  short  ;  head  near- 
ly globose  ;  inner  valve  of  the  glume  shorter  than  the  outer  one, 
slightly  notched. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Penn.  to  Geor.  July.'  11. — Scape  12—18 
inches  high,  compressed  near  the  summit.  Leaves  much  twist- 
ed.    Floiccrs  yellow. 

Order  CXXVIII.    'JUNCEtE.     Juss.     Lind. 

Flowers  monoclinous  or  diclinous.  Perianth  6-parted, 
more  or  less  glumaceous.  Stamens  6,  inserted  into  the  base 
of  the  segments  ;  sometimes  only  3  and  opposite  the  outer 


JUNCE.E.  371 

series ;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  1 — 3-celled,  1-  or  many- 
seeded,  or  1 -eel  led  and  3-seeded  ;  style  1 ;  stigmas  mostly  3, 
sometimes  only  1.  Fririt  capsular,  3-valved,  loculicide, 
sometimes  indehiscent.  Seeds  with  an  integument  neither 
black  nor  crustaceous  ;  albumen  firm,  fleshy  or  cartilaginous  ; 
embryo  within  it. 

Herbs  with  fascicled  or  fibrous  roots.  Leaves  fistular,  or 
flat  and  channelled,  with  parallel  veins. 

1.     JUNCUS.     Linn. 

Perianth  6-parted,  glumaceous.  Stamens  6.  Capsule  3- 
celled,  3-valved;  valves  bearing  the  partitions  down  the  mid- 
dle, to  which  the  numerous  seeds  are  fixed. 

Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

*   Leaves  none. 

1.  J.  acutus  Linn.  :  scape  naked,  terete  ;  involucre  2-leaved,  erect, 
spinous  ;  capsule  nearly  round,  mucronate,  as  long  again  as  the  peri- 
anth. *    ■ 

Hab.  Sandy  sea  coast.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  11. — Scape  2  or  3 
feet  high.  <Paniclcs  .2 — 3  inches  long,  appearing  as  if  lateral, 
though  really  terminal. 

2.  J.  cjf'usus  Linn.  :  scape  not  rigid,  finely  striated  ;  panicle  loose, 
very  much  branched,  spreading  ;  capsule  obovate,  obtuse,  shorter  than 
the  lanceolate  acute  leaves  of  the  perianth. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  2-£. — Scape 
2 — 3  feet  high,  erect.      Stamens  3. 

3.  J.  sctaccus  Roslk. :  scape  filiform,  striate  ;  umbel  lateral,  com- 
pound, few-flowered  ;  peduncles  many-flowered  ;  leafets  of  the  peri- 
anth subulate. — J.  filifor  mis. Mich- 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  U. — Scape  2 — 3  feet  high, 
very  slender.  Panicle  small,  some  distance  below  the  summit 
of  the  scape. 

**  Loaves  all  radical..    (Flowers  terminal.) 

4.  J.  sqarrosus  Linn.  :  leaves  setaceous,  rigid,  grooved  ;  panicle  ter- 
minal, elongated,  compound  ;  capsule  elliptical-ovate. 

Hab.  N.  Y.  Muld.  If.— Whole  plant  very  rigid,  C— 12  inches 
high. 

."».  ./.  nodosus  Linn. :  stem  somewhat  leafy  ;  leaves*  nodose-articu- 
late ;  heads  mostly  2,  globose,  one  of  them  lateral  and  pedunculate, 
the  other  sessile ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  mucronate,  shorter  than  the 
3-sidpd  acuminate  capsule. 

.  Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  2j, — Stem  ? — 12 
inches  high,  filiform.     Leaves  few  and  very  slender. 


I 


372  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

6.  J.  tenuis  Wilid.  :  stem  leafy,  simple,  nearly  terete  ;  leaves  seta- 
ceous, channelled  ;  flowers  approximate,  subsessile ;  perianth  longer 
than  the  obtuse  capsule. — J.  bicorhis  Mich. 

•  Hab.  Low  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  ZL — Stem  10 
inches  high,  often  naked.  Panicle  terminal,  often  proliferous. 
with  a  long  leafy  involucre. 

***  Stems  leafy. 
t  Leaves  nearly  plane,  channelled  above. 

7.  J.  bulbosus  Linn.  :  stem  simple,  leafy,  compressed;  leaves  mostly 
radical,  linear-setaceous,  grooved  ;  panicle  terminal,  compound,  sub- 
cymose,  shorter  than  the  involucre;  leafets  of  the  perianth  incurved, 
obtuse  or  acute,  mostly  shorter  than  the  roundish  ovate  capsule. — J. 
dichotomies  Ell. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  'U-  —  Stem  8—12 
inches  high.     Panicle  small,  terminal,  dichotomous. 

8.  J.  bufonius  Linn. :  stem  with  a  dichotomous  panicle  ;  leaves  fili- 
form-setaceous, grooved ;  flowers  subsolitary,  sessile,  unilateral  ;  leaf- 
ets of  the  perianth  very  acuminate,  much  longer  than  elliptical-ovate 
capsule. 

Hab.  Moist  places.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  ©.—Stem  3—6 
inches  high,  divided  to*wards  the  top.  Panicle  loose,  few-flow- 
ered. 

9.  J.  marginatus  Rostk.  :  stem  compressed  ;  leaves  flat,  smooth  ; 
corymb  terminal,  simple,  proliferous  ;  heads  5 — 10-floweTed ;  flowers 
triandrous ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  about  as  long  as  the  obtuse  cap- 
sule ;  the  outer  ones  and  the  bracts  subaristate. — J.  aristidatus  Mich. — 
J.  triglumis  Walt. 

b.  odoratus  Torr. :  stem  tall,  subterete,  leafy :  panicle  much  branch- 
ed, proliferous. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  11. — Stem  1—3  feet 
high. — Var.  b.  has  an  odorous  smeli — found  in  moist  woods  near 
New-Y"ork. 

10.  J.  trifidus  Linn. :  leaf  mostly  solitary  near  the  summit,  linear- 
setaceous  ;  sheaths  ciliate  ;  bracts  foliaceous,  very  long,  grooved ; 
heads  about  3.-flowered,  terminal. 

Hab.  White  Hills,  N.  H.  Big.  July.  .  U>— Stem  6  inches  high. 
Flowers  in  a  single  head  supported  by  long*  bracts  or  terminal 
leaves. 

11.  J.  militaris  Big. :  le^f  one,  jointed,  longer  than  the  stem  ;  pani- 
cle terminal,  proliferous,  with  sheathing  lanceolate  bracts  at  base  ; 
heads  about  5-flowered. 

Hab.  Ponds  near  Boston.  Big. — Stem  2—3  feet  high,  with  a 
long  sheath  or  two  at  base  and  commonly  another  above  the 
leaf.     Panicle  terminal,  erect,  with  proliferous  branches. 

tt  Leaves  rounded  or  subcompressed,  nodose-articulate.        * 

12.  J.  acuminatum  Mich.  :  stem  leafy,  erect ;  leaves  terete,  with  kno't- 


JUNCEiE.  373 

like  joints  ;  panicle  terminal,  compound  ;  heads  3 — 6-flowered,  pedun- 
culate and  sessile  ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  linear-lanceolate,  mucronate. 
shorter  than  the  acute  capsule. — J.  sylvaticus  Muhl. 

Hab.     Bogs.     N.  Eng.  to  Car.     July.     U-—&cm  12—18  inches 
high.     Leaves  few,  shorter  than  the  stem. 

13.  J.  polycqriiahis  Mich.  :  stem  leafy,  erect ;  leaves  compressed, 
with  knot-like  joints  ;  panicle  decompound;  heads  globose,  many- 
tlowered  ;  flowers  triandrous  ;  h?afets  of  the  perianth  somewhat  awn- 
ed,  rather  shorter  than  the  triquetrous  acute  capsule. — J.  eckinatus 
MM. 

Hab.  Boggy  meadows.  Penn.  to  Geor.  July.  Aug.  If. — Stem 
2 — 3  feet  high,  compressed  near  the  base.     Panicle  compound. 

14.  J.  subverticillnlus  Wittd.  :  stem  leaves  subulate,  with  knot-like 
joints  ;  panicle  corymbose  ;  heads  about  5-flowered,  fasciculate-Verti- 
cillate  ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  striate,  as  long  as  the  obtuse  capsule. — 
J.Jhdtans  Dtich. — J.  verticUUUus  Pwsh. 

Hab.  Ponds,  &c.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Pursh.  July,  Aug.  If. — 
Stem  18  inches  high,  compressed.     Panicle  subverticillate. 

2.     LUZULA.     Dc  Cand. 

Perianth  6-partcd,  glumaceous.  Stamens  6.  Capsule  3- 
celled,  3-valved  ;  valves  without  partitions  ;  1  seed  in  each 
cell,  fixed  to  the  bottom. — Leaves  plane,  generally  hairy. 

Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  L.pilosa  Ullld.  :  leaves  hairy  ;  panicle  subcymose  ;  peduncles  1- 
liowered,  reflexed ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  acuminate,  shorter  than  the 
obtuse  capsule. — Juncus  pilosus  Linn. 

Hat,.  Woods.  N.  S.  April,  May.  2f.—  Stem  6—12  inches 
high.  Radical  leaves  numerous,  very  hairy.  Panicle  8 — 10- 
flowered. 

2.  L.  campestris  Dc  Cand.  :  leaves  hairy;  spikes  sessile  and  pedun- 
cled  ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  acuminate,  awned,  longer  than  the  ob- 
tuse capsule. — Juncus  campestris  Linn. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  April,  May.  2X-—S(cm  C— 12 
inches  high,  cespitose  at  base.  Panicle  terminal,  somewhat 
umbel!  ed. 

3.  L.  viclanocarpa  Dcsv. :  culm  leafy  ;  leaves  sublanceolate.  smooth: 
panicles  capillary,  loose  ;  flowers  distinctly  pedicellate  ;  capsule  black. 
Juncus  mclanocarpus  Mich. 

Hab.     White  Hills,  N.  H.     July.  Big.     Can.  Mich. 

4.  L.  spicata  De  Cand.  :  leaves  narrow,  hairy  at  the  throat ;  spike 
cernuous,  compound  ;  leafets  of  the  perianth  acuminate,  awned,  about 
the  length  of  the  roundish  capsule. —Juncus  spicatus  Willd. 

Hab.  White  Hills,  N.  H.  Big.  Aug.  U.—Stem  a  span  high, 
slender,  with  an  oblong  nodding  head. 

32 


i 


374  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

3.     NARTHECIUM.     Linn. 

Perianth  6-parted,  coloured.  Stamens  6  ;  filaments  hairy. 
Seeds  numerous,  ovate-oblong,  appendicular  at  each  extre- 
mity. Hexandria.  Munogijnia. 

N.  americanum  Ker.  :  raceme  sometimes  interruptedly  spiked,  lax; 
pedicels  with  a  setaceous  bract  below  the  flower,  and  another  embra- 
cing its  base  ;  filaments  with  very  short  hair.~-Phalangium  osstfragum 
MuM. 

Hab.  Sandy  swamps.  N.  S.  June,  July.  1£.# — Scape  a  foot 
high.  Leaves  narrow-ensiform.  Floiccrs  yellow,  in  a  terminal 
spike. 

Orj)er  CXXIX.     HjEMOBGRACEjE.     Brown,  hind. 

Perianth  petaloid,  6-cleft.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  peri- 
anth, either  3  and  opposite  the  inner,  segments,  or  6  ;  anthers 
bursting  inwardly.  Ovary  with  the  cells  1-  2-  or  many-seed- 
ed ;  style  simple  ;  stigma  undivided.  Fruit  capsular,  3-val- 
ved,  seldom  indehiscent,  somewhat  nucamentaceous.  Seeds 
definite  and  peltate  or  indefinite  ;  testa  papery  ;  embryo  mi- 
nute, in  farinaceous  albumen  ;  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Leaves  equitant  or  arranged  spirally  or  alternately. 

1.  LACHNANTHES.  Ell. 

Perianth  superior,  6-parted  ;  segments  unequal.  Stamens 
3.  Style  declining.  Stigma  minutely  3-lobed.  Capsule  3- 
celled,  truncated,  many-seeded.  Triandria.  Monogynia. 

L.  tlnctoria  Ell. — Dllatris  tinctoria  Pursh. 

Hab.  Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  July.  11. — Stem  erect. 
2  feet  high,  hairy  at  the  top.  Leaves  ensiform,  shorter  than  the 
stem.     Floicers  in  a  corymbose  panicle,  woolly,  yellow  within. 

Red  Root. 

-2.     LOPHIOLA.     Ker. 

Perianth  6-parted,  woolly,  bearded  inside.  Stamens  6.  Fi- 
laments naked.  Anthers  erect.  Stigma  undivided.  Capsule 
opening  at  the  summit.  Hexandria.   Monogynia. 

L.  aurea  Ker. — Conostylls  americana  Pursh. — Helonias  tomentosa 
Muhl. 

Hab.  Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  July.  !£.—  Root  creeping. 
Leaves  radical,  gramineous,  ensiform,  shorter  than  the  scape. 
Scape  erect,  with  1  or  2  short  leaves.  Floicers  yellow,  in  a 
crowded  corymb. 


COMMELINE.E.  375 

Order  CXXX.     BROiMELIACEiE.     Juss.     Lind. 

Perianth  tubular,  6-cleft,  in  2  rows ;  outer  persistent ;  in- 
ner petaloid,  withering  or. deciduous.  Stamens  6,  inserted  in- 
to the  base  of  the  segments  of  the  perianth.  Ovary  free  or 
somewhat  cohering,  3-celled  ;  style  single  ;  Migma  3-parted, 
often  twisted.  Fruit  capsular  or  succulent,  3-celled.  Seeds 
indefinite ;  embryo  cylindrical,  recurved,  lying  in  the  base  of 
mealy  albumen. 

Stemless  or  short-stemmed  plants.  Leaves  rigid,  channelled, 
often  thorny  or  toothed  at  the  margin. 

1.     AGAVE.     Lain. 

Perianth  tubular,  funnel  form,  adhering  to  the  ovary,  6- 
parted.  Stamens  6,  exserted.  Anthers  versatile.  Capsule 
ovate,  attenuate  at  each  end,  obtusely  triangular,  3-celled, 
many-seeded.  Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

A.  virginica  Linn.:  stemless,  herbaceous;  leaves  with  cartilaginous 
serratnres  ;    scape  simple  ;  flowers  sessile. 

Ihc     Rocky  banks.     Penn.  to  Car.     Sept.     1£. — Scape  6  feet 
Flowers  greenish-yellow,  very  fragrant.  False  Aloe. 

Order  CXXXI.     COMMELINEjE.     Brown.     Lind. 

Perianth  in  2  rows  ;  outer  herbaceous,  3-parted  ;  inner  pe- 
taloid, 3-parted  or  trifid.  Stamens  6  or  fewer,  hypogynous, 
some  of  them  either  deformed  or  abortive.  Ovary  3-celled  ; 
cells  few-seeded  ;  style  1  ;  stigma  1.  Capsule  2 — 3-celled, 
2 — 3-valved,  looulicidei  Seeds  often  in  pairs  m  each  cell  ; 
hilum  usually  linear  and  lateral ;  albumen  densely  fleshy  ;  em- 
bryo pully-shaped,  lying  in  a  cavity  of  the  albumen,  and  at  the 
opposite  extremity  from  the  hilum. 

Herbs.     Leaves  usually  sheathing  at  the  base. 

1.     COMMELINA.     Linn. 

Perianth  in  2  rows  ;  outer  one  3-parted,  calycine  ;  inner  3- 
parted,  petaloid.  Stamens  6,  3 — 4  sterile  and  furnished  with 
cruciform  glands.  Capsule  3-celled,  3-valved  ;  one  of  the 
valves  often  abortive.  Triandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  C.  angvstifulia  BTich.:  assurgent ;  slender;  inner  segments  of 
the  perianth  unequal,  (one  very  minute)  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate  ; 
sheaths  ciliate  ;  bracts  peduncled,  short-cordate. — C.  erecta  WUld. 


376  MONOCOTYLEDO.\OUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  It. — Stem  a  foot  high . 
procumbent  and  erect.     Flowers  blue.     Fertile  stamens  2. 

Bay  Flower. 

2.  C.  virginica  Linn.  :  inner  segments,  of  the  perianth  nearly  equal ; 
leaves  lanceolate,  somewhat  petiolate,  with  the  throat  bearded;  stem 
erect.— O.  hngifolia  Mich. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  Muhl.  S.  to  Car.  July.  !£.— Stem  2 
feet  high.  Floicers  blue,  clustered  at  the  top  of  the  stem.  Fer- 
tile ^aniens  3. 

2.     TRADESCANTIA.     Linn. 

Perianth  in  2  rows  ;  outer  one  3-parted  ;  inner  one  3-part- 
ed  petaloid.  Filaments  6,  villous.  Capsule  superior,  3-cell- 
ed,  many-seeded.  Hexandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  T.  virginica  Linn.  :  stem  erect,  branching,  smooth  ;  leaves  long., 
lanceolate,  smooth  ;  flowers  in  an  imperfect  umbel,  sessile,  pubescent- 
—  T.  cristala  Walt. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  May.  It-— 
Stem  a  foot  high.  Flowers  purple,  in  terminal  compound  clus- 
ters or  umbels,  with  a  large  2-leaved  involucre  at  base. 

Spider  Wort. 

2.  T.  rosea  Mich.  :  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  linear,  long,  smooth  ;  pe- 
duncles elongated  ;  calyx  smooth.  —  T.  virginica  Walt. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Penn.  to  Geor.  May.  U.—Stcm  8—12 
inches  high.  Floicers  smaller  than  in  preceding,  with  the  inner- 
segments  rose  coloured,  and  three  times  as  long  as  the  outer  ones* 

Order  CXXXII.     ALISMACEiE.     Brown,     hind. 

Perianth  6-parted,  in  two  rows  ;  outer  herbaceous,  inner 
petaloid.  Stamens  definite  or  indefinite,  hypogynous.  Ova- 
ries  of  several  1  -celled  carpels  ;  ovules  erect  or  ascending,  so- 
litary or  in  pairs,  at  a  distance  from  each  other ;  styles  and 
stigmas  several.  Fruit  dry,  not  opening,  1  or2-seeded.  Seeds 
without  albumen  ;  embryo  shaped  like  a  horse-shoe  ;  radicle 
next  the  hilum. 

Floating  plants.     Leaves  with  parallel  veins. 

U    SAGITTARIA.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Perianth  6-parted  ;  3  outer  segments  per- 
sistent calycine  ;  3  inner  coloured,  petaloid.  Sterile  Fl. 
Stamens  about  24.  Fertile  Fl.  Ovaries  numerous.  Cap- 
sules compressed,  margined,  1-seeded. 

Monoecia.    Polyandria. 


ALISMACEiE.  377 

1.  &.  sagittifolia  JJllld. :  leaves  sagittate,  acute  ;  lobes  acute, 
straight,  lanceolate. 

a.  latifolia  Torr.  :  leaves  broad  ovate,  rather  obtuse ;  lobes  ovate, 
slightly  acuminate,  straight.  —  /$'.  latifolia  Pursh. 

b.  hastata  Torr. :  leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  ;  lobes  spread- 
ing, lanceolate,  long,  acuminate  ;  flowers  mostly  dioecious. — 
S.  hastata  Pursh. 

c.  gracilis  Torr.  :  leaves  linear;  lobes  much  spreading,  linear, 
very  long  and  acute. — /S'.  gracilis  Pursh. 

d.  pubesccns  Torr. :  leaves  and  stem  pubescent  ;  bracts  and  calyx 
very  pubescent.— &'.  pubesccns  Muhl. 

II ab.  Ponds.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  It- — Scape  1 — 2  feet 
high.  Leaves  large.  Floiccrs  white,  whorled  in  threes. — The 
above  account  of  this  species  which  is  from  Torrey's  Compen- 
dium, will  show  the  very  variable  character  of  the  plant. 

Arrow-head. 

2.  3.  obtusa  Hllld.  :  leaves  sagittate,  dilated-ovate,  rounded  at  the 
the  extremity,  mucronate  ;  lobes  approximate,  oblong,  obliquely  acu- 
minate, straight  ;  flowers  dioecious  ;  sterile  scape  branched  at  base. 

Hab.  Ditches  and  ponds.  Penn.  to  Vir.  July.  IT. — Leaves  the 
size  of  Calla  palustris.  Floiccrs  white. — The  plant  affords  a 
milky  sap  which  hardens  into  a  white  and  hyaline  gum.   Nutt. 

3.  iS'.  hctcropfnjlla  Pursh :  leaves  simple,  linear  and  lanceolate,  acute 
at  each  end,  or  elliptical  and  sagittate,  with  the  lobes  linear  and  di- 
varicate ;  scape  simple,  few-flowered  ;  flowers  monoecious,  the  fertile 
subsessile  ;  bracts  short,  suborbiculate. 

Hab.  Bogs  and  ditches.  Penn.  to  Vir.  July.  21. — Scape  a 
foot  high.  Leaves  2  1-2  inches  long. — The  species  is  easily  dis- 
tinguished by  its  fertile  flowers  being  sessile. 

4.  &'.  rigida  Pursh  :  leaves  narrow-lanceolate,  carinate  below,  rigid, 
very  acute  at  each  end  ;  scape  branched  ;  flowers  monoecious. 

Hab.  Deep  water  near  Oswego  Falls,  N.  Y.  July,  Aug. 
Pursh.  21. — Grows  in  a  depth  of  more  than  7  feet  water.  Pe- 
tioles strong  and  stiff.     Floiccrs  very  numerous. 

5.  8,  simplex  Pursh :  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  narrowed  to- 
wards the  base  ;  scape  simple,  many-flowered  ;  flowers  dioecious  ; 
bracts  and  calyx  obtuse  and  rounded. 

Hab.  Ponds.  N.  J.  Aug.  21. — Scape  8 — 12  inches  high. 
Leaves  6  inches  long,  1-2  an  inch  wide.  Flowers  small,  12 — 18 
in  a  scape. 

G.  S.  acutfolia  Pursh :  leaves  acutely  subulate,  sheathing  at  base, 
convex  on  the  back  ;  scape  simple,  few-flowered  ;  flowers  monoecious  ; 
bracts  dilated,  acuminate. 

Had.  Muddy  shores.  Mass.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  July,  Aug.  21. 
— Scape  6  inches  high.  Floiccrs  pedunculate. — Found  by  Dr. 
Bigelow  near  Boston,  and  by  Dr.  S.  B.  Mead  at  Peekskill,  N.  Y. 

7.  &  pusilla  Nutt.  :  leaves  linear,  obtuse  and  short,  the  summits  foli- 
aeeous  ;  scape  simple,  shorter  than  the  leaves  ;  flowers    monoecious f 

32* 


373  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

few  ;  fertile  one  solitary,  deflexed  ;  stamens  mostly  7. — AUsma  subu- 

lata  Pursh. 

Hab.  Muddy  banks.  Penn.  to  Geor.  Aug.  11 — Scape  2 — 4 
inches  high.  Leaves  rarely  ever  subulate,  scarcely  a  line  wide, 
and  obtuse.     Sterile  Flowers  3 — 6.     Fertile  1,  recurved. 

8.  S.  natans  Mich. :  leaves  floating,  elliptic-lanceolate,  obtuse,  3- 
nerved,  attenuated  at  base  ;  lower  ones  subcordate  ;  scape  simple, 
few-flowered  ;  lower  peduncles  elongated. 

Hab.  In  water.  Muht.  S.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  11. — Scape 
mostly  erect,  3 — 6  inches  long.  Leaves  generally  floating,  1 — 2 
inches  long.     Flowers  few,  small,  the  upper  sterile.  Ell. 

2.     ALISMA.     Linn. 

Perianth  6-parted  ;  3  outer  segments  persistent,  calycine  ; 
3  inner  coloured,  petaloid.  Stamens  6.  Ovaries  and  styles 
numerous.  Capsules  numerous,  distinct,  1-seeded,  not  open- 
ing. g  llexandria.  Polygyria. 

A.  plantago  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate-cordate,  acute  or  obtuse,  9-nerved  ; 
flowers  in  a  compound  verticilate  panicle  ;  fruit  obtusely  triangular. 

b.  parviflora  Tort.  :  leaves  oval,  5 — 7-nerved,  acuminate  ;  flowers 
very  small. — A.  parviflora  Pursh. 

Hab.  In  water.  Can.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  U.— Scape  1—2 
feet  high,  triangular.  Leaves  all  radical,  on  long  petioles.  Pani- 
cle much  decompounded  in  a  verticillate  manner.  Floioers  white, 
tinged  with  purple. — Var.  b.  has  the  flowers  smaller  and  the 
leaves  not  more  than  7-nerved.  It  generally  grows  near  salt 
water.  Water  Plantain, 

Order  CXXXIII.     JUNCAGINE^.     Rich     hind. 

Perianth  herbaceous,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  8,  hypo- 
gynous.  Ovary  of  3  or  6  carpels,  cohering  firmly  together ; 
ovules  1  or  2  in  each  carpel,  erect,  approximated  at  the  base. 
Fruit  dry.  Seeds  1 — 2,  erect;  albumen  none;  embryo 
straight;  radicle  at  the  opposite  extremity  from  the  hilum ; 
plumule  emitted  through  a  lateral  cleft  in  the  embryo. 

Herbs  growing  in  bogs.  Leaves  ensiform,  with  parallel 
veins. 

1.     TRICHLOCHIN.     Linn. 

Perianth  6-leaved,  deciduous ;  the  leafets  concave,  3  in- 
ner ones  inserted  higher  up.  Stamens  6,  very  short.  An- 
thers with  their  anterior  side  turned  outward,  subsessile.  Ova- 
ries 3—6,  1-seeded.  Styles  short.  Stigmas  adnate.  Cap- 
ivles  3 — 6,  valveless.     Seeds  erect.      Hexandria.   Trigynia. 


TYPHACE.E.  379 

Y.  T.  pdlustre  Linn. :  fruit  of  3  united  capsules,   nearly  linear,  at- 
tenuated at  the  base. 

Hab.  Marshes.  Salina,  N.  Y.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  July.  2/.— 
Scape  a  foot  long,  very  slender.  Leaves  very  numerous,  fleshy, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  scape.  Flowers  small,  greenish,  in  a  ter- 
minal lax  spike  or  raceme.  Arrow  Grass. 

2.  T.  maritimum  Linn. :  fruit  ovate-oblong,  of  6  united  capsules— 
and  T.  datum  Nutt. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Mich.  July.  U- 
— Scape  IS  inches  long,  angled.  Leaves  all  radical,  narrow, 
sheathing  at  base,  shorter  than  the  scape.  Floicers  very  small 
in  a  long  terminal  spike. 

2.     SCHEUCHZERIA.     Linn. 

Perianth  G-partcd.  Stamens  6.  Anthers  linear.  Stigmas 
sessile,  lateral.  Ovaries  3 — 6.  Capsules  compressed,  in- 
Hated,  2-valved,  1 — 2-seeded.  Hexandria.    Trigynia. 

S.  pdtnstris  Linn. 
Hab.     Sphagnous  swamps.     Ver.  -  N.    Y.     Penn.  ;    rare.     July. 
H.  —  Stem  8 — 12  inches  high.     Leaves  linear,  roundish,  sheath- 
ing at  base.     Flowers  greenish-yellow,  in  a  small  terminal  ra- 
ceme. 

Order  CXXXIV.     TYPHACE^.     Lind. 

Flowers  diclinous,  arranged  upon  a  naked  spadix.  Perianth 
3-parted.  Stamens  3  or  6  ;  Jilamenis  long  and  slender  ;  an- 
thers wedge-shaped,  erect.  Ovary  single,  superior,  1-celled, 
ovule  solitary,  pendulous  ;  style  short ;  stigmas  1 — 2,  linear, 
simple.  Fruit  dry,  indehiscent,  1-celled,  ]-seeded.  Embryo 
in  the  centre  of  albumen  straight,  taper,  with  a  cleft  in  one 
side,  in  which  lies  the  plumule  ;  radicle  next  the  hilum. 

Herbs  growing  in  marshes  or  ditches.  Stems  without  nodi, 
Leaves  rigid,  ensiform,  with  parallel  veins. 

1.     SPARGANIUM.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Anient  dense,  sperical.  Sterile  Fl.  Peri- 
anth 3-leaved.  Fertile  Fl.  Perianth  3-leaved.  Drupe 
dry,  1-seeded.  Nonoecia.   Triandria. 

1.  S.  ramosum  Smith:  leaves  triangular  at  base,  their  sides  con- 
cave ;  common  flower-stalk  branched  ;  stigma  linear. — S.  erectum 
Linn. 

Hab.  Stagnant  waters.  Can.  to  Vir.  July,  Aug.  If. — Stem 
2  feet  high.  Leaves  few,  ensiform.  Floicers  white,  in  round 
heads.  Burr  Reed. 


380  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

2.  S.  americanum  Nutt. :  lower  leaves  equal  with  or  exceeding-  the 
stem,  which  is  nearly  simple  ;  floral  ones  concave  at  base  and  erect  ; 
stigma  always  simple,  ovate-oblong,  oblique,  scarcely  more  than  half 
the  length  of  the  style. — P.  simplex  Pursh.  ? 

Hab.  Ponds  and  lakes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  If. — Stem  a  foot 
high,  simple  or  divided  at  base.  Lower  leaves  carinate.  Fer- 
tile heads  2 — 5,  mostly  sessile. 

3.  *S».  natans  Smith ;  leaves  floating,  flat  ;  common  flower-stalk  sim- 
ple ;  stigma  ovate,  very  short ;  head  of  sterile  flowers  subsolitary. — 
$.  an  gusti folium  Mich. 

Hab.  Lakes,  &c.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Aug.  11. — Stem  long  and 
slender.  Leaves  very  long,  pellucid.  —Found  by  Mr.  G.  W. 
Clinton,  in  a  lake  on  Catskill  mountains. 

2.     TYPHA.     Linn. 

Flowers  collected  into  a  long  dense  cylindrical  spike.  Ste- 
rile Fl.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  3,  together  upon  a  chaffy 
or  hairy  receptacle,  united  below  into  one  common  filament. 
Fertile  Fl.  Perianth  none.  Pericarp  pedicellate,  sur- 
rounded at  base  with  hairs  resembling  ajwj^ws. 

Monoecia.   Triajidria. 

1.  T.  latifolia  Linn.  :  leaves  linear,  nearly  flat ;  sterile  and  fertile 
spikes  close  together,  both  cylindrical. 

Hab.  Marshes  and  pools.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  If. — Ste7n 
5 — 6  feet  high.  Leaves  very  long.  Flowers  in  a  compact  cylin- 
drical spike.  Cat  Tail.     Reed  Mace. 

2.  T.  angustifolia  Linn.  :  leaves  linear,  channelled  ;  sterile  and  fer- 
tile spikes  a  little  distant  from  each  other  ;  both  cylindrical. 

Hab.  Marshes,  &c.  N.  Y.  to  Vir.  July,  Aug.  U.—Stem  4—5 
feet  high.     Leaves  narrower  than  in  the  preceding. 

Order  CXXXV.     AROIDEtE.     Juss.     hind. 

Flowers  diclinous,  arranged  upon  a  spadix,  often  naked. 
Perianth  4 — 6-parted,  or  wanting.  Stamens  definite  or  inde- 
finite, hypogynous,  very  short ;  anthers  1-  2-  or  many-celled, 
ovate,  turned  outwards.  Ovary  free,  1-  rarely  3-celled  ;  stig- 
ma sessile.  Fruit  succulent  or  dry,  not  opening.  Seeds  so- 
litary or  several ;  embryo  in  the  axis  of  fleshy  or  mealy  albu- 
men, straight,  cylindrical,  with  a  cleft  on  one  side  in  which 
lies  the  plumule  ;  radicle  next  the  hilum,  rarely  at  the  oppo- 
site extremity. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Roots  often  tuberous  or  thickened.  Leaves 
sheathing  at  base,  with  parallel  or  branching  veins. 


AROIDE^I.  381 


1.     ACORUS.     Li 


Ml. 


Spadiz  cylindric,  covered  with  flowers.  Perianth  gluma- 
ceous,  6-petalled,  naked.  Stamens  6.  Ovary  1.  Style 
none.     Capsule  3-angled,  3-celled. 

Hezandria.  Monogynia. 

A.  calamus  Linn.  :  spadix  protruding  from  the  side  of  an  'ensiform 
leaf. 

Jf  at..  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  June.  If. — hemes  2 — 3  feet  long. 
Scape  leafy  above  the  spadix#.  Spadix  cylindrical,  thick,  cover- 
ed with  minute  greenish-flowers.     The  root  is  aromatic. 

Sweet  Flag. 

2.     ORONTIUM.     ham. 

Spadix  cylindric,  crowded  with  flowers.  Perianth  6-petal- 
led, naked.   Style  and  stigma  scarcely  any.    Utricle  1-seeded. 

Hezandria.   Monogynia. 

(J.  aqualicum.  Linn.  :  leaves  all  radical,  lanceolate-ovate  ;  scape  cy- 
lindrical, spiked. — Pothos  ovata  Walt. 

Hab.  In  water.  Can.  to  Flor.  May.  24!. — Leaves  radical,  be- 
coming large,  varying  in  breadth.  Flowers  yellow,  in  a  close 
cylindrical  spike,  with  a  peculiar  smell.  Golden  Club. 

3.     ARUM.     Unit. 

Spathc  1-leaved,  cucullate,  convolute  at  base.  Spadix 
naked  at  the  extremity,  with  sessile  anthers  in  the  middle  and 
ovaries  at  the  base.     Berry  1 -celled,  many-seeded. 

Monoecia.  Polyandria. 

1.  A.  dracontium  Linn. :  stemless  ;  leaves  pedate  ;  leafets  lanceolate- 
oblong,  entire  ;  spadix  subulate,  longer  than  the  oblong  convolute 
spathe. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  June,  July.  24. — 
Scape  about  a  foot  long.  Leaf  1,  on  a  petiole  as  long  as  or  long- 
er than  the  scape.  Spathe  short,  convolute. — Found  on  the 
banks  of  the  Hudson,  near  Albany.  Green  Dragon. 

2.  A.  triphyllum  Linn.  :  stemless  ;  leaves  ternate ;  leafets  oval,  acu- 
minate, very  entire  ;  spadix  clavate  ;  spathe  peduncled,  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, convolute  below,  flat  and  bent  over  above. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May,  June.  24. — Root  tube- 
rous. Leaves  1 — 2,  on  long  petioles.  Spathe  green  or  purple. — 
Whole  plant  acrid  and  almost  caustic.     Big.  Med.  Bot.  i.  52. 

Indian  lurnip. 

3.  A.  atrorubens  Linn.  :  stemless ;  leaves  ternate  ;  leafets  ovate, 
acuminate;  spadix  cylindrical;  spathe  sessile  ovate,  acuminate,  spread^ 
ing  horizontally  above. 


382  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Penn.  to  Vir.  May,  June.  Z£. — Spathe  dark 
brown  ;  smell  disagreeable. — Mr.  Schweinitz  informs  me  that 
this  plant  is  found  at  Easton,  Penn.,  and  he  thinks  it  distinct 
from  the  preceding. 

4.     RENSSELAERIA.     Beck. 

Spathe  convolute.  Spadix  covered  with  flowers,  fertile  at 
the  base,  sterile  above.     Perianth  none.     Berry  1-seeded. 

Monoecia.  Polyandria. 
Obs.  This  genus,  proposed  by  Mr.  William  Cooper  of  New- York, 
was  named  by  him  Lecontia,  in  honor  of  the  distinguished  naturalist, 
Capt.  John'Le  Conte,  of  the  U.  S.  army.  But  this  name,  which  was 
adopted  by  Dr.  Torrey  in  his  Compendium,  is  applied  by  A.  Richard 
to  a  genus  of  the  order  Rubiaceje,  and  confirmed  by  De  Candolle  in 
his  Prodromus.  I  have  therefore  changed  that  of  Mr.  Cooper's  genus, 
by  calling  it  after  the  Hon.  Stephen  Van  Rensselaer  ;  who,  for  his 
efficient  patronage  of  the  Natural  Sciences,  is  entitled  to  the  respect 
and  gratitude  of  all  their  cultivators. 

R.  virginica  Beck. — Arum  virginicum  Linn. — Callct  virginica  Mich. 
Big. — Lecontia  virginica  Coop.    Torr.  Eat. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  11. — Scapes  several  from 
one  root,  12 — 18  inches  long.  Leaves  on  long  petioles,  oblong, 
hastate-coidate,  with  the  lobes  obtuse,  a  foot  or  more  long. 
Spathe  lanceolate,  involute,  border  undulate,  closely  embracing 
the  spadix,  which  is  long  and  slender.     Berries  1-seeded. 

5.     CALLA.     Linn. 

Spathe  ovate,  somewhat  flattened.  Spadix  covered  with 
flowers.     Perianth  none.     Berry  many-celled,  many-seeded. 

Monoecia.  Polyandria. 
C.  palustris  Linn.  :  leaves  cordate  ;  spathe  flat ;  spadix  covered  with 
perfect  flowers. 

Hab.  Sphagnous  swamps.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July,  Aug. .  11. — 
Root  thick  and  creeping.  Scape  6 — 8  inches  high.  Leaves  on 
long  petioles,  cordate,  acuminate,  with  an  involute  point. 
Spathe  oval,  green  on  "the  outside,  white  within.       Water  Aram. 

6.     SYMPLOCARPTJS.     Salisb. 

Spathe  ventricose-ovate,  acuminate.  Spadix  roundish, 
covered  with  perfect  flowers.  Perianth  deeply  4-parted,  per- 
sistent ;  segments  cucullate,  truncate,  becoming  thick  and 
spongy.  Style  pyramidal,  4-sided.  Stigma  simple,  minute. 
Seeds  numerous,  globular,  imbedded  in  the  spadix. 

Tetrandria.  Monogynia. 

.    S.fatidus  Nutt. — Jctodes fottidus  Big. — Pothosfatida  Mich. 

Hab.      Wet  meadows.     Can.   to   Vir.    Feb. — April.     If.  —Root 


PISTIACE^.  383 

large,  with  thick  fibres.  Leaves  very  large,  cordate-ovate, 
smooth.  Spathe  ovate,  cucullate,  purple,  spotted  with  green 
and  yellow.  Spadix  peduncled. — Whole  plant  very  fetid.  Me- 
dicinal.    Bis-  Med.  Bot.  ii.  41.  Skunk  Cabbage. 


Order  CXXXVJ.     PISTIACE.E.     Rich.     Lind. 

Flowers  2,  naked,  enclosed  in  a  spathe.  Stamens  definite, 
2 — 7.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  one  or  more  erect  ovules  ;  style 
short ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  membranous  or  capsular,  not 
opening.  Seeds  1  or  more,  with  a  fungous  integument  and  a 
thickened  indurated  foramen  ;  embryo  either  in  the  axis  of 
fleshy  albumen  and  having  a  lateral  cleft  for  the  emission  of 
the  plumule,  or  at  the  apex  of  the  nucleus.  , 

Floating  plants,  with  very  cellular,  lenticular,  or  lobed 
stems  and  leaves  confounded. 

1.     LEMNA.     Linn. 

Sterile  and  fertile  flowers  collateral.  Stamens  2.  Utricle 
1 — 5-seeded.  Diandria.  Monogynia. 

Oes.  For  an  excellent  and  detailed  account  of  this  singular  genus, 
I  would  refer  to  Dr.  Hooker's  Flora  Scotica. 

1.  L.  trisulca  Linn.  :  fronds  thin,  elliptic-lanceolate,  caudate  at  one 
extremity,  at  the  other  serrate  ;  root  solitary. 

Hab.  Ditches  and  ponds.  N.  S.  ;  rarely  in  flower.  July.  ^. 
— Fronds  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  thin,  margin  pellucid  ; 
young  fronds  produced  from  lateral  clefts,  of  the  same  shape  as 
the  parent  plant,  and  again  proliferous  before  they  are  detach- 
ed.    Flowers  very  minute.     Root  a  single  fibre. 

Duck's  Meat. 

2.  L.  minor  Linn.  :  fronds  nearly  ovate,  compressed  ;  root  solitary. 
Hab.     Stagnant  waters.     N.  S.     June,  July.     0. —  Fronds  a  line 

and  a  half  long,  slightly  convex  beneath,  somewhat  fleshy,  in- 
creasing rapidly  by  gemma  (young  fronds)  so  as  often  complete- 
ly to  cover  the  surface  of  stagnant  water. 

3.  L.  gibba  Linn.  :  fronds  broadly  ovate,  almost  flat  above,  hemis- 
pherical and  pale  beneath  ;  root  solitary. 

Hab.  Stagnant  waters,  near  Liverpool,  N.  Y.  Pursh.  June, 
July.  <5). — Distinguished  from  the  former  by  its  being  pale  and 
hemispherical  beneath,  and  appearing  reticulated. 

4.  L.  polyrrhiza  Linn.  :  fronds  obovate-rotundulate,  compressed  ; 
roots  numerous,  fascicled. 

Hab.  Stagnant  waters.  June,  July.  ^. — Fronds  3 — 4  lines 
long,  succulent,  of  a  firm  texture.  Root  a  bundle  of  8  or  10  sim- 
ple fibres  in  the  middle  of  the  frond. 


384  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Order  CXXXVII.     FLUVIALES.     Lincl. 

Flowers  monoclinous  or  diclinous.  Perianth  2-  or  4-part- 
ed,  often  deciduous,  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  definite,  hypo- 
gynous.  Ovaries  1  or  more,  superior  ;  ovule  solitary  ;  style 
1  or  none  ;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  dry,  not  opening,  1-celled, 
1-seeded.  Seed  pendulous  ;  albumen  none  ;  embryo  straight 
or  curved,  with  a  lateral  cleft  for  the  emission  of  the  plumule. 

Water  plants.     Leaves  very  cellular,  with  parallel  veins. 

1.  ZOSTERA.     Linn. 

Stamens  and  pistils  separated,  inserted  in  2  rows  upon  one 
side  of  a  spadix.  Spathe  foliaceous.  Perianth  none.  Ste- 
rile Fl.  Anthers  ovate,  sessile,  alternating  with  the  germs, 
and  upon  the  same  spadix.  Fertile  Fl.  Ovary  1,  ovate. 
Style  bifid.     Drupe  1-seeded.  Monoecia.^  Monandria. 

Z.  marina  Linn. :  leaves  entire,  somewhat  3-nerved  ;  stem  roundish. 

Hab.     Muddy  shores.     N.  Y.  to  Car.     Aug.     2J. — Stem  terete. 

flexuous,  throwing  out  roots  from  the  joints.     Leaves  very  lono- 

and  narrow.     Spadix  linear,  with  the  flowers  all  on  one  side,  in 

2  rows.  .  Grass-wrack. 

2.  CAULINIA.     JVilld. 

Monoecious.  Perianth  none.  Sterile  Fl.  Anther  ses- 
sile. Fertile  Fl.  Style  filiform.  Stigma  bifid.  Cap- 
sule 1-seeded.  Monoecia.  Monandria. 

1.  C.fragilis  Willd. :  leaves  ternate  or  opposite,  linear- subulate,  re- 
curved, aculeate-dentate,  rigid. 

Hab.  In  water.  Penn.  Aug.  %.  —  Stem  long,  submerged. 
Floicers  small. 

2.  C.  Jlexilis  llllld :  leaves  whorled  in  sixes,  linear,  denticulate  at 
the  apex,  spreading. 

Hab.  Ponds'  and  ditches.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  %.—Stcm  1—2 
feet  long,  submerged,  branching,  jointed.  Flower  solitary,  axil- 
lary, sessile. 

3.    ZANNICHELLIA.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Perianth  none.  Stamen  1. 
Fertile  Fl.  Perianth  single,  of  1  leaf.  Ovaries  4  or  more. 
Style  1.     Stigma  peltate.     Capsule  sessile. 

Monoecia.  Monandria. 

1.  Z.  palustris  Linn. :  anthers  4-celled  ;  stigmas  entire ;  pericarps 
toothed  on  the  back. 


FLUVIALES.  385 

Hab.  Ditches.  N.  S.  Torr.  July.  Aug.  &.—Stcm  long,  fili- 
form.    Leaves  opposite,  linear.     Floicers  axillary,  small. 

Horn  Pond-weed. 

"2.  Z.  intermedia  Torr. :  anther  2-celled ;  stigmas  dentate-crenate  ; 
seed  smooth,  entire  on  the  back. 

Hab.  Salt  marsh  ditches.  July.  0.  —  Submerged.  Stem  fili- 
form.    Leaves  entire.     Floicers  inconspicuous.      Torr. 

4.     RUPPIA.     Linn. 

Flowers  2,  perfect,  on  a  spadiz  arising  from  the  sheathrng 
base  of  the  leaves.  Stamens  4,  sessile.  Ovaries  4.  Peri- 
anth none.     Drvpcs  4,  pedicellate  ;  nuts  1-secded. 

Tetrandria.    Tctragynia. 

R.  viaritima  Linn. 
Hab.     Salt  marshes.      N.  J.  to  "Geor.     July.     11. — Stem  long, 
filiform,  branched,  floating.  •  Leaves  linear,  setaceous,  with  in- 
flated sheaths.     Spadix  short,  with  2  naked  green  flowers.    An- 
thers large. 

5.     POTAMOGETON.     Linn. 

Flowers  perfect,  on  a  spadiz  arising  from  a  spathe.  Peri- 
anth single,  4-leaved.  Anthers  4,  sessile,  alternating  with 
the  divisions  of  the  perianth.  Ovaries  4.  Nuts  4,  1-seeded, 
sessile.  Tetrandria.    Tetragynia.. 

*    Upper  leaves  floating. 

1.  P.  nutans  Linn. :  upper  leaves  floating,  coriaceous,  on  long  peti- 
oles, oblong-ovate  ;  lower  ones  membranous,  linear-lanceolate,  gradu- 
ally tapering  into  a  petiole. — P.  natans  b.  Mich. 

Hab.  Ponds  and  lakes.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  11. —  Stan  varying 
in  length.  Leaves  sometimes  cordate.  Spadiz  1 — 2  inches 
long,  rising  above  the  water.  Pond  Weed. 

2.  P.  fluitans  IAnn. :  upper  leaves  floating,  subcoriaceous,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  tapering  into  a  rather  short  petiole  ;  lower  ones 
very  long,  lanceolate,  membranous  and  sessile. 

Hab.  Ponds  and  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  U-  — 
Stem  varying  in  length.  Leaves  reddish,  less  coriaceous  than  in 
the  preceding.     Spadiz  an  inch  long,  almost  submerged. 

3.  P.  hctcrophyllum  Schreh.  :  upper  leaves  floating,  coriaceous,  ellip- 
tical, petiolate  ;  .lower  ones  membranous,  linear-lanceolate,  sessile. — 
P.  hybridum  Mich. 

Hab.  Stagnant  water.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  IT.— Smaller  than 
the  former.  In  flowing  water  the  lower  leaves  are  very  long 
and  narrow. 

4.  P.  divcrsifolmm  Bart.  :  upper  leaves  floating,  elliptical,  petioiatt-. 

33 


386  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

5-nerved  ;  lower  ones  filiform  ;    spadix  axillary,  almost  sessile,   few* 

flowered. — P.  setaceum  Pursh. 

HiB.  Ponds  and  small  streams.  N.  S.  June.  LL — Stems  nu- 
merous, branched,  filiform.  Upper  leaves  scarcely  an  inch  long. 
Spadix  4— 6-flowered. 

"*  Leaves  alt  submersed. 

5.  P.  pcrfoliatum  Linn.  :  leaves  clasping,  cordate,  ovate. 

Hab.  Lakes,  &c.  Can.  to  Penn.  Aug.  It.— Stem  dichoto- 
uious.  Leaves  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  appearing  perfoliate. 
Spadix  few-flowered,  on  a  short  peduncle. 

6.  P.  lucens  Linn.  :  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  petiolate. 

Hab.  Rivers  and  lakes.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  If. — Stem  long, 
branched.  Leaves  large,  very  pellucid  and  finely  veined.  Spadiz 
cylindrical,  many-flowered.  » 

7.  P.  densum  Linn. :  leaves  opposite,  crowded,  ovate,  acuminate,, 
sessile  ;  stem  forked ;  spike  about  4-flowered,  on  very  short  peduncles. 

Hab.     Pools,  &c.     Bethlehem,  Penn.     Schiccinitz. 

8.  P.  crispum  Linn. :  leaves  lanceolate,  tapering,  sessile,  much 
waved,  serrate. 

Hab.  Lakes.  Can.  to  Vir.  Pursh.  Aug.  It.— Stem  long, 
much  branched.  Leaves  1 — 1-2  inches  long,  2 — 3  lines  broad, 
crisp  to  the  touch.     Spadix  8 — 10  flowered. 

9.  P.  compressum  Linn.  :  leaves  linear,  very  obtuse,  sessile ;  stem 
compressed,  4 — 6-flowered. 

Hab.  In  water.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  It.—  Plant  small.  Stem 
much  branched,  thick.     Leaves  2  inches  long,  linear. 

10.  P.  paudflorum  Pursh :  leafy  ;  leaves  sessile,  narrow  linear,  flat ; 
the  upper  verticillate  ;  spadix  capitate,  4-flowered  ;  stem  slender,  te- 
rete.— P.  gramineum  Mich. 

Hab.  Ponds  and  rivers.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  It. — Stem 
almost  filiform,  much  branched.  Leaves  2 — 3  inches  long,  not 
more  than  half  a  line  broad. 

11.  P.  pectinatum  Linn.  :  leaves  distichous,  setaceous,  alternate, 
sheathing ;  stipules  scarcely  any  ;  spadix  few-flowered,  interrupted. — 
P.  marinum  Mich. 

Hab.  Ponds.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June.  It- — Stem  filiform,  much 
branched.  Leaves  very  numerous,  giving  to  the  plant  a  pecti- 
nated appearance. 

Subclass  II.     GLUMACEjE.     hind. 

Flowers  destitute  of  a  true  perianth,  but  consisting  of  im- 
bricated bracts. 

Order  CXXXV1II.     GRAMINE^.     Juss.     Land. 
Flowers  usually  monoclinous,    sometimes  monoecious  or 


GRAMINEiE.  387 

polygamous  ;  consisting  of  imbricated  bracts,  of  which  tho 
most  exterior  are  called  glumes,  (calyx  of  Linnaeus,)  the  inte- 
rior immediately  enclosing  the  stamens  palea;,  (corol  Linn.) 
and  the  innermost  at  the  base  of  the  ovary  scales,  (nectary 
Linn.)  Glumes  usually  2,  alternate,  sometimes  single,  most 
commonly  unequal.  Palece  2,  alternate  ;  the  lower  or  exterior 
simple ;  the  upper  or  interior  composed  of  2  united  by  their 
contiguous  margins,  and  usually  with  2  keels,  together  forming 
a  kind  of  dislocated  calyx.  Scales  2  or  3,  sometimes  wanting  ; 
if  2,  collateral,  alternate  with  the  paleae,  and  next  the  lower  of 
them  ;  distinct  or  united.  Stamens  hypogynous,  1 — 6,  or 
rr.rcly  indefinite  ;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  simple  ;  styles  2, 
rarely  1  or  3  ;  stigmas  feathery  or  hairy.  Pericarp  usually 
undistinguishable  from  the  seed,  membranous.  Albumen  fari- 
naceous ;  embryo  lying  on  one  side  of  the  albumen  near  its 
base. 

Culms  cylindrical,  hollow,  jointed.  Leaves  alternate,  with 
a  split  sheath.  Flowers  in  little  spikes  called  loeustec,  arrang- 
ed in  a  spiked,  racemed,  or  panicled  manner. 

Div.  1.  Agrostide.e.  Inflorescence  panicled,  sometimes 
contracted  into  the  form  of  a  spike.  Spikelets  solitary,  1- 
jlowercd.  Glumes  and  palea  of  nearly  similar  texture, 
most  usually  with  a  keel.  Lower  pale  a  either  bearded  or 
beardless,  the  upper  ntver  with  2  keels. 

1.     AGROSTIS.     Linn. 

Glume  naked,  beardless,  2-valved,  1-flowered  ;  valves  long- 
er than  the  paleae.  Palea  2,  membranous,  often  hairy  at 
base,  enclosing  the  seed.  Triandria,  Digynia. 

1.  A.  strlcta  If 'Hid. :  panicle  elongated,  straight;  valves  of  the 
glume  equal ;  paleae  smaller  than  the  valves,  unequal,  with  an  awn  at 
the  base  of  the  outer  one  longer  than  the  flower. 

Hah.  Fields.  N.  Eng.  Muhl.  June.  2/.— Culm  erect,  smooth 
with  black  nodes.  Leaves  linear-lanceolate,  scabrous  on  the 
margin.     Awn  geniculate,  twice  as  long  as  the  flower. 

2.  A.  vulgaris  Smith :  panicle  with  smoothish  and  at  length  divari- 
cate branches  ;  paleae  unequal,  outer  one  3-nerved  ;  stipule  very  short 
and  truncate. — A.  hispida  Ullld. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  July.  If. — Culm 
18 — 20  inches  high,  ascending,  smooth.  Leaves  flat,  scabrous. 
Flowers  purplish.     Introduced.  Red-top. 

2.  A.  alba  Linn. :  panicle  lax,  with  hispid  and  spreading  branche*  ; 


388  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

paleae  shorter  than  the  glume,  outer  one  5-nerved  ;  stipule  oblong. — 
A.  decumbcns  Muhl. — A.  stolonifera  Smith. 

Hab.     Meadows.     N.  S.    June — Aug.  CP- — Root  creeping.   Culm 

assurgent,  often  throwing  out  runners.  Leaves  nerved,  scabrous. 

AntJters  yellow.     Introduced.  Florin  Grass. 

4.  A.  lateriflora  Mick. :  culm  erect,  branched  above,  soboliferous  at 
base  ;  panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  contracted,  dense,  a  little  secund  : 
glume  acuminate  ;  paleae  longer  than  the  glume,  equal,  pubescent  at 
base,  awnless. — A.  mexicana  MuhL 

b.  filiformis  Torr.  :  panicle  very  slender ;  paleae  nearly  equalling 

the  glume. — A.  filiformis  Muhl. 
Hab.     Swamps.     N.  S.     Aug.,  Sept.     11- — Root  creeping.   Culm 

2  feet  or  more  high.     Leaves  broad  linear,   flat.     Anthers  pale 

purple. 

5.  A.  sobolifcra  Muld.  :  culm  erect,  branched ;  panicle  contracted, 
filiform,  simple,  with  appressed  alternate  branches  ;  palece  longer  than 
the  equal  glumes,  equal,   awnless,  hairy  at  base,  mucronate  at  the  tip. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  N.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  U-— Culm  2  feet  high, 
soboliferous,  sometimes  decumbent.  Leaves  pale  green,  some- 
what scabrous. 

6.  A.  tenuiflora  WiUd.  :  culm  nearly  simple,  pubescent  about  the 
joints  ;  branches  appressed  ;  panicle  contracted,  filiform  ;  paleae  longer 
than  the  glume  ;  lower  one  with  an  awn  twice  as  long  as  the  flower. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  1[. — Rooi. 
creeping.  Culm  3  feet  or  more  high.  Leaves  few,  spreading, 
strongly  nerved. 

7.  A.  sylvatica  Torr.  :  culm  erect,  much  branched,  diffuse,  smooth  : 
sheaths  lacerate  ;  panicle  filiform  ;  paleae  longer  than  the  glume ; 
awns  three  times  as  long  as  the  flower. — A.  diffusa  Muld. 

Hab.  Rocks.  N.  J.  Aug.  24..— Root  creeping.  Ctdm  2 — 3 
feet  high. — Resembles  the  preceding,  but  is  distinguished  by  its 
branched  diffuse  culm. 

8*.  A.  comjtressa  Torr. :  whole  plant  very  smooth  ;  culm  erect,  com- 
pressed, simple  ;  panicle  oblong,  subcontracted  ;  glumes  equal,  shorter 
than  the  paleae,  acute  ;  paleae  rather  obtuse,  smooth  at  the  base. 

Hab.  Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  Sept.  2J.. — Root  creeping.  Culm 
soboliferous  Leaves  linear,  long,  compressed,  with  carinate 
sheaths.     Panicle  purple. 

9.  A.  serotina  Torr.  :  culm  filiform,  much  compressed  ;  leaves  very 
narrow,  carinate,  erect  ;  panicle  attenuate  ;  glume  unequal,  half  as 
long  as  the  awnless  paleae. 

Hab.  Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  Sept.  H- — Culm  12 — 18  inches 
high.  Leaves  almost  filiform.  Panicle  slender,  with  the  branch- 
es flexuous. 

10.  A.  juncea  Mich.  :  leaves  straight  and  erect,  convolutely  setace- 
ous ;  panicle  oblong-pyramidal,  verticillate  ;  paleae  awnless:  twice  the 
length  of  the  glume. — A.  indica  Muhl. 


GRAMINEiE.  389 

Hab.  Sandy  barrens.  N.  J.  to  Flor.  Oct.  U.—Culm  1—2 
feet  high,  terete.  Floicers  purple.  Glume  unequal.  Scales  ob- 
ovate. 

11.  A.  rirginica  Linn. :  culms  numerous,  procumbent  at  base,  as- 
surgent  ;  leaves  subdistichous,  involute,  rigid  ;  panicles  lateral  and 
terminal,  spike-form  ;  the  lateral  ones  concealed  ;  glume  equal,  about 
as  long  as  the  palea?. — A.  pungens  Pursh. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  to  Vir.  Sept.  Oct.  0. — Culms  a  foot 
high,  hairy  at  base,  with  swollen  sheaths.     Anthers  purple. 

12.  A.  longifolia  Torr. :  panicle  contracted,  spiked,  generally  con- 
cealed ;  palea?  much  longer  than  the  glume,  subequal,  smooth  and 
spotless,  without  awns ;  leaves  very  long,  filiform  and  recurved  at  the 
apex. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  S.  Sept.  Oct.  If.— Culm  2—4  feet 
high,  simple,  terete.  Leaves  2  feet  long.  Panicle  sometimes 
exserted. 

13.  A.  clandestina  Spreng.  :  panicle  spiked,  partly  concealed;  palea? 
unequal,  much  longer  than  the  glume,  hairy  and  spotted,  slightly  awn- 
ed  ;  leaves  very  long. 

Hab.  Dry  hills.  Penn.  to  Car.  Sept.  -U-— Culm  2  feet  high, 
terete.     Panicle  often  sooty.     Glume  carinate. 

14.  A.  spica-venti  Willd.  :  outer  palea?  with  a  very  long  straight  awn; 
panicle  spreading. 

Hab.     N.  S.     June.     0. — Culm  18  inches  high.     Introduced. 

15.  A.  canina  Willd.  :  culm  prostrate,  somewhat  branching  ;  palea? 
with  a  recurved  dorsal  awn. 

Hab.     Wet  meadows.     July.     11. — Introduced. 

2.  TRICHODIUM.  Mich. 
Glume  2-valved,    1 -flowered.     Palea  1,    shorter  than  the 
glumes,  bearded  and  supported  at  the  base  by  one  or  two  fas- 
sicles  of  hairs.      Seed  loose,  covered  by  the  paleae. 

Trianclria.  Digynia. 

1.  T.  laxiflorum  Mich.  :  culm  erect  ;  leaves  setaceous,  and  with  the 
sheaths  somewhat  scabrous  ;  panicle  diffuse,  capillary,  with  trichoto- 
mous  branches  ;  glumes  unequal. — Agrostis  laxa  Mu/U. 

Hab.  Dry  fields.  Subarc.  Amer.  to  Car.  May,  June!  It. — 
Culm  18  inches  high.  Panicle  at  length  much  spread  and  loose, 
pyramidal.  Thin  Grass. 

2.  T.  scabrum  Muhl.  :  culm  geniculate  at  the  base,  assurgent,  branch- 
ed ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  flat,  striate,  scabrous ;  sheaths  mostly 
smooth  ;  panicle  verticillate  and  divaricate ;  glumes  unequal ;  palea? 
ovate,  acute,  3-nerved. — Agrostris  scabra  Willd. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  U.—Culm  12—18  inches 
high.     Panicle  diffuse,  much  branched. 

33* 


390  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

S.  T.  datum  Pursh :  culm  erect,  firm  ;  leaves  narrow-linear,  flat, 
scabrous  ;  sheaths  smooth ;  panicle  verticillate,  a  little  spreading ; 
glumes  nearly  equal. 

Hab.     Sandy    swamps.     N.   J.     Aug.     U.—Culm  3  feet  high. 
Panicle  exsert,  purple. 

4.  T.  montanum  Torr.  :  culm  cespitose,  erect  ;  leaves  involute,  fili- 
form, and  as  well  as  the  sheaths,  scabrous  ;  panicle  capillary,  loose,  a 
little  spreading  ;  glumes  equal. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.  Y.  July.  U-—Culm  8—12  inches  high. 
Panicle  elongated. 

3.     POLYPOGON.     Desf. 

Glume  2-valved,  l-flo\vered  ;  valves  nearly  equal,  obtuse  at 
the  end,  with  a  long  bristle.  Palece  shorter  than  the  glume  ; 
the  lower  one  entire,  with  a  short  straight  tender  bristle, 
(sometimes  awnless)  ;  upper  one  bifid,  toothed. — Panicle  con- 
tracted like  a  spike.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

P.  racemosus  Nutt. :  panicle  dense,  conglomerate,  interrupted  ;  bris- 
tles of  the  glume  scabrous  ;  paleae  unarmed,  hairy  at  the  base  ;  culm 
branched. — Agrostris  racemosa  Mich. — A.  setosa  MvhL 

Hab.     Bogs.     N.  S.     W.  to  Miss.     Aug.,  Sept.  II Culm  3—4 

feet  high,  compressed.    Leaves  scabrous  and  somewhat  glaucous, 
flat.     Panicle  2  inches  long,  many-flowered,  interrupted  below. 

4.     TRICHOCHLOA.     Dc  Cand. 

Glume  2-valved,  1-flowered,  very  minute.  Palece  much 
larger  than  the  glume,  naked  at  base ;  lower  one  convolute 
at  the  base,  terminating  in  a  long  awn  not  articulated. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

T.  capiUaris  D.c  Cand. :  leaves  convolute-filiform,  smooth  ;  panicle 
diffuse,  capillary,  very  slender ;  pedicels  longer  than  the  awns  ;  awns 
3 — 4  times  the  length  of  the  flower. — Stipa  sericea  Mich.  Pursh. — 
Agroslis  sericea  Muhl.  Ell. 

Ukr.  Sandy  fields.  Mass.  to  Car.  June,  July.  Lf. — Culms 
cespitose,  2  feet  high,  very  slender.  Panicle  8 — 10  inches  long, 
glossy  and  purple. 

5.     CINNA.     Linn. 

Glume  naked,  beardless,  2-valved,  compressed,  nearly 
equal.  Palece  2,  nearly  equal,  compressed,  shortly  stipitate, 
naked  at  the  base  ;  lower  one  inclosing  the  upper,  with  a  short 
awn  near  the  summit.  Stamen  1.     Monandria.  Monogynia, 

C.  arundinacca  Uilld. :  panicle  large,  capillary,  loose  ;  leaves  broad- 
linear  ;  culm  smooth.—  Agrostis  cinna  Pursh. 


GRAMINEiE.  391 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  If..— Culm  2—5  feet 
high.  Leaves  a  foot  or  more  in  length.  Panicle  terminal,  8 — 10 
inches  long,  with  the  flowers  green. 

6.     MUHLENBERGIA.     Schreb. 

Glume  2-valved  ;  valves  very  minute,  fringed.  Palca  much 
longer  than  the  glume,  ovate,  obliquely  truncate,  gibbous  ; 
the  lower  one  terminating  in  a  slender  bristle. — Panicle  near- 
ly simple.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  M.  diffusa  Schreb. :  culm  diffuse  (decumbent)  ;  leaves  linear-lan- 
ceolate ;  panicle  branched,  appressed  ;  awns  as  long  as  the  paleee. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  21-  — Culm  18  inches  long, 
compressed,  geniculate-branched.  Leaves  scabrous.  Panicles 
lateral  and  terminal,  very  slender  ;  bristle  purple. 

2.  M.  erecta  Schreb.  :  culm  erect,  simple,  and  with  the  leaves  pubes- 
cent ;  panicle  loose  ;  paleee  2,  with  a  very  long  awn. — Brachyclytrum 
aristatum  Bcauv.  Torr. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  11. — Root  creeping. 
Culm  2 — 3  feet  high,  erect,  slender.  Leaves  pubescent.  Panicle 
contracted.     Lower  palea  with  a  very  long  bristle. 

7.     ALOPECURUS.     Linn. 

Glume  2-valved,  1-flowered  ;  valves  somewhat  equal,  con- 
nate, distinct.  Palea  united  into  a  bladder-like  glume,  cleft 
on  one  side  below  the  middle,  generally  bearded.  Styles  often 
connate. — Panicle  spiked,  cylindric.        Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  A.  pratensis  Linn.  :' culm  erect,  smooth;  panicle  subspiked,  cy- 
lindric, obtuse,  thick  ;  glumes  ciliate,  connate  below  the  middle,  as 
long  as  the  palese. 

Hab.  Fields  and  pastures.  N.  S.  May — Aug.  If. — Culm 
simple,  2 — 4  feet  high.  Leaves  flat,  smooth.  Spike  1  1-2  inches 
long.     Introduced.  Fox-tail  Grass. 

2.  A.  geniculatus  Linn.  :  culm  ascending,  geniculate  ;  panicle  spik- 
ed, cylindrical,  obtuse  ;  glumes  connate  at  base,  obtuse,  hairy  on  the 
back  and  margin  ;  palese  truncate  ;  styles  free. 

b.  aristulatus  Torr.  :  awn  scarcely  exserted. — A.  aristulatus  Mich. 

A.  subaristatus  Pursh. 
Hab.     Wet  meadows.     Can.  and  N.  S.     N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  ;  rare. 

June.     H. — Culm  12 — 18  inches  high,  knee-jointed  and  rooting 

below,   terete,  smooth.     Leaves   linear-lanceolate,    very  acute. 

Spike  nearly  2  inches  long.     Var.  a.  has  the  awn  as  long  again 

as  the  palese. 

8.     PHLEUM.    Linn. 

Glume  2-valved,  much  longer  than  the  paleae  ;  valves  equal, 
boat-shaped,  rostrate  or  mucronate.     Palea  2,  included  in 


392        MONOCOTYLEDON OUS  PLANTS. 

the  glume,  boat-shaped,  awnless,  truncate. — Panicle  spiked, 
dense,  cylindric.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

P.  pratense  Linn.  :  spike  cylindric  ;  glumes  truncate,  rmlcronate, 
with  a  ciliate  keel ;  awn  shorter  than  the  glume  ;  culm  erect. 

Hab.     Fields.     N.  S.     June— Aug.     U-—Culm  2—3  feet  high, 
simple,  smooth.     Leaves  flat.     Spike  long,  cylindric,  green. 
Introduced.  Herds  Grass  or  Cat's-tail  Grass. 

9.  PHALARIS.     Linn. 

Glume  2-valved,  1-flowered  ;  valves  nearly  equal,  membra- 
naceous, gibbous  on  the  back,  carinate.  Palecs  2,  coriaceous 
hairy  at  the  base,  shorter  than  the  glume.  Rudiments  oppo- 
site, sessile,  resembling  valves.  Scales  collateral. — Flowers 
generally  in  compound,  ovate  or  elongated  spikes. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  P.  americana  Ell.  :  panicle  oblong,  spiked  ;  glumes  boat-shaped, 
serrulate  ;  pales  unequal ;  rudiments  hairy. — P.  arundinacea  Mich. — 
Calamagrostis  colorata  Nutt. 

Hae.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  2_£. — Culm  2—5 
feet  high,  erect,  a  little  branching.  Panicle  2 — 4  inches  long, 
at  length  a  little  spreading.  American  Canary  Grass. 

2.  P.  canariensis  Linn.  :  panicle  subspiked,  ovate  ;  glumes  boat- 
.shaped,  entire  at  the  apex  ;  rudiments  smooth. 

Hab.  In  pastures,  &c.  July.  0. — Culm  a  foot  and  half  high. 
Leaves  broad-linear.  Glumes  nearly  twice  the  length  of  the  pa- 
leae.     Introduced.  Canary  Grass. 

10.  CRYPSIS.     M. 

Glume  2-valved,  1-flowered,  compressed,  unequal.  Valece 
2,  unequal,  longer  than  the  glume.  Stamens  2 — 3.  Seed 
loose,  covered  by  the  paleae. — Flowers  in  an  oblong  spike. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

C.  virginica  Nutt. :  spike  oblong-cylindrical,  thick  and  lobed ;  culm 

procumbent  and  geniculate  ;  leaves  at  length  involute,  rigid,  pungent. 

Hab.      Sandy   fields.      Near   Philadelphia.      Aug. — Oct.     ©. — 

Culm  6 — 12  inches  long,  much  branched  from  the  base.    Leaves 

at  first  flat,  striate,  hairy  on  the  upper  surface.     Spikes  lateral 

and  terminal. 

Div.  II.  Panice^e.  Inflorescence  spiked  or  panicled.  Spike- 
lets  either  solitary,  in  pairs,  or  several  together,  one  or  more 
usually  2-Jlowered,  one  of  thejloioers  being  sterile  or  unisex- 
ual. Glumes  usually  of  a  thinner  texture  than  the  palece, 
which  are  more  or  less  cartilaginous,  the  lower  one  half  en- 
folding the  upper,  and  either  beardless  or  occasioually  beard- 
ed ;  neither  of  them  with  a  keel. 


GRAMINE.E.  393 

11.     MILIUM.     Linn. 

Glume  2-valved,  naked,  beardless.  Palece  2,  oblong,  con- 
cave, shorter  than  the  glume,  awnless.  Seed  coated  with  the 
indurated  palece. — Flowers  panicled.        Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  M.  effusum  T.inn.  :  panicle  diffuse,  compound  ;  branches  horizon- 
tal ;  glumes  ovate,  very  obtuse  ;  palese  awnless,  smooth  and  shining  ; 
leaves  broad-linear. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  IX— Culm  5—8  feet 
high,  simple,  smooth.     Panicle  oblong,  8  inches  in  length. 

Common  Millet-grass. 

2.  M.  ampliicarpon  Pursh:  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  hairy,  ciliate  ; 
panicle  simple,  contracted,  bearing  perfect  flowers  :  fertile  flowers  in 
solitary  elongated  radical  scapes,  at  length  subterraneous. — M.  c'dia- 
tiim  Muhl. 

Hab.  Sandy  swamps.  N.  J.  Aug.,  Sept.  IX- — Culms  numer- 
ous, 1 — 2  feet  high,  assurgent.  Panicle  appressed.  Glumes 
acuminate. — This  species  is  well  figured  by  Pursh. 

3.  M.  ptmgens  Torr.  :  culm  erect ;  leaves  lanceolate,  very  short, 
pungent,  at  length  involute  ;  panicle  contracted  ;  branches  generally 
in  pairs,  2-flowered  ;  flowers  awnless,  ovate  ;  palese  hairy. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  N.  S.  May.  IX— Culm  slender,  18—18 
inches  high,  simple,  rigid.  Radical  leaves  6 — 8  inches  long, 
about  a  line  wide,  acute  and  pungent.  Panicle  oblong,  few- 
flowered.     Style  2-parted.  Dwarf  Milld-grass. 

.  12.     PIPTATHERUM.     Beauv. 

Glume  membranaceous.  Palece  cartilaginous,  elliptical, 
shorter  than  the  glume ;  lower  one  awned  at  the  tip.  Scales 
ovate,  entire. — Flowers  panicled.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

P.  nigrum  Torr.:  panicle  simple;  flowers  racemose,  ovate-lanceo- 
late ;  paleee  black,  hairy  ;  awn  as  long  again  as  the  glume.  —  Oryzopsvt 
vielanocarpa  Muhl. — Milium  raccmosum  Smith.  Big. 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  N.  S.  Aug.  U  —  Culm  2—3  feet  high. 
leaves  long,  linear-lanceolate.  Panicle  few-flowered,  flexuous. 
Lower  palea  with  a  very  long  awn.     Seed  black. 

Black-seeded  Millet- grass. 

13.    PANICUM.    Lam. 

Glume  2-valved  ;  valves  unequal,  the  lower  one  very  small. 
Florets  dissimilar,  the  lower  one  abortive,  or  antheriferous. 
Palece  concave,  equal,  beardless.  Seed  coated  with  the  hard- 
ened paleae. — Panicle  loose  and  scattered. 

Triandria.  Digynia, 
*  Flowers  in  dense  racemes. 
1.  P.  crus-galli  Linn. :  racemes  alternate  and  in  pairs,  compound  ; 


S94  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

rachis  5-angled  ;  glumes  terminating  in  hispid  bristles  ;  sheaths  gla- 
brous. 

Hab.  Near  cultivated  grounds.  Aug.,  Sept.  ^. — Culm  2—4 
feet  high,  terete.  Panicle  dense,  at  length  spreading,  some- 
times coloured. — It  varies  with  unarmed  glumes.     Introduced. 

Cocksfoot-grass. 

2.  P.  hispidum  Muhl. :  panicle  compound,  nodding ;  racemes  alter- 
nate ;  glumes  terminating  in  hispid  bristles  ;  sheaths  hispid. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct.  #.— Culm 
3 — 4  feet  high,  thick.  Panicle  dense.  Flowers  always  awned. 
— Resembles  No.  1,  but  may  be  distinguished  by  its  hispid 
sheaths. 

3.  P.  clandestinum  Linn. :  culm  with  short  axillary  branches  ;  leaves 
broad-lanceolate,  cordate  at  the  base ;  sheaths  hispid,  enclosing  tha 
short  panicles  ;  abortive  floret  neutralx  2-valved ;  upper  valve  obtuse. 
— P.  latifolimn  var.  clandestinum  Pursh. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  H.—Culm 
2 — 3  feet  high,  erect  and  rigid.  Panicles  terminal  and  lateral, 
concealed  in  the  sheaths  of  the  leaves. 

4.  P.  pedunculatum  Torr. :  culm  dichotomous  ;  leaves  broad-lanceo- 
late, slightly  hairy  above,  attenuate  ;  sheaths  hispid  and  papillose  ; 
panicle  long-pedunculate,  compound,  smooth  ;  spikelets  ovate,  smooth  ; 
abortive  floret  2-valved  ;  upper  valve  half  the  length  of  the  lower. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  N.  Y.  July.  U.—  Culm  3—4  feet  high, 
much  branched  above.  Panicle  terminal,  spreading,  on  a  pe- 
duncle. 

5.  P.  latifolium  Linn. :  culm  mostly  simple,  bearded  at  the  joints  ; 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  smooth,  or  with  the  sheaths  somewhat  pubes- 
cent ;  panicle  terminal,  a  little  exsert,  simple,  pubescent ;  spikeleta 
oblong-ovate ;  abortive  floret  antheriferous,  2-valved  ;  upper  valvea 
»ub-herbaceous,  nearly  as  long  as  the  lower,  acute. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  111.  June,  July.  U-— 
Culm  a  foot  high.  Panicle  2  inches  long,  with  pubescent  downy 
branches. 

6.  P.  scoparium  Lam.  :  whole  plant  softly  villous  ;  leaves  lanceo- 
late ;  panicle  erect,  compound,  setaceous,  much  branched  ;  spikeleta 
turgid,  ovate,  pubescent. 

Hab.  N.  J.  to  Car.  1£. — Culm  2  feet  high,  mostly  simple. 
Floicers  larger  than  in  any  of  our  species. — Scarcely  differs  from 
the  preceding. 

7.  P.  nervosum  Muhl. :  culm  simple  ;  nodes  smooth  ;  leaves  broad- 
lanceolate,  smooth,  a  little  ciliate  on  the  margin  ;  panicle  much 
branched,  smooth,  many-flowered ;  spikelets  oblong  ;  abortive  floret 
antheriferous,  with  the  upper  valve  sub-herbaceous,  shorter  than  the 
lower. 

Hab.  Bogs.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  U-— Culm  3— 4  feet  high. 
PanicU  4 — 5  inches  long,  decompound.— Allied  to  P.  latifolium. 


GRAMINEJE.  395 

but  is  taller  and  has  the  joints  smooth  and  the  panicle  decom- 
pound and  smooth. 

8.  P.  macrocarpon  Torr. :  culm  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  linear-lanceo- 
late, erect,  a  little  hairy  beneath  ;  joints  naked  ;  sheaths  hispid  ;  pani- 
cle rather  compound,  smooth  ;  spikelets  ovate-globose  ;  abortive  floret 
neutral. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  J.  and  Mass.  July.  If. — Culm 
3  feet  high,  straight.  Panicle  with  few  spreading  flexuous 
branches. 

9.  P.  pubescens  Lam. :  erect,  much  branched,  leafy,  softly  pubescent; 
leaves  lanceolate,  ciliate  ;  panicle  small,  few-flowered,  free  ;  spikelets 
•ubglobose-ovate,  pubescent. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  July.  11. — Culm  18  inches 
high  ;  nodes  and  leaves  hairy.  Panicle  with  horizontal  branches. 

10.  P.  involutum  Torr. :  culm  cespitose,  simple,  or  a  little  branched 
at  the  base  ;  leaves  erect,  somewhat  rigid,  very  narrow,  at  length  in- 
volute ;  panicle  simple,  few-flowered  ;  florets  acuminate  ;  upper  valve 
of  the  neutral  floret  very  small. 

Hab.     Near  Deerfield,  Mass.    Torr.  IX. — Culm,  a  foot  high. 

Panicle  terminal,   (rarely  lateral,)  consisting  of  a  few  flexuous 
branches. 

11.  P.  depauperatum  Muhl. :  culm  cespitose,  hairy  at  the  joints  ; 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  smooth  or  hairy  ;  sheaths  pubescent ;  panicle 
few-flowered;  blanches  in  pairs,  one  of  them  2-flowered,  the  other  1- 
flowered. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  May,  June.  2X-  —  Culm  a 
foot  high,  jointed.  Panicle  terminal,  erect,  with  tortuous 
branches. 

12.  P.  dichotomum  Linn.  :  culm  much  branched  and  dichotomous 
above  ;  branches  fasciculate  ;  leaves  very  numerous,  lanceolate, 
smooth  ;  panicle  simple,  capillary,  lax  ;  abortive  floret  neuter  ;  upper 
valve  minute,  bifid. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July — Sept.  Lf. — Culm  erect, 
sometimes  decumbent,  8 — 12  or  more  inches  long.  Panicles  lat- 
eral and  terminal,  with  spreading  branches. — Dr.  Torrey  des- 
cribes three  varieties  of  this  species. 

13.  P.  nitidum  Lam.  :  culm  slender,  simple,  erect,  smooth  ;  sheaths 
bearded  at  the  throat ;  leaves  very  few,  broad-linear  ;  panicle  capilla- 
ry, rather  crowded,  compound,  remote,  smooth  ;  spikelets  minute,  ob- 
tuse, ovate,  slightly  pubescent  ;  lower  glume  very  small. 

a.  ciUatum:  culm  hairy  ;  leaves  linear-lanceate,  (the  lowest  one 
broader)  sparingly  hirsute,  ciliate  on  the  margin;  panicle  with 
the  branches  and  flowers  pubescent. 

b.  ramulosum  :  culm  more  branched  ;  panicle  contracted  ;  branch- 
es smooth. 

«.  gracile:  culm  very  slender,  smooth;  leaves  very  narrow,  and 
with  the  sheaths  smooth  ;  panicle  nearly  simple,  few-flowered, 
smooth  ;  upper  valve  of  the  abortive  floret  minute,  entire.  ? 


396  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

d.  pilosum :  culm  simple,  very  hairy  ;  lower  leaves  approximate 
and  broad-lanceolate  ;  upper  ones  linear,  rather  rigid,  somewhat 
hairy  on  the  upper  surface,  ciliate  at  the  base ;  sheaths  villose 
and  minutely  papillose  ;  panicle  subcontracted ;  branches  vir- 
gate  and  with  the  flowers  pubescent. 

c.  glabrum :  smooth  on  every  part,  except  the  base  of  the  leaves, 
nearly  simple  ;  lower  leaves  short,  approximate,  subcartilagin- 
ous  ;  panicle  branched,  almost  verticillate ;  spikelets  large  ; 
upper  valve  of  the  abortive  floret  entire. — P.  nitidum  Schiceintz. 

f.  harbatum :  culm  simple,  smooth  ;  nodes  hairy,  leaves  linear- 
lanceolate  ;  sheaths  smooth,  except  on  the  margin ;  flowers 
minutely  pubescent. — P.  discolor  Muhl. 

Hab.  Meadows,  woods  and  pine  barrens.  N.  S.  June,  July. 
2/. — Culm  18  inches  to  2  feet  high.  Panicle  compound. — A  very 
variable  grass — at  least  if  Torrey's  account  of  it  be  correct. 

14.  P.  agrostoides  Muhl.  :  culm  compressed,  smooth, erect  ;  leaves 
very  long ;  panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  pyramidal,  spreading  ;  branch- 
es bearing  racemes  ;  spikelets  appressed  ;  abortive  floret  neutral  ; 
valves  nearly  equal. — P.  clongatum  Pursh. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Vir.  July— Sept.  U.—Culm 
2 — 3  feet  high,  smooth  at  the  joints.  Panicle  mostly  dark  pur- 
ple. 

15.  P.  virgatum  Linn.  :  whole  plant  very  smooth ;  panicle  diffuse, 
very  large ;  flowers  acuminate  ;  valve  of  the  abortive  floret  nearly 
equal. 

Hab.  Near  salt  water.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  It.— Culm 
3—4  feet  high.     Panicle  virgate,  at  length-spreading. 

16.  P.  anceps  Mich.  :  culm  compressed  ;  sheaths  ancipitous,  pilose  ; 
panicle  with  nearly  simple  branches  ;  spikelets  subracemose,  much 
acuminate  ;  abortive  floret  neuter,  with  the  upper  valve  bifid. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  Z£. — Culm  3  feet  high. 
Leaves  very  long.     Panicle  pyramida.lt 

17.  P.  rectum  R.  #  S. ;  panicle  solitary,  shorter  than  the  terminal 
leaf;  branches  simple,  flexuous  ;  spikelets  alternate,. peduncled,  obo- 
vate,  turgid  ;  glumes  striate,  acute  ;  leaves  linear,  straight,  tapering 
to  a  sharp  point,  striate  and  scabrous  above,  hairy  beneath  ;  sheaths 
with  very  long  hairs. — P.  strictum  Pursh. 

Hab.     Banks  of  streams.     Penn.     July.     0.    Purslu 

18.  P.  verrucosum  Muhl :  culm  slender,  decumbent  and  geniculate, 
branched  below,  and  with  the  leaves  smooth  ;  panicle  much  spreading, 
few-flowered  ;  flowers  verrucose  ;  abortive  floret  1-valved. 

Hab.  Swamps.'  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.,  Sept.  IX. — Culm  a.  foot 
high  ;  nodes  smooth  and  inflated.  Leaves  lance-linear,  spread- 
ing.    Panicles  lateral  and  terminal,  spreading. 

19.  P.  proliferum  Lam.  :  culm  assurgent,  geniculate  at  base,  very 
smooth  ;  panicles  terminal  and  axillary,  smooth  ;  spikelets  racemose  ; 
abortive  floret  1-valved. — P.  dichotomiflorum  Mich. — P.  geniculatum 
Muhl. 


GR  AMINES.  397 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Penn.  to  Geor.  Sept.  11. — Plant  very 
smooth.  Culm  2 — 4  feet  long,  succulent.  Leaves  a  ibot  or 
more  long,     raniclcs  large  and  pyramidal. 

20.  P.  capillare  Linn. :  culm  nearly  simple  ;  sheaths  very  hairy ; 
panicle  large,  capillary,  expanding,  loose  ;  spikelets  on  long  peduncles, 
acuminate,  smooth  ;  abortive  floret  1-valved. 

a.  sylralirum  Torr. :  culm  branched  at  the  base,  very  slender  ; 
leaves  linear. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  Var.  a.  Dry  woods. 
N.  Y.  Aug.,  Sept.  U.—Culm  1—2  feet  high,  erect;  sheaths 
hispid.     Panicle  large  and  pyramidal,  reflexed  when  old. 

• 

21.  P.  longifolium  Torr.:  whole  plant  very  smooth;  culm  com. 
pressed,  erect,  simpl?,  slender  ^  leaves  very  long  and  narrow  ;  panicle 
simple, " elongated,  racemose;  spikelets  acuminate;  abortive  floret 
neutral,  2-valved. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens.  N.J.  Sept.,  Oct.  U-— Culm  2  feet.high. 
Leaves  a  foot  or  more  long,  very  narrow.     Panicle  few-flowered. 

14.     SETARIA.    T.deBeaur. 

Has  the  same  character  as  Panicum,  except  that  the  panicle 
is  spiked.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  »S'.  viridis  P.  dc  B. :  spike  cylindrical  ;  involucre  of.4 — 10  fascicu- 
late bristles,  scabrous  upwajd  ;  spikelets  geminate  ;  perfect  floret 
smooth  ;  sheaths  pubescent. — Panicum  viride  Linn. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields'.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  ©.— Culm  1  1-2  to  2 
feet  high,  simple.     Involucre  longer  than  the  flowers. 

Wild  Timothy. 

2.  SL  glmicq.  P.  de  B'. :  spike  cylindrical ;  involucre  of  many  fascicled 
bristles,  scabrous  upward ;  perfect  floret  transversely  rugose. — Panicum 
glaucum  Linn. 

b.  purpurascens  Ell. :  sheaths  hairy  ;  glumes  and  bristles  of  the 
involucre  hairy. 

Hab.  Road  sides,  &c.  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  fg.—Culm  2  feet 
high.     Spike  3—4  inches  long.     Introduced.  Bottle  Grass. 

3.  *?.  rcrticillata  P.  dc  B.  :  spike  subverticillate  ;  bristles  of  the  in- 
volucre 2,  retrosely  scabrous  ;  spikelets  solitary  ;  paleae  of  the  per- 
fect floret  nearly  smooth. — Panicum  verticillatum  Linn. 

Hab.  Sandy  grounds.  N.  S.  July.  ©■. — Culm  18  inches  high. 
Spike  2  inches  long.     Introduced. 

4.  S.  italica  P.  de  B. :  spike  compound,  interrupted  at  base,  nod- 
ding ;  spikelets  conglomerate  ;  involucre  many  times  longer  than  the 
flowers  ;  rachis  tomentose. — Panicum  italicum  Linn. 

Hab.  Ditches.  N.  J.  to  Car.'  July.  &.~-Culm  4  feet  high. 
Panicle  C — 8  inches  longr. 

34 


398  MONOCOTYLEDON-OUS    PLANTS. 

15.     ORTHOPOGON.     Broicn. 

Spike  compound.  Glume  2-valved,  nearly  equal,  2-fiow- 
ered  ;  valves  unequally  awp.ed.  Florets  dissimilar ;  outer 
one  staminiferous  or  neuter,  1-  or  2-valved  ;  inner  pistiliferous 
surrounding  the  seed.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

0.  echlnatus  Sprenv. :  spikes  alternate.,  secund,  •  simple  ;  rachis 
triquetrous,  smoothish  ;  glumes  nerved,  muricate-hispid  ;  leaves  and 
sheaths  smooth,  striate. — Punicum  echihatum  JVilld. 

Hab.  Penn.  1[. — Mr.  Schweinitz  informs  me  that  a  variety  of 
this  species  occurs  at  Bethlehem,  Perm. 

16.  DIGITARIA.     Haller4 

Inflorescence  digitate  or  fascicled.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  on 
short  bifid  peduncles.  Glume  2-valved,  the  lower  very  mi- 
nute. Lower  floret  abortive,  the  paleae  membranous.  Tipper 
floret  perfect,  the  paleoe  subcoriaceous,  hardened.  Seed 
slightly  furrowed.   •  .  Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  D.  sanguinatis  Scop.  :  spikes  digitate,  erect,  somewhat  spreading  ; 
leaves  and  sheaths  pilose  ;  florets  oblong,  pubescent  at  the  edge. — 
Panicum  sanguinalc  Linn.  Big. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  %. — 
Culm  1« — 2  feet  long,  decumbent  or  assurgent.     Spikes  4 — 6. 

Crab  Grass. 

2.  D.  glabra  R.  S?  8.  :  spikes  digitate,  subalternate,  (3—4)  spread- 
ing ;  leaves  and  sheaths  smooth  ;  spikelets  ovate,  crowded ;  glume 
equal  to  the  abortive  floret,  both  hairy. — D.  ischacmum  Muhl. — D.  pas- 
paloidcs  Mich.  • 

Hab.  S^ndy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Yir.  Aug.,  Sept. .  '&.~Oidm  a 
foot  long,  mostly  decumbent.  Spikes  mostly  3,  about  2  inches 
long. 

3.  D.  scrotina  Mich. :  decumbent  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  very  pubes- 
cent ;  spikes  numerous,  setaceous  ;  spikelets  all  pedicellate  ;  lower 
glume  very  minute.  —D.  villosa  Ell. 

Hab.  Wet  places.  N.'Y.  Muhl.  S.  to  Car.  June—  Aug.  0. 
—  Culm  12 — 18  inches  long.     Spikes  2 — 3  inches  long. 

4.  D.  Jiliformis  Ell.  :  culm  erect,  filiform  ;  leaves  somewhat  smooth  ; 
spikes  2 — 4,  filiform,  erect  ;  spikelets  in  threes,  all  pedicellate.;  glumes 
1-valved,  as  long  as  the  abortive  floret. — D.  pilosa  Mich,  f 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  Aug.  @.—Culm  1—2  feet 
high.     Spikes  mostly  2,  alternate,  long. 

17.  PASPALUM.     Linn. 

Glume  2-valved,  1-fiowered,  membranaceous,  equal,  closely 
pressed  to  the  two  plano-convex  palece.  Seed  coated  with  the 
paleae. — Flowers  in  unilateral  spikes.      Triandria.  Digynia. 


GRAMINE,E.  399 

L  P.  ciliatifolium  Mich..:  culm  decumbent  ;  leaves  hairy  and  ciliate  ; 
sheaths  hairy  ;  "spikes  1—2,  rather  lax,  indistinctly  3-rowed.— P.  cili- 
a  turn  Pursk. 

Hab!  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Sept.  21— Culm  18  inches 
long,  slender  and  simple.     Spike  mostly  solitary;  terminal. . 

2.  P.  setaccum  Mich.  :  culm  erect ;  leaves  and  sheaths  villous  ;  spike 
mostly  solitary  ;  flowers  in  2  rows. — P.  pubescens  Muhl. 

Hab,  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  0.- Culm  1-2  feet 
high.     Spike  on  a  long  terminal  peduncle. 

3.  P.  loot  MUh.:  erect,  very  smooth  ;  leaves  short,  very  smooth  ; 
spikes  numerous,  (3—6,)  alternate  ;  flowers  2-rowed,  smooth. 

Hab.  Dry  meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug.  U>—Culm  1—2 
feet  high.     Spikes  spreading. 

4.'  P.  stolonifcrum  Bosc  :  spikes  in  elongated  racemes,  somewhat 
vr>rlicillate,  spreading  ;  flowers  serrufate-ciliate,  transversely  rugose  ; 
leaves  short,  subcordate  ;   culm  prostrate  at  base. 

Hab.  Cedar  swamps.  N.  J.  Aug.  U—Cidm  2  feet  long, 
branched,  geniculate,  stoloniferous.  Spikes  very  numerous, 
(30—50.) 

1?.     CENCHRUS.     Linn. 

'Involucre  1 — 3-flowered,  many-parted,  bristly  without, 
finally  hardened.  Glume  2-flowered,  '2-vaIved  ;  outer  valve 
smallest.  Florets  dissimilar;  the  outer  sterile,  the  other 
perfect.     Scales  none.  *  Triandria.  Mo  no  gy  nice." 

1.  C.  echinatus  Linn.:  spikelets  approximated;  involucres  10-part- 
►  d.  villous. 

Hab.  Sandy  soils.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  Aug.  0. — Culm  erect  or 
procumbent,  1 — 2  feet  long.     Spikes  consisting  of  6—10  heads. 

2.  C.  tribuloidcs  Linn. :  spike  with  alternate  spikelets  ;  involucres 
entire,  spiny. 

•      Hab.     Sandy  soils.     N.  J.  to  Flor.     July,  Aug.     0.  —  Culm  18 
inches  high. — Dr.  Torrey  thinks  it  a  variety  of  the  preceding. 

19.     TRIPSACUM.    Linn. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  Fl.  Glume  2 -flowered  ;  outer  one 
sterile;  inner  neuter.  Corol  a. membranous  glume,  Fer- 
tilk  Fl.  Glume  1-flowered,  surrounded  by  a  1-leaved  invo- 
lucre, perforated  near  the  base.  Corol  a  2-valved  glume. 
Styles  2.     Seed  1.  Monoecia.   Triandria. 

T.  dactyloidcs  Linn. :  spike's  3,  clustered  ;  sterile  florets  near  the  top, 
fertile  at  the  base.        .  . 

b.  monostachyon  Torr. :  spike  solitary. — T.  monostachyon  Willd. 
Hab.     Meadows.     N.  Y.  to  Car.     W.  to  111.     Aug.     21-  — Culm 
5 — 7  feet  high.     Spikes  large. 


400  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

D'iv.  III.  Stipace^e.  Inflorescence  paniclcd.  Spikelefs 
solitary, -1-flowered.  Glumes  membranous,  the  lower palece 
coriaceous,  bearded,  enfolding  the  vptper,,  which  has  not  two 
keels. 

20.     STIPA.     Linn. 
Glume  2-valved,  membranous.    Palece  2,  coriaceous,  short- 
er than  the  glume  ;  the  lower  involute,  with  a  long  beard  at 
the  apex  ;  upper  entire.     Awn  jointed  at  the  base,  deciduous. 
Seed  furrowed. — Panicle  almost  simple,  lax. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

S.  avenacca  Linn.  :  leaves  setaceous  ;  panicle  spreading-,  somewhat 
secund  ;  branches  mostly  in  pairs,  a  little  divided ;  glume  as  long  as 
the  seed  ;  awn  naked.— &.  barbata  Mich. 

Hab.     Sandy  soils.     N.  Y.'to  Car.   June.    !£.— Culm  2  feet  high. 
Panicle  4—6  inches  long,  becoming  diffuse.  Feather  Grass. 

Div.  IV.     Brome,e.     Inflorescence  panicled.     Spikeleis  soli- 
tary, 2  or  many-flowered.     Glumes  with  a  keel.     Palece  of* 
nearly  the  same  texture  as  the  glumes,  the  loivcr  carinaic  or 
concave,  always  bearded,  the  upper  with  two  keels. 

21.  •  ARISTIDA.    Linn. 
Glume  2-valved,  membranous,  unequal.     Palece  2,  pedicel- 
late, subcylindric  ;  lower  one  'coriaceous,  involute,  3-awned. 
at  the  tip  ;  upper  one  very  minute  or  obsolete.     Scales  collat- 
eral.— Panicles  contracted.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  A.  dichotoma  Mich. :  cespitose  ;  culm  dichotomous  ;  flowers  ra- 
cemose-spiked; lateral  awns  very  short,  the  intermediate  one  con- 
torted.   . 

Hab.     -Gravelly  soil.     N.  Y.  to  Car.     July.    £.  1—Culnis  12— 1$ 
inches  high,  very  slender.     Racemes-on  clavate  peduncles. 

2.  A.  stricta  Mich*  :  culm  and  leaves  straight,  erect  ;  leaves  pubes- 
cent ;  raceme  long,  somewhat  spiked,  crowded  ;*  awns  twice  as  long 
as  the  paleae,  spreading.    • 

Hab.     Rocky  places.      Penn.   to   Car.     July.    .  11. — Culm  2 — 3 
feet  high,  branching  at  base.     Panicle  long,  with  the  flowers  not ' 
crowded. 

3.  A.  purpurascens  Poir.  .-culm  filiform,  erect,  simple  ;  leaves  very 
narrow,  flat ;  flowers  in  a  long  spiked  panicle  ;  awns  nearly  equal, 
twice  the  length  of  the -paleae,  divaricate. — A.  raccmosa  Muhl. 

Hab.     Sandy  woods.     N.  S.     Sept.     U-—  Culm  2— 3  feet  high. 
Panicle^  elongated,  loose. 

22.     CALAMAGROSTIS.     Roth. 
Glume  2-valved,   1-flowered  ;  valves  acute  or  acuminate. 


GRAMINEiE.  401 

Palea  2,  mostly  shorter  than  the  glume,  surrounded  with  a 
pubescence  or  long  wool  at  the  base  ;  the  dorsal  one  with  or 
without  an  awn.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  C.  mcxicana  Nutt.  :  panicle  oblong,  loose  ;  glumes  scabrous,  pu- 
bescent, as  long  as  the  palea;,  which  are  awned  on  the  back  ;  hairs  at 
the  base  equalling  the  paleae  ;  culm  and  leaves  smoothi — Arujido  carta- 
drnsis  Mich.    Torr. — A.  cinnoidcs  Muhl. — A.  agrostoidcs  Pursh. 

Hab.  Bogs.  N.  S.  W.  to  Mich.  Aug.  U.—Culm  3  feet  or 
more  high.  Leaves  long  and  narrow.  Panicle  erect,  much  di- 
vided. 

2.  C.  colorata  Nutt.  :  panicle  oblong,  spiked  ;  glumes  boat-shaped, 
serrulate  ;  pales  unequal ;  rudiments  hairy. — Phalaris  americana  Ell. 
Torr. — P.  arundinacea  Mich.  Muhl. 

Hab.  Bogs.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  2_f. —  Culm  3 — 5  feet  high. 
Panicle  at  length  somewhat  spreading. 

3.  ft  canadensis  Nutt.  :  panicle  somewhat  spiked,  conglomerate  ; 
glumes  a  little  longer  than  the  paleae,  carinate  ;  paleae  longer  than  the 
pappus,  awned  a  little  below  the  tip. — Agrostis  coarctata  Torr. — A. 
trlauca  Muhl. 

Hab.  Bogs.  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  July,  Aug.  !£.— 
Culm  3—5  feet  high.     Panicle  stiffly  erect. 

4.  C.  hrcvipiUs  Beck :  panicle  diffuse,  capillary  ;  glumes  Unequal, 
shorter  than  th£  paleae,  bearded  at  the  base  ;  paleae  equal,  awnless, 
hairy  ;  pappus  very  short. —Arundo  brevipilis  Torr. — A.  epigeios  Muhl. 

Hab.     Sandy  swamps.  '  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.     Sept.    1{..—Culm  3—4 
.   feet  high.     Panicle  pyramidal,  loose. 

5.  C.  halleriana  Be  Cand.  :  panicle  loose,  glumes  acuminate  ;  dor- 
sal awn  and  hairs  longer  than  the  paleae,  but  shorter  than  the  glume. 
— Arundo  pseudo-phragmites  .Schrad. 

Hab.  •  N.  S.     Schiceinitz. 

6.  C.  covfinis  Spreng.  :  panicle  lanceolate,  spreading  ;  glumes  nerv- 
ed, acuminate;  hairs  equalling  the  paleae;  dorsal  awn  geniculate, 
longer  than  the  glumes. — Arundo  covfinis  H'illd.  Pursh. 

Hab.     Bethlehem.     Penn.     Schiceinitz. 

23.     PSAMMA.     P.  de  Bcauv. 

Glumes  2-valved,  awnless.  Paled  2,  'shorter  than  the 
glumes,  surrounded  with  hairs  at  the  base.  Scales  linear- 
lanceolate,  longer  than  the  seed.  Style  3-parted.  Stigmas 
3. — Panicle  spiked.  .      •  Triandria.   Trigynia. 

P.  arenaria  P.  de  B.  :  panicle   spiked  ;  glumes  acute ;  palece  three 
times  as  long  as  the  pappus  ;  leaves  involute. — Arundo  arenaria  Linn. 
Hab.     Sandy  shores.     Can.  and  N.  S.     Aug.     11. — Roots  long, 
creeping.     Culm  2—3  feet  high%    Panicle  white. 

31* 


402  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

24.     ANTHOXANTHUM.     Linn. 

Glumes  2*valved,  3-flowered.  Lateral  florets  imperfect, 
with  one  palea  bearded  ;  intermediate  florets  perfect,  much 
shorter  than  the  lateral  ones.  Palccc  obtuse,  beardless.  Sta- 
mens 2.      Seed  free. — Panicle  contracted.     - 

Diandria.  Digynia. 

A.  odoralum  Linn.  :  spike  ovate-oblong;  flowers  pubescent,  subpe- 
duncled,  shorter  than  their  awns. 

Hab.  Moist  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June — Aug.  2|. — Culm 
a  foot  high,  assurgent.  Floicers  in  a  terminal  spike  or  spiked 
panicle.     Introduced.  Siccet-scented  Vernal  Grass. 

25.     AIRA.     Linn. 

•  Glumes  2-  rarely  3-flowered,  beardless,  2-valved,  equal  to 
the  florets  or  shorter ;  one  of  the  florets  peduncled.  PalecE 
2,  equal,  enclosing  the  seed  when  ripe;  outer#one  usually 
awned. — Panicle  compouiKl.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  A.  flcxuosa  Linn.  :  panicle  spreading,  trichotomous  ;  branches 
flexuous  ;  glumes  a  little  shorter  than  the  palea?  and  about  the  length 
of  the  awn  ;  leaves  setaceous  ;  culm  nearly  naked. 

PIab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich.  June,  li . — 
Culm  1 — 2  feet  high.  Panicle  capillary,  lax,  the  branches  whorl- 
ed  or  dichotomous.  • 

2.  A.  cespilosa  Linn.  :  panicle  diffuse;  palea?  about  the  length  of  the 
glumes  ;  awn  short,  straight  ;  leaves  flat. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  If — Culms  cespitose, 
18  inches  high.  Panicle  capillary,  with  the  branches  somewhat 
whorled. 

3.  A.  aristulata  Torr.  :  panicle  capillary,  spreading  ;  branches  verti- 
cillate  and  flexuous  ;  glumes  2-flowered,  shorter  than  the  palese  ;  up- 
per floret  pedicellate  ;  lower  paleae  truncate,  laciniate,  with  an  awn  a 
little  below  the  middle  scarcely  exserted. 

Hab.  Shores  of  lakes.  N.  Y.  Aug.  U-—Culm  2  feet  high. 
Panicle  oblong  or  'pyramidal. 

4.  A.  pumila  Pursh :  panicle "  small,  fastigiate,  few-flowered  ;  pedi- 
cels short ;  palese  awnless,  obtuse,  twice  the  length  of  the  glumes, 
with  membranous  margin's  ;  leaves  flat,  smooth  ;  culm  erect,  scarcely 
longer  than  the  leaves. 

Hab.  Clay  grounds.  Penn.  Pursh.  June.  If. — Culms  scarcely 
an  inch  high,  growing  in  tufts. 

•    26.     AVENA.     Linn. 

Glumes  membranous,  2— 7-flowered,  longer  than  the  flo- 
rets.  Lower  pa/eabilaciniate,  or  with  the  upper  bifid-toothed, 


GRAMINEiE."  403 

sometimes  eroded,  with  a  twisted  awn  on  the  back.     Scales 
ovate.     Seed  coated,  furrowed. — Panicle  compound,  loose. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  A.  prtccoz  P.  de  B.  :  panicle  in  a  dense  raceme;  florets  as  long 
as-the  glumes  ;  awn  exserted  ;  leaves  setaoeous. — Aira  praxox  Linn, 

II ab.     Sandy  fields.     N.  J.  to  Vir.     June.     Q.—Culm  3—4  feet 
high,  cespitose.     Panicle  oblong. 

2.  A.  clatior  Linn.  :  panicle  equal,  nodding  ;  awn  as  long  again  as 
the  floret;  culm  geniculate,  smooth;  root  nodose. — Arrhcnathcrum 
avenaccum  P.  de  B.    Torr. 

II  \b.'    Fields.     N.  S.  ;  rare.     June*  U-—Cvlm  3  feet  high.  Pan ■ 
iclc  loose,  with  the  branches  in  pairs  or  ternate. 

27.     TRISETUM.     Pcrs. 
.     Lower  palca  with  2  bristles  and  a  tender  flexuous  beard 
above  the  middle  of  its  back.  Scale  lanceolate. — (Other  char- 
acters' of  Avena. )  Triandria.  Digynia, 

1.  T.  pcnnsylcaniann  E.  dc  B.  :  panicle  attenuated;  awn  twice  as 
long  as  the  florets  ;  seed  villous. — Arena  pennsylvanica  Linn. — Arrhc- 
nathemm  pcnnsylranicum  Torr. 

Hab.  Fields.  N.  Eng.  to  Car.  July.  0. — Culm  erect,  smooth. 
Panicle  with  short  branches. 

2.  T.  palustrc  Torr.  :  panicle  contracted,  nodding,  somewhat  verti- 
cillate;  glumes 2— 3-flowered  ;  -florets. smooth,  acuminate.;  lower  one 
awnless  ;  lower  palea  of  Jthe  upper'floret  bicuspidate,  awned  below  the 
tip. — Arena  palustris  Mich. — Aira  pollens  Muhl. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y."to  Flor.  May— July.  H.  —  Culm 
1—2  feet  high.  .  Panicle  with  the  lower  branches  in  fives. 

3.  T.  purpurascens  Torr.  :  panicle  very  simple,  somewhat  racemose, 
few-flowered ;  glumes  3-flowered,  very  unequal,  entire ;  culm  and 
leaves  smooth  ;  stipule  very  short,  truncate. — Avena  striata  Mich.  ? 

Hab.     Mountain  meadows.     Can.  and  N.  J3.  11. —  Culm 

2  feet  high,  leafy.     Leaves  narrow-linear.     Panicle  4 — C  inches 
long.      Glumes  purplish,  smooth. 

4.  T.  subspicatum  Brown  :  panicle  subspiked  ;  awn  at  length  deflex- 
ed,  exceeding  the  glume. — T.  aroides  P.  dc  B.  Torr. — Aira  subspicata 
Linn. 

Hab.  Rocks  and  mountains.  Little  Falls,  N.  Y.  Gray.  White 
Mountains,  N.  H.  Rocky  Mountains.  Arc.  Amer.  June.  2/. 
— Culm  a  foot  high.  Leaves  narrow,  2 — 4  inches  long.  Panicle 
2  inches  long,  somewhat  spiked.— First  noticed  as  an  American 
plant  by  Dr.  Torrey,  in  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  i.  154.  The  specimens 
which  I  have  received  from  Dr.  Gray,  agree  exactly  with  those 
from  the  White  Mountains,  collected  by  Dr.  Pickering,  but  they 
are  nearly  three  times  the  size  of  my  specimen  of  A.  subspicata, 

i  Switzerland  ;  the  panicle  also  is  more  loos?  and  the 
of  a -lighter  colour* 


404       MONOCOTYLEDONOUS  PLANTS. 

28.  HOLCUS.  Linn. 

Glumes  2-valved,  2-flowered,  nearly  equal.  Pcdea  2.  Flo- 
rets  dissimilar,  polygamous,  one  awned,  the  other  awnless, 
without  any  imperfect  one  between  them. — Panicles  contract- 
ed.. •  Triandria.  Digynia. 

H.  lanatus  Linn.  :  perfect  floret  inferior  and  awnless  ;  sterile  one 
with  a  curved  awn  included  in  the  glume  ;  root  fibrous. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  S.  W.  to  Mich.  July.  21.— Culm 
18  inches  high.     Panicle  oblong,  contracted,  whitish. 

Soft  Grass. 

29.     HIEROCHLOA.     Gmel. 

Glumes  2-valved ',  3-flowered,  scarious.  Lateral  florets  an- 
theriferous,  triandrous.  Central  floret  perfect,  diandrous,  (rare- 
ly triandrous.) — Panicle  contracted,  ovate. 

Triandria. '  Digynia . 

1.  H.  borealis  R.  fy  8.  :  panicle  subsecu»d,  a  little  spreading  ;  pe- 
duncles smooth  ;  florets  unarmed  ;  lower  palea  ciliate  on  the  margin  ; 
root  creeping. — Holcus  o&oratus  Linn.  Mich. — H.  frqgrans  Pursk. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Vir.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  May. 
IX. — Culm  18  inches  high.  Panicle  few-flowered,  pyramidal, 
purple  and  brown. — Sweet-scented. 

2.  H.  alpijta  R.fy.S.:  panicle  ovate,  contracted;  spikelets  com- 
pressed, longer  than  the  branches  ;'  glumes  lanceolate,  almost  nerve- 
less ;  lateral  florets  triandrous ;  one  of  them  with  an  awn  about  as 
long  as  the  valves  ;  sides  almost  smooth  ;  margin  ciliate. 

Hab.  Summit  of  White  Hills,  N.  H.  Big.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer. 
June.  11. — Culm  6 — 8  inches  high.  Floiccrs  larger  than  in  the 
preceding,  purple.  • 

30.     URALEPSIS.     NutU 

Glumes  2 — 3-flowered,  much. shorter  than  the  florets,  which 
are  stipitate  and  distinct.  Palea;  2,  very  unequal,  distinctly 
villous  on  the  margins  ;  the  lower  one  tricuspidate  ;  the  cen- 
tral cusp  produced  into  a  short  bristle ;  upper  palea  concave 
on  the  back  and  incurved.  Seed  gibbous,  coated. — Panicle 
simple,  racemose.  '    Triandria,  Digynia. 

U.  aristulata  Nutt. :  lateral  panicles  concealed  in  the  sheaths  of  the 
leaves  ;  terminal  ones  partly  exsert;  glume  3-flowered  ;  bristle  of  the 
palea  as  long  as  the  lateral  cusps. 

Hab.  Sea  coast  and  sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Aug.  0.  • 
— Culms  cespitose,  procumbent  at  base.  Flowers  axillary  and 
terminal,  purple. 


GRAMINE^.  405 

31.     ARUNDO.     Linn. 

Glume  naked,  beardless,  2-valved,  unequal.  Palea  mem- 
branous, surrounded  with  bristles  at  the  base;  lower  one  mu- 
cronate  or  slightly  awned.     Seed  enclosed  in  the  paleae. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

A.  phragmitcs  Willd.  :  glumes  about  5-flowered,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  florets. — Phragmitcs  communis  Trin.    Torr. 

Hab.  Near  ponds.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.  If. — Culm  C — 12  feet 
high,  with'  numerous  joints.  Pxiniclc  very  large,  loose,  some- 
what nodding.     At  a  distance  resembles  Indian  corn. 

•  Reed  Grass. 

32.     DANTHONIA.     De  Cand. 

Glumes  2 — 5  flowered,  longer  than  the  florets,  cuspidate. 
Palea  bearded  at  the  base  ;  lower  one  2-toothed,  with  a  twist- 
ed awn  between  the  teeth  ;  upper  one  obtuse,  entire. — Panicle 
spiked.  Triandriciy  Digynia. 

D.  spicata  P.  de  B. :  panicle  simple,  appressed ;  spikelets  7 — 9,  about 
7-flowered  ;  lower. palea  hairy  ;  leaves  subulate  ;  lower  sheaths  hairy 
at  the  throat. — Arena  spicata  Linn. 

Hab.  Woods  and  fields.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich.  June — 
Aug.  11. — Culms  cespitose  at  base,  1 — 2  feet  high.  PanicU 
epiked. 

33.     FESTUCA.      Linn. 

Glume  2-valved,  many-flowered  ;  valves  unequal.  Palea 
2,  lanceolate  ;  outer  one  acuminate  or  awned  at  the  extremity. 
— Panicte  generally  compound.  Triandria.  Digynia, 

1.  F.  myurus  Linn.  :  panicle  slender,  crowded,  equal  ;  spikelets 
about  4-flowered ;  florets  subtrlate,  awned,  hairy,  monandrous. 

Hab.  Dry  fields.  N.  J.  to  Car.  June.  '  &.-—L\lm  6—8  inches 
high,  geniculate  at  base.     Awn  twice  as  long  as  tjie  palea. 

2.  F.  tcnella  JVilld.  :  panicle  spiked,  very  simple,  secund ;  spikelets 
mostly  9-flowered  ;  bristles  shorter  than  the  subulate  florets;  culm  fili- 
form, angular  above  ;  leaves  setaceous. — »S'.  bromoicfes"  Mich. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  <£'.— Culms  nu- 
merous, 8 — 12  inches  -high.     Panicle  racemose  or  spiked. 

3.  F.  duriuscula  Linn. :  panicle  secund, .  oblong,  contracted  ;  spike- 
lets 5 — G-flowered;  nearly  terete  ;  florets  terminated  by  short  bristles  ; 
root  fibrous. 

Hab.  Fields  and  pastures.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  11-  —  Culm 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Panicle  with  geminate  branches.  Intro- 
duced. 

4.  F.  rubra  Linn. :  panicle  secund,  erect,  spreading  ;  spikelets  some- 


406  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

what  terete  ;  florets  longer  than  the  bristle  at  their  tips  ;  leaves  pubes- 
cent above  ;  root  creeping. 

Hab.  Dry  soils.  Penn.  Muhl.  June.  It- — Culm  18  inches 
high,  erect.     Leaves  very  long.     Panicle  contracted. 

5.  F.  clatior  Linn.  :  panicle  spreading,  much  branched*  loose  j  spike- 
lets  ovate-lanceolate,  4 — 5-flowered  ;  florets  slightly  armed  ;  leaves 
flat  :  root  creeping.  •  . 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  '  N.  S.  June.  U-—  Culm  3— 4 feet  high. 
Panicle  6—8  inches  long,  nodding  when  old. 

6.  F.  pratcnsis  Huds.  :  panicle  spreading,  branched  ;  spikelets  linear, 
many-flowered,  acute  ;  leaves  linear  ;  root  fibrous. 

Hab.  Meadows  and  fields.  N.  S.  June,  July.  U-—Culm  1—2 
feet  high,  erect.  Panicle  subsecund,  nearly  simple.  Introduced. 

7.  F.  nutans  Wittd. :  panicle,  diffuse,  at  length  nodding  ;  branches 
long,  geminate,  naked  below  ;  spikelets  ovate,  3 — 5-flowered ;  florets 
somewhat  obtuse,  unarmed,  nerveless. 

Hab.  Woods  and  hills.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich.  June. 
11. —  Culm  3  feet  high.     Panicle  few-flowered,  loose. 

8.  F.  fascicular  is  Willd  :  culm  procumbent,  geniculate  ;  panicle  sub- 
secund ;  branches  straight,  spike-like  ;  spikelets  appressed,  8 — 10- 
flowered  ;  florets  armed  ;  leaves  very  long. — F.  pohjstachia  Mich. — F. 
procumbens  Muhl.  '  ■ 

Hab.  Brackish  meadows.  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  Aug.  0. — Culm 
a  foot  long,  branched  from  the  base.  Panicle  erect,  with  spread- 
ing branches. 

9.  F.  clandestina  Muhl. :  panicle  partly  concealed  in  the  sheaths  ; 
branches  solitary,  simple  ;  spikelets  10-flowered-;  florets  awned. 

Hab.  N.  Y.  'Muhl. — Culm  about  8. inches  high.  Leaves  li- 
near. Spikelets  sessile  and  peduncled.  Lower  palea  with  a 
short  bristle. 

10.  F.  diundra  Mich.,-  panicle  close  ;  branches  simple,  scattered  ; 
spikelets  linear,  2 — 5-flowered;  flowers  acuminate,  diandrous  ;  stem 
very  rough.—  Diarrliena  americana  P.  de  B.  Ton: 

Hab.  '  Banks  of  the  Ohio.  Raf.  It. — Culm  erect,  nearly' naked, 
slender.     Panicle  racemose. 

11.  F.  glabra  Spreng.  :  panicle  spreading,  with  the  branches  secund; 
spikelets  awnless,  6-flowered  ;  leaves  somewhat  rigid  and  with  the 
sheaths  very  smooth. 

Hab.     Long  Island.     N.  Y.     Spreng.  Schwciyiitz. 

34.     CERATOCHLOA.     P.  de  Beam: 

Glumes  12 — 18-flowered  ;  valves  shorter  than  the  florets. 
PalecB  bifid-toothed  ;  the  lower  one  mucronate  between  the 
teeth.     Seed    coated,   furrowed,   3-horned.— Panicle  nearly 


GRAMINE^.  407 

simple.      Spikelets   compressed.     Florets    imbricated    in  2 
rows.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

C.  unioloides  P.  de  B. :  panicle  nodding,  spreading  ;  spikelets  ob- 
long-lanceolate, compressed,  6 — 8-flowered  ;  -'florets  acuminate,  un- 
armed ;  sheaths  bearded  at  the  throat,  the  lower  one  hairy;  root  fi- 
brous.— Fcstuca  unioloides  If 'Hid. 

Hab.  Fertile  soils.  Penn.  to  Car.  July.  &  or  11. — Culm  13 
inches  high.     Panicle  small  ;  branches  in  pairs. 

35.     DACTYLIS.     Linn.    „ 

Spikelets  heaped  into  a  unilateral  head.  Glume  2-valved, 
many-flowered.;  valves  unequal,  the  larger  one  keeled.  Pa- 
lea  2,  lanceolate,  awnless  ;  lower  one  emarginate,  mucronate  ; 
upper  bifid,  toothed. — Panicle  compound. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

D.  glomerata  Linn.  :  panicle  secund,  glomerate ;  leaves  carinate. 
Hab.     Fields  and  meadows.     N.  Y.  to  Car.    -June.     If. — Culm 

2 — 3  feet  high.     Panicle  secund.     Spikelets  in  thick  ovate  clus- 
ters on  the  branches.  •  ,  Orchard- grass. 

36.     TltlCUSPIS.     P.  de  Beam. 

Spikelets  terete,  tumid,-  many-flowered.  Glume  5 — 7-flow- 
ered,  carinate,  shorter  than  the  florets.  Cower  palea  bifid- 
toothed,  between  the  teeth  and  on  each  side  mucronate  ;  upper 
one  truncate,  almost  emarginate.  Seed  2-horned. — Panicle 
compound.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

T.  seslerioides  Torr. :  panicle  expanding  and  flexuous ;  spikelets-  all 
pedunculate,  about  6-flowered,  lanceolate ;  lower  palea  ovate,  5-tooth- 
ed. — Poa  seslerioides  Wich.  MuhL — Ulndsoria  poaf ormis  Xutt. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  S.  S.  to  Car.  Aug.  U-— Culm  4— 5 
feet  high,  erect,  smooth.  Panicle  very  large,  at  length  spread- 
ing and  pendulous.  Red-top. 

37.     KOELERIA.     Pcrs. 

Spikelets  compressed.  Glume  2 — 3-flowered,  beardless,  2- 
valved ;  valves  shorter  than  the  lowest  floret.  Palea  2,  the 
outer  beardless  or  bearded  under  the  point. — Panicle  spiked. 

Triandria.    Digynia. 

1.  K.  pennsyhanica  De  Cand.  :  leaves  flat  and  with  the  sheaths  soft- 
ly pubescent ;  panicle  oblong,  slender,  rather  loose  ;  glumes  2-flow- 
.ered,  nearly  equal  ;  the  lower  one  oblong,  obtuse,  and  slightly  mu- 
cronate ;  upper  palea  scabrous. — Aira  mollis  MuhL 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Penn.  to  Car.  May,  June.  If. —  Culm  2 
feet  high,  simple.     Panicle  long,  with  shining  flowers. 


408  MONOCOTYLEDONOPS    PLANTS. 

2.  K .  truncate  Torr.  :  leaves  flat,  smootn ;  panicle  oblong,  racemose  ; 
glumes.  2-flowered,  with  a  third  abortive  floret,  unequal ;  lower  glume 
a  little  scabrous,  obtuse  ;  paleae  smooth. — Aira  truncata  Muhl. — Holcus 
striates  Linn. 

b.  major  Torr. :  panicle  large,  a  little  spreading ;  leaves  broad-, 
linear,  very  long.  •• 

•  Hab.  Dry  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  If..—  Culm  2  feet  high, 
slender.     Panicle  loose,  racemose; 

38.     BROMUS.     Linn. 

Glume  3--20-fiowered.  Valves  shorter  than  the  florets, 
which  are  imbricated  in  2  rows.  Lower  palea  cordate,  emar- 
ginate  below  the  end,  sometimes  torn  in  two,  with  a  straight 
beard..    Scales  ovate,  smooth.  Triahdria.  Digynia. 

1.  B.  secalinus  Linn. :  panicle  spreading,  a  little  branched ;  spikelets 
oblong-ovate,  compressed  ;  florets  about  10,  distinct,  rather  remote, 
longer  than  the  flexuous  bristles  ;  leaves  somewhat  hairy. 

Hab.  Cultivated  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  0, — Culm 
2 — 3  feet  high  ;  nodes  swollen,  pubescent.  Panicle  oblong, 
erect,  branched*.     Introduced.  Chess  or  Cheat. 

2.  B.  mollis  Linn.  :  panicle  erect,  contracted  ;  spikelets  oblong- 
ovate,  somewhat  compressed,  pubescent  ;  bristle  straight,  as  long  as 
the  paleae  ;  leaves  \*ry  soft  pubescent. 

Hab.  Fields  and  pastures.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  June.  $. — Culm 
2  feet  high,  pubescent.  Panicle  3 — 4  inches  long.;  spikelets 
5— 10-flowered. 

3.  B.  purgans  Linn. :  panicle  nodding  ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  terete  ; 
florets  hairy ;  bristle  straight ;  leaves  smooth  ;  sheaths  hairy. 

.  Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  ;  rare. 
Aug.  2/. —  Culm  2 — 4  feet  high.  Panicle  diffuse  with  scabrous 
and  flexuous  branches. 

4.  J5.  ciliatus  Linn.  :  panicle  nodding  ;  spikelets  oblong,  terete, 
8 — 10-flowered  *  glumes  acute,  (not  mucronate,)  ciliate  ;  paleae  hairy ; 
margin  villosely  ciliate  ;  bristle  short. 

Hab.  River  banks.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  It. — Culm  3  feet 
high,  hairy  at  the  joints.  Panicle  nodding,  with  2  bracts  at 
base. 

5.  B.  pubescens  Muhl.  :  panicle  at  length  nodding  ;  spikelets  lanceo- 
late, terete  ;  florets  pubescent  ;  leaves  and  lower  sheaths  pubescent. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  Muhl.  June.  2J". — Culm  4  feet  high, 
erect.     Panicle  scabrous  with  2 — 5  branches. 

39.     POA.     Linn. 

Spikelets  oblong  or  linear,  compressed,  many-flowered, 
(3 — 20.)    Glumes  shorter  than  the  florets.   -Palece  sometimes 


GRAMINE.E.  409 

woolly  at  the  base,  the  upper  bifid-toothed.     Scales  smooth. 
— Panicle  more  or  less  branching  or  scattered. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  P.  annua  Linn. :  panicle  subsecund,  divaricate  ;  spikelets  ovate- 
oblong,  5-flowered ;  florets  free  ;  culm  oblique,  compressed  ;  root  fi- 
brous. 

Hab.  Fields,  &c.  Can.  to  C^ar.  April— Aug.  <p. — Culms  cee- 
pitose,  6 — 8  inches  long,  very  smooth.  Panicle  crowded,  at 
length  spreading.  Meadow  Grass. 

2.  P.fasciculata  Torr.  :  panicle  expanding  ;  branches  straight,  fas- 
ciculate, crowded  ;  spikelets  oblong,  3-flowered  ;  florets  frees  ;  glumes 
minute,  unequal;  culm  oblique,  terete  ;  root  fasciculate. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  Aug.  U.—Culm  1—2  feet  high. 
Panicle  appressed. 

3.  P.  dentata  Torr.  :  panicle  loose,  somewhat  spreading;  branches 
capillary,  virgate  ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  5-flowered  ;  glumes  free ; 
florets  unequal ;  inferior  glume  obtuse,  3-nerved  ;  lower  palea  5-nerv- 
^:d,  5-toothed  at  the  apex  when  old. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  S.  June,  Jul}'.  U- — Root  creeping.  Cidm 
3  feet  high.     Panicle  large,  nodding  when  young. 

4.  P.  aquatica  var.  amcricana  Torr.  :  panicle  erect,  semi-verticillate, 
diffuse  ;  branches  flexuous,  smooth  ;  spikelets  linear.  C — 8-flowered ; 
florets  ovate,  obtuse,  free  ;  leaves  broad-lmear,  and  as  well  as  the 
sheaths,  smooth. — P.  aquatica  Pursh. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Aug.  U. — Culm  4—5 
feet  high,  thick  and  leafy.     Panicle  very  large,  purple. 

5.  P.  maritima  Huds. :  panicle  branched,  somewhat  crowded ;  spike- 
lets about  5-flowered,  terete;  florets  rather  obtuse,  indistinctly  5- 
nerved  ;  root  creeping. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes  near  Boston,  Mass.  Big.  June.  21. — Culm 
a  foot  high.  Panicle  erect,  with  the  branches  in  pairs  and  flex- 
uous. 

G.  P.  brcvifolia  Muhl.  :  panicle  loose  ;  branches  in  pairs,  horizontal ; 
glumes  3 — 4-flowered  ;  paleae  pubescent;  leaves  very  short;  stipules, 
acuminate. 

Hab.  Woods.  Penn.  Muhl.  April.  U.—Culm  2  feet  high, 
oblique  and  somewhat  angular.     Panicle  loose,  flexuous. 

7.  P.  pungens  Torr. :  culm  compressed  ;  leaves  very  short,  cuspi- 
date ;  panicle  somewhat  simple,  spreading ;  spikelets  ovate,  3—4- 
flowered  ;  florets  webbed,  rather  obtuse,  obscurely  5-nerved. — P.  flex- 
uosa  Muhl. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Penn.  April.  U. — Culm  13  inches  high, 
subancipitous.     Panicle  small,  semiverticillate. 

8.  P . pratensis  Linn. :   panicle  diffuse;  upper  leaves  much  shorter 

35 


410  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

than  the  smooth  sheaths  ;  florets  acute,  5-nerved,  webbed  at  the  base; 
stipule  short,  truncate  ;  root  creeping. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  May— July.  U-—Culm  2—3 
feet  high.     Panicle  pyramidal,  spreading.     Introduced. 

9.  P.  viridis  Muhl. :  leaves  flat,  linear,  abruptly  acute  ;  panicle 
somewhat  crowded  ;  spikes  ovate,  acute,  4-flowered. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  July.  If. — Culm  erect,  3  feet 
high,  oblique  at  base.  Panicle  diffuse,  with  3  or  4  branches  at 
each  joint. — Differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  compression  and 
almost  pungent  acuteness  of  the  glumes  and  palese,  (Nutt.)  but 
is  perhaps  only  a  variety.  Green-grass. 

10.  P.  parviflora  Pursh :  panicle  diffuse,  capillary ;  spikes  small, 
generally  3-flowered  ;  florets  rather  obtuse,  striate,  caducous  ;  leaves 
distichous,  flat. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  H.—Culm  decum- 
bent 12 — 18  inches  high,  somewhat  compressed.  Leaves  very 
smooth.  '  Florets  1 — 4. 

11.  P.  covferta  Eli. :  panicles  terminal  and  axillary,  erect,  compres- 
sed, with  the  florets  clustered  ;  spikelets  8-flowered,  smooth. — P. 
glomerata  Walt. 

Hab.  Penn.  Schwemitz.  S.  to  Car.  11. — Culm  erect,  genicu- 
late, 2—3  feet  high.  Leaves  smooth,  flat,  serrulate  on  the  mar- 
gin.    Panicles  4 — 8  inches  long. 

12.  P.  trivialis  Linn.  :  panicle  equal,  diffuse  ;  spikelets  oblong-ovate, 
about  3-flowered  ;  florets'  webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved ;  culm  and 
sheaths  roughish  ;  stipule  oblong  ;  root  creeping. — P.  stolonifera  Muhl. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  S.  June— Aug.  U—Culm  2—3 
feet  high.     Panicle  large,  pyramidal,  whorled. 

13.  P.  comprcssa  Linn. :  panicle  contracted,  somewhat  secund  ; 
spikelets  oblong,  3 — 6-flowered  ;  florets  webbed  ;  glumes  nearly  equal ; 
culm  oblique,  compressed  ;  root  creeping. 

b.  sylvestris  Tor?: :  panicle  loose,  spreading ;  spikelets  2 — 3- 
flowered  ;  culm  slender,  nearly  erect. 

Hab.  Fields  and  woods.  N.  S.  June,  July.  U. — Root  creep- 
ing.    Culm  procumbent  or  geniculate.     Panicle  almost  spiked. 

Blue-i 


14.  P.  serotina  Ehrh  :  panicle  elongated,  diffuse,  at  length  some- 
what secund  ;  spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  2 — 3-flowered  ;  florets  a  little 
webbed  at  the  base,  yellow  at  the  tip,  obscurely  5-nerved  ;  root  creep- 
ing.— P.  palustris  Muhl. 

Hab.     Wet  meadows.     N.  S.     June.     If.— Culm  2—  3  feet  high, 
erect.     Panicle  much  branched.  Red-top. 

15.  P.  nemoralis  Linn. :  panicle  attenuated,  weak  ;  branches  flexu- 
ous  ;  spikelets  ovate,  about  3-flowered  ;  florets  loose,  slightly  webb- 
ed, acute,  obsoletely  nerved  ;  stipule  almost  wanting. 

Hab.     Woods.     N.  S.     July.     21.— Cuhn  2  feet   high.     PamcU 
with  capillary  branches. 


GRAMINEiE.  411 

16.  P.  ncrvata  Willd.  :  panicle  equal,  diffuse  ;  branches  weak,  and 
at  length  pendulous  ;  spikelets  5-flowered  ;  florets  free,  conspicuously 
7-nerved,  obtuse. — P.  striata  Mich. — Briza  canadensis  Nutt. 

IIab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  S.  June.  11. — Culm  3 — 4  feet  high. 
Panicle  large,  with  ovate  spikelets. 

17.  P.  clongata  Torr.  :  panicle  elongated,  racemose;  branches  soli- 
tary, appressed  ;  spikelets  ovate,  obtuse,  tumid,  3-flowered  ;  florets 
free  ;  stipules  almost  wanting. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  S.  July.  H. — Culm  3  feet  high. 
Panicle  8 — 10  inches  long,  nodding. 

18.  P.  obtusa  Muhl.  :  panicle  ovate,  contracted  ;  spikelets  ovate, 
tumid,  5 — 7-flowered  ;  florets  free  ;  glumes  scarious  ;  paleae  ovate, 
smooth,  obtuse  ;  lower  one  indistinctly  7-nerved  ;  leaves  as  long 
as  the  culm,  and  with  the  sheaths  smooth. 

11.4 b.  Swamps.  N.  S.  Aug.,  Sept.  If. — Culm  3—4  feet  high. 
Panicle  dense,  many-flowered. 

19.  P.  canadensis  Toir.  :  panicle  large,  effuse  ;  spikelets  semi-ver- 
ticillate,  flexuous,  at  length  pendulous  ;  spikelets  ovate,  tumid,  5 — 8- 
flowered  ;  florets  free  ;  lower  palea  somewhat  acute,  7-nerved  ;  up- 
per one  very  obtuse  ;  stamens  2. — Briza  canadensis  Miclu 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July,  Aug.  11. — Culm  3—4 
feet  high.  Panicle  large,  with  the  branches  at  length  spreading. 

30.  P.  capillaris  Linn. :  panicle  very  large,  loose,  expanding,  capil- 
lary ;  spikelets  3-flowered,  ovate,  acute  ;  florets  free  ;  culm  branched 
at  the  base  ;  leaves  hairy. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  &.—Culm  a  foot  or 
more  high.     Panicle  large,  pyramidal,  much  branched. 

21.  P.  hirsuta  Mich. :  culm  erect,  compressed,  simple ;  sheaths  hairy  ; 
panicle  very  large,  capillary  ;  branches  expanding,  at  length  reflexed, 
bearded  in  the  axils  ;  spikelets  oblong,  about  5-flowered  ;  paleae  cili- 
ate  on  the  margin. 

b.  spectabilis  Torr. .:  spikelets  linear,  10 — 15-flowered. — P.  specta- 
bilis  Pursh. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  S.  S.  to  Geor.  July,  Aug.  2/.— 
Culm  18  inches  high.  Panicle  a  foot  long,  much  branched,  pur- 
plish.— Var.  b.  is  taller. 

22.  P.  pectinacca  Mich.  :  culm  cespitose,  oblique  ;  leaves  hairy  at  the 
base  ;  panicle  capillary,  expanding,  pj^ramidal,  hairy  in  the  axils  ; 
spikelets  linear,  5 — 9-flowered  ;  florets  free,  acute  ;  upper  palea  pre- 
fiistent.— P.  pilosa  Muhl. — P.  tcnclla  Pursh. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  %.—Culm 
8—12  inches  long,  geniculate  at  base.  Panicle  large,  loose, 
purplish. 

23.  P.  reptans  Mich. :  dioecious  ;  culm  branched,  creeping  ;  panicle 
fascicled  ;  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  12 — 20-flowered  ;  florets  acumi- 
nate. 


412  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  %.—  Culm  6— 8= 
inches  long,  rooting  at  the  joints.  Panicle  1 — 2  inches  long. 
with  the  spikelets  compressed. 

24.  P.  eragrostis  Unn.  :  panicle  equal,  spreading,  the  lower  branch- 
es hairy  in  the  axils ;  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  9 — 15-flowered  ;  flo- 
rets obtuse  ;  foot  fibrous.— P.  obtusa  Nutt. — Briza  eragrostis  Muhl. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields,  &e.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  %.—Culm 
12 — 18  inches  long,  geniculate  and  branching  at  base.  Panicle 
pyramidal ;  branches  short,  flexuous. 

40.     GLYCERIC    Brown. 

Spikelets  slender.  Glume  5 — 7-flowered  ;  valves  2,  trun- 
cate, with  transparent  membranous  edges,  shorter  than  the 
florets.  Lower  pale  a  eroded  or  many-toothed,  embracing  the 
upper,  which  is  bifid-toothed.  Scales  connate.  Seed  furrow- 
ed.— Panicle  nearly  simple.  Triandria.   Digynia. 

1.  G.  jhiiians  Brown  :  panicle  secund,  slightly  branched  ;  spikelets 
linear- terete,  appressed,  8— 12-flowered  ;  florets  very  obtuse,  7-nerved  :. 
leaves  long.  flat. — Festuca  fiuitans  Linn. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  S.  W.  to  Mich.  June,  July.  If.— 
Root  creeping.  Culm  3 — 5  feet  high,  compressed  or  ancipitous> 
Panicle  nearly  a  foot  long. 

2.  G.  acv.tijlora  Torr.  :  panicle  simple,  elongated,  appressed;  spike- 
lets linear-terete,  4 — 6-flowered  ;  florets  attenuated,,  acute,  indistinct- 
ly nerved  ;  leaves  short,  erect. — Festuca  brevifolia  Muhl. 

Hab.  Overflowed  meadows.  N.  S.  June.  71. — Culm  18  inches 
high.  Panicle  long  and  slender,  nodding. — Dr.  Gray  has  found 
it  in  Ontario  county,  N.  Y. 

41.     UNIOLA.     Unn. 

Spikelets  compressed.  Florets  imbricated  in  2  rows,  the 
lower  only  abortive.  Glume  3 — 20-flowered,  shorter  than  the 
florets.  Lower  palea  boat-shaped  at  the  end,  abruptly  cut 
off  and  mucronate  between  the  lobes  ;  the  upper  subulate, 
somewhat  bifid-toothed.  Scales  emarginate.  Seed  with  2 
horns. — Panicle  compound,  loose.  Triandria,  Digynia, 

1.  U.  latifolia  Mich. :  leaves  broad  and  flat  ;  panicle  loose,  nodding  ; 
spikelets  on  long  peduncles  ;  florets  somewhat  falcate,  monandrous  ; 
the  lowest  one  abortive. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Geor.  Aug.  U.—Culm  2—3  feet 
high,  somewhat  branching.     Panicle  a  foot  long,  loose. 

2.  U.  gracilis  Mich.  :  panicle  elongated,  racemose,  appressed  ;  spike- 
lets 3-flowered  ;  florets  spreading  ;  straight,  monandrous ;  the  lowest 
one  abortive. — Holcus  lazus  Linn. 

Hab.     Sandy  swamps.    N.  Y.  to  Car.     Aug.     It-—  Culm  3—  4 


graminejE.  413 

feet  high,  slender,  leafy.     Panicle  long,  slender,  with  short  re- 
mote branches. 

'  3.  U.  spicata  Linn. :  panicle  spiked,  straight ;  leaves  involute,  disti- 
chous, spreading  ;  spikelets  5— 9- flowered ;  florets  triandrous.—  Festu- 
ca  distichophylla  Mich. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  U.—Root 
creeping.  Culm  18  inches  high,  branched  at  base,  leafy.  Pan- 
icle contracted  into  a  dense  spike. 

42.     BRIZA.     Linn. 

Spikelets  cordate-ovate,  many-flowered.  Glume  shorter  than 
the  florets,  which  are  imbricate  in  two  rows.  Palece  ventri- 
cose  ;  lower  one  cordate  at  base,  embracing  the  upper,  which 
is  nearly  round  and  much  shorter.  Seed  beaked. — Panicle 
compound,  loose,  with  pendulous  branches. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

B.  media  Linn. :  panicle  erect  ;  spikelets  at  length  cordate,  about  7- 
Sovvered  ;  glume  smaller  than  the  florets. 

Hab.  Near  Boston  ;  naturalized.  Big.  Penn.  Miihl.  May.  If. 
— Culm  18  inches  high,  naked  above.  Panicle  few-flowered  ; 
branches  purple.  Quaking  Grass. 

43.    MELICA.     Linn. 
Glume  unequal,  2 — 5-flowered,  membranous,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  florets,  of  which  the  upper  are  incomplete  and  abortive. 
Scales  truncate,  fimbriate.     Seed  loose,  not  furrowed. — Pani- 
cle simple  or  compound.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

M.   speciosa  Muhl.  :   smooth ;  panicle  loose,    erect,    few-flowered  ; 
branches  simple  ;  florets  obtuse. — M.  glabra  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  2£» — Culm  3 — 4  feet 
high.     Panicle  subsecund,  with  solitary  branches.     Melic  Grass. 

Div.  V.  Chlorides.  Inflorescence  spiked.  Spikelets  so- 
litary',  seldom  many  flowered,  with  the  upper  flower  abortive 
and  differently  formed.  Glumes  with  a  keel,  not  opposite. 
Lower palca  generally  bearded,  seldom  beardless,  the  upper 
with  two  keels. 

44.  CYNODON.  Rich. 
Spikelets  1 -sided,  in  a  simple  row.  Glumes  membranous, 
persistent,  shorter  than  the  florets  and  only  embracing  them  at 
the  base.  Fertile  floret  with  the  upper  palea  bifid-toothed. 
Rudiment  minute,  pedicellate.  Scales  truncate.  Seed  loose, 
not  furrowed. — Spike  digitate,  with  filiform  spikelets. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 
35* 


414  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

C.  dcctylon  Pcrs.  :  culm  creeping;  spikes  digitate,  (4 — 5,)  spread- 
ing ;  keel  of  the  glume  scabrous  ;  leaves  hairy  on  the  margin  and  to- 
wards the  base  ;  sheaths  hairy. — Digitaria  dactylon  Ell.  Muhl. 

Hab.     Low  grounds.    Penn.  to  Car.    Aug.     ![.  —  Culm  prostrate, 
a  fo»t  or  more  long.     Leaves  narrow,  somewhat  distichous. 

Bermuda  Grass. 

45.     ATHEROPOGON.     Muhl. 

Spikes  in  a  unilateral  raceme.  Glume  2-valved,  membran- 
ous, 2-flowered  ;  lower  one  setiform.  Perfect  Fl.  Paled 
2  ;  lower  one  3-toothed,  or  3-bristled ;  upper  bifid.  Abor- 
tive Fl.     Palece  2 — 3-bristled,  pedicellate. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

A.  aplvdoidcs  Muhl.  :  spikes  racemose,  distant,  pendulous  ;    perfect 

floret  with  the  lower  palea  tricuspidate  ;  lateral  bristles  in  the  abortive 

floret  half  the  length  of  the  terminal  one. — Chloris  curtipcndula  Mich. 

Hab.     Rocky  hills.     N.  J.  and  Penn.    W.  to  Rocky  Mountains. 

Aug.     21. — Culm,  18    inches  high,    geniculate  at  base,  assur- 

gent.     Spikes  very    numerous,    secund. — Well  figured  by  Dr. 

Do.rlington  in  his  Flora  Cestrica. 

46.  ELEUSINE.     Gcert. 

Glume  5— 7-flowered  ;  valves  obtuse,  unequal.  Palea  ob- 
tuse, membranous,  upper  one  bifid-toothed.  Scales  truncate, 
fimbriate.  Seed  enclosed  in  a  separate  membrane,  broad- 
ly and  deeply  furrowed. — Spikes  digitate,  I-sided. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

E,  itidica  Lam  :  spikes  straight,  erect,  in  pairs  or  quaternate  ;  rachis 
linear  ;  spikelets  lanceolate,  about  5-flowered ;  culm  compressed,  de- 
clined.— Cynosurus  indica  Linn. 

Hab.     Cultivated  grounds.     N.   Y.  to  Car.     July— Nov.     0. 

Cvlm  1—2  feet  high,  decumbent.     Spikes  mostly  in  pairs. 

Wire  Grass. 

Div.  VI.  Cereali2E.  Inflorescence  spiked.  Spikelets  soli- 
tary, in  pairs,  or  several  together,  1-  or  many-flowered. 
Glumes  opposite,  equal,  how er palea  bearded  or  beardless, 
upper  with  two  keels. 

47.  HORDEUM.     Linn. 

Spikelets  3  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  1-flowered,  all  per- 
fect, or  the  lateral  ones  abortive.  Glumes  2,  subulate.  Palea 
2,  the  lower  bearded.  Scales  2.  Stigmas  feathery.  Seed 
coated. — Habit  similar  to  Elymus,  Triandria.  Digynia. 


GRAMINEiE.  415 

H.  jubaium  Linn.  :  lateral  florets  abortive,  neuter ;   bristles  of  the 
glume  and  palece  6  times  as  long  as  the  flowers. 

Hab.     Marshes  near  Boston.     Big.    N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.     June. 
$ . — Culm  2  feet  high,  simple,  slender.     Spikes  2  inches  long. 

Squirrel-tail  Grass, 

48,  SECALE.     Linn. 

Sjnkelets  in  each  tooth  of  the  rachis  solitary,  2 — 3-flower- 
ed  ;  the  2  lower  florets  fertile,  sessile,  opposite ;  the  upper 
abortive.  Glumes  subulate,  opposite,  entire,  shorter  than  the 
florets.  Lower  pal ea  entire,  with  a  very  long  bristle  ;  upper 
bifid-toothed.     Scales  obovate,  hairy.    Seed  coated,  furrowed. 

Trianclria.  Digynia. 

S.  ccrc-alc  Linn. :  glumes  and  bristles  scabrous-ciliate  ;  pales?  smooth. 

Hab.     Old  fields.    June.    ®  or  $. — Culm  3—  4  feet  high.     Spike 

4 — 6  inches  long.     Lower  palca  terminating  in  a  long  scabrous 

bristle.  Rye , 

49.  ELYMUS.     Linn. 

Spikelets  2  or  more  at  each  joint  of  the  rachis,  3 — 9-fiow- 
ered.  Glume  2-valved,  nearly  equal,  rarely  (as  in  E.  hys- 
trix,)  absent  or  nearly  so.  Lower palca  entire,  with  a  bristle 
which  is  sometimes  very  short ;  upper  somewhat  bifid-toothed. 
Scales  ovate,  hairy.     Seed  furrowed. — Spike  simple. 

Trianclria.  Digyjiia. 

1.  E.  virginicus  Linn.:  spike  erect,  coarctate ;  spikelets  in  pairs, 
2— 3-flowered;  florets  smooth  ;  glumes  lanceolate,  nerved. 

Hab.  River  banks.  N.  J.  to  Car.  W.  to  Mich.  July,  Aug. 
li. — Culm  3 — 4  feet  high,  smooth.  Spike  thick  and  stiffly 
erect.  Lime  Grass. 

2.  E.  canadensis  Linn. :  spike  nodding  at  the  extremity,  patulous  ]. 
"  spikelets  3  — 5-flowered  j  florets  hairy  ;  glumes  linear-lanceolate. 

b.  glaucifolius  Torr.  :  leaves  glaucous. — E.  glaucifolius  IVilld. 
Hab.     River  banks.     N.  S.     N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.     Aug.     Zf\  — 

Root  creeping.     Calm  3 — 4  feet  high.     Spike  6  inches  long, 

pendulous  at  the  extremity. 

3.  E.  villosus  Muhl.  :  spike  a  little  nodding  at  the  extremity,  patu- 
lous ;  rachis  and  florets  hispid-pilose  ;  spikelets  geminate,  2— 3-flow- 
ered ;  glumes  linear,  pilose-ciliate,  2-nerved,  shorter  than  the  florets. 

Hab.  Hills.  N.  J.  to  Vir.  July.  U.—Culm  2—3  feet  high. 
Spike  3  inches  long,  at  length  incurved  at  the  extremity. 

4.  E.  hystrix  Linn.  :  spike  erect  ;  spikelets  diverging ;  glumes  none. 
Hab.     Rocky   hills.     N.    Y.  to   Car.     July.     U-—Culm   3   feet 

high.     Spike  C  inches  long.     Leaves  often  glaucous. 

5.  E.  striatus  Willd.  :  spike  erect  ;  spikelets  2-flowercd,  awned,  his- 


416  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

pid,  in  pairs  ;    glumes  linear,  nerved,  awned,  nearly  as  long  as  the 

■pikelets  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  smooth. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  and  Virg.  Pursh  <$■  Sckweinitz. 
June.  H-. — Culm  erect,  8  inches  high,  striate.  Leaves  lanceo- 
late, acuminate,  scabrous  above.  Spike  erect,  somewhat  spread- 
ing, with  the  rachis  pubescent. 

50.     TRITICUM.     Linn.. 

Spikelets  sessile  on  the  teeth  of  the  rachis,  many-flowered. 
Glumes  2-valved  ;  valves  nearly  equal,  beardless  or  with  one 
beard  enclosing  the  florets.  Palece  2,  one  of  them  bearded 
from  the  end.    Seed  enclosed  in  the  paleae. — Flowers  spiked. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  T.cestivum  Linn.  :  spike  parallel,  compressed;  glumes  4-flower- 
ed,  ventricose  ;  bristles  generally  much  longer  than  the  florets. 

Hab.  Fields— naturalized.  June.  %. — Culm  3 — 4  feet  high.. 
Spike  3 — 6  inches  long,  with  the  rachis  jointed.  Wheat. 

2.  T.  repens  Linn.  :  spikelets  oblong,  5-flowered  ;  glumes  subulate, 
many-nerved  ;  florets  acuminate;  leaves  flat ;  root  creeping. — Agro- 
pyron  repens  P.  de  B.   Torr. 

Hab.  Fields/  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  July..  U-—Root  white,, 
jointed,  proliferous.  Culm  2  feet  high.  Spike  3 — 4  inches  long. 
— A  troublesome  weed.  Couch  Grass.     Quack. 

3.  T.  caninum  Linn.  :  spikelets  about  5-flowered,  compressed  ; 
glumes  3-nerved,  and  as  well  as  the  florets  armed  with  a  bristle  at  the 
tip  ;  root  fibrous. — Jlgropyron  caninum  R.  fy  S.   Torr, 

Hab.  Del.  Muhl.  U.—Culm  2—3  feet  high.  Leaves  flat, 
smooth.     Spikelets  sometimes  6-flowered. 

4.  T.  cristatum  Schreb.  :  spike  oblong,  compressed  ;  spikelets  op- 
posite, compressed,  distichously  imbricated  ;  about  5-flowered,  smooth- 
ish,  spreading  ;  florets  subulate-awned  ;  culm  erect,  smooth. — Bromus 
cristatus  Linn. 

Hab.     Penn.     Schioeinitz, 

51.     LOLIUM,    Linn. 

Spikelets  sessile,  to  the  lowest  a  glume  of  1-valve,  to  the  up- 
permost of  2  opposite  valves.  Lower  palea  with  a  mucro  or 
bristle  at  the  end  ;  upper  membranous,  bifid-toothed.  Scales 
with  2  unequal  teeth.     Seed  furrowed. — Spike  compound. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  L.  perenne  Linn. :  floret  much  longer  than  the  glume,  unarmed, 
linear-oblong,  compressed  ;  root  perennial. 

Hab.  Meadows,  &c.  N.  S.  May,  June.  2f. — Root  creeping. 
Culm  18  inches  high,  smooth.  Spike  6  inches  long,  with  the 
spikelets  7— 9 -flowered.  Darnel. 


GRAMINEiE.  417 

2.  L.  tcmulentum  Linn. :  florets  shorter  than  the  glumes,  as  long  as 
the  bristle  at  their  extremity  ;  root  annual  ;  culm  scabrous  above. 

Hab.  N.  Eng.  and  Penn.  MuhL  July.  $.— Culm  2  feet  high. 
Spikelets  much  compressed. 

52.     SPARTIXA.     Scire*. 

Flowers  in  unilateral  spikes,  imbricated  in  2  rows.  Glume 
2-valved,  compressed,  unequal.  Palece  2,  awnless,  unequal. 
Scales  collateral.  Triandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  S.  cynomroides  IVilld.  :  spikes  numerous  (10 — 40.)  pedunculate, 
panicled.  spreading;  leaves  broad,  flat,  at  length  convolute  ;  one  glume 
with  a  short  awn  ;  style  2-cleft  at  the  summit. — S.  pohjstachya  MuhL 
—Lymnciis  cynosuroides  and  pohjstachya  Pursh. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  U-—Cu/,n  4—10  feet 
high.     Leaves  1 — 3  feet  long.     Spikes  linear,  scattered. 

Marsh  Grass. 

2.  S.  juncca  Jlllld.  :  leaves  distichous,  convolute,  spreading ;  spikes 
tew,  (1 — 3.)  pedunculate;  peduncles  smooth;  paleee  rather  obtuse; 
styles  2. — Li  tn  net  is  juncca  Pursh. 

Hab.  River  banks  and  marshes.  Can.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  If. 
— Root  creeping,  forming  thick  tufts.  Culm  18  inches  long, 
smooth.     Spikes  3 — 5  ;  lower  one  peduncled. 

3.  /$'.  glabra  Mulil. :  leaves  concave,  erect ;  spikes  alternate,  sessile, 
erect,  appressed ;  paleae  nearly  smooth  on  the  keel ;  style  cleft  about 
halfway  down. 

Hab.  Marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.,  Sept.  21. 
—  Culm  3 — 5  feet  high,  smooth  and  somewhat  succulent.  Spikes 
8 — 14,  closely  appressed  to  the  rachis. 

Div  VII.  Saccharines.  Inflorescence  spiked  or  panicled, 
jointed.  Spikelets  generally  in  pairs,  1  or  2-floivered,  the 
one  sessile,  the  other  peduncled  and  usually  monoclinous. 
Glumes  of  a  stouter  texture  than  the  palece,  neither  keeled 
nor  opposite.  Paleaz  very  delicate  and  membranous,  not 
with  a  keel,  the  lower  commonly  bearded. 

53.     ANDROPOGOX.     Lam. 

Flowers  spiked.  Spikelets  in  pairs,  polygamous;  the  lower 
one  abortive,  on  a  bearded  pedicel.  Glumes  and  paleai  often 
very  minute  or  wanting,  Upper  spikelet  sessile,  1-flowered, 
perfect.  Glume  subcoriaceous.  Palea  2,  shorter  than  the 
glume,  membranous  ;    lower  one  generally  awned. 

Triandria.  Digynia. 

1.  A.  scoparius  Mich.  :  spike  simple,  lateral  and  terminal,  peduncu- 


418  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

late,  in  pairs  ;  rachis  hairy  ;  abortive  floret  neuter  ;  valves  awned. — A. 

purjmrascens  Mvhl. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  U.—Culm  3  feet 
high,  with  lateral  scattered  branches,  purplish.  Spikes  slender, 
flexuous.  Beard  Grass. 

2.  A.  rirginicus  Linn.  :  culm  compressed ;  superior  leaves  and 
sheaths  smooth  ;  spikes  short,  2 — 3  from  each  sheath,  partly  conceal- 
ed at  the  base  ;  rachis  subterete  ;  abortive  flower  a  mere  pedicel  with- 
out valves  ;  perfect  flower  monandrous. — A.  dissitiflorum  Mich. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Penn.  to  Vir.  Sept.  .  Lf. — Culm  3  feet  high, 
somewhat  cespitose.     Spikes  partly  concealed  in  a  sheath. 

3.  A.  macrourus  Mick. :  spikes  fasciculate,  in  dense,  lateral,  and  ter- 
minal fastigiate  panicles  ;  flowers  monandrous  ;  awn  straight  ;  abor- 
tive floret  without  valv.es, 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct.  ll.—Culm  3  feet 
high,  much  branched  towards  the  top.  Spikes  in  large  clustered 
panicles,  partly  concealed. 

4.  A.furcatus  MuhL  :  spikes  digitate,  generally  in  fours  ;  abortive 
flowers  staminiferous,  awnless,  resembling  the  perfect  one,  the  awn  of 
which  is  subcontorted. 

Hab.  Rocky  banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept. 
IX. —  Culm  2 — 3  feet  high.  Spikes  terminal,  3 — 4,  3  inches 
long. 

5.  A.  nutans  Linn.  :  panicle  oblong,  branched,  nodding ;  spikelets 
by  pairs;  glume  hairy,  refuscent;  awn  contorted. — A.avcnaceum  Mich. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  S.  to  Car.  Sept.,  Oct.  If— (Mm 
3 — 6  feet  high,  simple.  Panicle  at  first  erect,  at  length  nodding. 

54.     GYMNOPOGON.     P.  de  Beauv. 

Glume  2-valved,  carinate,  nearly  equal,  longer  than  the 
floret.  Palece  nearly  equal ;  the  lower  one  with  a  straight 
bristle  a  little  below  the  tip.  Rudiment  aristiform. — Spike 
panicled.  Triandria.  Digynia. 

G.  racemosum  P.  de  B. :  culm  ascending ;  leaves  distichous,  cordate- 
lanceolate,  nerved,  short ;  flowers  appressed. — Andropogon  ambiguum 
Midi.  Muhl. — Anthopogon  lepturoides  Nutt. 

Hab.  Sandy  fields.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  Aug.  U-—Oulm  2  feet 
high,  assurgent.  Panicle  large,  pyramidal,  somewhat  verticillate. 

Div.  VIII.  Oryzeje.  Inflorescence  panicled.  Spikelets  so- 
litary, 1-flowered.  Lower palece  cartilaginous,  compressedy 
heeled.      Stamens  often  more  than  3. 

55.     LEERSIA.     Linn. 
Spikelets  1-rlowered.     Glvme  none.     Palea  2,  beardless, 


GRAMINEiE.  419 

keeled,  compressed.     Scales  2.     Stigmas  very  finely  cut. 
Seed  loose.  Triandria.  Digynia, 

1.  L.  rirginica  JVilld.  :  panicle  simple  ;  the  lower  branches  diffuse  ; 
flowers  appressed,  monandrous,  sparingly  ciliate  on  the  keel. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  U.—Culm  2—4  feet 
high,  geniculate,  erect  or  procumbent.  Panicle  terminal,  much 
exsert ;  branches  few  and  solitary.  .  White  Grass. 

2.  £.  oryzoides  Swartz.  :  panicle  diffuse,  sheathed  at  the  base  ;  flow- 
ers triandrous,  spreading  ;  keel  of  the  glumes  conspicuously  ciliate. 

Hab.  Ditches  and  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  If. — 
Cvlm  3 — 5  feet  high,  erect  or  procumbent  at  base.  Panicle 
much  branched,  spreading.  White  Grass. 

56.     ZIZANIA.     Linn. 

Monoecious.  Glume  none.  Sterile  Fl.  mixed  with  the 
fertile.  Palem  2,  sub:iwned.  Fertile  Fl.  Palea  2,  cu- 
cullate  and  awned.  Style  2-parted.  Seed  1,  enveloped  in 
the  plaited  palete.  Monoecia.  Hexandria. 

1.  Z.  aquatica  Lamb.  :  panicle  pyramidal,  divaricate  and  sterile  at  the 
base,  spiked  and  fertile  above  ;  pedicels  of  the  flower  clavate;  awni 
long  ;  seed  linear. — Z.  clarulosa  Mich. 

Hab.  In  water.  Can.  to  Flor.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug.  If. — Culm 
4 — 6  feet  high,  jointed.  Leaves  broad-linear.  Panicle  a  foot  or 
more  in  length,  the  lower  branches  spreading. 

Wild  Rice.      Water  Oats. 

2.  Z.  miliacea  Mich. :  panicle  effuse,  pyramidal ;  glumes  with  short 
awns  ;  sterile  and  fertile  florets  intermixed  ;  style  1 ;  seed  ovate, 
smooth  ;  leaves  glaucous. 

Hab.  In  water.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug.  L£. — Culm  erect,  6 — 10 
feet  high.  Leaves  very  long,  narrow.  Floicers  in  a  large  termi- 
nal pyramidal  panicle. 

57.     HYDROCHLOA.     P.  de  Bcauv. 

Monoecious.  Glume  none.  Sterile  Fl.  Palece  2,  awn- 
less.  Fertile  Fl.  Palcai  2,  awnless.  Stigmas  2,  very 
long.     Seed  1,  reniform.  Monoecia.  Hexandria. 

H.  fluitans  P.  de  B. — Zizania  fluiians  Mich.  Pursh* 

Hab.  In  water.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  21. — Floating.  Culm 
long,  slender,  branching.  Leaves  linear,  flat.  Spike  solitary, 
axillary,  setaceous,  about  4-flowered. 

58.     ORYZOPZIS.     Mich. 

Glume  1-flowered,  2-valved  ;  valves  membranaceous,  near- 
ly equal,  loose,  obovate,  awnless.     Palea  2,  coriaceous,  cy- 


420  MONGCOTYLEDONOUS   PLANTS. 

lindric-ovate,  hairy  at  the  base  ;  the  lower  one  awned  at  the 
tip.     Scales  linear-elongated. — Flowers  panicled. 

Triandria.  Monogynia. 

0.  asperifolia  Mick.  :  culm  nearly  naked  ;  leaves  erect,  rigid,  pun- 
gent at  the  point  ;  flowers  in  a  racemose  panicle. 

Hab.  Mountain  meadows.  N.  S.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  April, 
May.  11. — "Culm  18  inches  high,  purple  at  base.  Panicle  very 
simple,  flexuous.  Mountain  Rice. 

Order  CXXXIX.     CYPERACEjE.     Brown,     hind. 

Flowers  monoclinous  or  diclinous,  consisting  of  imbricated 
solitary  bracts,  very  rarely  enclosing  other  opposite  bracts  at 
right  angles  with  the  first,  called  glumes.  Perianth  none,  un- 
less the  glumes  when  present  be  so  considered,  or  the  hypo- 
gynous  setae.  Stamens  hypogynous,  definite,  ] — 12;  an- 
thers fixed  by  their  base,  entire,  2-celled.  Ovary  1-seeded, 
often  surrounded  by  bristles  called  hypogynous  setae,  probably 
constituting  the  rudiments  of  a  perianth ;  ovule  erect ;  style 
single,  trifid  or  bifid  ;  stigmas  undivided,  occasionally  bifid. 
Nut  crustaceous  or  bony.  Albumen  of  the  same  figure  as  the 
seed  ;  embryo  lenticular,  undivided,  enclosed  within  the  base 
of  the  albumen  ;  plumula  inconspicuous. 

Roots  fibrous.  Stems  very  often  without  joints,  3-cornered 
or  taper.     Leaves  with  their  sheaths  entire. 

Div.  I.     True  Cype raceme. 

1.     CYPERUS.    Linn. 

Spikelets  compressed,  distinct.  Glumes  imbricated  in  two 
rows,  nearly  all  enclosing  flowers.  Style  deciduous.  Nut 
1,  without  bristles  at  its  base.  Triandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  C.  tenellus  Linn. :  culm  capillary;  spike  solitary  and  in  pairs  ; 
involucre  1-leaved.  —  C.  minimus  Thurh. 

Hab.  N.  J.  and  Penn. — This  minute  species  has  been  found  in 
Monmouth  county,  N.  J.  by  Mr.  Z.  Collins — on  the  Delaware, 
near  Philadelphia,  by  Dr.  Isaac  Cleaver.  See  Bart.  Fl.  Phil.  i. 
26,  and  Nutt.  Gen.  i.  35. 

2.  C.  fasciculatus  EU.  :  spikelets  ovate-oblong,  many-flowered,  in 
terminal  fascicles  ;  involucre  2-leaved,  and  with  the  leaves  linear  and 
very  narrow. 

Hab.  Shores  of  the  Delaware.  Schccinitz.  S.  to  Geor. — Culm 
6  inches  high,  3-angled.  Leaves  1 — 2,  almost  setaceous.  Spike- 
lets 5—7,  sessile,  many  flowered. 


CYPERACEJ2.  421 

3.  C.  inflezus  Midd. :  umbel  2 — 3-rayed,  or  conglomerate  and  sim- 
ple ;  involucre  3-leaved,  very  long;  spikelets  collected  into  ovate  heads, 
oblong,  8-flowered  ;  glumes  squarrose  at  the  tip. — C.  uncinatus  Pursh. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  Ver.  to  Vir.  Aug.,  Sept.  $. — Culm 
2 — 3  inches  high,  triquetrous.  Heads  consisting  of  many  ovate 
spikes,  yellowish. 

4.  C.  jlavcscens  Linn. :  spikes  linear-lanceolate,  in  fascicles  of  3 — 4; 
glumes  obtuse;  style  2-cleft ;  seed  lenticular;  involucre  3-leaved, 
longer  than  the  spikes. 

^IIab.     Wet  soils-     N.  Y.  to  Car.     Aug.,  Sept.    U-— Culm  3— 12 
inches  high.     SpUcclcts  14 — 20-flo\vered,  yellowish-green.      • 

.*>.  C.  nuttalii  Torr.  :  culm  acutely  triangular;  umbel  radiate  or  near- 
ly sessile,  loose  ;  rays  short  ;  involucre  4-leaved ;  2  of  the  leaves  -very 
long ;  spikelets  linear-lanceolate,  compressed,  acute ;  stamens  2  ; 
style  2-cleft ;  seed  oblong,  obtuse,  compressed. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  S.  Aug.,*Sept.  11. — Culms  ce§pitose. 
5 — 12  inches  high,     spikelets  very  acute,  green  and  brown. 

6.  C.  diandrus  Torr.  :  culm  slender,  obtusely  triangular  ;  umbel  ses- 
sile, or  1— 2-rayed  ;  involucre  3-leaved,  2  of  the  leaves  much  longer 
than  the  umbel ;  spikelets  lanceolate-oblong,  much  compressed,  many- 
flowered  (14 — 16  ;)  glumes  margined,  rather  acute,  keeled  ;  stamens 
2  ;  style  2-cleft ;  seed  oval,  compressed.  . 

Hab.  Salt  marshes  and  wet  grounds.  N.  S. — 'Culm  8 — 12  inches 
high,  slender.      Umbel  resembling  a  small  panicle. 

7.  C.  dentatus  Torr.  :  umbel  compound,  (6 — tO-rayed  ;)  involucre 
3-leaved,  longer  than  the  umbel;  spikelets  3  on  each  ray,  alternate, 
ovate,  compressed,  8-flowered  ;  glumes  acute,  nervose,  spreading  at 
the  points  ;  seed  triquetrous. — C.parvijlorus  Muhl. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  marshes.  N.  S.  Sept.  11. —  Culm  10 — 12 
inches  high.  Spikelets  much  compressed,  the  tips  of  the  glumes 
spreading. 

8.  C.  erytlirorhizos  Muhl.  :  umbel  decompound  ;  involucrum  3 — 6- 
leaved,  very  long  ;  spikes  alternate,  linear,  horizontal^  about  12-flow- 
ered,  nearly  terete  ;  style  3-cleft ;  seed  triquetrous. 

Hab.  Banks  of  streams.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.,  Sept.  2_M— 
Root  fibrous,  red.  Cidm  a  foot  high.  Partial  umbel  nearly 
naked.     Spikelets  linear,  at  length  nearly  round. 

9.  C.  strigosus  Linn. :  spikelets  linear,  compressed,  acute,  alternate; 
glumes  lanceolate,  nervose ;  umbel  simple  or  compound ;  involucre 
about  6-leaved,  pubescent  on  the  margin ;  root  globose. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.f  Sept.  ll.—Cuhv 
2 — 3  feet  high.     Spikelets  scattered,  many-flowered. 

10.  C.  tenuis  Muld.  :  spikes  lanceolate,  acute,  10— 17-flowered  ;  um- 
bel simple;  involucre  3 — 4-leaved,  longer  than  the  rays;  root  tuber- 
ous. 

Hab.  Penn.  and  Vir.  Muhl  — Culm  8  inches  highx  slender.  Spike- 
lets lanceolate,  many-flowered,  yellow. 

36 


422  MONOCOTYL^DONOUS    PLANTS. 

11.  C. phymatodes  Muhl.  :  umbel  simple  or  decompound;  involucre 
3 — 9-leaved  ;  3  of  the  leaves  very  long  ;  peduncles  compressed  ;  spike- 
lets  distichous,  linear,  the  lower  one  branched,  about  15-flowered  ; 
sides  rather  convex  ;  glumes  oblong,  obtuse  ;  radicles  tuberous  at  the 
extremity. — C tuber  osus  Pursh. —  C.  rep  ens  Ell. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds.  N.  Y.  and  Penn.  Aug.  21.— Root  creep- 
ing. Culm  12 — 18  inches  high.  Leaves  radical.  Spikelets  linear- 
elongated,  many  flowered. 

12.  C.  comprcssus  Linn.  :  spikes  digitate,  somewhat  by  fours,  lan- 
ceolate ;  glumes  mucronate,  broad,  membranaceous. 

Hab.  Low  meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  Piirsh.  July.  2£. — Culm 
3 — 8  inches  high.     Spikelets  nearly  sessile,  many.-flowered. 

13.  C.rirens  Mich.  :  culm  acutely  triangular  ;  umbels  decompound; 
spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  in  compact  heads  ;  involucre  very  long. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Penn.  to  Geor.  Sept.  U.—Culm  1—2  feet 
high.  Spikelets  many-flowered,  laterally  compressed  into  com- 
pact heads. 

14.  C.  mariscoidcs  Ell.  :  umbel  simple,  or  with  1 — 2  rays;  spikelets 
collected  into  globose  heads,  linear,  7 — 8-flowered  ;  glumes  loose,  ob- 
tuse.— Scirpus  cypcriformis  Muhl. 

Hab.  Rocky  grounds.  Mass.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  Aug!  21. 
— Root  a  solid  bulb.  Culm'8 — 10  inches  high.  Spikelets  crowd- 
ed into  hard  dense  heads. 

15.  C.  odoratus  Linn. :  spikelets  corymbed,  subulate,  remote,  disti- 
chous; glumes  someVhat  .distant ;  smaller  umbels  spreading  widely, 
about  the  length  of  their  involucels. 

Hab.     Banks  of  rivers.     Penn.  to  Flor.  ;  rare.    Aug.    21.    Pursh. 

16.  C.  flavicomis  Mich. :  culm  triquetrous  ;  umbel  compound  ;  spikes 
linear-lanceolate,  7-flowered  ;  glumes  obtuse  ;  involucre  very  long,  re- 
flexed. 

Hab.     Boggy-  woods.     Penn.  to  Car.  Pursh.     July.     21. — Culm. 
•erect,  smooth-     Spikes  distichous,  oblong,  compressed,  yellow. 

2.     DULICHIUM.     Rich. 

Spikes  somewhat  racemose,  axillary;  spikelets  linear-lan- 
ceolate, rather  compressed.  Glumes  distichous.,  sheathing. 
Style  very  long,  bifid  ;  base  persistent.  Nut  with  bristles'  at 
the  base.  Triandria.  JVLonogynia. 

D.  spathaceum  Pers. :  culm  terete  ;  leaves  spreading  in  three  direc- 
tions ;  spikelets  spreading. — Schotnus  spathdceus  Linn. — Scirpus  spailia- 
ceus  Slick. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  ponds.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  Aug.  If. 
— Culm  18  inches  high,  round  below,  triangular  above.  Leaves 
linear,  flat.  Flowers  in  subulate  spikelets,  forming  axillary  ra- 
cemes. 


cyperace^e.  423 

3.     KYLUNGIA.     Linn. 

Floivers  distinct,  disposed  in  a  roundish,  sessile,  subimbri- 
cated  spike.  Glumes  2-valved,  1 -flowered.  Paleai  2,  longer 
than  the  glumes.        .  Triandria.  Monogynia* 

K.  monocephala  Linn. :  stem  filiform,  3-angled;  head  globose,  sessile; 
involucre  3-leaved,  very  long. 

Hab.  N.  J.  to  Geor.  '  June.  IX. — Root  creeping,  stoloniferous. 
'Culm  3-^12  inches  high.  Head  always'  single.— Supposed  to 
be  distinct  from  the  foreign  plant. 

Div.  II.     SeiRrE.E. 

4.     FIMBRISTYLIS.     Vahl. 

Spikclcts  imbricated  in  all  directions,  all  fertile,  at  length 
caducous.  Style  bulbous  at  base,  jointed,  ciliate.  Stigmas 
2—3.     Seed  naked  at  base,  Triandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  F.  fcrruginru  Vahl.:  culm  compressed,  scabrous  above  ;  involu- 
cre unequally  ciliate  ;  spikes  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly  terete  ;  glumes 
pubescent. — F.  puberulum  VoM.  Picrsh. — Scir.pus  ferruginous  Linn. 
Muhl.  Ton.. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  IX- — Culm  2  inches 
to  2  feet  high,  varying  with  the  soil.  Umbel  mostly  simple, 
3 — 4  rayed.     Style  2-cleft,  fimbriate.     Seed  naked  at  base. 

2.  F.  spadicea  Vahl. :  culm  compressed,  nearly  naked,  umbel* termi- 
nal ;  involucre  rigid,  2  leaved,  one  of  .the  leaves  longer  than  the* um- 
bel ;  leaves  subterete  ;  spikes  ovate- oblong,  terete.— 7Scirpus  spoAiceus 
Linn.  [Muhl.    Ton: 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.  IX. — Culms  cespi- 
tose,  2—3  feet  high,  compressed  above.  Spikes  closely  imbri- 
cate, brown.    Style  2-cleft,  distinctly  fimbriate.    Seed  yellowish. 

3.  F.  coarrtnta  Scluc. :  culm  filiform  ;  umbel  compound,  crowd- 
ed ;  spikes  small,  linear-lanceolate  ;  involucre  setaceous,  with  one  of 
its  leaves  longer  than  the  umbel ;  leaves  filiform,  concave  on  one  side. 
— Srrrpus  coarctatus  Ell. — &  castaneus  Muhl. 

Hab.     Sandy  soils.     N.  J.  Schiccinitz.     S.  to  Car.     Sept.     IX 

Culm  filiform,  a  foot  high.      Umbel  3— 4-rayed.     Glumes  with.a 
short  fringe  on  the  margin.     Styl$  deeply.  3-cleft. 

4.  F.  cylindrica  Vahl. ;  spikes  cylindric,  very  obtuse  ;  involucre 
about  l.-leaved,  rigid,  as  long  as  the  simpje  umbel. 

Hab.     Quaker's  Bridge,  N.  J.     Sfhioeinitz.     IX. 

5.     SCIRPUS.     Linn.     .  . 

Glumes  imbricating  the  spike  on  all  sides,  one  or  two  of  the 
outer  ones  occasionally  without  flowers.  Seed  or  nut  naked, 
.or  with  bristles  at  its  base.  Triandria.  Monogynia, 


424  *      MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

*  Seed  icith  bristles  or  hypogajnous  seice  at  the  base. 
■  _  t  Spikes  terminal,  solitary. 

1.  S. palustiis  Linn.  :  culm  terete,  inflated  ;  spike  oblong-lanceolate  : 
glumes  somewhat  obtuse  ;  seed  roundish,  punctate  and  rugos,e  ;  bris- 
tles scabrous. 

Hab.  Marshes  and  low  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  N.  to  Arc. 
.Amer.  June.  1[. — Culml — 2  feet  high,  erect, -leafless,  with 
3  sheaths  at  base.  Spike  sometimes  oblique,  the  lower  glumef 
larger.  *  •    .    .      Club  Rush. 

2.  S.  capitatus  Linn.  :  culm  terete  or  somewhat  compressed  ;  spike 
ovate,  obtuse  ;  seed  oval,  compressed,  smooth. 

Hab.  Bogs  and  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July,  Aug.  11. — 
Culms  cespitose,  erect,  8 — 18  inches  high.     Spike  very  obtuse. 

.  sometimes  nearly  globose.  Glumes  -round.  Bristles  6,  as  long 
as  the  glumes.  • 

3.  &.  tuberculosus  Mich. :  culm  columnar,  striate  ;  glumes  very'ob- 
tuse,  loosely  appressed  ;  nut  somewhat  3-angled  ;  tubercle  sagittate, 
larger  than  the  nut. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  J,  Schicei'nitz.  S.  to  Car.  July.  11. 
— Culm  12  inehes  high,  sheathed  at  base  with  1  or  2  scales. 
Spike  ovate -lanceolate.     Bristles  6,  as  long  as  the  tubercle. 

4.  S.  acicularis  Linn.  :  culm  setaceous,  quadrangular  ;  spike  ovate, 
acute,  3 — 6-flowered  ;  glumes  somewhat  obtuse  ;  stamens  3 ;  style 
bifid  ;  seed  obovate. 

Hab.  Margins  of  ponds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July.  IX. — Culm 
3— 6  inches  long,  cespitose.  Spikes  about  4-flowered.  Bristles 
4,  rarely  wanting.  ••*-.• 

5.  S.  intermedivs  Muhl. :  culms  cespitose,  quadrangular,  sulcate  : 
spike  ovate-oblong,  .acute  ;  glumes  rather  acute  ;  stamens  3 ;  style  2- 
clefl  ;  seed  broad-obovate,  compressed  ;  tubercle  distinct. 

Hab.  Marshes  and  swamps.  N.  S.  Sept.  11.— Root  creeping. 
Culms  slender,  3 — 4  inches  long.  Spikes  dark  brown.  Bristles 
6,  longer  than  the  seed. — Closely  allied  to  the  preceding. 

6.  S.  cespitosus  Linn.  :  culms  cespitose,  terete ;  spikes  ovate,  few- 
flowered  ;  lower  glumes  bracteiform,  as  long  as  the  spike ;  sheaths 
with  rudiments  of  leaves. 

b.  callosus  Big.  :  glumes  thickened  and  cartilaginous  at  the  tips. 
Hab.     White  Hills,  N.  H.    Big.    Arc.  Amer.    July.     U^Culm 

8   inches   high,    slender.      Spike   4 — 5-llowered,    compressed. 

Glumes  with  whitish  tips. 

7.  S.  capillaceus  Mich.  :  culnj  minute,  capillary  ;  spike  oblohg-ovate, 
acute,  few-flowered  ;  glumes  linear,  acute  ;  seed  compressed,  obovate. 
— 8*  pusillus  Vahlx?  Pursh. 

.Hab.     Salt  marshes.     N.  Y..  to  Car.'  July.     0.  ?.—  Culm  1—3 
.   inches  high,  slightly  furrowed.  Nut  crowned  by  a  conic  tuberele. 
Bristles  6. — Grows  in  large  patches  like  moss. 

8.  S.  glaucescens  Willd.:  culm  angular,  compressed,  glaucous;  spike 


cyperacejE.  425 

lanceolate,  compressed  ;  glumes  lanceolate,  obtuse  ;  sheaths  truncate. 

— &  glaucus  Torr.  ? 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  July.  If. — Culm  a  foot,  high, 
slender.  Glumes  obtuse,  brownish.  Bristles  4,  longer  than  the 
tubercle.— Dr.  Torrey's  name  had  been  appropriated  to  a  British 
species  by  Dr.  Smith. 

0.  S,  tenuis  Willd. :  culm  very  slender,  quadrangular ;  spike  ellipti- 
cal, acute  at  each  end  ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse  ;  stamens  3  ;  styles  3- 
cleft ;  seed  rugose. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June,  July,  if.— Culm  8— 12 
inches  high.  Spike  rather  obtuse,  dark  brown.  Bristles  2 — 3, 
sometimes  none. 

10.  S.  pla?iifolius  Muhl. :  culm  triquetrous  ;  radical  leaves  flat,  nearly 
equalling  the  culm  ;  spike  terminal,  oblong,. compressed,  shorter  than 
the  cuspidate  bracts  at  the  base. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  S.  June!  If. — Culms  cespitose,  8  inches 
high,  scabrous  on  the  angles.  Spike  lanceolate.  Bristles  3 — 4, 
longer  than  the  nut. 

11.  »!?.  subterminalis  Torr.  :  culm  floating,  sulcate,  inflated,  leafy  be- 
low ;  spike  solitary,  somewhat  terminal,  lanceolate  ;  style  2-cleft  ; 
seed  triquetrous. 

Hab.  Ponds,  &c.  Mass.  Aug.  If. — Culm  3  feet  long,  spongy. 
Leaves  very  narrow.  Spike  shorter  than  the  bract.  Bristles  6, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  triangular  nut. 

ft  Spikes  numerous,  aggregated.    ' 
•12.   Sf.  d'cbiUs  Muhl.  :   culms  cespitose,  deeply  striate ;   spikes  about 
3,  lateral,  ovate,  sessile  ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse,  mucronate. 

Hab.  Margins  «of  ponds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  If. — 
Culms  8—^12  inches  high,  with  a  few  subulate  leaves  at  base. 
Spikes  short,  ovate,  2—3  inches  from  the  top  of  the*  culm. 
Bristles  4—5. 

13.  S.  amcricanus  Pers. :  culm  nearly  naked,  triquetrous  ;  sides 
concave  ;  spikes  lateral,  (1 — 5)  ovate,  conglomerate,  sessile  ;  glumes 
round-ovate,  mucronate  ;  seed  triquetrous,  acuminate. — S.  triqucter 
Mich. — S.  pungens  Vahl.   Sprcng. 

Hab.  Marshes  and  wet  -banks.  N..  Y.  to  Car.  July.  If. — 
Culm  2 — 5  feet  high,  slender,  3-sided.  Spikes  a  short  distance 
from  the  top,  ferruginous.     Bristles  6. 

14.  S.'lacustris  Linv.  :  culm  terete,  attenuated  above,  naked;  pani- 
cle subterminal ;  spikes  peduncled,  ovate. — S.  validus  Pursh. 

Hab.  Ponds  and  mafshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer. 
June.  Lf.  —  Culm  4—8  feet.  high.  Spikes  in  an  unequal  sub- 
divided panicle  or  cyme.     Bristles  4 — 6,  hispid. 

15.  &  acutus  Muhl.  :  culm  terete,  (not  attenuated,)  spotted  ;  pedun- 
cles numerous,  sublateral ;  spikes  oblong  ;  glumes  pubescent,  mucron- 
ate. . 

Hab.     Swamps.     N.    S.     June,    July.-   .li.—Culm  4  feet  high, 

36* 


426  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

with  brown  spots.  Spikes  in  a  proliferous  cyme  or  panicle, 
brown. — It  is  quite  doubtful  whether  this  is  distinct  from  the 
preceding.  ."-.,« 

16.  S.  maritimus  Linn. :  culm  trfquetrous,  leafy  ;  corymb  clustered  ; 
inyolucre  about  3-leaved,  very  long  ;  spikes  oblong  ;  glumes  ovate,  3- 
clef\,  the  middle  segment  subulate  and  reflexed  ;  style  3-cleft. — S.  ro- 
bustus  Pursh. — &  macroslachyos  Muhl.   Torr. 

Hab.  Salt  marshes.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  N.  to  Subarc.  Amer.  July, 
Aug.  2_f. — Culm  3— 4  feet  high.  Leaves  taller  than  the  culm. 
Spikes  6—10,  in  a  clustered  panicle.  Bristles  4.— Our  plant 
does  not  appear  to  differ  at  all  from  the  European. 

17.  8.  brunncus  Muhl. ':  culm  leafy,  obtusely  triangular  ;.  cyme  de- 
compound ;  involucrum  3 — 4-leaved  ;  spike  round- ovate,  clustered  in 
about  sixes  ;  glumes  ovate,  obtuse. — S.  exaltatus  Pursh. 

Hab.     Margins  of  .ponds  and  lakes.  '  N.  Y.  to  Car.     Aug.,  Sept. 
U. — Culm  2 — 3  feet  high.     Leaves  long.     Sjrikcs  brown.     Seed  , 
shorter  than  the  bristles. 

18.  8.  atrovirehs  Muhl :  culm  triangular,  leafy  :  C3rme  terminal,  com- 
pound, proliferous  ;  involucrum  3-leaved  ;  spikes  conglomerate,  ovate, 
acute  ;  glumes  ovate,  mucronate,  pubescent. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  S.  June,  July.  If. —  Culm  2  feet 
high.  Spikes  crowded  into  small  heads,  brown,  smaller  than  in 
the  preceding.     Bristles  4,  longer  than  the  seed. 

**   Seed  icithout  bristles  at  the  base. 
1$.   8.  capillarts  Linn. :  culm  nearly  naked,  triquetrous,  capillary  : 
spikes'  ovate,  2 — 3  of  them  pedunculate,  with  an  intermediate  sessile 
one. — S,  ciliati/olius  Ell. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  Aug.  0.  ? — Culm  8  in- 
ches high,  slender.  Leaves  mostly  radical,  setaceous.  Spikes 
•somewhat  umbelled.     Seed  naked  at  base. 

'  20.  S.  autumnalis  Linn.  :  culm  compressed,  ancipitous  ;  umbel  com- 
pound ;  involucre  2deaved  ;  spikes  lanceolate,  acute,  somewhat  4- 
sided. — fifc  mucronulatus  Mich. — Fimbristylis  autumnalis  Void. 

Hab.  Low  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July — Oct.  21. —  Culms 
8 — 12  inches  high,  cespitose.  Spikes  sometimes  clustered  in 
threes.     Style  3-cleft,  not  ciliate.   (Torr.)    Seed  naked  at  base. 

6.     TRICHOPHORUM.     Pers.      ' 

Spikelcts  nearly  ovate,  imbricated  in  all  directions.  'Bristles 
of  the  seed  usually  6,  finally  very  much  lengthened'  and  ex- 
serted.  Triandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  T.  cyperinum  Peis.:  culm  obtusely- 3-angled,.  leafy  ;  panicle  de- 
compound, proliferous;  somewhat  nodding  ;  spikes  all  pedunculate.— 
Eiiophorum  cyperinum  Linn. — Scirpus  criophorum  Mich.   Torr. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  Aug.  If. — Culm  3—5  feet 
high,  smooth.  Involucre'  4-leaved.  Panicle  terminal,'  much 
divided  and  proliferous. — This  seems  to  be  the  connecting  link 


CYPERACEiE.  427 

between  Scirpus  and  Eriophorum,  but  I  think  it  nearest  the  lat- 
ter. 

2.  T.  lineatum  Pers.  :  culm  3-angled,  leafy  ;  panicles  terminal  and 
lateral,  decompound,  at  length 'nodding  ;  involucre  1 — 2-leaved  ;  spikes 
ovate  ;  glumes  lanceolate,  somewhat  carinate. — Scirpus  lineatus  Mich. 
— S.  lineatus  and  pcndulus  Mithl. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  Aug.  U-— Culm  2—3  feet 
high,  very  leafy.  Floicers  in  axillary  umbels  or  panicles,  at 
length  nodding, 

7.     ERIOPHORUM.     Linn. 

Glumes  chaffy,  imbricated  in  all  directions.  Seed  surround- 
ed by  very  long  dense  wool.  Triandria.   JHonogyjiia. 

*   Sjiikc  solitary. 

•   1.  E.  alpinum  Linn.  :  culm  triquetrous,  somewhat  scabrous,  naked  ; 

leaves  very  short,  subulate  ;  spike  oblong  ;  woolly  hairs  crisped,  few. 

— E.  Jiudsoniannni  Mich.  —  Trirhophorum  alpimnn  Pursh.   Muhl. 

Hab.  Mountains.  N.-S.  July.#  2£. — Culm  8^-10  inches  high  ; 
with  3: — 4  radical  sheaths.  Spike  a  little  compressed.  Hairs 
6,  white,  very  long.  •  .  .         Cotton  Gnus. 

2.  E.  raginatum  Linn.  :  culm  terete  below,  obtusely  triangular 
above,  smooth  and  rigid  ;  sheaths  inflated ;  spike  oblong-bvate  ;  glumes 
scarious  ;  wool  straight,  dense. — E.  ccspitosum  Pursh. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Arc.  Amer.  to  Virg.  July.  2f. — Culms  a  fool 
high,  cespitose.  Leaves  longer  than  the  culm.  Spike  long. 
Wool  white,  twice  the  length  of  the  glumes. 

**  Spikes  numerous. 

3.  E.  polystachnou  Linn.  :  leaves  flat,  triquetrous  at  the  extremity  • 
culm  nearly  terete  ;  spikes  on  scabrous  peduncles,  nodding. — E.  tcnel- 
lum  Nutt.  '  • 

Hab.    •  Swamps.      N..  S.    ■  July.       It-— Culm   1—2   feet   high, 
smooth.     Spikes  on   long  filiform'  peduncles.      Wool  white,  or 
•  reddish. 

4.  E.  virginicum  Linn.  :  culm  nearly  terete  below,  obtusely  triangu- 
lar above  ;  leaves  flat,  very  long  ;  spikes  clustered,  erect,  nearly  ses- 
sile ;  involucre  2 — 3-leaved. 

.  h.  gracile  Torr.:  culm  very  slender;*  leaves  almost  filiform. 
Hab.     Swamps.     Can.  to  Geor.     Var.  h.     Cedar  swamps.     N.  J. 
July.     It— Culm  2—4    feet   highs     Leaves   few,    linear,  long. 
Wool  reddish.*  ■ 

5.  E.  angustifolium  Roth.  :  culm  somewhat  triangular  ;  leaves  chan- 
nelled and  triquetrous  ;  peduncles  very  smooth. 

Hab.  'Swamps.  N. ■  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  July.  It.— Culm  a 
foot  high.  Leaves  very  nairow.  Spikes  on  short  peduncles. 
Wool  white.    *  .  •"  ' 


428  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

8.     SCHCENUS.     Linn. 

Glumes  fascicled  into  a  spike,  the  lower  ones  empty.  Style 
deciduous.     Seed  naked.  Triandria.  Monogynia. 

S.  maiiscoides  Muhl. :  culm  terete  or  a  little  sulcate,  leafy ;  leaves 
channelled,  semiterete  ;  umbel  terminal  ;  fascicles  on.spikes,  3  on  each 
peduncle  ;  seed  naked,  rounded  at'the  base. 

Hab.  Bogs.  Mass.  Big.  N.  Y.  Gray.  Penn.  Muhl.  July. 
H- — Culm  2  feet  high,  smooth  or  with  rough  dots.  Spikes  lan- 
ceolate, brown.     Style  2— 3-cleft.  •   Bog  Rush. 

9.     RHYNCHOSPORA.     Vald.  • 

Glumes'  fascicled  into  a  spike,  the  lower  ones  empty.  Seed 
1,  crowned  wjth  the  persistent  style;  its  base  surrounded 
with  bristles.  Triandria.  Monogynia. 

"1.  JR.  alba  Vahl.  :  spikes  in  corymbose  fascicles  ;  culm  triangular 
above  ;  leaves  setaceous  ;  seed  somewhat  lenticular ;  bristles  about  10. 
— Schanus  albue  Linn.. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  bogs.  N,  Y.  to  Car.  '  July — Sept.  2£. — 
Culm  12 — 18  inches  high.  Fascicles  ■  axillary  and  terminal,  pe- 
duncled.     Glumes  nearly  white,  at  length  brownish. 

2.  R.fusca  Vald.  :  culm  triquetrous  ;  leaves  linear,  carinate  ;  fasci- 
cles of  spikes  alternate,  pedunculate  ;  spikes  ovate  ;  '  glumes  ovate, 
brown  ;  seed  ovate,  with  an  acute  black  tubercle. — Schcmus  fuscus 
Linn. 

Hab.     N.  Y.     Muhl.     U- — Culm   2  feet   high.     Leaves,  smooth. 
.Glumes  mucronate.     Seed  brown,  rugose,  as  long  as  the  hispid 
.     .     bristles. 

3.  R.  glomerata  Vahl.':  spikes  in  corymbose  fascicles,  very  distant,  by 
pairs  ;  culm  obtusely  triangular  ;  leaves  flat  ;  seed  obovate-cuneiform. 
very  smooth,  as  long  as  the  tubercle.. — Schxnus  glomerulus*  Linn. 

Hab.  Swamps  and  bogs.  N.  J.  Jo  Car.  July,  Aug.  It. — Culm, 
12—18  inches  high,  ^smooth  'and  leafy.  Spikes  lanceolate. 
Glumes  brown'.  ; 

4.  R.  cdpillacca  Torr.  :  spikes  3 — 5,  nearly  terminal ;  culm  trique- 
trous, somewhat  leafy  ;  leaves  setaceous;  seed  stipitate,  a  little  ru- 
gose.— Schxnus  setaceus  MuhL 

Hab.  Sandy  -swamps.  N..  J.  and  Penn.  JjiTy.  2_f. — Culm  8 
inches  high,  slender.  Spikes  with  a  setaceous  •  bract  at  base. 
Glumes  brown.     Bristles  6,  longer  than  the  seed. 

5.  R.  sparsa  Vahl. :  culm  triquetrous,  leafy ;  corymbs  axillary  and 
terminalj  compound,  loose  ;  .peduncles  capillary  ;  seed  obovate,*  ru- 
gose, much  longer  than  the  tubercle.— -Schcznus  sparsus  Mich.  MM. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  July.  H-—Culm%  feet 
high.  Flowers  in  spreading  panicles.  Glumes  brown.  Bristles 
twice  as  long  as  the  seed. 


cyperAce^e.  429 

C.  R.  cymosa  Torr.  :  culm  triquetrous,  leafy  ;  cymes'  terminal  and 
axillary;  the  terminal  one  much  larger  ;  seed  rouncT-ovate,  compress- 
ed, transversely  rugose  ;  tubercle  conical. — Schanus  cymosus  WMd. 
Mich.    . 

Hab.  Swamps.  Pe'nn.  to  Car.  July..  21. — Culm  12 — 13  inches 
high.  '  Glume's  broad  ovate,  lower  one  mucronate.  Bristles 
shorter  than  the  seed. 

7.  R.,laxa  Vahl.:  culm  triquetrous.;  corymbs  leafy,  decompound, 
loose  ;  spikes  subulate  ;  seed  obovate,  pointed  with  the  long  persistent 
style. — R.  loniriroslris  Ell. — Schotnus  longirostris  Mich. 

Hab..  Swamps.  Del.  to  Car.  July.  21. — Culm  3 — 6  feet  high. 
Leaves  1 — 2  feet  long.     Bristles  6,  shorter  than-  the  seed. 

"  •  10.  MARISCUS.     Vahl. 
Flowers  distinct,  in  a  somewhat  imbricate,  spike.     Glume 
2-valved,  unequal,  3-flowered.    Paha  I.    Style  3-cleft.    Seed 
.triquetrous,  naked.  Triaudria.  Monogynia. 

1.  M.  retrqfraclvs  J'ahl.  :  umbel  simple  ;  rays  long  ;  spikes  obovate, 
retroselj-  imbricate  ;  spikdets  subulate,  aUlength  bent  backwards  ;  in- 
volucre 3-leaved. — Scopus  retmfractus  Linn.  .    • 

IIab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Cai\  July,  Aug.  21.  —  Culm  2 
feet  high,  naked;  triangular.  Leaves  linear,  long.  Umbel  with 
6 — 8  unequal  rays,  -longer  than  the  involucre. 

2.  M.  ocularis  Vahl. :  umbel  simple  ;  rays  short ;  spikes  globose  ; 
flowers  spreading. — M.  cchinatus  Ell. — Killingiu  ovalaris  Mich. — Scir- 
pus  cchinatus  Linn. 

b.  tcncllus  Torr. :  culm  acutely,  triangular,  slender;  involucre 
3 — 5-leaved,  3  of  the  leaves  many  times  longer  than  the  umbel. 

Hab.  Bogs  and  low  grounds.  N.  Y.  to>  Car.  July,- Aug.  21. 
— Root  bulbous.  Culm  6—18  inches  high.  Spikes  forming  a 
globose  head.     Style  3-cleft. 

11.     FTIREXA.     Linn. 
Glumes  awned,  imbricated  on  all  sides  into  a  spike.     Paha: 
3,  (or  perianth  3-valved,)  petaloid,   cordate,  awned,  unguicu- 
late.  •  Triandria.  Monogynia. 

1.  F.  squarrosa  Mich. :  spikes  clustered,  (5 — 6,)  ovate  ;  culm  smooth; 
Jeaves  ciliate  ;  sheaths  hairy;  valves  of  the  perianth  cordate-ovate. 

Hab.  Bogs.  N.  J.  to  Car.  Aug.,  Sept.  21-  — Culm  1—2  feet 
high,  ©angular,  slender  at  the  top.  '  Spikes  clustered  into  2 
heads,  the  lateral  one  upon  a  long  peduncle. 

2.  F.  torreyana  Beck  :  spikes  1 — 3,  terminal;  culm  pubescent  above; 
leaves -smooth  ;  throat  of  the  sheaths  hairy. — F.  squarrosa  var.  pumila 
Torr. — F.  pumila  Spreng. 

Hab.  Wet  sandy  places.  "N.  Y.  Torr.  Aug.  '  2\.—  Culm  3-6. 
inches  high,  angular,  smooth.  Spikes  generally  3,  often  soli- 
tary. 


430  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

DlV.    III.       ScLEREiE. 

12.     SCLERIA.     Linn. 

Monoecious.     Sterile  Fl.      Glumes  2  or  6,  many-flower- 
ed.    PahcB  unarmed.     Fertile  Fl.      Glumes  %  or  6,  L-flow- 
ered.     Palcce  none.     Stigmas  1 — 3.     Nut  coloured,  subglo-  ' 
bose.  Monoecid.   Triandria. 

1.  S.  triolomerafa  Mich.  :  culm  erect,  acutely  triquetrous,  scabrous  ; 
leaves  broad-linear,  subscabrous  and  a  little  hairy  ;  spikes  lateral  and 
terminal,  fasciculate  ;  glumes  ciliate,  mucronate  ;.  nuts  smooth  and 
polished.  •  .  .  •  . 

Hab.  Swamps.  Penn.  to  Car.  June,  July.  21. — Culm  3—4 
feet  high.     Nut  large,  white  and  hard.    .•**  Whip  Grass. 

2.  SL  pauciflora  'MvM.  :  stem  triquetrous  and  with  the  narrow  leaves 
smooth  ;  spikes  lateral  and  terminal,  few-flowered  ;  the  lateral  ones 
pendulous,  terminal,  fasciculate  ;  glumes  smooth  ;  seed  roughened. 

Hab.  Low  meadows.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug.  2.L — Culm  2  feet 
high,  slender.     Lateral  spikes  2,  on  long  pendulous  peduncles.  * 

3.  S.  reYticiUata  Muhl. :  stem  simple,  triquetrous,  and  with  the  leaves 
smooth  ;  spike  glomerate, '  nak#d,  the  clusters  alternate,  distant  ; 
glumes  smooth;  seed  globose,  mucronate,  transversely  corrugate. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Penn.  to  Car.  Aug.  ZL — Culm  a  foot 
high,  very  slender,  smooth.  Spikes  small.  Nut  small,  tubercu- 
late. 

•Div.  YVX     Caricinje.. 

13.     CAREX.     Linn. 
• 

Monoecious,  (rarely  dioecious.)  Flowers  collected  into  an 
imbricated  anient.  Glume  1-flowered.  Corol  (or  nectary  or 
perianth)  'ventricose,  1-valved, .persistent,. enclosing  the  coria- 
ceous nut  or  caryopsis,  Monoecia.   Triandria. 

Obs.  Two  excellent  Monographs  of  the  North  American  species  of 
this  genus,  have  been  published. .  The  one  by  Prof.  Dewey,  is  contain- 
ed in'Silliman's  Journal,  from  the  7th  to  the  14th  volumes,  inclusive  ; 
— the  otter  by  Mr.  Schweinitz  and  Dr.  Torrey,  in  the  first  volume  of 
the  Annals  of  the  New-York  Lyceum.     I  shall  adopt  the  latter,  withn 

few  additions. 

• 

A.  Inflorescence  dioecioug. 
1.   C.  sterilis  H'illd.  :  spikes  dioecious  ;  sterile  3—5  ;  fertile  about  6, 
(sometimes  androgynous  ;)  fruit  ovate,  compressed,  triquetrous  ;  mar- 
gin ciliate-serrate  ;  apex  recurved  and  bicuspidate. 

Hab.  Ma*rshes.  N.  *Y.  Penn.-  Car.  May.  If.  —  Culm,  8— 12 
inches  high.     Spikes  approximate,  oblong. 


CYPERACE^l.  431 

B.  Inflorescence  monoecious. 
+  All  the  spikes  androgynous^.  • 
*   Spike  solitary.  ■ 
a.   Summit  stuminifcrous. 
2.   C.  fifteen  Sims:  spike  simple,  ovate  ;'  fruit  ovate-subglobose,  en- 
lire  at  the' point,  longer  than  the  oblong  glume  ;  leaves. lanceolate,  un- 
dulate, crenulate;  scape- sheathed  at  the  base.  —  C.  lagopus  Muhl. 

Hab.  Mountains.  Penn.  N.  Car.  April.  IX. — Leaves  broad, 
radical. 

'3.  C.'willdenovu  Schk.  ;  spike  simple,  ovate;  sterile  and  fertile, 
flowers  about  6  ;  fruit  ovate,  subglobose  at  thebase,  rostrate  ;  glumes 
ovate,  acuminate,  the  inferior  ones  very  long  and  foliaceous,  much  ex- 
ceeding the  culm." 

Hab.  Rocky  woods  Penn.  to  N.  Car.  May,  June.  H.—  Cuhn 
8 — 12  inches  high.  JLoicer  glumes  foliaceous  and  'much  longer 
than  the  spike. 

4.  C.  pelytrichoides  MuHl  :  spike  simple  ;  fruit  oblong-lanceolate, 
compressed,  triquetrous,  obtuse,  emarginate  ;  glumes  oblong-obtuse, 
mucronate. 

Hab.  '  Dry  hills  and  bog?.  Can.  to  Penn.  ;  common.  May.  IX. 
Culm  a  foot  high,  very  slender.     leaves  subradical,  very  narrow. 

5.  C.  pauciflora  Light.  :  spike  about  4-fiowered  ;  sterile  flower  sub- 
solitary,  terminal  ;  fruit  lanceolate,  tere'te,  reflexed ;  fertile  glumes 
caducous. 

Hab.  Spbagnous  swamps.  May,  June.  7X> — Culm  8  inches 
high..  .  Fruit  large,  pale  yellow,  caducous.. 

b.   Summit  pi slilliferous. 
(S.   C.    squarrosa  Linn.  :    spike   mostly   simple,    (sometimes  spikes 
2 — 3,)  very  tlnck,  oblong-cylindrical ;  fruit  imbricate,  at  length  hori- 
zontal,   smooth,   subsquarrose,  bidentate  at  the  point,  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  glume. — C.  tijpldna  Mich. 

Hab.  Bogs.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Miss.  May,  June.  2X. — 
Cuhu  2  teet  high.  Spike  nearly  an  inch  long  and  half  an  inch 
thick. 

"5  Spikes  several,  aggregated  into  a  head.. 

7.  C.  crphalopfiora  Muhl. :  spikes  collected  into  an  elliptical  head ; 
fruit  ovate,  scabrous  on  the  margin  ahove,  about  equal  to  the  ovate 
subaristate  glume. 

Hab.  Oak  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  ;  common.  May.  IX.  —  Culm 
1 — 2  feet  high,  wiry,  leafy  at  base.   Spikes  forming  a  trifrd  head. 

***   Spikes  distinct,  ( not  aggregated  into  a  head. ) 
a.   Snmmit  staminifcrous. 
'•  1.    With  2  stigmas. 

8.  C.  bromoides  ScTdt.  :  spikes  4 — 6,  alternate,  .oblong,  ereot,  upper- 
most one  sterile  above,  the  rest  pistilliferous  or  androgynous  (sterile 


432  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

above  and  below*.;)  fruit  erect,  lanceolate  acuminate,  scabrous,  nerved, 
bifid,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume, 

Hab.  Bogs.  N.  S.  ;  common.  May*  21. — Culm  12 — 18  inckes 
high,  slender  and  scabrous.     Spikes  subdistichous,  half  an  inch  • 

.    long. 

9.  C.  retrojkxa  Muhl.  :  spikes  about  4,  subapproximate,  ovate,  the 
lowest  one  with  a  short  bract;  'fruit  ovate-lanceolate,,  bidentate,  sca- 
brous on  the  margin,  spreading  and  reflexed,  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute 
glume. 

Hab.  Meadows,'  &c.  N.  S.  May.  21— Culm  8—12  inches 
high,  nearly  6-siued.  Spikes  3—5,  rarely  9  ;  the  lower  one  dis- 
tant. 

10.'  C.  rosea  Schkr:  spikes  4 — 6,  remote,  about  9-flowered,  the  low- 
est one  with  a  setaceous  bract  overtopping  the  culm  ;  fruit  ovate,  acu- 
minate, diverging  and  radiate,*  scabrous  on  the  distinct  margin,  twice 
as  long  as  the  ovate  obtuse*  glume. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  N„  S. ;  common.  May.  21. — Culm  a  foot 
high.     Spikes  3 — 6,  yellowish-green";  lower  ones  distant. 

11.  C.  disperma  Dew. :  spikes  about  3,  rather  remote,  mostly  2- 
nowered,  somewhat  erect,  the  lowest  one  bracteate;  fruit  ovate,  rather 
obtuse,  nerved,  plano-convex,  smooth,  with  a  scabrous  margin,  entire 
at  the  point,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate,  obtuse  -submucronate  glume. 

Hab.  Mountain  woods.  N.  Y.  Mass.  May,  June.  Zf . — Culm 
6— -12  inches  high.  Tndt  smalL  Var.  tetrasperm'a  has.  the  fer- 
tile spikes  3 — 4  flowered. 

12.  C.  muhlenbergii  Schh. :  spikes  about  5,  ovate,  crowded  at  the 
summit  of  the  culm,  bracteate  at  the  base  ;  fruit  broad-ovate,  com- 
pressed, nerved,  bifid,  somewhat  diverging,  scabrous  on  the  margin, 
rather  shorter  than  the  ovate  mucrohate  glume. 

Hab.     Rocky   woods.     N.  Y.     S.  Car.     May.     L£.— Culm  1—2 
•    feet  high,  thick.     Plant  dark  green. 

13.  C.  stipata  Muhl. ;  spike  compound,  oblong  ;  spikelets  numerous. 
(10 — 15, )  oblong,  aggregated,  bracteate;  bracts  a  little  longer  than 
the  spikelets  ;  fruit  lanceolate,  subterete  and  stnooth  below,  spreading, 
bidentate  at  the  point,  which  is  scabrous,  twice  as  long  as  the  glume. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  April,  May.  21. 
—  Culm  1 — 3  feet  high,  thick  and  succulent,  smooth.  Spike 
consisting  of  many  crowded  spikelets. 

14.  C.  sparganioides  Miihl. :  spikelets  about  8,  many-flowered;  up- 
per ones  approximate,  lower  ones  subdistant,  bracteate ;  fruit  ovate, 
compressed,  acuminate,  bifid,  diverging,  scabrous  on  the  margin,  twice 
as  long  as  the  ovate  mucronate  gkime. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  ;  rather  rare.  May. 
21. — Culm  2  feet  high.     Lower  spikes  remote. 

15.  C.  multiflora  Muhl.  :  spike  oblong,  decompound,  bracteate,  in- 
terrupted ;  spikelets  glomerate,  ovate-oblong,  obtuse  ;  fruit  ovate  acu- 


CYPERACEiE.  433 

minate,  compressed,  crowded,  bifid,  3-nerved,  serrulate  on  the  margin, 
at  length  diverging,  rather  shorter  than  the  ovate  cuspidate  glume. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  ;  common.  May.  11. — 
Culm  2  feet  high,  obtusely  triangular.     Spike  subpaniculate. 

16.  C.  sctacea  Deic.  :  spike  oblong,  decompound,  bracteate  ;  spike- 
lets  glomerate,  ovate,  obtuse ;  fruit  ovate,  acuminate,  compressed,  bi- 
fid, subdiverging,  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  awned  glume. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Mass.  Deic.  June,  July.  2_f. — Culm 
18 — 30  inches  high,  acutely  triangular,  sulcate. — Resembles  the 
preceding,  but  its  fruit  is  less  ovate,  longer  and  more  com- 
pressed. 

17.  C'.  paniculuta  Linn.  :  spike  decompound,  paniculate,  interrupt- 
ed, the  branches  alternate  and  somewhat  remote  ;  fruit  ovate,  acumi- 
nate, spreading,  margined  above,  bifid. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Mass.  N.  Y.  N.J.  May.  U—Culm 
18  inches  high.     Spikes  not  becoming  black. 

18.  C.  teretiuscula  Good.  :  spike  decompound  or  paniculate,  dense, 
subacute,  (often  dioecious,  at  length  brown)  ;  spikelets  with  short 
bracts  at  the  base  ;  fruit  ovate,  acuminate,  somewhat  gibbous  at  the 
base,  bidentate,  ciliate-serrulate  on  the  margin. 

Hab.  Marshes  and  bogs.  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng.  May. —  Culm  16 
inches  high.     Spike  narrow.     Fruit  and  glume  brown. 

2.    With  3  stigmas. 

19.  C.  pcdunculata  Muhl.  :  spikes  about  4,  on  long  peduncles,  very 
remote  ;  fruit  obovate,  triquetrous,  obtuse,  smooth,  entire  at  the  ori- 
fice ;  glumes  ovate,  mucronate,  (purple  and  green.) 

Hab.  Rocky  hills.  Can.  to  Penn.  May.  IX. — Culm  filiform,  6 
inches  high.  Peduncles  mostly  radical.  Glumes  purplish  and 
green. 

20.  C.  otaia  Rudgc.  :  spikes  about  5,  pedunculate,  ovate,  pendulous; 
fruit  obovate,  acute  at  each  end,  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute  glume. 

Hab.  Canada.  IX- —  Culm  acute,  triangular.  Spilics  densely 
imbricate.      Glumes  brown,  as  long  as  the  fruit. 

b.  Summit  pistilliferous. 
1.    With  2  stigmas. 

21.  C.  deiccyana  Schzc.  <$♦  Torr.  :  spikes  about  3,  sessile,  loose,  two 
of  them  approximate,  the  third  distant,  with  long  bracts  at  the  base, 
(except  the  highest)  ;  fruit  oblong-lanceolate,  subcompressed,  rostrate, 
bifid  at  the  point  ;  beak  serrulate  ;  culm  flaccid. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng.  June.  If.—  Culm  1— 4  feet 
high,  weak  and  slender,  subprocumbent. — Plant  yellowish- 
green. 

22.  C.  loliacca  Linn.  :  spikes  about  4,  rather  distant,  few-flowered  ; 
fruit  elliptical,  obtuse,  nerved,  compressed,  erect. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  J.  ?  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.— Culm  2  feet  high, 
slender.     Spikes  3 — 5-flowered. 

37 


434  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

23.  C.  trisperma  Dew.  :  spikes  3,  remote,  alternate,  sessile,  ovate, 
uppermost  one  without  a  bract ;  fruit  oblong,  acute  (or  short-rostrate) 
entire  at  the  point,  many-nerved,  subscabrous  above,  somewhat  di- 
verging, longer  than  the  oblong  acute  hyaline  glume. 

Hab.  Mountain  swamps.  N.  Eng.  June.  !£. —  Culm  18  inches 
high,  filiform,  prostrate.  Whole  plant  pale  green. — Allied  to 
the  preceding,  but  differs  in  the  glume  and  fruit. 

24.  C.  arida  Sclav,  fy  Torr.  :  spikes  8,  (large)  subapproximate,  dry; 
fruit  elliptical,  compressed,  winged,  terete  in  the  middle,  acuminate  at 
each  end,  divergingly  bifid  ;  culm  leafy. 

Hab.  Meadows.  Ohio  and  W.  June.  If.— Culm  2—3  feet 
high.  Leaves  very  long,  dark  green.  Spikelcts  very  large, 
gray. 

25.  C.  lagopodioides  Schk. :  spikes  numerous,  (10 — 16,)  elliptic, 
crowded ;  bract  beneath  the  lowest  overtopping  the  culm  ;  fruit  lance- 
olate, acuminate,  erect,  bicuspidate,  with  a  narrow  serrulate  margin, 
twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  U-~Culm  1—2 
or  more  feet  high,  furrowed.  Spikes  large,  subcylindric  when 
young, 

26.  C.  scoparia  Schk.  :  spikelets  mostly  5,  (sometimes  6  or  7,)  ovate, 
sessile,  approximate,  aggregate,  lowest  one  bracteate  ;  fruit  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, margined,  nerved,  smooth,  bicuspidate,  longer  than  the  lance- 
olate acuminate  glume. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  Mass.  S.  to  Car.  May.  U.^-Culm 
1 — 2  feet  high.  Leaves  long  and  narrow.  Fruit  tawny  when 
mature,  not  winged,  9-nerved. 

27.  C.  straminea  Willd.  :  spikes  about  5,  (4 — 7,)  roundish,  approxi- 
mate, with  short  bracts  at  the  base  ;  fruit  roundish-ovate,  rostrate, 
compressed,  broadly  ovate,  bidentate,  serrulate,  longer  than  the  lance- 
olate glume. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng.  May.  U-  —  Culm 
8 — 12  inches  high,  leafy.  Spikes  yellowish  when  mature.  Fruit 
acuminate. 

28.  C.fatnca  Muhl.  :  spikes  numerous,  (8 — 10,)  inferior  ones  dis- 
tinct, upper  ones  aggregated  and  confluent  ;  fruit  ovate,  acuminated, 
winged,  bidentate,  somewhat  longer  than  the  ovate  glume. 

Hab.  Marshes.  Penn.  to  Car.  June.  2_f. — Culm  2  feet  high, 
obtusely  triangular,  furrowed.  Spikes  subglobose.  Glumes 
ribbed,  ciliate. 

29.  C.  cristata  Schw.  $  Torr.  :  spikes  numerous,  (8 — 15.)  aggregat-. 
ed  into  a  kind  of  head ;  fruit  ovate-lanceolate,  winged,  diverging,  ser- 
rate, longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. 

Hab.  Wet  woods.  N.  Y.  Mass.  Penn.  ;  common.  June.  Zf. 
— Culm  2  or  more  feet  high.  Spikes  crowded  into  an  ovate 
head. 


CYPERACE.E.  435 

30.  C.  festucacea  Sckk. :  spikes  obovate,  (5—8,)  subapproximate, 
bracteate  ;  fruit  roundish-ovate,  rostrate,  bidentate,  winged,  serrulate 
on  the  margin,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. 

IIab.  Meadows  and  woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  Maj*.  11. 
—  Culm  30  inches  high,  sometimes  decumbent.  Fruit  silvery 
white  or  pale  green,  not  becoming  tawny. 

31.  C.  stellulata  Good.  :  spikes  3 — 4,  rather  remote,  upper  one  at- 
tenuate at  the* base,  the  rest  ovate  ;  fruit  ovate,  plano-convex,  spread- 
ing, and  at  length  reflexed,  short-acuminate,  scabrous  on  the  margin. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  U  —  Culm  8— 18 
inches  high,  slender.  Fruit  broad  ovate,  almost  cordate  when 
ripe.  • 

32.  C.  scirpoides  Sckk.  :  spikes  4,  ovate,  obtuse,  approximate,  upper- 
most one  clavate  ;  fruit  ovate,  bidentate,  plano-convex,  erect,  and  a 
little  spreading,  but  not  reflexed,  subcordate,  serrulate,  longer  than  the 
ovate  obtuse  glume. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  May.  U.— Culm  6— 12 
inches  high,  stiffly  erect.     Fruit  erect  or  spreading  horizontally. 

33.  -' '.  curia  Good.  :  spikes  about  6,  subremote,  somewhat  cylindric- 
ovate,  tumid,  sessile  ;  fruit  short-ovate,  plano-convex,  rather  acute, 
erect,  entire  at  the  point. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  and  N.  Y.  May.  If.— Culm  2  feet 
high,  nodding  at  the  top.      Glumes  whitish,  with  a  green  keel. 

34.  C.  tenera  Dae.  :  spikes  about  5,  obovate,  rather  remote,  sessile 
attenuate  at  the  base,  the  lowest  bracteate ;  fruit  ovate,  compressed, 
rostrate,- serrulate,  longer  than  the  oblong-lanceolate  glume. 

Hab.  Moist  meadows.  Mass.  N.  Y.  May.  2/.— Culm  15— 30 
inches  high.  Spikes  nodding,  brownish. — Resembles  C.  scopa- 
ria.  but  differs  in-  the  form  of  the  fruit.  Dr.  Torrey  queries 
whether  it  is  not  C.  steriMs. 

35.  C.  remota  Linn.  :  spikes  alternate,  remote ;  bracts  leafy,  very 
long  ;  fruit  ovate  acuminate,  bifid,  somewhat  compressed. 

Hab.     Woods.     Penn.  ?   Ton.     N.  to  Arc.  Amer. 

2.    With  3  stigmas. 
3(3.   C.  atrata  Linn.  :  androgynous   spikes  3,  pedunculate,  crowded, 
subpendulous  in  fruit,  (black  ;)  fruit  roundish-ovate,  with  a  short  beak, 
bidentate. 

Hab.  White  Hills.  N.  H.  Nutt.  Rocky  Mountains.  James. 
June.    11. — Culm  0  inches  high.     Spikes  large,  black. 

c.    Summits  of  the  highest  and  lozcest  spikelcts  staminiferous — the  middle 
spikes  entirely  staminiferous. 
1.   With  2  stigmas. 
37.   C.  siccata  Dae.  :  terminal  spikes  obtuse  ;  lower  ones  mostly  in 
fours,  ovate,  somewhat  acute  ;  fruit  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  com- 
pressed, scabrous  on   the   margin,   bifid,    nerved,  nearly  equal  to  the 
ovate-lanceolate  scale. 


436  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Sandy  plains.  Mass.  June.  24..  —  Culm  12—18  inches* 
high,  small,  stiff  and  scabrous.  Spikes  3 — 7,  ovate,  approxi- 
mate.    Plant  of  a  light  green  colour,  and  of  a  dried  appearance. 

tt   Terminal  spikes  androgynous  ;  the  rest pistilUferous  ;  stigmas  3. 

38.  C.  virescens  Muhl.  :  spikes  3,  oblong,  erect  ;  upper  one  pedun- 
culate, sterile  below,  the  rest  fertile,  subsessile  and  bracteate  ;  fruit 
ovate,  obtuse,  costate,  pubescent. 

b.  costata  S.  4*  T.  :  spikes  larger  ;  fruit  strongly  costate ;  exterior 
sheaths  purple. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  74.— Culm  18—24 
inches  high.  Leaves  and  sheaths  pubescent-  Spikes  approxi- 
mate.    Plant  dull  green.     Var.  b.  is  larger  in  all  its  parts. 

39.  C.  hirsuta  Willd.  :  spikes  3.  erect,  approximate,  densely  fruited, 
upper  one  ovate-oblong,  on  a  short  peduncle  ;.  the  rest  ovate,  subses- 
sile, bracteate;  fruit  roundish-ovate,  nerved,  obtuse,  smooth,  orifice 
entire,  longer  than  the  ovate  acuminate  glumes  ;  leaves  and  sheaths 
pubescent. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods  and  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  W.  to  Mich- 
May.  IX. — Culm  12 — 18  inches  high.  Fruit  pubescent  when 
young. — Resembles  C.  virescens,  but  differs  in  its  shorter  and 
thicker  spikes  and  in  the  fruit  being  smooth  when  mature. 

40.  C.  buzbaumii  Wahl.  :  spikes  ohoxxt  4,  obovate,  subremote,  upper 
one  androgynous  and  pedunculate,  the  rest  sessile,  with  very  long 
bracts  ;  fruit  ovate,  obtuse,  rather  compressed,  orifice  entire,  shorter 
than  the  ovate  acuminate  (brown)  glume. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  S.  W.  to  Mich.  June.  If.  —  Culm  2  feet 
high.     Glumes  dark  brown.     Fruit  smooth,  pale  green. 

41.  C.  digitalis  Muhl.  :  spikes  mostly  4,  distant,  slender,  peduncu- 
late, loosely-flowered,  nodding;  uppermost  androgynous,  fertile  above; 
the  rest  all  fertile  ;  fruit  oblong,  subtriquetrous,  obtuse,  smooth,  longer 
than  the  oblong  mucronate  glume. — C.  gracillima  Dew. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  N.  Y.  N.  Eng.  and  Penn.  W.  to  Mich. 
May.  11. — Culm  18  inches  high,  slender,  but  erect.  Sjrikes 
linear  and  filiform.     Plant  smooth  and  pale  green. 

42.  C.formosa  Dcio.  :  spikes  4,  oblong,  thick,  distant,  on  exsert  pe- 
duncles, nodding,  uppermost  one  sterile  at  the  base ;  fruit  oblong,  tri- 
quetrous, somewhat  inflated,  rather  acute  at  each  end  ;  orifice  nearly 
entire  or  2-lobed,  obscurely  nerved,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate  acute 
glume. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Mass.  Dew.  May.  U.—Culm  12—18 
inches  high.  Leaves  sometimes  pubescent.  Plant  yellowish- 
green. — Allied  to  the  preceding,  but  differs  in  its  acute  fruit, 
shorter  and  ovate  spikes,  &c. 

43.  C.  torreyana  Deic. :  spikes  4,  filiform,  pedunculate,  somewhat 
nodding,  uppermost  one  sterile  at  the  base  ;  fruit  oblong,  triquetrous. 


CYPERACE.E.  437 

• 

acute  at  each  end,    slightly  2-lobed,  shorter  than  the  oblong  awned 
glume  ;  leaves  and  sheaths  pubescent. 

Hab.  Meadows.  N.  Y.  ;  rare.  June.  11. — Culm  18  inches 
high.     Spikes  slender.     Rachis  flexuous.      Glumes  hv aline. 

+tt  Staminifcrous  and  pistilUfcrous  spikes  distinct. 
'   Staminifcrous  spike  solitary. 

1.  With  2  stigmas. 

44.  C.  nova:  anglia:  Seine,  fy  Torr.  :  sterile  spike  on  a  short  pedun- 
cle ;  fertile  2 — 3,  sessile,  ovate,  few-flowered,  rather  remote  ;  fruit 
oval-subtriquetrous,  rostrate,  minutely  pubescent,  longer  than  the 
ovate-mucronate  glume  •,  culm  slender,  subdecumbent. 

Hab.  Saddle  Mountain.  Mass.  June.  H.  —  Culm  G — 8  inches 
high,  with  very  small  and  narrow  leaves.  Spikes  usually  4-flow- 
ered,  lower  ones  distant. 

45.  C.  aurca  Nutt.  :  fertile  spikes  mostly  3,  oblong,  loose  flowered, 
gubpendulous,  rather  approximate,  lower  ones  pedunculate  ;  fruit  obo- 
vate  or  pyriform,  obtuse,  nerved,  entire  at  the  orifice,  longer  than  the 
ovate  acute  glume. 

Hab.  Wet  rocks.  Can.,  N.  Y.  and  Mass.  W.  to  Mich.  May, 
June.  .  11.  —  Culm  4 — 10  inches  high,  subprocumbent,  slender. 
Fruit  orange  coloured  when  mature. 

2.  With  3  stigmas. 

§  Pistillifcrous  spikes  sessile,  or  icith  the  peduncles  inclosed. 

46.  C.  varia  Muhl.  :  fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  approximate^  few-flowered, 
ovate,  subsessile  ;  sterile  spike  sessile,  (or  on  a  short  peduncle  ;)  fruit 
subglobose,  acuminate,  bifid,  obtusely  triangular,  hispidly  pubescent, 
as  long  as  the  ovate  acuminate  glume. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Hudson's  Bay  to  G.eor.  April.  11.  —  Culm 
8 — 12  inches  high,  erect,  filiform.  Fruit  ventricose,  nearly 
globose. 

47.  C.  marginata  Muhl.  :  sterile  spike  pedunculate  ;  fertile  spikes 
mostly  2,  approximate,  subglobose,  subsessile  ;  fruit  globose,  woolly, 
bidentate,  longer  than  the  ovate-oblong  glume. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  ;  common.  April.  11. — Culm 
8 — 12  inches  high,  slender.  Sterile  spike  somewhat  3-sided. 
Glumes  brown,  with  a  white  margin. 

48.  C.  vestita  Willd. :  sterile  spike  mostly  solitary,  (rarely  geminate, 
with  the  upper  one  elongate,)  pedunculate,  cylindrical-oblong  ;  fertile 
2.  ovate-oblong,  sessile,  subapproximate,  sometimes  sterile  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  fruit  ovate,  subtriquetrous,  nerved,  with  a  short  rostrum,  pubes- 
cent, rather  longer  than  the  ovate  mucronate  glume. 

Uab.  Wet  grounds.  Mass.  to  Geor.  ;  rather  rare.  May,  June. 
11- — -Culms  in  tufts  2  feet  high.  Glumes  brown,  with  a  white 
margin.     Fruit  with  a  short  and  bifid  beak. 

49.  C.  pubescens  Muhl. :  sterile  spike  subsessile  ;  fertile  3,  oblong, 
erect,  rather  loosely-flowered,   the  lowest  on  a  short  peduncle  ;  fruit 

37* 


438  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

ovate  triquetrous,  rostrate,  pubescent,  orifice  nearly  entire,  as  long  as 
the  ovate  mucronate  glume  ;  leaves  and  culm  pubescent. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  toPenn.  May.  2L  — CWra  12— 18  inches 
high,  erect  or  subdecumbent.     Leaves  very  pubescent. 

50.  C.  jlava  Linn.  :  sterile  spike  on  a  short  peduncle  ;  fertile  mostly 
3,  ovate,  subapproximate,  (the  lowest  rather  remote,)  on  short  includ- 
ed peduncles  ;  fruit  ovate,  densely  imbricate,  bidentate,  with  a  curved 
and  reflexed  rostrum,  shorter  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. 

Hab.     Meadows.     Can.  and  N.  Y.  2L— Culm  12— 14 

inches  high,  erect.     Fertile  spikes  2 — 4.     Whole  plant  greenish- 
yellow. — Found  in  the  western  part  of  New- York,  by  Dr.  Gray. 

51.  C.  ccderi  Linn.  :  sterile  spike  on  a  short  peduncle  ;  fertile  about 
3,  ovate,  approximate,  subpedunculate,  densely  flowered  ;  fruit  ovate- 
globose,  horizontal,  with  a  straight  rostrum. 

Hab.  Rocky  banks.  Hudson's  Bay,  Can.,  N.  Y.  and  N.  J. 
June.  1L — Culm  8 — 12  inches  high.  — Resembles  C.  Jlava,  but 
differs  in  having  the  spikes  more  densely  flowered  and  the  fruit 
smaller. 

52.  C.  tentacidata  Muhl. :  fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  (rarely  4,)  sessile,  ovate 
or  ovate-cylindrical,  approximate,  horizontal ;  bracts  very  long  ;  fruit 
ovate,  ventricose,  nerved,  with  a  very  long  rostrum,  orifice  bidentate. 
longer  than  the  lanceolate  glume. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  May,  June.  2L — Culm 
12 — 18  inches  high.  Spikes  large  and  thick,  varying  in  length. 
Plant  yellowish-green. 

53.  C.  nigra  Ml.  :  sterile  spike  pedunculate  ;  fertile  2 — 3,  (rarely 
4,)  rather  remote,  oblong  (black)  sessile,  erect;  fruit  obovate,  com- 
pressed-triquetrous, subacute,  orifice  entire,  as  long  as  the  ovate  glume. 

Hab.  Labrador.  White  Hills,  N.  H.  July.  U.—Culm  8-12 
inches  high.     Fndt  smooth  and  nerveless.     Stigmas  2 — 3. 

54.  C.  lupulina  Muhl.  :  sterile  spike  on  a  short  peduncle,  (rarely 
geminate  ;)  fertile  3,  subsessile,  ovate-oblong,  erect,  approximate  ; 
bracts  very  long  and  leafy  ;  fruit  ovate,  inflexed,  nerved,  long-rostrate, 
bicuspidate,  much  longer  than  the  ovate  glume. 

b.  polystachia  T.  #  S.  :  fertile  spikes  5,  oblong-cylindric,  lowest 
one  remote,  on  a  long  peduncle. 

c.  pedunculata  Gray:  fertile  spikes  all  pedunculate;  the  lower 
long-pedunculate,  distant,  the  3  upper  subumbellate. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Geor.  June.  1L — Culm 
2—3  feet  high,  very  thick,  smooth  and  leafy.  Spikes  very  thick. 
— Var.  c.  was  found  by  Dr.  Gray  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie. 
It  flowers  in  July. 

55.  C '. folliculata  Linn.  :  sterile  spike  pedunculate;  fertile  2,  (often 
solitary,)  roundish,  approximate,  few-flowered,  upper  one  sessile,  low- 
er one  short  peduncled  ;  bracts  leafy  ;  fruit  ovate,  acuminate-rostrate, 
ovate,  reflexed  and  diverging,  bicuspidate. 


CYPERACEiE.  439 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  If. — Culm  18  inches 
high.     Spikes  6 — 10-flowered.     Plant  dark  green. 

56.  C.  zanthopltysa  Wuhl. :  fertile  spikes  3—4,  ovate,  very  remote, 
pedunculate,  few-flowered  ;  fruit  oblong-conical,  somewhat  inflated, 
striate,  horizontal  when  mature,  acute,  bifid,  longer  than  the  ovate 
acuminate-glume. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  Culm  2 — 4  feet  high, 
slender,  leafy.  Fmit  1-2  inch  long,  tapering  into  a  long  acute 
point. — Plant  at  length  yellow-green. 

57.  C.  subulaia  Mich.  :  sterile  spikes  short-pedunculate  ;  fertile 
mostly  4,  sessile,  or  with  included  peduncles,  very  remote,  few- flower- 
ed, sterile  at  the  apex  ;  fruit  subulate,  reflexed,  much  longer  than  the 
lanceolate  glume  ;  culm  very  slender. 

Hab.  Cedar  swamps.  N.  J.  July.  Culm  2  feet  or  more  high. 
Spikes  3 — 5-flowered.     Fruit  with  a  long  slender  beak. 

58.  C.  alpestris  All. :  fertile  spikes  3,  5-flowered,  the  2  uppermost 
approximate  and  sessile,  the  lowest  radical,  on  a  long  peduncle  ;  fruit 
obovate-oblong,  triquetrous,  scarcely  rostrate,  subpubescent,  orifice 
oblique,  as  long  as  the  oblong-glume. 

Hab.     "Woody  hills.     Mass.      Culm  6  inches  high. 

59.  C.  collccta  Dae.  :  sterile  spike  solitary,  erect,  loosely  imbricate, 
slender,  subpcduncled ;  fertile  spikes  mostly  in  threes,  ovate,  few-flow- 
ered, bracted  ;  lower  one  on  a  short  peduncle  ;  fruit  ovate,  beaked, 
sub-bidentate,  somewhat  pubescent,  longer  than  the  ovate  acute  scale. 

Hab.  Bogs.  Mass.  May.  Culm  6 — 10  inches  high,  procum- 
bent when  mature.  Plant  light  green.— Allied  to  C.  novee  anglice, 
but  differs  in  number  of  stigmas  and  in  other  characters.  From 
C.  raria  it  differs  in  its  staminate  spike,  its  manner  of  growth, 
scale,  and  in  its  fruit  being  more  ovate,  &c. 

§§  Pislillifcrous  spikes  on  exsert  peduncles,  partly  sheathed  at  the  base. 

60.  C.  alba  Hanke.  :  sterile  spike  pedunculate  ;  fertile  2 — 3,  pedun- 
culate, about  5-flowered  ;  fruit  obovate,  with  a  short  rostrum,  obliquely 
truncate  ;  sheath  at  the  base  of  the  culm  hyaline,  leafless. 

Hab.  Limestone  hills.  N.  H.  and  Ver.  June.  Culm  4—10 
inches  high,  filiform,  sulcate.  Bracts  ovate,  white.  Fruit  black 
when  mature. 

61.  C.  plantaginca  Lam.  :  fertile  spikes  mostly  4,  on  peduncles 
scarcely  exserted,  loosely  flowered  ;  fruit  oblong-cuneiform,  trique- 
trous, recurved  at  the  apex  ;  culm  sheathed  at  the  apex  ;  sheaths  of 
the  culm  all  leafless,  (coloured  ;)  leaves  broad. 

Hab.  Mountain  woods.  N.  Y.  Mass.  and  Penn.  April,  May. 
Culm  8 — 12  inches  high,  nearly  leafless,  with  purple  sheaths. 
Glumes  dark  brown. 

62.  C.  anceps  Muhl.  :  fertile  spikes  mostly  3,  remote,  subcylindric, 
loosely   flowered,    lower    ones  pedunculate  ;    fruit  ovate,    triangular. 


440  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

acute,  striate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  orifice  obscurely  bidentate,  about 
as  long  as  the  ovate  cuspidate  glume. — C.  plantaginea  Muhl.  Ell. 

Hab.     Woods.     Can.  to  Car.     April,  May.     Culm  12 — 14  inches 

high.     Leaves  sometimes  very  broad  ;  hence  this  plant  has  been 

eonfounded  with  the  preceding. 

C3.  C.  oligocarpa  Schk. :  fertile  spikes  3,  pedunculate,  few-flower- 
ed :  lower  peduncles  elongate  ;  fruit  short-ovate,  acutely  triangular, 
with  a  short  rostrum,  orifice  entire,  longer  than  the  ovate  glume. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Hudson's  Bay  to  Penn.  May.  Culms  in 
tufts,  6  inches  high,  slender,  with  the  angles  very  prominent. 
Leaves  subglaucous.     Spikes  5 — 8-flowered. 

64.  C.  scabrata  Seine.  Sf  Torr. :  fertile  spikes  5,  subremote,  cylindri- 
cal, mostly  erect,  lower  ones  long-pedunculate  ;  fruit  ovate,  with  an 
acuminate  rostrum,  subventricose,  scabrous,  orifice  oblique  and  some- 
what bifid,  longer  than  the  ovate-lanceolate  ciliate  glume. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  H.  Mass.  N.  Y.  May.  Culm  18  inches 
high.     Leaves  long  and  very  rough.     Plant  dark  green. 

65.  C.  conoidea  Schk. :  fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  oblong,  remote,  rather 
loose,  uppermost  subsessile,  lower  ones  on  long  peduncles  ;  fruit  ob- 
long-conical, obtuse,  recurved  at  the  apex,  as  long  as  the  awned  glume. 
—  C.  llanda  Deic. 

Hab.  Woods,  &c.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  Culm  6 — 12  inches 
high;  angles  scabrous.  Leases  thin  and  flat.  Spikes  pale  green. 
—A  variable  species. 

66.  C.  tetanica  Schk.  :  sterile  spike  long-pedunculate  ;  fertile  2 — 3, 
remote,  rather  densely  flowered,  upper  one  subsessile,  lowest  on  a  long 
peduncle  :  fruit  ovate-oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  nerved,  subgibbous  at 
the  summit,  oblique,  orifice'  entire,  longer  than  the  ovate  mucronate 
glume. — C.  granular  ioides  Dew. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  Culm  a  foot  high, 
Spikes  very  remote. 

67.  C.  laxiflora  Lam. :  sterile  spike  subsessile ;  fertile  mostly  3, 
rather  loose,  remote,  pedunculate,  erect  ;  fruit  ovate  oblong,  ventri- 
cose,  obtuse,  somewhat  shining,  longer  than  the  ovate  cuspidate  glume. 

Hab.  Woods,  &c.  Can,  to  Geor.  May.  Culm  12 — 18  inches 
high.     Fruit  shining,  inflated  when  mature. 

68.  C.  granularis  Muhl. :  sterile  spike  sessile  or  short-pedunculate  ; 
fertile  mostly  3,  remote,  cylindrical,  dense  ;  uppermost  subsessile,  low- 
est on  a  long  peduncle  ;  fruit  globose-ovate,  nerved,  orifice  entire  ; 
rostrum  very  short  and  recurved. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Penn.  May.  Culm  a  foot  high. 
Leaves  subglaucous.     Fruit  ventricose,  strongly  nerved. 

69.  C  sylvatica  Huds.  :  fertile  spikes  mostly  4,  remote,  filiform, 
dense,  peduncles  nodding  ;  fruit  ovate,  rostrate,  bifid,  twice  as  long  as 
the  ovate  mucronate  glume. 


CYPERACE.E.  441 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  May.  Culm  12—18  inches 
high.     Spike  1  1-2  inches  long.     Plant  pale  green. 

70.  C.flczuosa  Muhl.  :  fertile  spikes  4,  remote,  filiform,  on  nodding 
peduncles  ;  fruit  distant,  alternate,  oblong,  acute  at  each  end,  rostrate, 
bifid,  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate-mucronate  glume. 

Hab.  Wet  meadows.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  Culm  l5 — 24 
inches  high,  sometimes  procumbent.  Leaves  narrow.  Spikes  2 
inches  long.     Rachis  at  length  flexuous. 

71.  ('.  icashingtoniana  Deic. :  sterile  spike  solitary,  erect:  fertile 
spikes  oblong,  cylindric,  subsessile,  subremote,  erect  ;  flowers  some- 
what scattered ;  fruit  Oval,  acute  at  each  end,  compressed,  shortly 
beaked,  with  a  smooth  and  entire  orifice,  about  equalling  the  ovate- 
oblong,  acuti.sh  scale. 

II  vis.  Damp  grounds.  White  Mountains,  N.  H.  June.  Culm 
a  foot  high,  scabrous  above.  Fertile  spikes  2 — 4  inches  long, 
loose  flowered.     Plant  light  green,  spikes  black  or  dark  brown. 

72.  C.  halseyana  Dew.  :  sterile  spikes  mostly  2,  oblong,  erect,  ses- 
sile, lower  ones  shorter  ;  fertile  spikes  remote  from  the  sterile,  solitary, 
oblong,  cylindric,  on  a  long  peduncle,  erect,  loosely  flowered,  (rarely  2, 
distant  and  with  the  upper  one  staminiferous  above  ;)  fruit  oval-ovate, 
shortly  beaked,  subtriquetrous,  inflated,  nerved,  smooth,  orifice  ob- 
lique, a  little  longer  than  the  ovate  acutish  scale. 

I  Jab.  Meadows.  Mass.  May.  Culm  1 — 2  feet  high,  purplish 
near  the  base.     Fertile  spikes  1 — 2.     Plant  dark  green. 

§§§  Pistilliferous  spikes  on  long  peduncles,  nearly  destitute  of  sheaths. 

73.  C.  umhellata  Schk. :  cespitose  ;  fertile  spikes  mostly  4,  ovate, 
few-flowered,  one  sessile  at  the  summit  of  the  culm,  the  rest  on  rad- 
ical peduncles  and  appearing  subumbellate  ;  fruit  ovate,  acuminate- 
rostrate,  subpubescent,  as  long  as  the  ovate  acuminate  glume. 

Hab.  Rocky  grounds.  N.  Y.  N.  Eng.  Penn.  April,  May. 
Culm  1 — 6  inches  high.  Leaves  longer  than  the  culm.  Spikes 
3—5,  G— 8  flowered. 

74.  C.  miliacea  Muhl. :  fertile  spikes  3.  slender  and  cylindrical,  nod- 
ding, slender  and  filiform  ;  fruit  ovate,  triangular,  without  nerves, 
fclightly  rostrate,  orifice  entire,  as  long  as  the  ovate-lanceolate  glume. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  Culm  15  inches  high. 
Spikes  1 — 2  inches  long. 

75.  C.  pallescens  Linn.  :  fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  ovate-cylindrical,  dense, 
at  length  somewhat  nodding;  fruit  obovate-oblong,  obtuse;  sheaths 
and  culm  pubescent. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Mass.  and  N.  Y.  Culm  a  foot  high,  sili- 
cate.    Fertile  spikes  2 — 3,  elliptic,  thick,  pale  green. 

76.  C.  hystcricina  IVilld.  :  sterile  spike  pedunculate  ;  fertile  2 — 3, 
thick,  at  length  cernuous,  upper  one  inclusely  pedunculate,  the  rest 
on  exsert  peduncles  ;  fruit  ovate,  inflated,  subhorizontal,  many-nerved, 
rostrate,  orifice  bifid,  twice  as  long  as  the  oblong  awned  glume. 


442  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS     PLANTS. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can  to  Geor.  May.  Culm  18  inches 
high,  scabrous  above.     Plant  yellowish-green. 

77.  C.  pseudo-cyperus  Linn.  :  fertile  spikes  4,  cylindrical,  peduncu- 
late, upper  ones  subgeminate  ;  fruit  oblong-lanceolate,  rostrate,  reflex- 
ed,  many-nerved  ;  apex  divaricately  bifid. 

Hab.'  Swamps.  Can.  to  Geor.  June.  Culm  2—3  feet  high, 
thick,  scabrous  at  the  angles.     Spikes  2  inches  long,  dense. 

73.  C.  limosa  Linn.  :  fertile  spikes  mostly  2,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate, 
pedunculate,  somewhat  distant,  pendulous  ;  fruit  suborbicular-elliptic, 
compressed;  with  a  very  short  rostrum,  (green,)  orifice  entire,  as  long 
as  the  ovate  mucronate  glume. — C.  lenticularis  Mich.  Deic. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Arc.  Amer.  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng.  June.  Culm 
9 — 24  inches  high,  very  smooth.  Glumes  variable  in  length, 
ovate  or  oblong,  acuminate  or  cuspidate. 

79.  C.  hiichcockiana  Dae.  :  sterile  spike  solitary,  erect,  peduncled  ; 
fertile  ones  mostly  in  threes,  erect,  pedunculate,  lower  one  remote  ; 
flowers  few  and  scattered  ;  fruit  subtriquetrous,  oval,  inflated,  alternate 
both  sides,  recurved  at  the  apex,  striate,  with  a  short  truncate  and 
open  beak,  nearly  equal  to  the  oblong  or  ovate  mucronate  scale. 

Hab.  Mountain  woods.  Mass.  May.  Culm  16 — 24  inches 
high,  and  with  the  leaves  scabrous-pubescent.  Fertile  spikes 
2  —  4.  Plant  dark  green. — Allied  to  G.  laziflora,  but  distinguish- 
ed by  its  fruit  and  rough  pubescence. 

**  Siaminifergus  spikes  2  or  more. 
1.      With  2  stigmas. 

80.  C.  ccspitosa  Linn. :  sterile  spike  subsolitary,  (or  geminate ;)  fertile 
mostly  3.  cylindrical,  obtuse,  distant,  the  lower  on  a  short  exser.t  pe- 
duncle ;  bracts  strict ;  fruit  ovate,  somewhat  acute,  densely  fruited  in 
about  8  rows  ;  orifice  minute,  longer  than  the  ovate  (black  and  mar- 
gined) glume  ;  leaves  spreading. 

Hae.  Mountain  bogs.  Can.  to  Penn.  May.  Culm  12 — 18  in- 
ches high.     Leaves  dark  green.     Fruit  ovate,  nerveless,  green. 

81.  C.  crinita  Lam. :  sterile  spikes  geminate,  (sometimes  androgyn- 
ous;) fertile  4,  distant,  pendulous,  cylindrical,  dense  ;  fruit  roundish- 
ovate,  ventricose,  slightly  rostrate,  orifice  entire,  much  shorter  than 
the  linear  glume. 

b.  gynandra  S.  fy  T.  :   fertile  spikes  3,   oblong-cylindrical ;    fruit 

short-ovate,  somewhat  longer  than  the  awned  glume. 
Hae.     Swamps   and   meadows.      Can.    to    Geor.      June.     Culm 

2—4   feet  high.     Leaves  pale  green.     Spike  2 — 3  inches  long.. 

Var.  b.  has  the  culm  about  a  foot  and  the  fruit  yellowish  when 

mature. 

82.  C.  acuta  Linn. :  sterile  spikes  1—3  ;  fertile  mostly  3,  subpedun- 
culate,  somewhat  nodding,  cylindrical,  remote  ;  fruit  oblong,  entire  at 
the  orifice,  as  long  as  the  oblong  acute  glume. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  May.  Culm  2  feet  high, 
acutely  triquetrous.     Leaves  subglaucous.     Glumes  brown. 


CYPERACEiE.  443 

S3.  C.  aquatilis  WaJd. :  sterile  spikes  numerous  or  one  erect,  oblong, 
about  3-sided  ;  fertile  mostly  3,  on  short  peduncles,  cylindric,  thick- 
clavate-above,  dense  flowered,  subcrect,  sometimes  sterile  at  the  apex  ; 
fruit  elliptic,  sublenticular,  smooth,  with  the  orifice  entire  and  protrud- 
ed, about  equal  to  the  ovate  acutish  scale. 

Hab.  Bogs.  Mass.  May.  Culm  20—30  inches,  erect. — Close- 
ly allied  to  the  preceding,  but  differs  in  its  larger  and  thicker 
densely  flowered  spikes,  in  its  broader  leaves,  its  almost  obtuse 
angled  culm,  and  lighter  colour. 

2.      With  3  stigmas. 

84.  C.  barrait'd  Seine.  $  Torr.  :  sterile  spikes'  subgeminate  ;  fertile 
about  3,  oblong-cylindrical,  sterile  at  the  summit,  nodding,  distant  ; 
fruit  oblong,  subtriquetrous,  somewhat  scabrous,  orifice  subentire  ;  a 
little  shorter  than  the  ovate  lanceolate  glumes  ;  leaves  glaucous. 

Hab.  Sea  coast.  N.  Y.  May.  Culm,  a  foot  high,  rigid.  Leaves 
very  smooth  and  glaucous.      Glumes  dark  brown. 

85.  C.  trichocarpa  MuhL  :  sterile  spikes  2  —  4,  pedunculate,  (some- 
times sterile  at  the  summit  ;)  fertile  3,  distant,  pedunculate,  erect, 
oblong-cylijndrical  ;  fruit  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  bicuspidate, 
hairy,  longer  than  the  ovate  acuminate  glume. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Geor.  May.  Culm  3  feet  high.  Fer- 
tile spikes  cylindric,  thick. 

86.  C.  filiformis  Linn. :  sterile  spike  geminate ;  fertile  2,  ovate-ob- 
long, sessile,  distant ;  fruit  elliptical,  villous,  bifurcate,  as  long  as  the 
ovate-lanceolate  somewhat  awned  glume;  leaves  convolute. 

Hab.  Bogs.  N.  Y.  Mass.  N.  J.  W.  to  Mich.  Culm  2—3 
feet  high.     Leaves  mostly  radical,  2 — 3  feet  long,  filiform  above. 

87.  C.  vesicaria  Linn.  :  sterile  spikes  3  ;  fertile  mostly  2,  peduncu- 
late, cylindrical ;  fruit  oblong,  inflated,  acuminate-rostrate,  bicuspi- 
date, longer  than  the  lanceolate  glume ;  culm  acutely  triquetrous. 

Hab.  Meadows.  N.  Y.  Perm.  W.  to  Mich.  May.  Culm  2 
feet  high.     Spikes  dense,  2 — 3  inches  long. 

88.  C.  ampullacca  W'dld. :  sterile  spikes  3  ;  fertile  2—3,  cylindrical, 
short  pedunculate,  erect  ;  fruit  subglobose,  inflated,  rostrate,  bifurcate, 
longer  than  the  lanceolate  glume  ;  culm  obtusely  triangular. 

Hab.     Meadows.     Mass.     N.  to  Arctic  Amer. 

89.  C.  rctrorsa  Schw.  S?  Torr. :  sterile  spike.s  about  3.  lower  one  of- 
ten fertile  at  the  base  ;  fertile  spikes  about  5,  approximate,  (and  clus- 
tered in  a  subcorymbose  manner,)  oblong-cylindrical,  inclusely  pedun- 
culate, lowest  one  often  remote ;  fruit  ovate,  inflated,  reflexed,  ros- 
trate, half  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  glume. 

Hab.  Near  ponds.  N.  Y.  and  N.  Eng.  May.  Culm  2  feet 
high.     Fertile  spikes  thick.     Fruit  large. 

90.  C.  schu-cinitzii  Deic. :  sterile  spikes  2,  upper  one  elongate,  pe- 
dunculate ;  fertile  3,  oblong-cylindrical,  subpendulous,  rather  remote, 


444  MONOCOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

inclusely  pedunculate  ;    fruit  oblong-ovate,  acuminate-rostrate,  inflat- 
ed, bifurcate,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  attenuate  glume. 

Hab.     Wet  sandy  soil.     N.  Eng.  and  N.  J.     June.     Ctdm  a  foot 
high,  rather  slender.     Spikes  pale  straw  colour. 

91.  C.  bullata  Schk.  :  sterile  spikes  3  ;  fertile  2,  oblong-cylindrical, 
rather  loose,  exsertly  pedunculate  and  somewhat  nodding,  distant ; 
fruit  ovate-globose,  inflated,  erect,  smooth,  costate,  rostrate-acumi- 
nate, orifice  bifid,  twice  as  long  as  the  lanceolate  glume. 

Hab.     Wet  grounds.    N.  Y.    Mass.    Penn.     Culm  18— 24  inches 
high,  slender,  smooth.     Fertile  spikes  remote,  few-flowered. 

92.  C.  pellita  Muhl. :  sterile  spikes  2,  oblong ;  fertile  2,  cylindrical, 
remote,  erect,  upper  one  sessile  ;  fruit  ovate,  subtriquetrous,  short- 
rostrate,  hairy,  bicuspidate,  equal  to  the  oblong  awned  glume. 

Hab.     Wet   grounds.     Can.    to   Penn.     May.     Culm  2  1-2  feet 
high.     Leaves  rigid,  flat,  long. 

93.  C.  lacustris  Wxlld. :  sterile  spikes  about  4 ;  fertile  2 — 3,  erect, 
oblong-cylindrical,  short  pedunculate  ;  fruit  oblong,  many-nerved,  sub- 
rostrate,  smooth,  bifurcate,  somewhat  longer  than  the  oblong  mucron- 
ate  glume. 

Hab.     Swamps,  &c.     Can.  to  Car.     June.     Culm  3 — 5  feet  high. 
Leaves  broad.     Fruit  brown. 

94.  C.  longirostris  Schw.  $  Torr. :  sterile  spikes  3,  short ;  fertile 
2 — 3,  cylindrical,  loose,  at  length  pendulous,  long-pedunculate,  sub- 
distant  ;  fruit  ovate,  subglobose  at  the  base,  smooth,  bifid,  rostrum 
very  long,  longer  than  the  lanceolate  glume. 

Hab.     Wet  meadows.     N.  Eng.     W.  to  Mich.     Cray.     Culm  2 
feet  high.     Fertile  spikes  on  filiform  exsert  peduncles. 


CELLULARES,  orFLOWERLESS 
PLANTS. 

Plants  without  flowers  and  spiral  vessels,  composed  chiefly 
of  cellular  tissue — Acotyledones,  Juss. — Cryptogamous 
or  jEtheogamous  Plants  of  Authors. 


Div.  I.    FILICOIDEiE,  or  FERN-LIKE  PLANTS. 

Obs.  The  following  account  of  our  Filicoid  plants  is  the  result  of 
long  and  attentive  study.  In  addition  to  my  own  collection,  which 
embraces  most  of  the  American,  and  many  foreign  species,  I  have 
carefully  examined  the  specimens  in  the  herbarium  of  Muhlenberg, 
and  in  that  of  Mr.  Schweinitz,  which  were  generously  loaned  to  me  by 
that  gentleman.  I  have  also  received  specimens  from  friends  in  different 
parts  of  our  country,  especially  from  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  N.  Y.,  Dr.  T.  R. 
Ingalls,  Louisiana.  Prof.  Hitchcock,  Mass.  To  Dr.  A.  F.  Holmes,  of 
Montreal,  I  am  indebted  for  an  almost  entire  suite  of  Canadian  ferns. 


Order  CXL.      EQUISETACEjE.     Be  Cand.     hind. 

Fructification  in  terminal  spikes,  composed  of  peltate  sev- 
eral-sided scales,  producing  on  their  inner  surface  4 — 7  elon- 
gated involucres,  which  contain  the  seeds.  Seeds  or  sporules 
numerous,  globose,  surrounded  by  four  elastic  clavate  fila- 
ments, which  are  dilated  at  the  extremity. 

Leafless  plants,  with  whorled  branches.  Stem  fistular, 
jointed ;  the  joints  separable  and  surrounded  by  membran- 
ous toothed  sheaths. — The  cuticle  abounds  in  silex. 

1.  EQUISETUM.     Linn. 

Obs.  The  only  genus  of  the  order ;  the  character  therefore  need 
not  be  repeated. 

1.  E.  palustre  Linn.:  stems  deeply  furrowed,  smooth;  branched; 
branches  simple,  5-sided,  curved  upwards  ;  sheath  subappressed,  dis- 
tant, cut  at  the  apex  into  10  fuscous  teeth  ;  spike  oblong,  blackish. 

38 


446  ACOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Arc.  Amer.  to  Vir.  May,  June.  2_£. — Stems 
12 — 18  inches  high,  deeply  sulcate  and  roughish  ;  branches 
whorled  and  nearly  erect.  Spike  an  inch  long,  slender  and 
blackish. 

2.  E.  sylvaticum  Linn. :  branches  of  both  the  fertile  and  sterile  stems 
compound,  scabrous,  curved  downwards,  3-  or  4-sided  ;  sheath  sloose. 
deeply  cleft  into  membranous  segments. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  May.  Z£.— 
Stems  12 — 18  inches  high. — Well  characterized  by  its  4  or  5 
whorls  of  compound  branches. 

3.  E.  hyemalc  Linn.  :  stems  all  simple,  erect,  very  rough,  naked, 
bearing  spikes  at  the  apex  ;  sheaths  short,  whitish,  black  at  the  base 
and  apex  ;  teeth  awned,  at  length  caducous. 

Hab.  Woods  and  marshes.  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Miss.  June, 
July.  11. — Stems  simple,  1 — 2  feet  high,  naked,  furrowed, 
terminating  in  an  oval  head.  Sheaths  nearly  equidistant,  about 
2  inches  apart.  Scouring  Rush. 

A.  E.  limosum  Linn. :  steins  branched  upwards,  (sometimes  simple;) 
branches  simple,  short,  5-sided,  smooth ;  spike  oblong  or  ovate  ; 
sheaths  appressed. — E.  uliginosum  Willd.  Pursh. 

Hab.  Borders  of  swamps.  N.  S.  July.  ZJ\— Stems  2—3  feet 
high,  erect,  simple  or  with  a  few  whorls  of  branches  at  the  top. 
Sheaths  numerous,  short,  with  15 — 20  narrow  acute  teeth.  Spike 
brown,  scarcely  an  inch  long. 

5.  E.  Jluviatile  Linn. :  sterile  stems  branching,  somewhat  scabrous  ; 
branches  numerous,  angled ;  fertile  ones  with  broad  sheaths  ;  teeth 
long,  cuspidate. — E.  tel mateia  Ehrh. 

Hab.  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  the  shores  of  Lake  Superior.  Toir. 
21. — Fertile  stems  appearing  first,  a  foot  high.  Sterile  stems  2 — 5 
feet  high,'  with  numerous  joints  and  many  long  verticillate 
branches.     Spike  oblong. 

6.  E.  arvense  Linn. :  sterile  stems  somewhat  decumbent,  with  simple, 
square  and  scabrous  branches  ;  fertile  ones  erect,  simple  ;  sheaths  in- 
cisely  toothed,  cylindrical ;  teeth  acute. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  April,  May. 
11. — Fertile  stems  appearing  first,  6—8  inches  high,  with  large 
ovate  brownish  spikes.  Sheatlis  3 — 5,  swelling,  whitish  at  base, 
ending  in  6 — 8  long  acute  teeth.  Sterile  stems  a  foot  or  more 
high,  jointed,  with  whorls  of  ascending  branches,  which  are  3 
or  4-cornered. 

7.  E.  variegatum  Smith  :  cespitose ;  stems  somewhat  branched  at 
base,  naked,  filiform,  scabrous,  bearing  a  blackish  spike  at  the  top  ; 
sheaths  3-toothed,  blackish;  teeth  membranaceous,  lanceolate,  whitish, 
deciduous  at  the  tips. — E.  scirpoides  Mich.  Pursh. 

Hab.  Woods  on  high  grounds.  Can.  and  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc. 
Amer.  July.  11. — Stems  3—6  inches  high,  many  from  the 
same  root,  simple,  filiform,  5-sided.  Spike  small,  ovate,  black- 
ish.—Our  plant  differs  in  no  respect  from  the  foreign,  except  in 
its  smaller  size. 


FILICES.  447 

Order  CXLI.     FILICES.     Juss.     Lind. 

Fructification  only  of  one  kind  on  the  same  individual. 
Capsules  spiked  or  racemed,  or  mostly  collected  into  clusters 
of  various  shapes  (sori)  upon  the  back  of  the  leaf  or  frond, 
naked  or  covered  with  an  involucre,  often  surrounded  by  an 
elastic  ring  and  opening  irregularly,  or  without  a  ring  and 
opening  with  a  regular  fissure.     Seeds  or  sporulcs  minute. 

Leafy  plants  with  a  horizontal  stem  or  caudcx  (rhizoma.) 
Fronds  before  expansion,  circinate,  simple  or  variously  branch- 
ed and  divided. 

Div.  I.  Polypodiace.e.  Capsules  furnished  with  a  verti- 
cal usually  incomplete  ring,  bursting  irregularly  and  trans- 
versely. 

1.     POLYPODIUM.     Linn. 

Sori  roundish,  scattered  on  various  parts  of  the  lower  sur- 
face of  the  frond.     Involucre  none. 

*  Frond  pinnatifid. 

1.  P.  vulgare  Linn. :  frond  smooth,  deeply  pinnatifid  ;  segments  ob- 
long-obtuse, slightly  serrate,  the  upper  ones  becoming  gradually  smal- 
ler ;  sori  solitary — and  P.  virginianum  Willd. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Arc.  Amer.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss.  July. 
1[. — Fern  G— 10  inches  high.  Root  creeping,  clothed  with 
brownish  chaffy  scales.  Stipe  smooth.  Sori  large,  in  double 
rows,  yellowish,  at  length  dark  coloured. 

**   Frond  bipinnatifid. 

2.  P.  hexa gonopterum  Mich. :  frond  bipinnatifid,  rather  smooth,  the 
lower  divisions  deflexed;  segments  lanceolate,  obtuse,  ciliate  ;  lower 
ones  deeply  crenate  ;  upper  ones  very  entire ;  the  lowest  adnate-de- 
current;  sori  minute  ;  stipe  smooth. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  If.— Fern  12—13 
inches  high.  Frond  forming  a  triangle  in  its  circumference, 
connected  by  a  sort  of  hexagonal  membrane  ;  the  2 — 3  lower 
divisions  often  deflected.     So?-i  very  minute. 

3  P.  phegopteris  Linn.  :  frond  bipinnatifid,  the  two  lower  divisions 
deflexed  ;  segments  linear-lanceolate,  obtuse,  entire.,  ciliate,  the  lower- 
most ones  adnate-decurrent ;  veins  hairy  ;  sori  solitary,  marginal. — 
P.  conncctile  Willd.  and  the  American  authors. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  July,  Aug.  Lf . — 
A  careful  comparison  of  specimens  has  satisfied  me  that  our 
plant  is  not  distinct  from  the  foreign  one.  It  differs  from  the 
preceding  in-  having  a  ehaffy  stipe  and  larger  sori.  The  whole 
fern  also  js  smalleF. 


448  ACOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

***   Frond  ternate,  bipinnate. 

4.  P.  dryopteris  Linn.  :  frond  ternate,  bipinnate,  spreading  and  de- 
flexed  ;  segments  obtuse,  somewhat  crenate  ;  sori  marginal;  roo--. 
filiform,  creeping. 

Hab.  Hanover,  N.  H.  Big.  Arc.  Amer.  ;  rare.  July.  2L-— 
Fern  a  foot  high.  Root  black,  creeping  and  slender.  Stipt 
slender,  smooth  and  erect.  Frond  drooping,  tender  and  of  a 
light  green  colour. — Often  confounded  with  the  next,  from 
which  it  is  distinct. 

5.  P.  calcareum  Smith :  frond  ternate,  bipinnate,  erect,  rather 
rigid  ;  segments  somewhat  obtuse,  subentire  ;  sori  marginal,  conflu- 
ent— Nephrodium  dryopteris  Mich. 

Hab.  Wet  shady  grounds.  Can.  to  Penn.  July.  If. — Differs 
from  the  preceding  in  its  more  rigid  habit,  its  somewhat  duller 
green  and  paler  confluent  sori,  as  was  first  shown  by  Sir  J.  E. 
Smith.  Mr.  Charles  S.  Parker,  of  Liverpool,  a  very  accurate 
botanist,  informs  me  that  P.  dryopteris  and  calcareum  are  found 
in  one  locality,  near  Matlock,  (Eng.)  and  that  they  preserve 
their  distinct  characters  in  cultivation. 

2.  ONOCLEA.     Linn. 

Capsules  covering  the  whole  lower  surface  of  the  frond.  In- 
volucre formed  of  the  frond  turned  inwards,  resembling  a 
berry,  opening  but  not  expanding. 

.  I.  O.  sensibilis  Linn.  :  sterile  fronds  pinnate ;  pinnae  lanceolate, 
acute,  laciniate,  upper  ones  united ;  fertile  fronds  bipinnate,  resem- 
bling a  compound  spike,  with  recurved  globular  segments ;  rachis 
smooth. 

Hab.     Moist  woods.     Can.  to  Flor.     July.     11. — Fronds  several, 

12 — 18  inches  high,  with  a  long  and  smooth  stipe  ;  the  fertile 

ones  very  narrow. 

2-  O.  obtusilobata  Schh.  :  sterile  fronds  pinnate ;  pinnae  opposite, 
pinnatifid  ;  segments  rounded,  lower  ones  gradually  smaller,  upper 
ones  united  ;  fertile  fronds  bipinnate  ;  pinnules  incised,  recurved-glo- 
bose,  villose  ;    stipe  scaly. — O.  sensibilis  var.  obtusilobata  Torr. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Penn.  Pursh.  N.  Car.  Schweinitz.  July. 
IX. — Smaller  than  the  preceding,  and  has  the  pinnce  opposite, 
with  rounded  segments. — Mr.  Schweinitz  considers  it  quite  dis- 
tinct. 

3.  ASPIDIUM.     Sufartz. 

Sori  roundish  or  elliptical,  scattered.  Involucre  roundish 
or  kidney-shaped,  umbilicated  or  opening  on  one  side. 

*    Frond  pinnate. 
1.  A.  aerostichoides  Willd. :   frond  pinnate;   pinnae  lanceolate,    fal- 
cate, acute,  ciliate-aerrate,  auricled  at  the  upper  angle  of  their  base. 


FILICES.  449 

eubsessile,  upper  ones  smaller  and  alone  fertile  ;   sori  at  length  conflu- 
cut  ;  stipe  and  rachis  chaffy.  —  Nephrodium  acrostichoides  Mich. 

Hab.  Rocky  and  low  shady  places.  Can.  to  Car.  W.  to  Miss. 
June — Aug.  2X-  — Fern  12  —  18  inches  high.  Stipe  short,  pale 
and  with  the  rachis  chaffy.  Frond  long,  pale  green.  Sori  in  a 
single  or  double  row,  at  length  confluent. 

2.  A.  schiccinitzii.  Beck:  frond  pinnate;  pinna?  linear-lanceolate, 
falcate,  doubly  serrate,  auricled  at  the  upper  angle  of  their  base  ;  sori 
on  the  upper  pinnae,  distinct,  in  two  rows,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
midrib. 

Hab.  N.  J.  Schwcinitz.  Near  Philadelphia.  Conrad. — Fern 
larger  than  the  preceding  and  differing  considerably  in  its  ap- 
pearance. Pimm,  especially  the  lower  ones,  deeply  and  doubly 
dentate-serrate,  the  teeth  or  serratures  armed  with  stiff  bristles. 
Sori  continuing  perfectly  distinct. — Nearly  allied  to  A.  auricu- 
latum  of  Sicartz,  and  may  be  the  same  as  that  mentioned  by  Sir 
J.  E.  Smith  under  the  description  of  that  plant,  (Rets1  Cijcl. 
Supp.  art.  .isjiiduun,)  said  to  have  been  brought  from  the  N.  W. 
Coast  by  Menzies. 

**  Fronds  hipinnatifid. 
3L   A.   thelyptcris    Willd.  :  frond  pinnate  ;    pinna?  lanceolate,    deeply 
pinnatifid,  distinct,  but  sometimes  crossing  each  other  at  base  ;    seg- 
ments  oblong,  acute,    somewhat  crenate,    ciliate ;    sori  marginal,    at 
length  confluent. 

Hab.  Wet  woods  and  swamps.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  2_f. — 
Fern  a  foot  or  more  high.  Root  creeping.  Stipe  smooth ; 
rachis  and  midrib  often  a  little  hairy.  Frond  lanceolate,  deep 
green  and  delicate. 

4.  A.  noteboracense  Willd.  :  frond  pinnate  ;  pinnae  linear-lanceo- 
late, deeply  pinnatifid  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  entire,  ciliate  ;  sori 
marginal  ;  stipe  smooth. — A.  Vielujjtciioides  Swartz. — Nephrodium  the' 
lyptcrioides  Mich. 

Hab.  Damp  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  2_£.—  Fern  about  the 
size  of  the  last  but  of  a  more  rigid  habit.  Segments  of  the 
pinna  usually  quite  entire  and  obtuse.  •  Sori  at  length  confluent 
and  partly  covered  by  the  margin  of  the  frond. — Closely  re- 
sembles the  preceding,  from  which  it  may  still  not  be  distinct. 

5.  A.  cristatum  Willd.  :  frond  pinnate,  nearly  bipinnate,  lanceolate- 
ovate  ;  pinna?  subcordate,  oblong,  pinnatifid  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse, 
dentate-serrate  ;  stipe  scaly. — Nephrodium  cristatum  Mich. 

Hab.  Moist  grounds.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  It. — Fern  a  foot 
or  more  high.  Frond  pale  green,  with  a  lanceolate-ovate  out- 
line. Sori  large,  in  double  rows,  tawny  when  mature,  mostly 
on  the  upper  half  of  the  frond. 

G.  A.  lancastriense  Sprcng. :  pinna?  subopposite,  lower  ones  trian- 
gular-ovate ;   segments  toothed  ;  stipe  nearly  naked. 

Hab.  Woods.  N.  Y.  Mass.  N.  J.  ;  not  common.  July.  7£. 
— Fern  18 — 24  inches  high.  Si  pe  nearly  smooth.  Frond  large, 
much  narrower  and  more  rigid  than  in  the  preceding;  it  is  also 

3S* 


450  ACOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

of  a  darker  green.     Sori  large,  distinct,  very  dark  when  ma- 
ture. 

7.  A.  goldianinn  Hook. :  frond  pinnate  ;  pinnae  deeply  pinnatifid, 
lanceolate,  acuminate  ;  segments  oblong,  subacute,  somewhat  falcate, 
mucronate-serrate  ;  sori  in  rows,  one  between  the  midrib  and  either 
margin  of  the  segments. — A.  filix  mas  Pursh. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  2/.—  Fern  1  1-2—3  feet 
high. — Resembles  A.  cristatum  more  than  any  of  our  species, 
but  can  at  once  be  distinguished  by  the  greater  breadth  of  the 
frond,  giving  it  a  different  outline,  and  by  the  form  of  the  pinna, 
which  are  never  broader  at  base  ;  the  segments  also  are  longer 
and  narrower,  and  slightly  falcate. 

**x  jrron(is  Upinnatc. 

8.  A.  fragile  Willd.  :  frond  bipinnate  ;  pinnules  oblong,  rather 
obtuse,  incisely  serrate  or  subpinnatifid  ;  segments  subentire  ;  rachis 
winged  ;  stipe  chaffy  at  base. — A.  tenuc  Pursh. — A.  atomarium  li'illd. 
— Cyathea  fragilis  Smith. — Nephrodium  tenuc  Mich. — Athyrium  fragile 
Richardson. 

Hab.  Moist  rocks.  N.  Y.  Ver.  Mass.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer. 
June,  July.  IS. — A  beautiful  little  fern,  growing  in  lax  tufft, 
6 — 14  inches  high.  Stipe  long  and  slender,  dark  coloured  and 
a  little  chaffy  at  base.  Frond  delicate,  deep  green.  Pinnules 
very  variable  in  shape  and  in  their  divisions,  some  being  quite 
acute,  others  obtuse  and  wedge-shaped.  Sori  large,  numerous, 
pale,  near  the  margins  of  the  segments.  Involucre  somewhat 
cyathiform,  at  length  lacerate  and  reflexed. — Our  plant  agrees 
precisely  with  the  foreign,  and  I  have  no  doubt  of  their  identity. 

9.  A.  marginale  Willd.  :  frond  bipinnate ;  pinnae  lanceolate  ;  pin- 
nules oblong,  obtuse,  decurrent,  crenate,  lower  ones  almost  pinnatifid 
at  base  ;   sori  marginal ;  stipe  chaffy. — Nephrodium  marginale  Mich. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  IS. — Fern  12 — 18 
inches  high.  Stipe  chaffy  especially  near  the  root.  Frond  light 
green,  the  upper  part  only  fruit-bearing.  Involucre  orbicular, 
with  a  lateral  sinus. 

10.  A.  spinulosum  Willd.  :  frond  bipinnate ;  pinnules  oblong,  de- 
current,  with  deep  cut  prickly  serratures  ;  involucre  orbicular,  with  a 
lateral  sinus — and  A.  aculcatum  Ptirsh.  ? 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Penn.  to  Vir.  July.  H.  Pursh.  — Stipe 
long,  scaly  at  the  lower  part.  Frond  broad,  with  the  segments 
decurrent  so  as  to  form  a  border  to  the  partial  rachis.  Sori 
small  and  rather  distinct. — Doubtful  as  an  American  plant. 

11.  A.  dilatatum  Willd.:  frond  bipinnate;  pinnules  oblong,  dis- 
tinct, incisely   pinnatifid  ;  segments  mucronate-serrate ;  stipe   chaffy 

nd  A.  intermedium  Willd.  Muhl.  ■--**§ 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  IS.—  Fern  1—2 
feet  high.  Stipe  long  and  chaffy.  Frond  varying  in  the  divi- 
sion of  the  pinnce,  being  sometimes  scarcely  bipinnate,  but 
sometimes  almost  tripinnate.  Sori  numerous,  rather  large,  dis- 
tinct, brownish  when  mature. 


FILICES.  451 

12.  A.  bulbiferum  Willd.  :  frond  bipinnate,  lanceolate,  attenuate 
above ;  segments  opposite,  oblong,  obtuse,  serrate,  the  lower  ones  pin- 
natifid  ;  rachis  bearing  bulbs  ;  sori  minute. — Ncphrodhnn  bulbiferum 
Mich. 

Hab.  Wet  rocks.  Can.  and  N.  S.  ;  common.  July.  11. — 
Fern  12—18  inches  high.  Stipe  smooth,  pale.  Frond  narrow, 
much  attenuated  at  the  summit,  fine  green  and  smooth. 

13.  A.  fili.z  famina  Willd.  :  frond  bipinnate  ;  pinnules  oblong-lan- 
ceolate, incisely  serrate  ;  serratures  few-toothed,  somewhat  acute ; 
sori  oblong,  straight. — Asplenium  flix-famina  Spreng. 

Hab.  Low  shady  grounds.  Can.  to  Vir.  Pursh.  Bethlehem, 
Penn.  and  X.  W.  Terr.  Schiecinitz.  July.  IX. — Fern  grow- 
ing in  tufts,  1  1-2 — 2  feet  high.  Frond  with  the  general  outline 
oblong-lanceolate.  Sori  small,  one  on  each  segment  of  the  pin- 
nules, inserted  laterally  into  its  minute  midrib,  oblong  and 
straight,  but  at  length  by  the  pushing  back  of  the  involucre 
becoming  kidney  shaped  and  appearing  nearly  round,  but  al- 
ways remaining  distinct. 

14.  A.  asplcnioides  Willd.  :  frond  bipinnate  ;  pinnules  linear-lanceo- 
late, incisely  serrate  ;  serratures  2 — 3-toothed  ;  sori  oblong,  lunate, 
at  length  confluent. — Nephrodium  asplcjwidcs  Mich. — Asplenium  atluj- 
rium  Spreng. 

Hab.  Shad}*  woods.  Throughout  the  U.  S.  and  Can.  July. 
11. — Resembles  the  preceding,  but  has  a  broader  outline,  and 
has  the  sori  longer  and  lunate  and  parallel  to  each  other,  giving 
it  the  appearance  of  an  Asplenium.  The  involucre  is  larger  and 
remains  firmly  attached  to  the  frond,  &e. 

15.  A.  angusfum  Willd. :'  frond  bipinnate  ;  pinnules  lanceolate,  in- 
cisely-serrate  ;  serratures  sub-bidentate  ;  lower  tooth  longer ;  sori  ob- 
long lunulate;  stipe  smooth.—  Nephrodium  filiz  famina  Mich. — As- 
plenium michauxii  Spreng. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  N.  Car.  July.  If.— Though  al- 
lied to  the  two  preceding,  this  appears  to  be  a  good  species. 
The  frond  is  smaller,  being  seldom  more  than  a  foot  high  ;  it  has 
also  a  narrower  outline. — Dr.  Hooker,  however,  considers  it  a 
narrow-fronded  variety  of  A.  filixfotmina. 

4.     WOODSIA.     Brown. 

Sori  roundish,  scattered,  having  beneath  an  involucre  which 
is  cut  at  the  edge  into  many  capillary  segments. 

1.  W.  ilvensis  Brown:  frond  pinnate;  pinnr?  lanceolate,  deeply 
pinnatifid,  with  numerous  nearly  uniform  oblong  segments. — Polypo- 
dium  ilvensc  Willd. 

Hab-.  Rocky  banks  of  streams.  Can.  and  N.  S.  June.  It. — 
Fern  4 — 6  inches  high,  in  dense  tufts.  Stipe  brownish  and  scaly 
below.  Frond  oblong  or  lanceolate  ;  pinna  about  12,  alternate. 
— This  is  not  the  W.  ilvensis  of  Pursh. 

2.  IV.  hjperborca  Broicn  :  frond  pinnate ;   pinnae  somewhat  cordate, 


452  ACOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

rounded,  pinnatifid ;  segments  rounded,  unequal. — Polypodium  hyper* 

boreum  fVilld. 

Hab.  Rocks.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  It. — Resembles  the  pre- 
ceding, but  is  sometimes  quite  small,  and  differs  in  having  the 
pinnae  as  well  as  the  segments  more  rounded  and  less  deeply 
pinnatifid,  except  at  their  base,  where  the  bottom  pair  of  seg- 
ments are  often  so  deeply  separated  as  to  form  two  little  pin- 
nules. 

3.  W.  rvfidula  Beck :  frond  bipinnate ;  pinnules  hairy,  oblong,  ob- 
tuse, pinnatifid,  with  obtuse  segments  ;  sori  at  length  confluent ;  stipe 
and  rachis  hairy. — Aspidium  rvfidulum  and  Woodsia  ilvensis  Pursh. — 
Ncphrodium  rvfidulum  Mich.    Woodsia  ilvensis  ?  Big.  Richardson's  App. 

Hab.  Rocks.  Subare.  Amer.  to  Car.  July.  Lf. — Fern  6 — 8 
inches  high.  Stipe  dark  brown,  densely  clothed  with  lighter 
coloured  woolly  hairs.  Frond  decidedly  bipinnate  in  full  grown 
specimens,  hairy  on  both  sides. — The  W.  ilvensis  and  hyperborea 
of  Brown  resemble  each  other  closely.  This  differs  from  both  in 
its  bipinnate  frond  and  in  its  hairy  instead  of  scaly  stipe,  rachis 
and  frond. 

4.  W.  perriniana  Hook.  <$•  Grev.  :  minutely  glandular-pilose  ;  frond 
bipinnate  ;  pinnules  pinnatifid ;  segments  rounded,  bidentate ;  sori 
submarginal ;  involucre  subhemispheric,  at  length  with  dentate  spread- 
ing segments  ;  spike  somewhat  chaffy. — Also phila  perriniana  Spreng. — 
Hypopeltis  oltusa  Torr.     Aspidium  obtusum  Willd.   Pursh. 

Hab.  Rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  ;  rather  rare.  July.  24. — Fern 
8 — 10  inches  high,  erect.  Slipe  straw  coloured.  Sori  at  length 
much  crowded  together. — Habit  similar  to  the  Woodsias,  "and 
except  that  the  involucre  is  larger  in  proportion  to  the  sorus, 
and  that  in  the  young  state  it  covers  more  fully  the  capsule, 
and  is  not  margined  with  hairs,  there  is  not  a  difference  even  in 
the  characters  of  the  fructification." — Hook.  <$*  Grev.  Icon.  Filic. 

5.     ASPLENIUM.     Linn. 

Sori  linear,  transverse,  scattered.  Involucre  arising  from 
the  lateral  veins  and  opening  towards  the  central  nerve  or  rib. 

*  Frond  undivided. 

1.  A.  rhizophyllum  Willd.  ;  frond  lanceolate,  stipitate,  subcrenate, 
auriculate-cordate  at  base,  the  point  very  long  filiform  and  rooting. 

h  pinnatifidum  Muhl  :  fronds  pinnatifid  at  base  ;  lobes  roundish- 
ovate  ;  the  lower  ones  crenate. — A.  pinnatifidum  Nutt. 

Hab.  Wet  rocks.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  24..— Fronds  several 
from  the  same  root,  6 — 10  inches  long,  somewhat  triangular, 
with  a  very  long  and  linear  point,  which  is  bent  to  the  ground 
and  strikes  root.  Var.  b.  passes  into  the  former  by  scarcely 
perceptible  variations. 

**  Frond  pinnate. 

2.  A.  anguslifolium  Mich.  :  frond  pinnate ;  pinnae  alternate,  upper 
ones  subopposite,  linear  lanceolate,  serrate  towards  the  point,  some- 


FILICES.  453 

what  repand,  the  base  truncate  on  the  upper  side,  rounded  on  the 

lower. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  U-— Fern  12— IS 
inches  high.  Sterile  fronds  forming  a  circle  with  the  fertile  ones 
smaller  and  central.  Sori  diverging  like  veins  from  the  midrb, 
at  length  confluent. 

3.  A.  cbnitum  JJ'ilhl. :  frond  pinnate  ;  pinna?  sessile,  lanceolate, 
somewhat  falcate,  serrate,  auricular  on  the  upper  side  of  their  base  ; 
spike  smooth  and  polished. — A.  triehomanoides  Mich. — A.  pohjpodioides 
Swartz.  Muhl. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  H.—  Fern  6 — JO  in- 
ches high.  Stipe  brown,  polished,  slender  and  simple.  Frond 
narrow,  pale  green,  smooth.  Sori  in  short  diverging  lines,  ar- 
ranged in  a  double  row. 

4.  A.  trichomonas  Linn.  :  fronds  pinnate  ;  pinnae  roundish-oblong, 
obtuse,  crenate,  the  base  truncate  and  somewhat  cuneate  ;  stipe  smooth 
and  dark  coloured — and  A.  mrhnwcnulon  Wittd. 

Hab.  Shady  rocks.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  11. — A  delicate  fern 
4 — 8  inches  high.  Stipe  shining,  blackish-purple.  Frond  dark 
green.  Sori  linear,  5 — G  to  each  pinnule,  becoming  roundish 
when  old. — Distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  its  smaller 
size  and  by  having  the  pinna?  roundish,  and  acute  at  base. 

•**  frond  bipinnatijid. 

5.  A.  thebjpleroides  Mich.  :  frond  pinnate  ;  pinnae  lanceolate,  sessile, 
acuminate,  pinnatifid  ;  segments  oblong,  obtuse,  denticulate. 

Hab.  Shady  banks  of  streams.  Can.  to  Cur.  July.  11. — Fern 
1 — 2  feet  high.  Stipe  smooth,  not  coloured.  Frond  ovale,  fine 
green  ;  pinna  long,  pinnatifid.  Sori  oblong  and  oblique,  form- 
ing two  rows,  one  on  each  side  of  the  partial  ribs. — Resembles; 
Aspidium  thebjptcris. 

****   Frond  bipinnatc. 

6.  A.  rula-muraria  Linn.  :  frond  bipinnate  at  the  base,  simply  so  at 
the  top  ;  segments  rhomboid-wedge-shaped,  obtusely  denticulate  at  the 
extremity. 

Hab.  Rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  ;  not  common.  July.  li —  A 
small  fern  growing  in  tufts,  2 — 4  inches  high.  Frond  spreading, 
rather  rigid,  glaucous  green,  bi-  and  tri-pinnate.  Sori  linear, 
slightly  oblique,  at  length  darker  and  confluent. 

7.  A.  montnnum  Willd.  :  frond  smooth,  bipinnate  ;  pinnules  oblong- 
ovate,  pinnatifid  ;  segments  2—3  toothed  at  the  apex — A.  adiantum 
nigrum  Mich. 

Hab.  Mountain  rocks.  Bethlehem,  Penn.  S.  to  Car.  Schicci- 
nitz.  July.  H. — A  fern  growing  in  tufts,  4 — 8  inches  high. 
Frond  having  a  narrow  outline,  mostly  bipinnate  ;  but  more 
or  less  divided  according  to  its  size.  Sori  linear,  at  length  con- 
fluent.—  Differs  from  the  foreign  A,  adiantum  niirrvm,  in  boing 
much  smaller,  and  in  having  the  segments  more  obtuse. 


454  ACOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

6.     WOODWARDIA.     Smith. 

Sori  oblong,  distinct,  parallel  with  the  ribs  of  the  frond  on 
either  side.  Involucre  superficial,  arched, -separating  towards 
the  rib. 

1.  JV.  onocleoides  Willi.  :  sterile  frond  pinnatifid  ;  segments  lance- 
olate, repand,  slightly  serrulate  ;  fertile  frond  pinnate  ;  segments  li- 
near, entire,  acute. —  JV.  angustifolia  Smith.  Muhl. 

Hab.  Swamps.  Can.  to  Flor.  ;  not  common.  Aug.  11. — 
Fern  a  foot  high,  growing  in  tufts.  Frond  lanceolate,  tapering 
at  the  top.  Sori  a  1-4  of  an  inch  long,  at  length  nearly  cover- 
ing the  back  of  the  pinna?. 

2.  W.  tirginica  Willd.  :  frond  very  smooth,  pinnate  ;  pinnae  ses- 
sile, lanceolate,  pinnatifid  ;  sori  in  interrupted  lines  near  the  midrib  of 
the  pinna?  and  segments. —  JV.  banisteriana  Mich. 

Hab.  Swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Geor.  July.  If. — Fern  2  feet  high. 
Stipe  smooth.  Frond  having  a  lanceolate  outline,  light  green, 
with  the  segments  acute  and  falcate.  Sori  in  double  lines,  at 
length  confluent. 

7.     SCOLOPENDRIUM.     Smith. 

Sori  linear,  transverse,  scattered.  Involucre  double,  oc- 
cupying both  sides  of  the  sorus,  superficial,  at  length  opening 
longitudinally. 

<S'.  officinarum  JVilld :  frond  simple,  ligulate,  entire,  cordate  at  base. 
— Asplenium  scolopendrinm  Linn. 

Hab.  Shady  woods  among  loose  rocks  near  Onondago,  N.  Y. 
Pursh.  July.  Lf. — Frond  suberect,  on  rather  a  short  stipe, 
8 — 15  inches  long,  2—3  wide,  fine  green,  paler  beneath.  Sori 
1-2  to  3-4  of  an  inch  long,  oblique  to  the  midrib. — Pursh  could 
hardly  have  been  mistaken  in  this  plant,  and  yet  it  is  singular 
that  it  has  never  been  found  in  our  country  by  any  other  botan- 
ist. 

8.     PTERIS.     Linn. 

Sori  in  a  continuous  marginal  line.  Involucre  formed  of 
the  inflected  margin  of  the  frond,  opening  inwards. 

1.  P.  atropurpurca  Linn. :  frond  pinnate  ;  lower  divisions  ternate  or 
pinnate ;  segments  lanceolate,  obtuse,  very  entire,  obliquely  truncate 
or  subcordate  at  base. 

Hab.  On  rocks.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  July.  If. — Fern  6—10  inches 
high.  Stipe  purple  or  dark  brown,  villous.  Frond  light  green 
on  the  upper  surface,  grayish  beneath.  Sori  marginal,  conspic- 
uous. 

2.  P.  gracilis  Mich. :  frond  pinnate  ;  pinnee  lanceolate,  obtuse,  al- 
ternate, sessile,  lower  ones  pinnatifid  ;  fertile  ones  entire  ;  sterile  ones 
crenate,  round-obtuse. — Cheilanthes  gracilis  Spreng. 


FILICES.  455 

Hab.  On  rocks.  Can.  and  N.  S.  Aug.  !£.— Smaller  and  of  a 
much  more  delicate  habit  than  the  last.  Frond  with  the  stipe 
4 — 6  inches  high,  smooth  and  shining. — Specimens  of  this 
plant  which  I  found  in  abundance  on  the  rocks  near  Whitehall, 
N.  Y.,  were  collated  by  Dr.  Hooker  and  determined  to  be  the 
true  P.  gracilis,  and  he  also  remarks  that  he  cannot  comprehend 
why  Kaulfuss  and  Sprengel  should  make  it  a  Chcilanthcs. 

3.  P.  aquilina  Linn.  :  frond  3-parted  ;  branches  bipinnate  ;  pinna? 
linear-lanceolate,  lower  ones  pinnatirid,  upper  ones  undivided  ;  seg- 
ments oblong,  obtuse. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Can.  to  Flor.  July.  2i.— Fern  2—6  feet 
high,  according  to  the  soil.  Stipe  angular,  dark  coloured  and 
polished,  dividing  into  large  opposite  branches.  Frond  very 
large,  pale  green. — Dr.  Hooker  thinks  that  the  plant  which 
passes  under  this  name  among  our  botanists  is  the  next. 

4.  P.  cauduta  Linn.  :  frond  pinnately  3-parted  ;  sterile  divisions  bi- 
pinnate, with  the  segments  linear,  long,  obtuse,  and  very  entire  ;  fer- 
tile divisions  pinnate  ;  segments  rather  remote,  the  lower  ones  pinnati- 
fid,  dentate  at  the  base. 

Hab.  Rocky  woods  near  streams.  Penn.  to  Car.  Pursh.  Aug. 
If  Dr.  Hooker's  opinion  is  correct,  this  species  is  very  common 
in  the  N.  S. 

9.     ADIANTUM.     Linn. 

Sori  oblong  or  roundish,  marginal.  Involucre  membran- 
aceous, arising  from  distinct  portions  of  the  frond  turned  in, 
opening  inwards. 

A.  pedatum  Linn. :  frond  pedate  ;  divisions  pinnate  ;  pinnae  oblong, 
somewhat  lunate,  with  the  upper  margin  incised ;  sori  linear,  stipe 
smooth. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Vir.  Louis.  Rnf.  July.  If. — 
Fern  1 — 2  feet  high,  easily  known  by  its  long  slender  black  and 
highly  polished  stipe,  and  its  pedate  nearly  horizontal  frond. 

10.     CHEILANTHES.     Sicartz. 

Sori  roundish,  distinct,  situated  at  the  margin  of  the  frond. 
Involucre,  of  membranous  distinct  inflexed  scales,  opening  in- 
wards. 

C.  vestita  Willd.  :  frond  bipinnate,  hairy  on  both  sides  ;  pinnules 
pinnatifid ;  segments  rounded,  oblong,  very  entire  ;  stipe  and  rachis 
hairy. 

Hab.  Rocks.  Penn.  to  Car.  W.  to  Rocky  Mountains.  July. 
H. — Fern  6—8  inches  high,  and  covered  with  long  brownish 
hair.     Sori  at  length  contiguous. 

11.     HYMENOPHYLLUM.     Smith. 

Sori  in  separate  spots  at  the  margin  of  the  frond.  Capsules 
sessile,  inserted  on  a  common  cylindrical  receptacle,  within  a 


456  ACOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

2-valved  involucre  of  the   same  texture  as  the  frond ;  valves 
plane,  outer  one  free. 

H.  ciliatum  Smith :  frond  pinnate;  lower  divisions  larger;  upper 
ones  gradually  smaller,  pinnatifid ;  segments  linear-obtuse,  bifid,  cili- 
ate,  hairy  on  the  veins  ;  stipe  and  rachis  winged  and  ciliate. — Tricho- 
?na?ics  ciliatum  Sicartz. 

Hab.  Trunks  of  trees  in  shady  places.  Penn.  and  Vir.  If. — 
Pursh. 

12.     STRUTHIOPTERIS.     Willd. 

Capsules  densely  covering  the  back  of  the  frond.  Involu- 
cre scaly,  marginal,  opening  internally. 

S.  germanica  JVilld.  :  sterile  fronds  pinnate  ;  pinnae  pinnatifid,  ses- 
sile ;  segments  entire,  rather  acute  ;  the  lower  ones  somewhat  elon- 
gated— and  <S.  pennsylvanica  Willd. —  Onoclea  struthiopteris  Sicartz. — 
O.  nodulosa  Schk.  Mich. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  LL — One  of  our 
largest  ferns,  the  sterile  fronds  being  often  3  feet  high  and  ar- 
ranged in  a  circular  form,  with  a  few  much  smaller  fertile  ones 
in  the  centre. — I  think  there  can  be  no  doubt  of  the  identity  of 
our  plant  with  the  foreign  £?.  germanica. 

13.     DICKSONIA.     VHerit. 

Sori  punctiform,  marginal,  roundish  and  distinct.  Involu- 
cre double;  outer  one  superficial,  opening  outwards;  the 
other  marginal  and  opening  inwards. 

D.  pilosiuscula  Willd. :  frond  bipinnate  ;  pinnules  decurrent,  ob- 
long-ovate, pinnatifid  segments  incisely  dentate  ;  sori  solitary,  minute  ; 
stipe  and  rachis  hairy.  —D.  pubescens  Schk.—Nephrodium  punctilobum 
Mich.— Aspidium  punctilobum  Willd.  Pursh.   Torr. 

Hab.  Shady  places.  Can.  to  Vir.  ;  common.  July.  21.— 
Fern  2 — 3  feet  high,  growing  in  tufts,  of  a  delicate  habit.  Stipe 
nearly  smooth  below,  but  becoming  hairy  as  it  passes  into  the 
rachis.  Frond  large  and  long,  lanceolate,  somewhat  acuminate, 
yellowish-green.  Sori  solitary,  minute,  near  the  divisions  of 
the  segments. — A  true  Dicksonia. 

Div.  II.  Osmundaeje.  Capsules  destitute  of  a  ring,  re- 
ticulated, striated  with  rays  at  the  apex,  opening  lengthwise 
and  usually  externally. 

14.     OSMUNDA.     Linn. 

Capsules  subglobose,  pedicelled,  radiate-striate,  or  wrink- 
led, 2-valved,  with  a  hinge  at  the  joining  of  the  valves,  either 
occupying  the  lower  surface  of  the  contracted  frond,  or  disposed 
in  the  shape  of  a  raceme  or  panicle.     Involucre  none. 


FILICES.  457 

*  Leafy  frond  bearing  fruit. 

1.  O.  claytoniana  Linn.  :  frond  pinnate ;  pinnoe  pinnatifid,  with 
smaller  fertile  ones  at  the  top. 

Hab.  Wet  grounds.  Cambridge.  N.  Y.  Stevenson.  Penn.  Con- 
rad. May.  2L — Frond  12 — 18  inches  high  ;  pinnae  obtuse,  to- 
mentose  at  the  axils  ;  segments  entire.  Fruit  terminal,  bipin- 
nately  panicled,  erect,  ferruginous. — Identified  by  Muhlenberg 
with  (>.  interrupta  Mich.,  and  by  Pursh  with  O.  cinnamomea. 
From  the  former  it  differs  in  having  the  fructification  terminal, 
and  from  the  latter  by  having  the  pinnoe  more  obtuse,  the  seg- 
ments closer  and  not  so  deep,  and  by  not  being  lanuginous.  See 
Conrad  in  Jour.  Fhil.  Acad.  vi.  39. 

2.  O.  interrupta  Mich.  :  frend  pinnate,  smooth  ;  pinnae  nearly  op- 
posite, pinnatifid  ;  segments  oblong,  subacute,  entire  ;  some  of  the 
intermediate  pinnae  fruit-bearing. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Vir.  June.  2L — Fern  1 — 2  feet 
high.  Frond  with  2  or  3  central  pairs  of  pinnae  fertile  dark 
brown  and  shorter  than  the  sterile  ones. 

3.  O.  spectabUis  ll'illd. :  frond  bipinnate,  all  fruit  bearing  at  the  sum- 
mit ;  pinnules  oblong,  distinct,  serrulate  j  raceme  very  large,  decom- 
pound.—  O.  recalls  Midi.    Ton: 

Hab.  Low  grounds  and  swamps.  Can.  to  Flor.  July.  11. — 
Fern  3—4  feet  high,  of  a  grayish  colour,  with  numerous  spread- 
ing branches. — Differs  from  the  foreign  O.  regalis  by  its  being 
smaller,  and  of  a  more  rigid  texture,  and  by  the  distinct  petiola- 
tion  of  the  pinnules  which  are  not  lobed  at  base. 

**  Fertile  fronds  separated. 

4.  O.  cinnamomea  Linn. :  sterile  frond  pinnate  ;  pinnae  pinnatifid  ; 
segments  ovate-oblong,  obtuse,  very  entire  ;  fertile  frond  bipinnate, 
woolly,  contracted  ;  stipe  woolly. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Flor.  Aug.  1L  —  Sterile  fronds 
from  2 — 5  feet  high,  arranged  in  bundles  or  circles,  with  a  few 
much  smaller  fertile  ones  in  the  midst. 

15.     LYGODIUM.     Swartz. 

Capsules  sessile,  ovate,  in  2-ranked  little  spikes,  which  is- 
sue from  the  margin  of  the  frond,  radiate-striate,  or  wrinkled, 
opening  on  the  inner  side,  from  the  hase  to  the  summit.  In- 
volucre scale-like,  covering  each  capsule. 

L.  pabnatum  Sicartz. :  stem  flexuous  and  climbing  ;  fronds  conju- 
gate, cordate,  palmate,  with  5  lobes  ;  lobes  entire,  obtuse  ;  spikelets 
oblong-linear,  in  a  compound  terminal  spike. — Hydro  glossum  palma- 
tum  ll'illd.  Pursh. — Ctcisium  paniculatum  Mich. 

Hab.  Low  woods.  Mass.  to  Car.  ;  rare.  July.  2L — Stem 
climbing,  3 — 4  feet  long,  smooth  and  slender.  Petioles  alter- 
nate, forked  at  a  short. distance  from  the  stem,  and  supporting 
2  leaves  or  fronds,  which  are  divided  into  5 — 9  oblong  obtuse 

39 


458  ACOTYLEDONOUS.    PLANTS. 

lobes.     Fertile  fronds  variously  divided   into  small  linear  seg- 
ments, with  the  sori  in  2  imbricated  rows. 

16.     SCHIZEA.     Smith. 

Spikes  unilateral,  flabellate,  aggregate.  Capsules  with  ra- 
diating furrows  at  the  top,  somewhat  turbinate,  bursting  late- 
rally, sessile.  Involucre  continuous,  formed  of  the  inflexed 
margin  of  the  spikes. 

$.  pusilla  Pursh  :  frond  simple,  linear-compressed,  tortuous  ;  spikes 
few,  conglomerated  at  the  summit  of  a  long  slender  stipe. — S.  tortuosa 
Muhl. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens  near  Quakers'  Bridge,  N.  J.  Aug.  It- — A 
very  small  fern,  with  numerous  cespitose  fronds,  which  are 
about  2  inches  long.  Stipe  3 — 5  inches  long,  filiform,  with  a 
few  brownish  secund  spikes. — It  has  been  found  in  Newfound- 
land and  in  the  Falkland  Islands,  but  the  only  intermediate  lo- 
cality known  is  that  of  N.  3.— Cooper  in  Ann.  N.  Y.  Lye.  ii.  266. 

Div.  III.  Ophioglosseje.  Capsules  of  one  cell,  adnate  at 
the  base,  subglobose,  coriaceous,  opaque,  destitute  of  a  ring, 
not  cellular,  (sometimes  connate,)  half  2-valved. 

17.     OPHIOGLOSSUM.     Linn. 

Capsules  round,  smooth,  1-celled,  2-valved,  transversely 
opening,  disposed  upon  an  articulated  2-ranked  spike. 

1.  O.  vulgatum  Linn.  :  spike  cauline ;  frond  simple,  oblong-ovate, 
obtuse,  closely  reticulate. 

Hab.  Low  woods.  N.  S.  June.  It. — Fern  smooth  and  suc- 
culent, 6 — 8  inches  high,  bearing  a  single  entire  subsessile 
frond.  Spike  about  an  inch  long,  on  a  slender  peduncle. — Dr. 
Gray  has  found  2  or  3  specimens  of  a  fern  which  resembles  this 
in  its  specific  character,  but  is  scarcely  2  inches  high.  It  may 
prove  on  further  examination  to  be  a  distinct  species.  If  so,  I 
wouki  propose  for  it  the  name  of  O.  Grayi. 

2.  O.  bulb o sum  Mich.  :  spike  cauline,  short ;  frond  subcordate,  ovate, 
somewhat  obtuse  ;  root  bulbous. — O.  crotalophoroidcs  Walt. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  N.  J.  to  Car.  May.  If. — Fern  6  inches 
high.     Frond  1  1-2  inch  long  and  an  inch  broad,  reticulate. 

18.     BOTRYCHIUM.     Swartz. 

Capsules  subglobose,  1-celled,  2-valved,  distinct,  sessile, 
smooth,  coriaceous,  disposed  in  spikes  or  racemes,  opening 
transversely. 

1.  B.  simplex  Hitchcock :  scape  with  one  frond  above  ;  frond  ternate, 
pinnatifid  ;  segments  cuneate,  obovate,  incised. 

Hab.     Dry  woods.  Can.  N.Y.  &  Mass.  June.  If.— Fern  2—6  in- 


lycopodiacejE.  450 

ches  high.  Frond  solitary,  from  a  torn  membranaceous  sheath, 
divided  into  3  or  4  unequal  segments  or  pinnatifid  ;  the  seg- 
ments often  much  cut.  Spike  subcompound,  unilateral  and  in- 
terrupted.—  Sec  Hitchcock  in  SUL  Jour.  vi.  103. 

2.  B.  fumarioides  Ullld. :  scape  naked  ;  frond  smooth,  radical,  3- 
parted.  bipinnato  ;  pinnules  lunate,  crenate  ;  spikes  bipinnate,  andB.  ob- 
liquum  Muhl. — B.  fumarioides  var.  obliquum  Ton: — Botrypvs  lunarioides 
Mich. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  N.  Y.  to  Car.  June.  If.— Fern  9—12 
inches  high.  Frond  petioled,  mostly  ternate,  but  often  more 
compound  ;  segments  lunate,  closely  resembling  those  of  B.  lu- 
naria.  Capsules  in  double  rows  on  the  branchlets. — I  have  care- 
fully examined  an  authentic  specimen  of  B.  obliquum  in  the  her- 
barium of  Mr.  Schweinitz,  but  can  observe  nothing  to  distin- 
guish it  from  this  species. 

3.  B.  dissection  IVilUl. :  scape  with  the  frond  near  the  base  ;  frond 
ternate,  thrice  pinnatifid ;  segments  decurrent,  linear,  wedge-shaped, 
sharply  toothed  at  the  end. 

Hab.  Dry  woods.  Near  Philadelphia.  Conrad.  Washington 
City.  Collins.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Pursh.  June.  2^.— Easily 
distinguishable  from  the  next  by  its  smaller  size,  and  by  the 
much  more  finely  divided  segments  of  the  frond. 

4.  B.  rirginiaon  Sicartz :  scape  bearing  the  frond  in  the  middle  ; 
frond  3-parted,  bipinnatifid  ;  segments  obtuse,  about  3-toothed  ;  spikes 
bipinnate,  divaricate — and  B.  gracile  Pursh. — Botrypus  virginicus  Mich. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  June,  July.  H. — Fern 
often  18 — 20  inches  high.  Frond  near  the  middle  of  the  stipe, 
divided  into  3  principal  branches,  which  are  again  variously 
divided.     Spike  pinnate  or  bipinnate,  smooth  or  a  little  hairy. 

Order  CXL1I.     LYCOPODIAGE^.     Be  Cand.     Lind. 

Fructification  axillary  or  spiked,  composed  of  two  kinds  of 
1 — 3-celled,  2 — 3-valved  capsules,  some  containing  minute 
granules,  others  a  few  larger  corpuscules.  Stems  herbaceous 
or  woody,  simple  or  branched,  erect  or  creeping.  Leaves  un- 
divided, small,  numerous. 

1.     LYCOPODIUM.     Linn. 

Capsules  1-celled,  axillary,  sessile ;  some  2-valved,  filled 
with  a  farinaceous  substance  ;  others  3-valved,  containing 
1 — 6  globose  corpuscules. 

*  Spikes  peduncled. 
1.   L.  carolinianum  Linn.  :  stem  creeping  ;  leaves  somewhat  2-rank- 
ed,  spreading,  lanceolate,  very  entire  ;  peduncle  erect,  solitary,  elon- 
gated. 1-spiked  ;  bracts  sublanceolate,  entire. 

Hab.     Low   grounds.     Mass.    to   Car.     July.     If.— A   creeping 


460  ACOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

plant,  keeping  close  to  the  ground  in  muddy  soils.     Peduncle 
erect,  3 — 4  inches  high,  slender,  with  a  single  spike. 

2.  L.  clwvatum  Linn. :  stem  creeping,  with  ascending  branches  ; 
leaves  scattered,  incurved,  ending  in  hairs  ;  spikes  in  pairs,  rarely  in 
threes,  cylindrical,  pedunculate  ;  scales  ovate,  acuminate,  erosely 
denticulate. — L.  tristachium  Nutt.  not  of  Pursh. — L.  integrifolium 
G  oldie. 

H-ab.  Pine  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  W.  to  Michigan.  July. 
IT. — Stem  closely  trailing  on  the  ground,  very  long,  rooting 
and  throwing  up  fertile  branches  4—6  inches  high.  Leaves  li- 
near-lanceolate, entire  or  serrulate.     Spikes  yellQwish,  erect. 

3.  L.  complanatum  Lhin.  :  stem  trailing,  with  dicliotomous  branch- 
es ;  leaves  2-rowed,  connate,  spreading  at  the  tips  ;  superficial  ones 
solitary,  appressed  ;  peduncles  elongated,  supporting  4  terete  cylin- 
drical spikes. 

Hab.  Woods.  Can.  to  Car.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  July.  11. — 
Stem  2 — 10  feet  long,  dichotomously  branched.  Leaves  4-row- 
ed,  short  ;  two  larger  2-rowed  ;  smaller  ones  close  pressed  to 
the  flattened  sides  of  the  stem.  Spikes  2 — 4,  on  elongated  pe- 
duncles. 

4.  L.  sabinafolium  Willd.  :  stem  erect ;  branches  alternate,  dichot- 
omous  ;  leaves  lanceolate,  acute,  in  4  rows,  appressed,  convex  ;  spikes 
terete  ;  scales  subcordate,  acuminate. — L.  alpinum  Mich. 

Hab.  White  Mountans,  N.  H.  N.  to  Labrador.  W.  to  Michi- 
gan. July.  11. — This  species,  of  which  I  have  specimens  from 
the  White  Mountains,  which  agree  in  all  respects  with  those  in 
the  Herbarium  of  Mr.  Schweinitz,  differs  strikingly  in  appear- 
ance from  L.  alpinum.— The  stem  is  erect,  the  leaves  are  large 
and  somewhat  spreading,  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  some- 
times denticulate.  The  whole  plant  also  is  larger,  and  the 
branches  much  longer. 

**   Spikes  sessile. 
+  Leaves  in  all  directions. 

5.  L.  dendroidcum  Mich. :  stem  erect  ;  branches  alternate,  crowded, 
dicliotomous,  erect  ;  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  in  6  equal  rows,  spread- 
ing;  spikes  numerous,  terminal,  sessile. 

b.  obscurum  Torr. :  branches  spreading  ;    spike   mostly   solitary, 
sessile. — L.  obscurum  Linn.  Big. 

Hab.  Shady  woods.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  11. — Stem  6 — 8  in- 
ches high,  with  numerous  erect  branches.  Spikes  1 — 4  on  each 
plant,  an  inch  long,  with  broad  ovate  scales. 

•  6.  L.  annotinum  Linn.  :  stem  creeping ;  branches  ascending,  di- 
cliotomous ;  branches  simple  ;  leaves  in  5-rows,  linear-lanceolate, 
mucronate,  serrulate,  spreading ;  spike  oblong,  solitary,  sessile,  ter- 
minal. 

Hab.  Mountain  woods.  N.  S.  N.  to  Arc.  Amer.  July.  1[. 
— Stem  creeping,  sending  up  4—8  ascending  branches,  which 
are  6 — 8  inches  high.     Leaves  spreading  and  somewhat  reflexed 


lycopodlacejE.  461 

when  the  plant  is  advanced.  Spike  solitary,  about  an  inch  long. 
— Resembles  L.  sabinafolium,  but  may  be  distinguished  by  its 
leaves. 

7.  L.  inundation  Linn. :  stem  creeping,  somewhat  branching  ; 
branches  simple,  solitary,  erect,  with  a  single  sessile  leafy  spike  at  the 
extremity  ;  leaves  linear,  scattered,  acute,  entire,  curved  upwards. 

Hab.  Cedar  swamps.  Can.  to  N.  Y.  Pursh.  N.  to  Hudson's 
Bay.  July.  IX. — Flowering  branches  subradical,  3 — 6  inches 
long.  leaves  linear,  entire,  with  the  floral  ones  somewhat  di- 
lated at  base  and  spreading.     Spike  short,  leafy. 

8.  L.  sclaginoides  Linn.  :  stem  filiform,  creeping  ;  branches  sub- 
erect,  the  flowering  ones  simple  ;  leaves  scattered,  lanceolate,  some- 
what spreading,  ciliate-denticulate  ;  spike  terminal,  solitary,  sessile, 
leafy. 

Hab.  Moist  woods.  Can.  and  N.  S.  July.  IX. — Fertile  branch- 
es 2 — 4  inches  high,  nearly  erect,  yellowish-green.  Leaves  of 
the  fertile  branches  larger.     Spike  nearly  an  inch  long,  leafy. 

9.  L.  alopccnroides  Linn. :  stem  creeping,  somewhat  branched ; 
branches  nearly  simple,  elongated,  ascending,  with  a  single  sessile 
leafy  spike  at  the  summit ;  leaves  linear-subulate,  ciliate-dentate  at 
base,  spreading. 

Hab.  Sphagnous  swamps.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  Aug.  2_£. — Stem 
long  ;  branches  densely  leaved,  6 — 8  inches  high.  Leaves  nar- 
row, shining  and  somewhat  spreading.  Spike  solitary,  more 
than  an  inch  long,  very  leafy.  Walking  Fern. 

10.  L.  rupestre  Linn.  :  stem  creeping,  with  ascending  subdivided 
branches  ;  leaves  scattered,  imbricate,  linear-lanceolate,  ciliate,  ending 
in  hairs  ;  spike  solitary,  sessile,  terminal. 

Hab.  Rocks  and  side  hills.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  2X — A  small 
creeping  plant  of  a  grayish-green  colour,  differing  much  in  ap- 
pearance from  the  other  species.  Leaves  many- rowed,  ending  m 
hairs,  which  give  the  summit  of  the  branches  a  whitish  aspect. 
Spike  short,  square,  and  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  stem 
below. 

t  Leaves  2-ranked. 

11.  L.  apodion  Linn.  :  stem  branching  and  rooting  near  the  base  ; 
leaves  2-rowed,  roundish-ovate,  membranaceous,  acute,  denticulate, 
flat ;  with  superficial  ones  alternate,  acuminate  ;  spikes  terminal,  ses- 
sile, subsolitary. — and  L,  albidulum  Muht.    Willd.  Pursh. 

Hab.  Wei  rocky  places.  N.  Y.  to  Flor.  July,  Aug.  11. — A 
small  creeping  species,  which  can  be  recognized  at  once  by  its 
2-ranked,  thin  and  membranaceous  leaves. — Probably  identical 
with  the  foreign  L.  helceticum. 

***   Capsules  axillary. 

12.  L.  lucidulum  Mich. :  leaves  in  8-rows,  linear-lanceolate,  denticu- 
late, acute,  spreading  or  reflexed  ;  stem  ascending,  bifid  ;  fruit  axillary, 
not  in  a  spike. 

39* 


462  ACOTYLEDONOUS    PLANTS. 

Hab.  Low  grounds.  Can.  to  Car.  July.  2_L — Stem  8 — 12 
inches  long,  nearly  erect,  simple  or  bifid,  dark  green.  Leaves 
longer  than  in  any  of  the  preceding.  Fruit  axillary,  sessile, 
about  an  inch  from  the  top  of  the  stem,  semicircular. — The 
stem  often  bears  bulbs  instead  of  capsules. 

13.  L.  selago  Linn. :  stem  erect,  fastigiate,  dichotomously  branch- 
ed ;  leaves  scattered,  linear-lanceolate,  pungent,  entire,  imbricate, 
rigid  J  fruit  axillary — and  L.  recurvum  Willd. 

Hab.  Highest  summits  of  the  White  Hills,  N.  H.  Big.  Arctic 
Amer.  11.— Stem  3 — 8  inches  high,  rigid,  with  the  branches 
of  the  same  thickness  from  top  to  base.  Leaves  in  about  8  rows, 
spreading,  shining. 

2.     ISOETES.     Linn. 

Capsule  membranaceous,  not  opening,  immersed  at  the 
base  of  the  frond,  one-celled.  Seeds  angular,  attached  to 
numerous  filiform  receptacles. 

/.  lacustris  Linn.  :  leaves  subulate,  flat,  somewhat  terete,  fleshy,  di- 
lated and  imbricate  at  base. 

Hab.  Bottoms  of  rivers,  near  Oswego  Falls,  N.  Y.  Pursh. 
Perm.  Nutt.  8?  Schio.  L£. — Root  broad  and  fistulous,  with  sim- 
ple fibres.  Fronds  2 — 5  inches  long,  dilated  and  imbricate  at 
base,  all  radical,  flat  above,  convex  beneath.  Fruit  monoecious  ; 
sort  cordate-oval,  immersed  in  a  corresponding  cavity  at  the 
base  of  the  frond. 


Order  CXL1II.     MARSILEACE^E.     Brown,     hind. 

Fructification  radical.  Involucre  subspherical,  not  open- 
ing, coriaceous  or  membranaceous,  1  or  many-celled. — Aqua- 
tics, 

1.     SALVINIA.     Micheli. 

Involucres  4 — 9,  imbricate,  connate,  resembling  an  unilo- 
cular capsule.     Sporce  inserted  upon  a  central  receptacle. 

•Sf.  natans  Willd. :  leaves  elliptic,  subcordate,   obtuse,   with  facicles 

of  hairs  above  ;  fruit  subsessile,  aggregated.  — Marsilea  natans  Linn. 

Hab.     Lakes  and  still  waters.     Can.  and  western  part  of  N.  Y. 

Pursh.     0. — Leaves  nearly  an  inch  long,   opposite,   2  ranked, 

fine  green.     Fruit  globular,   in  radical  clusters,   under  water. — 

Floating  on  water  like  a  Lemna. 

2.     AZOLLA.     Lamk. 

Monoecious.  Sterile  ovate,  of  two  cells  separating 
transversely  ;  the  upper  containing  several  angular  stalked 
bodies.     Fertile  on  the  some   plant ;   capsules  numerous, 


ADDITIONS   AND   CORRECTIONS.  463 

stalked,   globose,  of  one  cell  and  one  valve,  and  in  an  ovate, 
close  involucre.     Seeds  several,  angular. 

A.  caroliniana  Willd. :    leaves  two-ranked,  imbricate,  ovate-oblong, 
obtuse,  spreading,  red  beneath. 

Hab.  Lakes,  &c.  N.  S.  and  throughout  the  Southern  and 
Western  States.  ©. — A  small  plant  floating  on  water,  and 
somewhat  resembling  a  Jungcrmannia.  Leaves  all  radical,  2 — 5 
inches  long,  subulate,  fleshy,  semi-cylindrical. 


ADDITIONS  AND  CORRECTIONS. 

Page  18,  5th  line  from  the  top,  for  "radicals"  read  radical. 

Page  93,  7th  line  from  the  top,  for  "  Tcprosia,''  read  Tcphrosia.. 

Page  96,  1st  line,  for  "CERASSUS"  read  CERASUS. 

Page  114,  16th  line  from  the  top,  for  "  declinous"  read  diclinous. 

Page  116,  2d  line  from  the  bottom,  for  "sessle,  lianceolate"  read  ses- 
sile, lanceolate. 

Page  125,  20th  line  from  the  top,  after  "  many-seeded"  add  when  ma- 
ture. 

Page  222,  before  VACCINEiE,  insert 

12.     LEIOPHYLLUM. 
Calyx  deeply  5-parted,  persistent.     Corol  5-petalled.    Sta- 
mens longer  than  the  corol ;  anthers  lateral,  opening  on  the  in- 
side  longitudinally.      Capsule   roundish,    5-celled,    5-valved, 
opening  at  the  top.     Seeds  small,  smooth,  not  winged. 

Decandria.  Monogynia, 

L.   buzifolium  Ell. — Ledum   buxifolium  Ait. — Ammyrsine  buxifolium 
Pursh. 

Hab.  Pine  barrens,  N.  J.  and  high  mountains,  S.  Car.  May, 
June.  Tp. — A  small  evergreen  shrub  6 — 18  inches  high,  branch- 
ing, smooth.  Leaves  small,  oval-lanceolate,  entire,  smooth,  co- 
riaceous, with  the  margin  revolute.  Floicers  numerous,  white, 
in  small  terminal  corymbs.  Sand  Myrtle. 

Page  277,  17th  line  from  the  bottom,  for  "radicle"  read  radical. 
Page  308,  9th  line  from  the  top,  after  "  Style  simple,"  add  Nut. 
Page  310,  17th  line  from  the  top,  for  "comraor"  read  common. 
Page  326th,  22d  line  from  the  top,  for  "Bchela"  read  Bctula. 
Page  337  and  339,  for  "  conifere.^"  read  conifers. 
Page  390,  19th  line  from  the  top,  for  "  Agrostris"  read  Agrostis. 
Page  394,  after  the  6th  line,  insert 

**  Flowers  in  panicles. 
Page  417,  12th  line  from  the  top,  "  Lymnetis"  read  Limnetis. 
Page  420,  11th  line  from  the  bottom,  for  "  Thurb."  read  Thunb. 
Page  429,  22d  line  from  the  bottom,  for  "  KiUingia"  read  KyUingia. 


INDEX 


ORDERS    AND    GENERA, 


WITH    ACCENTS. 


\£T  The  Names  of  the  Orders  are  printed  in  small  capitals — the  Gen- 
era in  roman — Synonyms  in  italic.  The  figures  occurring  after  the 
letter  s,  also  refer  to  the  Synonyms  of  the  Genus. 


Page. 

A'bies,  340 

Acalypha,  311 

Acantha'ce^e, 

A'cer,  63 
5.  64 

■fcs,  237 

Aceri'nejE,  62 

Achillea,  212 

Acnida,  297 

Aconitum,  13 

A'corus,  381 

Acta?'a,  13 

Actinomeris,  206 

Adi;intum,  455 

Adlimiia,  24 

^schynumene,  83 

iE'sculus,  65 


jEthusa, 

Agathy'rsus, 

Agave, 

Agrimonia, 

Agropy'ron, 

Agrostemma, 

Agrostis, 


145 

170 
375 
108 
416 
49 
387 


s.  389,  390,  401 
Alra,  402 

5.  403,  407,  408 
Alchemilla,  114 

Aletris,  364 

Alisma,  378 

Alisma'ceje,  376 

A'llium,  363 

A'lnus,  326 

Alopecurus,  391 

Alsine.  50 


Pace' 

Page. 

Alyssum, 

25 

A'pios, 

91 

Althee'a, 

57 

Apiiun, 

145 

Amarantha'ce.e,     294 

Aplectrum, 

346 

Amaranthus, 

294 

ApOCY'iNEJT., 

233 

Amvrvll'ide^e, 

354 

Apocynum, 

233 

Ambrosia, 

209 

AquiK-gia, 

12 

Amelanchier, 

112 

A'rabis, 

29 

Amenta  'ce^e, 

317 

5  30 

Ammannia, 

125 

A'rac/eV, 

83 

A'mmi, 

144 

Aralia, 

151 

Amorpha, 

82 

Aralia'ce^e, 

150 

AmPEEi'dE^E, 

65 

A'rbutus, 

216 

Ampelopsis, 

65 

Archemora, 

147 

Amphicarpa, 

91 

A'rctium, 

171 

Amygda'le;e, 

94 

jirctostdphylos, 

216 

Anacardia'ce^e 

,        74 

Arenaria, 

51 

Anagallis, 

291 

Arethusa, 

346 

Anchusa, 

252-53 

s.  344 

Andromeda, 

217 

Argemone, 

21 

5.  218 

Arietinum, 

352 

Andropogon, 

417 

Aristida, 

400 

5.  418 

Aristoloehia, 

sos- 

Anemone, 

5 

Aristolo'chls:, 

sos 

5.  6 

A'rnica, 

177 

Angelica, 

147 

Aroi'dej:, 

380 

Andna, 

16 

Aronia,          112-1 

Anoxa'ce^, 

15 

Arrhcnathcmm, 

403 

Anonymos, 

317 

Artemisia, 

211 

Antenndria, 

179 

Artoca'rpeje, 

316 

A'nthemis, 

212 

A'rum, 

381 

Anthopogon, 

418 

Arundo, 

405 

Anthoxanthum, 

402 

5.  401 

Antirrhinum, 

263 

A'sarum, 

309 

Any'chia, 

131 

Asclepia'dEjE, 

234 

Jipdrgia, 

168 

Asclepiaa, 

235 

4bt> 

TNDEX. 

A'scyrum, 

62 

Calla, 

382 

Asimina, 

16 

Calliopsis, 

205 

Asparagus. 

363 

Callistdchya, 

263 

Asphode'le^e, 

362 

Callitriche, 

123 

Aspidium, 

448 

Calopogon, 

345 

Asplenium, 

452 

Caltha,    • 

11 

A'ster, 

180 

Calyca'nthe5:, 

115 

Astragalus, 

82 

Calycanthus, 

115 

Atheropogon. 

414 

Caly'pso, 

351 

Atrdgene, 

4 

Calystegia, 

249 

A'triplex. 

296 

Camelina, 

27 

A'tropa, 

258 

Campanula, 

213 

A  vena. 

402 

Campanula'ce^, 

212 

s.  403.  405 

Cannabis, 

313 

Azalea. 

222 

Cappar'ide^e, 

34 

s.  220,  221 

Caprifolia'ce.e, 

155 

Azolla. 

462 

Caprifolium, 

158 

Baccharis. 

175 

Capsella* 
Cardamine, 

25 
30 

Ballota. 

280 

Carduus, 

172 

BALSAMl'jfEJE. 

68 

Carex, 

430 

Baptisia, 

77 

Carpinus, 

326 

Barbarea, 

29 

s 

.  327 

Bartdnia, 

243 

C&rya,, 

335 

Barlsia, 

270 

Caryophy'llee:, 

46 

Batschia, 

252 

Cassia, 

93 

Berberi'deje, 

17 

Castanea, 

331 

Berberis, 

17 

Catalpa, 

245 

Betula, 

324 

Caulinia, 

384 

5.  326 

Caulophy'llum, 

17 

Bidens, 

207 

Ceanothus, 

74 

Bignunia, 

245 

Celastri'ne^:, 

71 

Bignoma'ce*: 

244 

Celastrus, 

72 

Blitum, 

299 

Celtis, 

334 

Boehmeria, 

315 

Cenchrus, 

399 

Boltonia, 

194 

Centaurea, 

174 

Borag'ixejE, 

251 

Centaurella, 

243 

Botry'chium, 

458 

Cephalanthus. 

160 

Brachyelytram, 

391 

Cerastium, 

53 

Br  achy  sternum. 

273 

Cerasus, 

96 

Brasenia, 

19 

Ceratochloa, 

406 

Briza. 

413 

Ceratophy  'llee: 

124 

5. 

411-12 

Ceratophy'llum. 

124 

Bromelia'cejE, 

375 

Cercis, 

94 

Brumus, 

408 

CliDeropby'llum, 

149 

s.  416 

£ 

.  144 

Buchnera, 

263 

Cheilanthes, 

455 

Bunias. 

25 

Chelidonium, 

21 

Buphthahnum. 

204 

Chelone, 

266 

Bupleurum. 

145 

Chenopo'de.^, 

295 

Chenopodium, 

295 

Cacalia, 

199 

Chimdp/rila, 

227 

Ca'cteje, 

134 

Chionanthus, 

232 

Cactus. 

135 

Ckirdnia,          24J 

,242 

Cakile,' 

25 

Chlora, 

242 

Calamagrostis, 

400 

Chloris, 

414 

s.  392 

Chrysocoma, 

194 

Chrysopsis,  176 

s.  187,  188 

Chrysosplenium,  138 

Chrysanthemum,  211 

Cichorium,  171 

Cicuta,  142 

Cimicifaga,  14 

Cineraria,  200 

Cinna.  390 

Circai'a,  120 

CircjEa'ceje,  120 

Cirsium,           172,  173 

Cissus,  65 

Cisti'nejE,  35 

Clayt6nia,  130 

Clematis,  4 

Cledme,  34 

Clethra,  218 

Clinopudium.  281 

Clintonia,  358 

Clituria,  80 
Cnicus,             172,  173 

Cnidium,  145 
s.  146 

Cochlearia,  27 

Coelestlna.  198 

Colli  nsia,  267 

Collinsunia.  275 

Comdndra,  308 

Comaropsis.  101 

Cdmarum,  108 

Commelina,  375 

Cc-MMELl'NEiE.  375 

Compo'sit*:,  165 

Comptonia.  324 

Coni'ferjE,  337 

Conium,  150 

Coiwstijlis,  374 
Convalldria,         357-9 

Cohtolywla'ceje,  248 

Convolvulus,  248 

Cony'za.  176 
s.  180 

C6ptis,  12 

Corallorhiza.  345 

Core6psis,  206 
s.  205,  207 

Co 'rne.se,  152 

Cornus,  153 

Cory'dalis,  23 
5.24 

Corylus,  332 

Crafordia,  92 

Crantzia,  141 

Crassula'ce-s,  132 

Cratoe'gus,  HI 

Critonia,  195 


INDEX. 


467 


Crotalaria, 

77 

Dracot'na, 

358 

Fimbristylis, 

423 

Crotonopsis, 

310 

Dracocephalum, 

278 

5.  426 

Cruci'fer-E, 

24 

Drosera, 

42 

Floorkia, 

19 

Cry'psis, 

392 

Drosera'ceje, 

42 

Fixvia'les, 

3.-4 

Cry'pta, 

55 

Dry 'as, 

100 

Fragaria, 

105 

Cucubalus, 

47 

Durichium, 

422 

Frascra, 

241 

Cccurbita'ce-E, 

127 

Fr;ixinus. 

232 

Cunila, 

277 

Ebena'ce.e, 

229 

Frit  .--in. 

310 

s.  280 

Echinospcrraum, 

254 

Fuirena, 

429 

Cuphea, 

126 

E'clrium, 

253 

Fumuria, 

23 

Cuprcssus, 

I'i.i:  v  GKE.fi, 

306 

s.  24 

Cuscuta, 

24!) 

ELATl'xEyK, 

55 

Foiaria'ce.e, 

22 

Cyamus, 

19 

Elephantopus, 

171 

Cyathea 

450 

Eleusine, 

414 

Galactia, 

81 

Cymbhlium,     345,  346 

Elddea,               60 

,  342 

Galega, 

81 

Cyndnchum, 

237 

E'lymus, 

415 

•*sis, 

277 

Cy'nodon, 

413 

E.mpe'tre/e, 

309 

Galium, 

161 

Cynoglossum, 

254 

Emp&trum, 

309 

Gaulthc-ria, 

216 

Cynosurus, 

414 

■•  ';i. 

219 

Gaura, 

117 

Cy'nthia, 

168 

Epilubiom, 

ne 

Genista, 

77 

Cypera'ce/e, 

420 

Ej'ipactis, 

344 

Gentiana, 

239 

Cyperus, 

420 

Epiphagus, 

260 

Gr.MIA'NE.T, 

238 

Cypripedium, 

351 

E^uiseta'ckb, 

445 

Gera.ma'ce£, 

66 

s.  352 

Equisctum, 

4!.", 

Geranium, 

67 

Erica, 

218 

Gerardia, 

267 

Dactylis, 

407 

Eri'ce^e, 

215 

Geum, 

100 

Dalibarda, 

105 

Erigcnia, 

141 

Gillenia, 

160 

s.  102 

Erigeron, 

IT!) 

Glaux, 

289 

Danthonia, 

405 

s 

.  in. 

Glechoma, 

279 

Datura, 

258 

Eriocaulon, 

369 

Gleditschia, 

93 

Daucus, 

149 

Eriophorum, 

427 

Glyceria, 

412 

Decodon, 

126 

5 

.  426 

Gly'cine, 

91,  92 

Delphinium, 

13 

Ernphila, 

Gnaplutlium, 

177 

Dentaria, 

26 

E'rvum, 

89 

Gonolobium, 

237 

Desmodium, 

83 

5.  81 

Gonulobus, 

237 

Dianthcra, 

285 

Ery'ngium, 

142 

Goody  era. 

343 

Dianthus, 

47 

Ery'simum, 

33 

Grami'.vk.e, 

386 

Diapensia, 

250 

s.  29 

Gratiola, 

264 

Diarrheiia, 

406 

Erythrae'a, 

24-2 

5SUL  y'ce.e, 

135 

Dicksonia, 

456 

Erythr;>nium, 

365 

Gvrnnocladus, 

93 

Dicly'tra, 

23 

Euchroma, 

270 

Gymnupogon, 

41S 

Diervilla, 

157 

Eupaturium, 

195 

Gynandrupsis, 

34 

Digitaria, 

398 

s 

.  198 

Gyrdmia,. 

360 

5.  414 

Euphorbia, 

311 

Dilalris, 

374 

Euphorbia'ce.5:, 

310 

Habenaria, 

347 

Diodia, 

161 

Euphrasia, 

269 

H.EMOPORa'cEjE 

,      374 

Dioscorea, 

355 

Euthamia, 

194 

Halora'geje, 

121 

Diosco'rejE, 

355 

Evonymus, 

71 

Hamameli'de-E, 

152 

Diospy'ros, 

229 

E'xacum, 

242 

Hamanu-lis, 

152 

Dipsa'ceje, 

164 

Hamiltunia, 

307 

Dipsacus, 

165 

Fagus, 

332 

s.  303 

Dirca, 

306 

Fedia, 

164 

Harpalyce, 

166 

Discopleura, 

143 

Ferula, 

147 

Hedeoma, 

280 

Dodecantheon, 

288 

Festuca, 

405 

s.  277 

Dolicfios, 

91 

s.  407 

,412 

Hedyotis, 

160 

Doronicum, 

177 

FiCOi'dEjE, 

133 

Hedy'sarum, 

86 

Draba, 

26 

Fi'lices, 

447 

5.81, 

83-88 

468 


INDEX. 


Helenium, 

201 

Impatiens, 

68   Limnetis, 

417 

Helianthemum, 

3c 

Lnpcraioria, 

147   Limodorum,     £50.  351 

Helianthus,  201 

s.  204 

Inula,            176  s.  Vt 

267 

Heli6psis, 

20c 

Ipomce'a, 

249  Lindernia, 

265 

Hdleborus, 

12 

Iri'de.s:, 

352  Li'neje, 

55 

Helonias, 

36? 

I'ris, 

353  Linnse'a, 

159 

5.  374 

Isanthus, 

271 

Linum, 

56 

Hemerocallis, 

362 

Isnardia, 

11£ 

Llppia, 

284 

Hemianthus, 

267 

Isoetes, 

462 

Liquidambar, 

327 

Hepatica, 

6 

I'tea, 

139 

5.  324 

Heracleum, 

148 

I'va, 

209 

Liriodendron, 

15 

Herpestis, 

266 

5.  210 

Listera, 

344 

5.  26? 

JefFersunia, 

18 

Lithospermum 

251 

Hesperis, 

32 

Jugla'nde^:, 

334 

•  s.  252,  255 

Heteranthera, 

369 

Juglans, 

335 

Lobelia, 

214 

Heuchera, 

139 

s.  336 

Lobelia  'ce  m, 

214 

Hibiscus, 

57 

JuNCAGl'tfE/E, 

378 

Loiseleuria, 

222 < 

Tlicorius, 

336 

Ju'nce.2:, 

370 

Lolium, 

416 

Hieracium, 

166 

J  uncus, 

371 

Lonicera, 

157 

Hierochloa, 

404 

s.  373 

Lophiola, 

374 

Hippocasta'xe^:, 

64 

Juniperus, 

337 

Lorantka'ce^E 

,      154 

ITippophae, 

306 

Jusiicia, 

285 

Ludwlgia, 

120 

Hippuris, 

123 

Lunaria, 

28 

PIolcus, 

404 

Kalmia, 

219 

\  Lupinus, 

92 

s.  408,  412 

Koeleria, 

407 

Luzula, 

373 

Hordeum, 

414 

Krigia, 

169 

Ly'chnis, 

49 

Hottonia, 

289 

Kuhnia, 

195 

Lycopodia'ce^e, 

459 

Houstunia, 

242 

Kylli'ngia, 

423 

Lycopodium, 

459 

Hudsonia, 

36 

5.  429 

Lycopsis, 

253 

Humulus, 

315 

Lycopus, 

271 

Hydrangea, 

137 

Labia  'tje, 

270 

Lygodium, 

457 

Hydrastis, 

7 

Lachnanthes, 

374 

Lydnia, 

218 

Hydrochari  'ee  je 

,  341 

Lactuca, 

169 

Lysimachia, 

290 

Hydrochloa, 

419) 

Lamium, 

278 

Ly'thrum 

125 

H}rdroc6tyle, 

140 

Lathyrus, 

90 

s.  12<5 

s 

.141 

Lauri'neje, 

305 

Hydrolea'ce.e, 

250 

Lau.rus, 

305 

Macrblys, 

14 

Hydropelti'be^e, 

IS 

Lechea, 

36 

Magnolia, 

14 

Hydropeltis, 

18  1 

Lecontla, 

382 

Magnolia  'evm, 

14 

HYDROPHY'LLEiE, 

255 

Ledum. 

222 

Malazis, 

350 

Hydrophy'ilum, 

255 

Leersia, 

418 

Mdlus, 

113 

s 

.  256 

Legoiixo'sje, 

76 

Malva, 

57 

Hymenophy  'Hum 

455 ! 

Leiophyllum, 

463 

MALVA'cEiE. 

56 

Hyoscy'amus, 

259  i 

Lemna, 

383 

Mariscus, 

429 

Hydseris, 

169  | 

Lentibula'ri2B, 

286 

Marrubium, 

280 

Hyperici'ne.e, 

60 

Leontice, 

17 

Marsilea'ce.e, 

462 

Hypericum, 

60 

Leontodon, 

168 

Marty  'nia, 

245 

Hypoxi'de^:, 

354 

Leoniirus, 

278 

Mayanthcmum , 

357 

Hypoxis, 

354 

Lepidium, 

27 

Meconopsis, 

21 

HypopHiis, 

452 

Leptandra, 

262 

Vledeola, 

360 

Hypopithys, 

228 

Leptanthus, 

369 

Yledicago, 

78 

Hyssopus, 

274 

Lespedeza, 

•86 

VIelampy'rum, 

270 

Laatris, 

175 

Mel  anth  a  'ce.e, 

366 

Ictcdes, 

382  i 

lagusticum, 

146 

Vlelahthium, 

366 

I'lex, 

230  ] 

Liigustrum, 

231 

5.367 

Ilici'ne-e, 

229  ] 

jIlia'ce-E, 

364 

MELASTOMA'CE-aE, 

126 

Illece'ereje, 

131  J 

milium, 

364  3 

VIelica, 

413 

INDEX. 


469 


Melilotus, 

78 

O'phrys    343,  344,  345 

iPisum, 

89 

Melissa, 

280 

Oporinia, 

168 

:  Plantagi'ne-s, 

292 

Melothria, 

128 

Opuntia, 

134 

Plantago, 

292 

Menisperma'ce-E. 

16 

Orchi'deje, 

342 

Platanus, 

327 

Menispermum, 

16 

Orchidocarpum, 

16 

Platanthera, 

347 

Mentha. 

272 

O'rchis, 

346 

Plumbagi'neje, 

291 

Menyanthes, 

244 

5. 

347-50 

P6a, 

408 

Menzicsia, 

218 

Origanum, 

274 

l 

.  407 

Mespihts,            111-13 

Ornithogalum,, 

362 

Podaly'ria, 

77 

Micropctalum, 

Microstylis. 

Mikania, 

51 

O'rnns, 

233 

Podopht'i.le^:, 

17 

350 

Orobanche. 

260 

Podophyllum, 

18 

198 

OROBA'NCHEiE, 

260 

Podoste'meje, 

124 

Milium, 

393 

Orontium, 

381 

Podostemum, 

124 

Mimulus, 

264 

Orthopogon, 

398 

Pogonia, 

344 

Mitchella, 

160 

Oryzopsis, 

419 

5 

.  346 

Mitella, 

138 

5.  393 

Polanisia, 

34 

Mollugo. 

50 

Osmcrhiza, 

149 

Polemonia'cejE, 

246 

Momordica, 

128 

Osmunda, 

456 

Polemonium, 

247 

Monarda, 

275 

O'strya, 

326 

Poly'gala, 

44 

Monniera, 

266 

Oxai.i'de-S, 

69 

Polyga'le.e, 

43 

Monotropa, 

227 

O'xalis, 

69 

Polygonatum, 

358 

Morus, 

316 

OxycOccus, 

225 

Polygo'nejf., 

300 

Muhlenbergia, 

391 

5.  216 

Poly'gonum, 

300 

My'agrum, 

27 

Poly'mnia, 

208 

Myosutis, 

253 

Panax, 

151 

Poly  podium, 

447 

s 

254 

Panicum, 

393 

Polypogon, 

390 

Myrica, 

324 

s 

.  397-8 

Poma'ceje, 

110 

Myriophy'llum, 

121 

PAPAVERA'CEA:, 

20 

Pontederia, 

368 

My'rrhis,  144,149 

,150 

Parietaria, 

315 

Pontee-e'reje, 

368 

Parnassia, 

43 

P6pulus, 

322 

Napaa, 

58 

Paspalum, 

398 

Porcelia, 

16 

Narthccium 

374 

Passiflura, 

129 

Portulacca, 

130 

Nasturtium. 

31 

PaSSIFLo'rEjE, 

129 

Portula'ceje, 

129 

Ncciris, 

19 

Pastinaca, 

148 

Potamogeton, 

385 

Negundo, 

64 

Pa  via, 

65 

Potentilla, 

106 

Nelumbium, 

19 

Pedali'ne/r, 

245 

Pothos,              381 

,  382 

Nemopanthes, 

230 

Pedicularis, 

269 

Prenanthes,       167 

,  168 

Nem6phila, 

255 

Penthorum, 

133 

Primula, 

288 

Neottia,             343 

344 

Pentstemon. 

266 

Primula'cEjE, 

288 

Nepeta, 

279 

P6plis, 

55 

Prlnos, 

230 

5 

273 

Periploca, 

238 

Proserpinaca, 

121 

Nicandra, 

258 

Phacelia, 

256 

Prunella, 

281 

Nicotiana, 

258 

Phalangium. 

374 

Prunus, 

95 

Nuphar, 

20 

Phalaris, 

392 

5. 

96-8 

Nymphte'a 

20 

s.  401 

Psamma, 

401 

Nymphjea'ce.e, 

19 

Phascolus, 

91 

Ptelea, 

71 

Ny'ssa, 

307 

Phleum, 

391 

Pteris, 

454 

Phlox, 

246 

Pterospora, 

228 

Obolaria, 

244 

Phragmiies, 

405 

Pulmonaria, 

254 

CEnanthe, 

148 

Phry^ma, 

284 

s 

251 

CEnothera, 

117 

Phyllanthus, 

310 

Purshia,            122 

252 

Oldcnlandia, 

160 

Phy'salis, 

257 

Pycnanthemum, 

272 

Oeea'ceje, 

231 

Phytolacca, 

29(5 

Py'rola, 

225 

Onogra'ri^:, 

115 

Phytola'cce^:, 

299 

Pyrola'ce.e, 

225 

Onoclea, 

448 

Pinguicula, 

286 

Py'rus, 

113 

Onop6rdon, 

173 

Pinus, 

338 

s. 

112 

Onosmodium, 

252 

Piptatherum, 

393 

Pyrularia, 

308 

Ophioglosssum, 

458 

PiSTIa'cEjE, 

40 

383 

Pijxidanthera, 

250 

470 


INDEX. 


Quercus, 

327 

Saxifraga, 

137 

Spermacdce, 

161 

Queria, 

£31 

Saxiera'ge^:, 

137 

Spigelia, 

238 

Scdndix, 

149 

SpIGELIACEJE, 

138 

Ranuncula'ce^e, 
Ranunculus, 

3 

7 

Scheuchzeria. 
Schiz'aea, 

379 

458 

Spirse'a,         98 
Spiranthes, 

9.  100 
343 

Raphanus, 
Rensselaeria, 

34 

Schoe'nus, 

428 

Stachys, 

279 

382 

s.  422-8-9 

Staphylea, 

73 

Restia'cejE, 

369 

Schollera, 

369 

Staphylea'ce^:, 

72 

Rha'mneje, 
Rhamnus, 

73 
73 

Schwalbea, 
Scirpus, 

265 
423 

Statice, 
Stellaria, 

292 
50 

Rhexia, 

127 

s.  422,  426 

429 

Stipa, 

400 

Rhinanthus, 

268 

Scler'anthe-s:, 

132 

s.  390 

Rhododendron, 

220 

Scleranthus, 

132 

Streptopus, 

359 

Rhodora, 

220 

Scleria, 

430 

Strophostyles, 

92 

Rhu« 

75 

Scolopendrium, 

454 

Struthi6pteris, 

456 

Rhynchospora, 
Ribes, 

428 
135 

Scrophularia, 
Scrophulari'neje 

263 
261 

Stylophorum, 
Stylosanthes, 

21 

83 

Ricinus 

311 

Scutellaria,    . 

281 

Styrandra, 

357 

Rivina 

300 

Secale, 

415 

Subularia, 

28 

Robinia, 

82 

Sedum, 

133 

Swertia, 

240 

liochelia, 

254 

Selinum. 

145 

Symphoria, 

159 

Rosa 

109 

Senecio, 

200 

Symphoricdrpos, 

159 

Rosa'ceje, 

98 

Serpicula. 

342 

Sy'mphytum, 

252 

RuBIA'cEjE, 

Rubus, 

159 

102 

s.  105 

Sesuvium, 

Setaria, 

Shepherdia, 

134 
397 
306 

Symplocarpus, 
Talinum, 

382 
130 

Ruellia, 
Rudbeckia, 

285 

204 

s.  202 

Sibbalda, 

Sicyos, 

Sida, 

108 
128 

58 

Tanacetum? 

Taxus, 

Teplirosia, 

211 
341 

81 

Rumex, 
Ruppia, 

'  303 

385 

Siegesb' eckia, 

Silene, 

Silphium, 

205 

47 
208 

Teucrium, 

Thalictrum, 

Thdspia, 

274 

4 

146 

Sinapis, 

33 

Thaspium, 

146 

Sabbatia, 

241 

Slson,       141,  143 

,  144 

s.  143 

Saglna, 

49 

Sisy'mbrium, 

32 

Thesium, 

308 

s.  243 

Sisyr'inchium, 

353 

Thlaspi, 

25 

Sagittaria, 

376 

Slum, 

144 

s.  27 

Saxica'ri*. 

125 

s 

.  148 

Thuya, 

338 

Salic6rnia, 

298 

Smila'ce.e, 

355 

THYME'LEiE, 

306 

Salix, 

318 

Smilacina, 

357 

Thy'mus, 

273 

Salsola, 

298 

s.  358-9 

Tiarella, 

138 

5.296 

Smilax, 

356 

Tilia, 

59 

Salvia, 

283 

Smy'rnium, 

146 

Tilia'cEjE, 

59 

Salvinia, 

462 

s 

.  143 

Tillee'a, 

133 

Sambucus, 

155 

Sola'neje, 

256 

Tipularia, 

350 

Samolus, 

291 

Solanum, 

257 

Tofieldia,    • 

366 

Sanguinaria, 

21 

Solea, 

41 

Tradescantia, 

376 

Sanguis6rba, 

114 

Solidago, 

188 

Trichochloa, 

390 

Sanguiso'rbeje, 

114 

Sonchus, 

171 

Trichodium, 

389 

Sanicula, 

141 

i 

r.  170 

Trich6phorum, 

426 

Santaea'ce^, 

307 

Sophora, 

77 

5.427 

Sap  on  aria, 

49 

Sdrbus, 

113 

Trichostema, 

275 

SaroUira, 

62 

Sparganium, 

379 

Tricuspis, 

407 

Sarracenia, 

22 

Spargan6phorus, 

210 

Trientalis 

289 

Sarracf/nie2E. 

22 

S  parti  na, 

417 

Trifulium, 

79 

Sauru'revE, 

317 

Spergula, 

50 

Triglochin, 

378 

Saururus, 

317 

Spefgulastrum, 

51 

Trillium, 

360 

INDEX. 


471 


Triosteum, 

157 

Vacci'nf.  .z, 

222 

VlOLACEJE, 

37 

Triphora, 

346 

Vaccinium, 

223 

Viscum, 

154 

Tripsacum, 

399 

s.  216, 

218,  225 

Vitis, 

66 

Trisetum, 

403 

Valeriana 

164 

Triticum, 

416 

Valeria  'nes, 

163 

Windsor/a, 

406 

Trollius, 

12 

Valerianella 

164 

Woodsia. 

451 

Troximon, 

169 

Valisncria, 

342 

Woodwardia. 

454 

Turrilis, 

29 

Veratrum, 

368 

Tussilago, 

199 

5.  367 

X.intliium, 

210 

Ty'pha, 

380 

Verba  scum, 

259 

Xerophy'llum 

367 

Tv'PHA'cEiE, 

379 

Verbena, 

283 

Xyldstmm, 

158-59 

5.284 

Xtri'de^e, 

370 

Udora, 

342 

Verke.va'ce.e: 

283 

Xy'ris, 

370 

Ulma'cEJE, 

383 

Verbesina, 

205 

U'lmus, 

333 

s.  207 

Zannichellia 

38  1 

UhBELU'jFEB.S, 

139 

Vcrnonia, 

174 

Zanthorhiza, 

]4 

Uniola, 

412 

Veronica, 

261 

Zanthoxy'lleje.       70- 

Uralepsis, 

404 

*.  263 

Zanthoxylum 

70 

Uraspernuan, 

150 

Viburnum, 

155 

Zapania, 

284 

Urtica, 

313 

Vicia. 

88 

Zizania,, 

419 

Urti'ceje, 

313 

s.  89 

Zizia, 

14S 

Utricularia. 

Villarsia, 

243 

Ziziphora, 

273    280 

Uvularia, 

361 
5.  359 

Viola, 

37 
s.'4g 

Zostcra, 

- 

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